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Images of Exoplanets
Christian Marois, PhDNRC-HIA, Canada
Triumf, November 2010
400 years of innovations
From an eye piece to CCDs
The search for Exoplanets
a 2,500 years old history
500 BC 2010 AD
Our Solar systemUnique until 1995...A unique picture until 2008...
Planetary system formation
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Planetary systems formation
Niel Brandt
Solar system
The Solar SystemFrom Formation to
Now“Icy planets”
“Rocky Planets”
Ice line
A possible “violent” pass
But is it Unique?
The Exoplanet Quest
Rocky planet region
Giant planet region
Brown Dwarfs
500 BC - 2010 AD
Why direct imaging?
Fast detection and characterization (few months).
Planet photons (photometry & spectroscopy).
Nicely complement RV searches - sensitive to planets >5-10 AU (planet formation at wide separations).
Follow orbits.
Masses are derived from models.
Why did it took 400 years?
+
I see I see exoplanexoplan
ets!ets!
==?
This is This is much more much more interesting interesting
than than Jupiter or Jupiter or Venus!Venus!
A Resolution Challenge
5 AU1 pc
5”
0 stars
Diffraction limit 2cm at 1.6 microns: 16”0.1 m: 3.30”1 m: 0.33” 10 m: 0.033”
A Resolution Challenge
5 AU10 pc
0.5”
~200 stars
Diffraction limit 2cm at 1.6 microns: 16”0.1 m: 3.30”1 m: 0.33” 10 m: 0.033”
A Resolution Challenge
5 AU100 pc
0.05”
>200,000 stars
Diffraction limit 2cm at 1.6 microns: 16”0.1 m: 3.30”1 m: 0.33” 10 m: 0.033”
A Contrast Challenge
1 million years 1 billion years
Hydrogen burning
No hydrogen burning
Everest mount (10km)
Jupiter: basketball
The challenge
Earth: ant
Imperfect optics & the need for an atmosphere
In space(perfect optics)
Atmosphericturbulence
At focal plane
From blurry to sharp images
Choosing the “right” stars
Low mass stars?
Massive stars?
Radial vel. stars?
Closest stars?
Young?
Our Surveys2004-2007 Gemini North: 80 solar-type stars
Using Canadian-derived Innovations!
A new Canadian imaging technique!
Image 1 Image 2 (+ 5 minutes)
Subtraction
Only true for solar-type stars...
2007-now, new survey for stars more massive than the Sun at Gemini North, Keck 2 and VLT.
The 2nd ADI survey
Remove “late-type” bias Focus an young nearby “massive” stars IR excess Low in HR diagram
The initial discovery (March 2008)
Gemini NorthNRC
October 2007
Somewhere over the Pacific (July 2008)
Keck IINRC Canada
October 2007July-Aug. 2008
A third planet!
Keck IINRC
September 2008
QuickTime™ and aGIF decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
HR 8799 Characteristics
A5V star
V~6
39 pc (130 ly)
Pegasus
Voyager 1 (43 AU)18 cm diameter
Keck 2 (130 ly), 10m diameter
8 200 000 AU
Neptune
QuickTime™ and aGIF decompressor
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3 years of orbital motion!
PM
July 2004
July 2004
July 2008
September 2008
Did HR 8799 planets formed in a dust/gas disk?
Solar system formation leftover vs HR 8799Spitzer IR excess, dust at ~10 AU (asteroid belt?) IRAS/ISO IR excess, dust at ~100 AU (Kuiper belt?)Spitzer dust emission at ~1000 AU (collisions+Prad?)
A NEW PLANET!CLASSIFIEDCLASSIFIED
SORRY...SORRY...
AREA 51 AREA 51
AREA 51 AREA 51
Also...
Ok - a small preview...
... but do not askany question about it...
Coming 2010 in a Journal near you...
The near future with theGemini Planet Imager
Gemini Planet ImagerGPI.berkeley.edu
When: 2011Where: Gemini SouthWho: PI’s B. Macintosh & J. GrahamHow: High-order AO with coronagraphyWhat: 0.9 – 2.4 icrons, mI < 9 mag stars,
polarimetry, R~40 spectroscopy
Keck 10s
10s with GPIKeck 20 minutes
(ADI)
Simulated HR8799 system with GPI
The TMT Telescope
3x the diameter
9x the flux
Potentially could take the first image of an Earth-like planet before any space mission
Toward the search for other Earth...
O2
H2O
CH4
NH3
Affordable?2,000 years old question - answer cost ~1B US $
(1,400$ per day of waiting or 0.14$/Earthling)
2 B$ or 150 M$ per day
or also one Avatar movie...
Life in the GalaxyDrake’s equation
N = Ns fp ne fl fi fc fL
100 billions50%
150%
20%20%
10,000 years
1000 systems & life like us?!?!
Fermi’s paradox: where are they?
Listening to/Contacting Alien
civilizationsSETI
Galaxy Colonization
The planets we find today...are the places we’ll be going tomorrow...
Are we alone?
Many stars still to look at...
100,000 ly diameter, 100B starsCurrently only survey inside ~300 ly
diameter
Gemini Observatory/Lynette Cook
Conclusions
Direct exoplanet imaging is picking-up speed!
Cool new tools coming online SOON...
Exciting new discoveries are about to be made...
Billions of stars & systems, more than enough for everyone.
Be an astronomer, and join the fun!