Marzena E. Krawiec MD Pediatric Pulmonologist Wilmington, NC · False positives of elevated IRT...

Marzena E. Krawiec MD Pediatric Pulmonologist

Coastal Children’s Services Wilmington, NC

CF: Diagnosis and Management Review of cystic fibrosis

Pathophysiology Epidemiology

Clinical features and “red

flags”

Management Maintenance Complications

“Woe to the child that, when kissed on the forehead, tastes salty. He is bewitched and soon must die.”

--Proverb from

northern European folklore

CF Basics Autosomal recessive

Disease of chloride transport across mucosal surfaces

“Thick mucus” leads to obstruction of:

Bronchioles Sinus ostia Biliary / cystic ducts Intestines Vas deferens

CF Epidemiology Prevalence

30,000 in the US 850 in NC (CF Registry)

Incidence:

Caucasian 1 / 2,500 (approx 1 in 25 or 4% carrier) Hispanic 1 / 9,500 African American 1 / 15,000

Symptoms of Newly Diagnosed CF Patients

Respiratory 52%

Failure to thrive/malnutrition 32%

Steatorrhea & malabsorption 27%

Meconium ileus 20%

Family history 15%

Neonatal screening 5%

N = 864; CFF Patient Registry

Under the Microscope: CF Lung Disease

Normal Airway CF Airway

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Another active area of scientific investigation is better understanding the cascade of events leading from dysfunctional CFTR protein and abnormal ion transport to pathologic changes in the lung. There are several competing hypotheses which are beyond the scope of this presentation. However, we know that the net effect is progressive airway disease; is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in this disorder. As shown in these two microscopic pictures of a bronchus and surrounding lung tissue, normal airways are open and surrounded by non-inflammed tissue. By contrast, the CF airway is occluded by mucus, bacteria, and dying white blood cells. The surrounding tissue is also filled with inflammatory cells. Equally striking is the fact, that the surrounding air sacs or alveoli are normal in both pictures. If we can correct the airway disease, these patients will have normal lungs! That is our goal.

Airway Mucous Plugging and Inflammation in CF

Presenter

Presentation Notes

This small airway is from of a severely bronchiectatic lobe taken from a 5 y.o. with CF. Histologically, we see evidence of a mucus plug essentially filling this small airway. The plug contains many neutrophils and the bacterial culture grew out Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, the airway wall is chronically inflamed.

Cystic fibrosis is changing… CF being diagnosed younger

Patients are living longer

Adults with CF have fuller, more

productive lives

New treatments and options = improved longevity

Most CF now diagnosed by NBS

- CF Registry Annual Report, CF Foundation 2010


Patients with CF living longer A

ge (y

r)


1986 2010 2000

15,000

12,000

9,000

6,000

3,000

29 %

49 %

Children

Adults

CF: No longer a childhood illness

Majority of Adults with CF

Attend College Work at least full time


Adults with CF: Marriage and Fertility Marital status

55% single 40% married or living together 5% separated or widowed

Can CF patients have children?

Approximately 80% of CF females are fertile Most (95%) of men are infertile due to absence of vas

deferens Testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) may be an option

When to suspect CF: Red Flags

When to suspect CF: Red Flags Gastrointestinal problems usually FIRST to appear

during infancy

Respiratory infections usually begin by one year

Physical exam and radiographic features can prompt further investigation

Gastrointestinal: Red Flags Meconium ileus

May be associated with ileal atresia

Failure to thrive Usually EXCELLENT appetite FREQUENT foul, greasy stools

Constipation

Rectal prolapse – may be first sign of CF

Gastrointestinal: Red Flags

Fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies (A,D,E,K) A: Night blindness, dry eyes and skin D: Osteoporosis E: Reduced deep tendon reflexes, paresthesias K: Bruising and bleeding

Gastrointestinal: Red Flags Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS)

Recurrent abdominal pain and bowel obstruction

Intussusception / Volvulus REMEMBER: Some patients with CF are pancreatic

sufficient - without GI manifestations!

Respiratory: Red Flags Chronic, daily, productive cough All that wheezes is not asthma…

Less responsive to steroids, bronchodilators Frequent antibiotic courses

Recurrent pneumonia or rhinosinusitis Symptoms may not completely improve on antibiotics or

return after stopping

CXR findings are nonspecific Hyperinflation Peribronchial thickening Perihilar vascular prominence Areas of consolidation Lymphadenopathy Bronchiectasis (rarely seen on

plain film)

MAJORITY of children with CF have normal or nonspecific findings on CXR.

Chest CT findings more sensitive Peribronchial wall

thickening

Bronchiectasis “signet ring sign”

Nodular or branching opacities

Mucus plugging

Respiratory: Red Flags Hemoptysis

9% of CF patients in a 5-year period 1

4% will have life threatening hemoptysis 2

Pneumothorax

3% of CF patients will have pneumothorax in their lifetime 3

1. J Cyst Fibrosis 2008; 7:301-306. 2. Chest 2005; 128:729-738. 3. Chest 2005; 128:720-728.

Other: Red Flags Dehydration

Hyponatremic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis

Liver disease Elevated transaminases

Exam findings

Clubbing Crackles Wheezing (especially upper lobes)

Source=http://knol.google.com/k/jerry-nick-m-d/cystic-fibrosis/UtI7gr91/HU2bIw# |Author=Jerry Nick, M.D.

Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis

http://www.pptback.com/uploads/health-dna-backgrounds-powerpoint.gif

Diagnosis of CF: Strategies Universal screening

Immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) with or without CFTR genotype on newborn screen

Different protocols by state NC NBS started in 2007

Sweat chloride analysis (gold standard)

Genotyping (DNA analysis)

Nasal potential difference (rarely used)

Newborn screening for CF First NBS in Victoria, Australia in 1989 IRT – varies daily but typically + >90.

Marker of pancreatic damage Elevated even in pancreatic sufficient CF patients

Different algorithms

IRT / DNA : NC, VA, GA (90 % of states) Benefit: single sample Approx 95% sensitivity

IRT / IRT : SC, TN, MD Requires 2 samples

Newborn screening for CF False positives of elevated IRT

Neonatal stress – asphyxia and septicemia hypoglycemia Conditions with elevated trypsinogen

CMV infection Trisomies Intestinal obstructions – ileal and biliary atresia

IRT – varies daily but typically + >90.

Marker of pancreatic damage Elevated even in pancreatic sufficient CF patients

Different algorithms

IRT / DNA : NC, VA, GA (90 % of states) Benefit: single sample Approx 95% sensitivity

IRT / IRT : SC, TN, MD Requires 2 samples

IRT

normal

highest 5%

CFTR DNA 0 mutations

1 mutation

2 mutations

CF possible

CF unlikely CF likely

SWEAT CHLORIDE

IRT/DNA Newborn Screen for CF

Sweat chloride: the gold standard Most efficient >4 weeks of age

Electrodes applied to skin

Sweating stimulated by pilocarpine

iontopheresis

Sweat collected by gauze, weighed and chloride analyzed

Should only done at labs accredited for sweat testing (ECU, DUKE, NCU)

http://www.cfmedicine.com/history/fifties.htm

Beyond the sweat test: Genotyping

All patients with CF should have 2 CFTR mutations identified CFTR full gene sequencing if needed

All mutations are NOT created equal

Classes I-V based on severity of CFTR defect

Some mutations not associated with pancreatic insufficiency 85% of patients, however, are pancreatic insufficient


Beyond the sweat test: Genotyping

CFTR genotype is NOT the only predictor of severity Environment Socioeconomic factors Disease complications Lung microbiology

“Cystic fibrosis modifier genes”


Treating CF in the 2010’s Basic treatments have not changed

Mucociliary clearance Antibiotic therapy for infections Preserve lung function Pancreatic enzyme replacement

New treatments are emerging

Inhaled antimicrobials CFTR modulators

Airway Clearance is Essential Regular airway clearance recommended for all CF patients

(2+ times per day) Enhancing the efficacy of the

Mucociliary escalator

No option is preferred, but exercise is an adjunct to airway clearance

Mucous Clearance Adequate cough is first and foremost

Cough is impaired with chronic obstruction Impairment with neuromuscular disorders

Mucous Clearance Manual – Triad of 3

Chest Physiotherapy Postural Drainage Adequate Suction

Airway Clearance is Essential Multiple options

Manual percussion and drainage Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEP) High frequency chest wall oscillation (ie

(Vest therapy) Autogenic drainage Huff cough

Mucous Clearance Hand-Held devices

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Acappella is a handheld device that combines the resistive features of a positive expiratory pressure (PEP) device with oscillations. The physiologic rationale is that by exhaling against resistance we slow down our expiratory phase of breathing.. This slower exhalation against resistance or positive pressure generates a back pressure which in turn splints or stents open the more peripheral airways and moves the equal pressure or choke point more central and so lessens airway collapse distally. This prolonged exhalation time also allows for collateral ventilation to occur. So, that with the assist of the pores of Kohn, canals of Lambert and channels of Martin, mucus can be mobilized from the distal or peripheral airways to the larger more central airways and thereby enhances secretion clearance. However, the patient or individual must be able to generate adequate air flow to use this device. A counterweighted plug and magnet directs exhaled air through a pivoting cone that generates airflow vibrations between 0 to 30 HZ. There is a knob at the distal end which adjusts the proximity of the magnet and the counterweighted plug and thus, the adjustment of the frequency, amplitude and mean pressure. The device consists of a mouthpiece though a mask is an option, the patient end on which the mouthpiece is attached, a one way inspiratory valve and a dial to adjust the expiratory resistance/frequency. At the distal end, there is a 22 mm fitting to which nebulizer treatments can be placed in line with the device. There are 2 devices available. The green or high flow device suitable for most patients. The expiratory flow of the patient must be 15 lpm or greater for 3 seconds. The blue or low flow device if for those patients who have low expired lung volumes/ less than 15 lpm for 3 seconds. Technique consists of the following: • the patient is in a relaxed or comfortable sitting position or in a postural drainage position. The Acapella is not gravity dependent. • The patient inhales deeply with a 3 to 4 second breath hold. This is alternated with normal breathing. • The inspiratory to expiratory ratio is 1:3 to 1:4. • After 5-10 exhalations of alternating regular/deep breaths, the patient is asked to huff/or cough. • This is repeated about 4 to 6 times for a 10 to 20 minute treatment. Key points: • The inspiratory phase is followed by a slow prolonged exhalation. • Device is not gravity dependent and can be performed in conjuction with postural drainage • Device can be used in line with aerosol/nebulizer treatments. • No caregiver is needed once technique is mastered and independence promoted. • Young children can use.

Pulmonary Guidelines for 2013 Children over age 6

Hypertonic saline (may cause bronchospasm) High dose ibuprofen (if FEV1 > 60% predicted)

Children over age 6 with chronic Pseudomonas Inhaled tobramycin Oral azithromycin (controversy about risk for NTM) Inhaled aztreonam

Children over age 6 with mod/severe disease Dornase alfa (DNAse)

Children over age 6 with G551D mutation Ivacaftor

KEY FEATURES OF Chronic LUNG DISEASE: Inflammation Mucolytics Anti-inflammatory

What is the role of ICS ?DNase

Presenter

Presentation Notes

�

Pulmonary Guidelines for 2013

Not routinely recommended: Inhaled corticosteroids, Anticholinergics, Leukotriene receptor agonists, N-acetylcysteine, Beta agonists

Ivacaftor – The CFTR Modulator

New class of therapies, treat underlying CFTR defect

Ivacaftor improves CFTR regulation at cell surface

Approved for patients >6 yr with G551D mutation (5% of CF)

CFTR Modulation: Ivacaftor

IVACAFTOR

Adapted from Welsh and Smith (1993) and modified from Claustres (RBM online, 2005) http://www.umd.be/CFTR/W_CFTR/gene.html

Observed Benefits of Ivacaftor Increase in FEV1 by 10%

Decreased time to next pulmonary exacerbation

Weight gain from baseline

Improved quality of life

Reduction in sweat chloride

WHAT about the cost???

B Ramsey et al. NEJM 365:1663-72 (2011)

Antibiotic options changing…

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki File:Intravenous_charge_up.jpg File:CFnebulizer.jpg

IV Inhaled

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki

Age (yr)

% Respiratory Germs by Age (CF Registry 2010)

S. aureus > P. aeruginosa (until 18 yr)

New inhaled antibiotics for CF 2000: Tobramycin 2010: Tobramycin Aztreonam 2015+: Tobramycin Aztreonam Tobramycin powder Vancomycin Amikacin Levofloxacin

CF drug development pipeline CFTR Modulators

Ivacaftor (to patients) VX-809 and Ivacaftor (Phase 3) VX-661 and Ivacaftor (Phase 2)

Inhaled anti-infectives

Aztreonam (to patients) Levofloxacin (Phase 3) Amikacin (Phase 3) Vancomycin (Phase 2)

Improve CFTR processing and function (df508)

Improve CFTR function (G551D)

Pseudomonas

Pseudomonas, NTM

MRSA

New Guidelines for 2014 CF Infection control guidelines

Contact precautions: gown and gloves for all CF patients (new recommendation in 2013!)

Unrelated CF patients should not be within 6 feet of each other

CF Foundation Guidelines Patients should be followed in an accredited CF Center

Multidisciplinary CF team

MD Nurse Respiratory Therapist Nutritionist Social Worker

CF Foundation Guidelines

CF Center visits at least 4x per year Spirometry (FEV1) and respiratory culture every visit (sputum

or deep pharyngeal)

Annual labs (CMP, LFT’s, coagulation factors, fat-soluble vitamins, IgE)

Annual chest-x-ray

Nutrition assessment at least annually

Social work assessment at least annually

Cystic Fibrosis in NC Per CF Foundation, all patients should be followed in

an accredited CF Center

Durham – Duke Chapel Hill – UNC Winston Salem - WFU Charlotte Asheville ECU – in progress

Large portion of eastern NC > 100 miles from any CF Center

Life would be infinitely happier if we could only be born at the age of eighty and gradually approach eighteen……… Mark Twain

Date post:	21-Sep-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	1 times
Download:	0 times

Marzena E. Krawiec MD Pediatric Pulmonologist Wilmington, NC · False positives of elevated IRT...

Documents