Masterclass 2

Stratford Grammar School for GirlsJuly 12th, 2010

Programme for today

1. Review of Masterclass 1

2. Class: analysing and describing a word

3. Neologisms

4. WebCorpLSE search tools (MG)

5. Language change

6. WebCorpLSE time graphs (AK)

7. Demonstrating research method

8. Class: Individual mini projects (ALL)

9. Lexical and Phrasal creativity (if time) 

Review of Masterclass 1

1. definitions

• corpus• corpus linguistics• concordance/concordance lines• collocation

2. quiz discoveries

tollGarden gates creak, church bells toll

, birds twitter and Astley's piano sparkles

you can still hear church bells toll out at sea," I tell MThis workload is taking a big toll on the team members, all volunteers

The crisis took its biggest tollon corporate and investment banking,

the single worst casualty toll in a battle since the crisis much impact on the appalling

death toll

on America's streets and increasingly,

That is the highest monthly death toll since the tanks rolled back into There will not be toll barriers around the zone,

Motorists driving through the automatic

toll booths without paying

contemporary Britain: the scandal of the

toll bridge over the sea to Skye

may be forced to introduce motorway

toll charges to raise money for transport

bruised, this has taken a huge tollon me, physically, emotionally and mentally."

tollGarden gates creak, church bells toll

, birds twitter and Astley's piano sparkles

you can still hear church bells toll out at sea," I tell MThis workload is taking a big toll on the team members, all volunteers

The crisis took its biggest tollon corporate and investment banking,

the single worst casualty toll in a battle since the crisis much impact on the appalling

death toll

on America's streets and increasingly,

That is the highest monthly death

toll since the tanks rolled back into

There will not be toll barriers around the zone,Motorists driving through the

automatic toll booths without paying

contemporary Britain: the scandal of the

toll bridge over the sea to Skye

may be forced to introduce motorway

tollcharges to raise money for transport

bruised, this has taken a huge tollon me, physically, emotionally and mentally."

toll – definitions of its senses

1.

2.

3.

toll – definitions of its senses

1. to ring slowly and recurrently (v)

2. a sum of money charged for maintenance (n)

3. loss or damage caused by accident, disaster, behaviour (n)

toll – definitions of its senses

1. to ring slowly and recurrently (v) church bells toll

2. a sum of money charged for maintenance (n)

motorway toll charges3. loss or damage caused by accident,

disaster, behaviour (n)this has taken a huge toll on me

moleMI5 was a Soviet mole . He also claims there

have you got a mole on your left shoulder

in love with the mole on your cheek

which showed that a mole had passed them details

summiteers ended atop a mole hill rather than a mountain

apparently blind like a mole . The modern tank with

the identity of the mole is protected. Following many

raven and the Mafia mole , the anonymous letters and

the talpa, the suspected mole who betrayed details of

a mountain out of a mole hill. The House of Commons' committee

could have been a mole within the KGB itself,

the bombs by a ' mole working inside the French

had been a Soviet mole In the crisis years

moleMI5 was a Soviet mole . He also claims there

have you got a mole on your left shoulder

in love with the mole on your cheek

which showed that a mole had passed them details

summiteers ended atop a mole hill rather than a mountain

apparently blind like a mole . The modern tank with

the identity of the mole is protected. Following many

raven and the Mafia mole , the anonymous letters and

the talpa, the suspected mole who betrayed details of

a mountain out of a mole hill. The House of Commons' committee

could have been a mole within the KGB itself,

the bombs by a ' mole working inside the French

had been a Soviet mole In the crisis years

mole – definitions of its senses

1.

2.

3.

mole – definitions of its senses

1. spy (n)

2. small, burrowing mammal (n)

3. a mark or growth on the skin (n)

mole – definitions of its senses

1. spy (n)a mole within the KGB

2. small, burrowing mammal (n)apparently blind like a mole

3. a mark or growth on the skin (n)the mole on your cheek

Class exercise: analysing and describing a word

thin

1. for each line of concordance on your sheet:

- write a synonym or paraphrase for thin

- colour-code lines into similar senses

Class exercise: analysing and describing a word

thin

2. put each category, with an example context, in the boxes on your sheet, to make a mini

dictionary entry

Class exercise: analysing and describing a word

thin

3. compare your description with the entry for thin

from the Collins Cobuild Dictionary

Introducing Neologisms

• neologism, neology – definition• some recent neologisms • affixes – definition• classes of word formation for these

words

Neologism/Neology

originneologismGreek νέος (neos 'new') + λόγος (logos 'word')

modern definitions

neologism = new word, use or phraseneology = study (or phenomenon)

of new words/word components/ phrases/new senses of existing

wordshapax, hapaxes (hapax legomenon/legomena) =

word occurring once only; singleton

Classes of word formationThe Independent, 9-12.95: total 9m wds

manual analysis of 75,283 new wdsUnhyphenated Hyphenated

Proper Name 34.27%Derivations 29.55% 18.64%Compounds 14.23% 50.71%Foreign 8.89%Speech 4.85%Rubbish 3.28% 2.76%Blends 2.46% 0.14%Abbreviations 2.36%Backformations 0.07% 0.08%Phrases 0.03% 25.89%Other 1.78%

Some recent neologisms

proper noun neologisms (first occs) in April 2010

Zangief 3 a fictional character in a Street Fighter video game series

Quickcut 7 a new system that checks files for compliance with a publication's criteriaPagestore 8 a new company utilising Amazon's servers to crawl the webHotboxes 4 a guardian.co.uk 'hotbox‘, linked to pages of relevant editorial content

Friis-Mikkelson 1 ‘actor Friis-Mikkelson was brought on board’

Eyjafjallajökull 61 Icelandic volcanoBigotgate 16Cleggmania 49

proper noun neologisms (first occs) in April 2010

Zangief 3 a fictional character in a Street Fighter video game series (IT innovation)

Quickcut 7 a new system that checks files for compliance with a publication's criteria (IT innovation)Pagestore 8 a new company utilising Amazon's servers to crawl the web (IT innovation)Hotboxes 4 a guardian.co.uk 'hotbox‘, linked to pages of relevant editorial content (IT innovation)

Friis-Mikkelson 1 ‘actor Friis-Mikkelson was brought on board’ (newcomer on international scene)

Eyjafjallajökull 61 Icelandic volcano (real world event)Bigotgate 16 (real world event)Cleggmania 49 (real world event)

ordinary word neologisms (first occs) in April 2010

infold 1 Sometimes her arms infold him like a band

dotheycutit 1 no spaces

poncho-themed 1

mullet-and-moustache 1 mullet-and-moustache combos

pig-under-the-arm 1 a blatant pig-under-the-arm staple delivered in a cod Oirish blarney

phnarr-phnarring 1 while phnarr-phnarring the performance

Repub-a-lic 1 Oirland! Oirland! Repub-a-lic of Oirland!

re-ablement 1 the bill will provide "re-ablement" services

own-ups 1 candid and raw own-ups

somethingorotherccino 1 a tea shop where I had a somethingorotherccino

hit-and-dash 1 a hit-and-dash schedule

smile-by 1 such guileless traditions deemed way past their smile-by date?

ordinary word neologisms (first occs) in April 2010

infold 1 Sometimes her arms infold him like a band (obs)

dotheycutit 1 no spaces (new orthography)

poncho-themed 1 (derivation/compound)

mullet-and-moustache 1 mullet-and-moustache combos (combination)

pig-under-the-arm 1 a blatant pig-under-the-arm staple delivered in a cod Oirish blarney (combination)

phnarr-phnarring 1 while phnarr-phnarring the impression (onomat)

Repub-a-lic 1 Oirland! Oirland! Repub-a-lic of Oirland! (mock spch)

re-ablement 1 the bill will provide "re-ablement" services (av.derivatn)

own-ups 1 candid and raw own-ups (conversion)

somethingorotherccino 1 a tea shop where I had a somethingorotherccino (blend)

hit-and-dash 1 a hit-and-dash schedule (creative variation)

smile-by 1 such guileless traditions deemed way past their smile-by date? (creative variation)

Affix/Affixation

definitionaffix = a language element added

to a word to produce a derived (new lexical) or inflected (new grammatical) formprefix = affix at front of wordsuffix = affix at end of word

- un in unreadable is a derivational prefix

-able in unreadable is a derivational suffix

- s in reads is an inflectional suffix

Common prefixesout

1025 under 959 multi 866 mid 782 mega 669 pseudo 668 quasi 639 inter 635 cyber 610 ultra 593 micro 579 counter 522 en

512 mis 511eco 506 neo 496

un 4591 non 4237 re 3253 ex 2773 anti 2701 over 2470 pre 2320 post 2192 de 1931 super 1889 euro 1702 mini 1480 pro 1279 semi 1268 co 1103 sub 1065

hyper 475 mock 451 auto 449 techno 442 bio 438 di 402 dis 401 tele 382 bi 315 arch 299 trans 292 e- 290 pan 282proto 279 extra 261 per 258

poly 254 tri 250 em 235 psycho

235 down 230 retro 216 ur 215 cod 188 faux 180 mal 165 uni 163 mono 143 neuro141 meta 134 intra 133 uber 124

Common prefixesout

1025 under 959 multi 866 mid 782 mega 669 pseudo 668 quasi 639 inter 635 cyber 610 ultra 593 micro 579 counter 522 en

512 mis 511eco 506 neo 496

un 4591 non 4237 re 3253 ex 2773 anti 2701 over 2470 pre 2320 post 2192 de 1931 super 1889 euro 1702 mini 1480 pro 1279 semi 1268 co 1103 sub 1065

hyper 475 mock 451 auto 449 techno 442 bio 438 di 402 dis 401 tele 382 bi 315 arch 299 trans 292 e- 290 pan 282proto 279 extra 261 per 258

poly 254 tri 250 em 235 psycho

235 down 230 retro 216 ur 215 cod 188 faux 180 mal 165 uni 163 mono 143 neuro141 meta 134 intra 133 uber 124

Productivity

definition

productivity/productive a word or affix is productive if it forms new words e.g. compounds, derivations, blends

Productivity of chav in 2004-2005

0403 chav 170 0403 chavs 95 0403 chavspotter 10403 chavtastic 40412 chavvie 40410 chav-spotting10410 chavscum.co.uk10412 chav-fave 10501 chavved-up 10502 chavocracy 10502 chavier 10502 chaviest 1

0502 chav-rap 10502 chavdom 10502 chavalanche 40502 chav's 30503 chav-tastic 20503 chav-in-the- street0503 chavistocrats10503- chavish 40503- chavvy 40505 chav-central 10505 chavettes 10506 chavette 1

0506 chav-nots 10506 chavsta 10506 chavtowns.co.uk20507 chavification 10508 chav-goth 10508 chav-infested10509 chavocrat 10510 chav-associated10510 chav-style 10511 chavy 1

Productivity of cyber(-), faux(-), techno(-), uber(-)

cyber 2000

cybertainment

cyber-squatting cyber-geekscyber-potentialcyberdreamcyberpicketed

faux 2005faux-ruefullyfaux-handwrittenfaux-autismfaux-clangerfaux-cringes

uber 2005uberpunditsuber-waifuber-hypeduber-talkshowubermoguluber-media-saturated

techno 1996techno-nerdishtechno-glamtechno-ambienttechnofreaktechno-gurutechnoboffins

Common suffixestype 1665 ist 1530 ise 1470 ism 1454 le

1432 or

1398 less 1183 able 1174 esque 1167 ee 1146 ite 1000 ation 853 ine 825 est 818 ate 796 ity 764

's 38588 s 29312 er 9370 ed 5576 y 4526 ly 4252 ing 4168 like 3980 style 3672 en 3504 ness 2504 al 2218 ie 2105 ish 1987 ic 1972 ian 1945

ion672

ette664

ville605

ery576

ard561

wise527

age461

'd

457 ling

427 ade

412 ant

406 ese

392 ty

382 gate

380 ful

373 fest

364

ous 358 ship 345 ive 341 dom 315 ent 314 let 308 ment301 ess 294 ry 286 ary 278 ile 272 ize 265 ster 255 ify 241 iana 212athon 96

Common suffixestype 1665 ist 1530 ise 1470 ism 1454 le

1432 or

1398 less 1183 able 1174 esque 1167 ee 1146 ite 1000 ation 853 ine 825 est 818 ate 796 ity 764

's 38588 s 29312 er 9370 ed 5576 y 4526 ly 4252 ing 4168 like 3980 style 3672 en 3504 ness 2504 al 2218 ie 2105 ish 1987 ic 1972 ian 1945

ion672

ette664

ville605

ery576

ard561

wise527

age461

'd

457 ling

427 ade

412 ant

406 ese

392 ty

382 gate

380 ful

373 fest

364

ous 358 ship 345 ive 341 dom 315 ent 314 let 308 ment301 ess 294 ry 286 ary 278 ile 272 ize 265 ster 255 ify 241 iana 212athon 96

Productivity for (-)fest and (-)athon

fest 2005miaowfestbackslapfestsmarmfestPotterfestkinderchucklefest swankfest

athon 2005frothathonSvenathonBardathonbitchathoncringe-athonimprovathon

Watergate-gate

That must be the biggest scandal since Watergate-gate…

Since what?

Well you have to go all the way back to Watergate-gate…

Watergate-gate? Isn't it just Watergate?

No, that would mean it's about water. It's a scandal, or gate, add the suffix gate (that's what you do

with a scandal) involving the Watergate Hotel, so it's called the Watergate Scandal, or Watergate-gate.

But doesn't the term gate meaning a scandal come from Watergate?

What, take the last 4 letters of a previous scandal or hotel and add them onto all future scandals? That can't be the system!

I think it is.

Well, what if there's a scandal about water?What do you call that?

Well you'd call it ‘water-gate’ … umm … ‘aqua-gate’?

Introduction to WebCorpLSE search tools

Language change

definitions

chronology/ical = arranged in order of occurrence of eventsdiachrony/ic = across time

WebCorpLSE time graphs to show change types

How to carry out a mini case-study

1. find a word or affix of interest2. reflect on its nature in text3. develop a small hypothesis about

how you expect it to behave in the data 4. observe the word or affix in context5. use a time-graph, if required,

to throw light on areas of interesting change

6. describe findings7. discuss findings

Mini study: chav1. word of interest

- chav2. reflect on its nature in text

- vogueish word, that came in to describe social type

wearing Burberry accessories3. develop a small hypothesis

– appeared in 2007; will have become productive4. observe the affix or word in context5. request a time-graph6. describe findings – e.g.

– appeared and popular from- referred to social type wearing Burberry accessories- disparaging- began to produce derivations and compounds (classify)- began to show signs of creativity play on words- lost popularity by

7. discuss findings- hypothesis on productivity correct, but faded out again

- reasons for this

Productivity of chav in 2004-2005

0403 chav 170 0403 chavs 95 0403 chavspotter 10403 chavtastic 40412 chavvie 40410 chav-spotting10410 chavscum.co.uk10412 chav-fave 10501 chavved-up 10502 chavocracy 10502 chavier 10502 chaviest 1

0502 chav-rap 10502 chavdom 10502 chavalanche 40502 chav's 30503 chav-tastic 20503 chav-in-the- street0503 chavistocrats10503- chavish 40503- chavvy 40505 chav-central 10505 chavettes 10506 chavette 1

0506 chav-nots 10506 chavsta 10506 chavtowns.co.uk20507 chavification 10508 chav-goth 10508 chav-infested10509 chavocrat 10510 chav-associated10510 chav-style 10511 chavy 1

Contexts for chav, Guardian 2004-5

04.02 Chavs and chav-nots: the eternal divide. 05.02 A bickering chavocracy that marries in register offices05.03 the tulip skirt becomes de rigueur at Pangaea or wherever

chavistocrats hang out these days05.05 our society is on the brink of collapse from a chavalanche

of scary teenagers.05.05 it seems pretty unlikely that the average chav-in-the-street

is going to pick up a copy of Vogue at the local newsagent with their packet of fags

05.09 the polo-playing chavocrat who wears Nazi gear to a party and gets into a drunken brawl outside a nightclub

05.10 It's not simply a comedy for the chavs and chav-nots

Mini study: weapons of mass destruction

1. phrase of interest - weapons of mass destruction

2. reflect on its nature in text

- term coined by Bush to justify Iraq war in 20023. develop a small hypothesis

– appeared in 2002; will have become v productive4. observe the affix or word in context5. request a time-graph6. describe findings – e.g.

– appeared and popular from- referred to arsenal supposedly held by Iraqis- at once produced derivations/compounds (classify)- immediately made creativity play (classify)- lost popularity by

7. discuss findings - hypothesis about productivity correct; also creative- reasons for this

Preparing for mini case-study

• over the lunch break • think of an aspect of language which you are curious to investigate:• a word, affix, phrase, metaphor, grammatical point

Suggestions for mini case-study • new words – collocational patterns /change patterns – why?

hoodie; NEET/neet, nerd, carbon footprint, blog, cowboy

• blendsstaycation

• euphemism/political correctnessdown-sizing, X-challenged, cashflow problem

• words in sets, e.g. numbers, seasons – are they used equi-frequently in text; if not, why not?

spring, summer, autumn, winter• synonyms – how similar are they in text?

tsar, guru, supremo and pundit global warming vs. greenhouse effect

• suffixes: -fest, -gate, -esque, -ee, -ery, -ati, -ard, -ese,-ify, -athon, -dom, -some, 'd

• prefixes: mega-, cyber-, eco-, techno-, bio-, e-, retro-, cod-,

faux-, uber-

Creativity

definition

lexical creativity•puns and other word play •metaphor•deliberate error•duplication of an existing formation

used in journalism, literary prose or poetry, for

•stylistic effects, e.g. humour or irony. •a sense of learnedness, sophistication,

etc.

weapons of (mass) (destruction)Pattern of creativity 1: 20.02.03

weapons of mass * (no destruction)

weapons of mass distraction weapons of mass obstruction weapons of mass disruption weapons of mass deceptionweapons of mass discomfortweapons of mass terrorweapons of mass casualties weapons of mass entertainment

weapons of * destruction ( no mass)

weapons of modest destruction weapons of scant destruction weapons of ass destructionweapons of indiscriminate destructionweapons of ministerial destructionweapons of market destructionweapons of most destruction

weapons of * (no mass, no destruction)weapons of bluff, brinkmanship & bloody-mindednessweapons of bumps and bruisesweapons of nasty scratches

Pattern of creativity 2: next dayweapons of mass * ( no destruction)weapons of mass banalization weapons of mass constructionweapons of mass consumptionweapons of mass deconstructionweapons of mass distortionweapons of mass distractions weapons of mass effect (WME)weapons of mass hysteriaweapons of mass instructionweapons of mass irritationweapons of mass media (WMM)weapons of mass partyingweapons of mass protectionweapons of mass repression

weapons of * destruction (no mass)weapons of catastrophic destructionweapons of class destructionweapons of complete destructionweapons of further destructionweapons of global destructionweapons of godlike destructionweapons of great destructionweapons of less destructionweapons of local destructionweapons of mad destructionweapons of massive destructionweapons of media destruction weapons of mischievious destructionweapons of murderous destructionweapons of nuclear destructionweapons of pattern destructionweapons of terrible destructionweapons of wealth destructionweapons of moose destruction

Pattern of creativity 3: 28.02.02 - 29.05.04

weapons of mass * ( no destruction)weapons of mass photographyweapons of mass media (WMM) weapons of * destruction (no mass)weapons of ‘grass destruction’weapons of singing destructionweapons of * (no mass,no destruction)weapons of math instruction

Creativity: demonstration of advanced

wildcard search with WebCorpLSE II

phrases and proverbs:e.g. too many * * the *

Closing Masterclass II

• review• urls for more data• urls for RDUES• urls for Masterclass materials• glossary and feedback sheet• programme for next year• thank you• au revoir!