Mastering NT GreekMastering NT Greek

18. Perfect Verbs18. Perfect Verbs

By Ted Hildebrandt By Ted Hildebrandt © 2003© 2003

Baker AcademicBaker Academic

Rapping the Lord’s PrayerRapping the Lord’s Prayer

Pa<ter h[mw?n o[ e]n toi?j ou]ranoi?j:Pa<ter h[mw?n o[ e]n toi?j ou]ranoi?j: father our the one in heaven father our the one in heaven

a[giasqh<tw to> o@noma< sou a[giasqh<tw to> o@noma< sou make holy name your make holy name your

e]lqe<tw h[ basilei<a sou: e]lqe<tw h[ basilei<a sou: let come kingdom your let come kingdom your

genhqh<tw to> qe<lhma< sou, genhqh<tw to> qe<lhma< sou, let be will your let be will your

Rapping the Lord’s PrayerRapping the Lord’s Prayer

w[j e]n ou]ran&? kai> e]pi> gh?j:w[j e]n ou]ran&? kai> e]pi> gh?j: as in heaven also on earthas in heaven also on earth

to>n a@rton h[mw?n to>n to>n a@rton h[mw?n to>n the bread our the bread our

e]piou<sion do>j h[mi?n e]piou<sion do>j h[mi?n sh<meron:sh<meron: daily give us today daily give us today

Rapping the Lord’s PrayerRapping the Lord’s Prayer

kai> a@fej h[mi?n ta> kai> a@fej h[mi?n ta> o]feilh<mata h[mw?n: o]feilh<mata h[mw?n: and forgive us trespasses ourand forgive us trespasses our

w[j kai> h[mei?j a]fh<kamenw[j kai> h[mei?j a]fh<kamen as also we have forgiven as also we have forgiven

toi?j o]feile<taij h[mw?n toi?j o]feile<taij h[mw?n the ones trespassing us the ones trespassing us

2-1-2 Noun Forms2-1-2 Noun Forms

2 1 2 2 1 2 lo<goj grafh< lo<goj grafh< i[ero<ni[ero<n

lo<gou grafh?j lo<gou grafh?j i[erou?i[erou?lo<g& graf^? lo<g& graf^? i[er&?i[er&?lo<gon grafh<n lo<gon grafh<n i[ero<ni[ero<nlo<goi grafai< lo<goi grafai< i[era<i[era<lo<gwn grafw?n lo<gwn grafw?n i[erw?ni[erw?nlo<goij grafai?j lo<goij grafai?j i[eroi?ji[eroi?jlo<gouj grafa<j lo<gouj grafa<j i[era<i[era<

33rdrd Declension Chantables Declension Chantables

xari<j o@noma, pi<stijxari<j o@noma, pi<stij xa<rij o@noma pi<stij xa<rij o@noma pi<stij xa<ritoj o]no<matoj pi<stewj xa<ritoj o]no<matoj pi<stewj xa<riti o]no<mati pi<steixa<riti o]no<mati pi<stei xa<rita o@noma pi<stinxa<rita o@noma pi<stin xa<ritej o]no<mata pi<steijxa<ritej o]no<mata pi<steij xari<twn o]noma<twn xari<twn o]noma<twn

pi<stewnpi<stewn xa<risi(n) o]no<masi(n) xa<risi(n) o]no<masi(n)

pi<stesi(n)pi<stesi(n) xa<ritaj o]no<mata pi<steij xa<ritaj o]no<mata pi<steij

Present Active Indicative VerbsPresent Active Indicative Verbs

lu<w lu<w lu<omenlu<omen lu<eij lu<eij lu<etelu<ete lu<ei lu<ei lu<ousi(n)lu<ousi(n)

Present Middle/Passive Indicative Present Middle/Passive Indicative

lu<omai, lu<omai, -o<meqa, -o<meqa,

-^, -esqe, -^, -esqe,

-etai, -ontai-etai, -ontai

Shape of the Future in GreekShape of the Future in Greek

lu<sw lu<somenlu<sw lu<somenI will loose I will loose We will looseWe will loose

lu<seij lu<seij lu<setelu<seteYou will loose You will loose You all will looseYou all will loose

lu<sei lu<sei lu<sousi(n)lu<sousi(n)He/she/it will loose He/she/it will loose They will looseThey will loose

Future Middle ParadigmFuture Middle Paradigm

lu<somai --omeqalu<somai --omeqa --^ --esqe --^ --esqe --etai --ontai --etai --ontai

Imperfect Active Paradigm of Imperfect Active Paradigm of lu<wlu<w

e@luon e@luon I was loosing I was loosing e@luon e]lu<omen e@luon e]lu<omen e@luej e]lu<ete e@luej e]lu<ete

e@lue(n) e@luone@lue(n) e@luon Chant: Chant: e@luon e@luon: : n s e men n s e men

te nte n

Imperfect Middle/Passive of Imperfect Middle/Passive of lu<wlu<w

e]luo<mhn e]luo<mhn I was being loosed I was being loosed e]luo<mhn e]luo<meqa e]luo<mhn e]luo<meqa

e]lu<ou e]lu<esqe e]lu<ou e]lu<esqe e]lu<eto e]lu<onto e]lu<eto e]lu<onto

Chant: Chant: e]luo<mhne]luo<mhn:: ou eto omeqa esqe onto ou eto omeqa esqe onto

Second Aorist Active ParadigmSecond Aorist Active Paradigm

e@labon (lamba<nw) e@labon (lamba<nw) I took I took

1 e@labon 1 e@labon e]la<bomene]la<bomen2 e@labej e]la<bete2 e@labej e]la<bete3 e@labe(n) e@labon 3 e@labe(n) e@labon

ChantChant: : e@labon e@labon n, s, e, men, te, nn, s, e, men, te, n

Second Aorist Middle Second Aorist Middle e]geno<mhn e]geno<mhn I becameI became (gi<nomai)(gi<nomai)

1 e]geno<mhn 1 e]geno<mhn e]geno<meqa e]geno<meqa 2 e]ge<nou e]ge<nesqe2 e]ge<nou e]ge<nesqe3 e]ge<neto e]ge<nonto 3 e]ge<neto e]ge<nonto

Chant: Chant: e]geno<mhn e]geno<mhn ou, eto, omeqa, esqe, onto ou, eto, omeqa, esqe, onto

1st Aorist Active Paradigm 1st Aorist Active Paradigm e@lusa e@lusa I loosed I loosed

e@lusa e@lusa e]lu<samene]lu<samene@lusaj e@lusaj e]lu<sate e]lu<sate e@luse(n) e@luse(n) e@lusan e@lusan

Chant: Chant: e@lusae@lusa --, --, s, e, men, te, ns, e, men, te, n

1st Aorist Middle Paradigm1st Aorist Middle Paradigm

e]lusa<mhn e]lusa<mhn I loosed (for myself)I loosed (for myself) e]lusa<mhn e]lusa<meqae]lusa<mhn e]lusa<meqa

e@lusw e]lu<sasqe e@lusw e]lu<sasqe e@lusato e@lusanto e@lusato e@lusanto

Chant: Chant: e]lusa<mhne]lusa<mhn: : w, eto, omeqa, esqe, ontow, eto, omeqa, esqe, onto

First Aorist PassivesFirst Aorist Passives

e]lu<qhn e]lu<qhn I was loosedI was loosed 1 1 e]lu<qhn e]lu<qhmen e]lu<qhn e]lu<qhmen

2 e]lu<qhj e]lu<qhte 2 e]lu<qhj e]lu<qhte 3 e]lu<qh e]lu<qhsan3 e]lu<qh e]lu<qhsan

Learn: Learn: e]lu<qhn e]lu<qhn n, s, --, men, te, san n, s, --, men, te, san

Future PassiveFuture Passive

luqh<somai luqh<somai I will be loosedI will be loosed 1. 1. luqh<somai luqh<somai

luqhso<meqaluqhso<meqa 2. 2. luqh<s^ luqh<sesqeluqh<s^ luqh<sesqe 3. luqh<setai luqh<sontai3. luqh<setai luqh<sontai Chant: Chant: luqh<somai – luqh<somai – ^, etai, omeqa, ^, etai, omeqa,

esqe, ontaiesqe, ontai

Aorist Stem Changes -- 9 to knowAorist Stem Changes -- 9 to know

o[ra<w == ei#don o[ra<w == ei#don (I saw) (I saw) – – ble<pw ble<pw

e@rxomai == h#lqon e@rxomai == h#lqon (I came, went) (I came, went) le<gw == ei#pon le<gw == ei#pon (I said) (I said) ba<llw == e@balon ba<llw == e@balon (I threw) (I threw) gi<nomai == e]geno<mhn gi<nomai == e]geno<mhn (I became) (I became) ginw<skw == e@gnwn ginw<skw == e@gnwn (I knew)(I knew) eu[ri<skw == eu$ron eu[ri<skw == eu$ron (I found) (I found) e@xw == e@sxon e@xw == e@sxon ( I had) ( I had) lamba<nw == e@labon lamba<nw == e@labon (I took) (I took)

The "is" verb PAI --The "is" verb PAI -- ei]mi< ei]mi<

ei]mi< ei]mi< I am I am e]sme<n e]sme<n We areWe are

ei# ei# You areYou are e]ste< e]ste< You areYou are

e]sti<(n) e]sti<(n) He/she/it isHe/she/it is ei]si<(n) ei]si<(n) They areThey are

The "was" verb IAI The "was" verb IAI -- -- ei]mi< ei]mi<

h@mhn h@mhn I was I was h#men h#men We wereWe were

h#j h#j You wereYou were h#te h#te You wereYou were

h#n h#n He/she/it wasHe/she/it was h#san h#san They They werewere

Person Personal Pronoun Person Personal Pronoun ChantChant

Singular PluralSingular Plural NomNom. . e]gw< su < e]gw< su <

h[mei?j h[mei?j GenGen. . mou mou sou sou h[mw?n h[mw?n

DatDat. . moi soi moi soi h[mi?n h[mi?n AccAcc. . me se me se h[ma<j h[ma<j

au]to<j, au]th, au]to< au]to<j, au]th, au]to< (he, she, it)(he, she, it)

Verb Mood FrequencyVerb Mood Frequency

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Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive

Verb Tense FrequencyVerb Tense Frequency

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Present Future Imperfect Aorist Perfect

English Concepts of the Perfect English Concepts of the Perfect VerbVerb

Frontgrounding a state of affairsFrontgrounding a state of affairs: The perfect : The perfect will be used to present an action as a state of will be used to present an action as a state of being. being.

There is a gnomic or omnitemporal character There is a gnomic or omnitemporal character to it (no one has ever seen God) or iterative to it (no one has ever seen God) or iterative (these things I have repeatedly said to you). (these things I have repeatedly said to you).

It may refer to past events and be translated It may refer to past events and be translated past (he blinded their eyes); present (the hour is past (he blinded their eyes); present (the hour is come) and rarely future (the love of God will be come) and rarely future (the love of God will be completed). completed).

Greek PerfectGreek Perfect Translation Translation

We will use the helping verb "have" We will use the helping verb "have" ““I gave” becomes "I have given"I gave” becomes "I have given"

Perfect FormationPerfect Formation

The perfect uses the perfect verb stem (as The perfect uses the perfect verb stem (as opposed to the present or aorist stems) opposed to the present or aorist stems)

It adds a reduplication on the front It adds a reduplication on the front It adds a It adds a ka ka on the back –like the aorist on the back –like the aorist

did with the did with the sa sa (the perfect k)(the perfect k).. Redupl Stem Pf suffix Pron suffixRedupl Stem Pf suffix Pron suffix

– le + lu + ka + te = le + lu + ka + te = lelu<kate lelu<kate

Reduplicaiton PatternsReduplicaiton Patterns

Normally when a word begins with a Normally when a word begins with a consonant just double the consonant and consonant just double the consonant and add an epsilon add an epsilon ( (le + luka)le + luka)

Doubled consonants reduce: Doubled consonants reduce: – f == p (fanero<w -- pefane<rwka)f == p (fanero<w -- pefane<rwka)– x == k (xari<zomai -- x == k (xari<zomai --

kexa<rismai) kexa<rismai) – q == t (qerapeu<w -- q == t (qerapeu<w --

teqera<peumai)teqera<peumai)

Reduplication PatternsReduplication Patterns If the verb begins with a vowel it is If the verb begins with a vowel it is

lengthened. lengthened.

– e]lpi<zw == h@lpika; e]lpi<zw == h@lpika; – ai]te<w == ^@thka ai]te<w == ^@thka

Doubled consonants andDoubled consonants and r r addadd e e– ginw<skw (ginw<skw (stemstem gnw-) == e@gnwkagnw-) == e@gnwka

Reduplication PatternsReduplication Patterns

Compound verbs: augment comes Compound verbs: augment comes between the prep. and the verb: between the prep. and the verb: a]po<stellwa]po<stellw a]pe<stalka. a]pe<stalka.

Summary: If vowel, doubled consonant, Summary: If vowel, doubled consonant, compound verb = augment +compound verb = augment + ka ka else else reduplicatereduplicate

Adding the perfect kappaAdding the perfect kappa

Contract verbs: like Contract verbs: like sa sa ((contract vowel contract vowel lengthens)lengthens)

– a]gapa<w == h]ga<phka a]gapa<w == h]ga<phka t, d, t, d, oror q (q (dentals) drop when kappa is dentals) drop when kappa is

added.added.

– e]lpi<zw (e]lpi<zw (stem stem e]lpi<d ) == e]lpi<d ) == h@lpika h@lpika

Perfect Active ParadigmPerfect Active Paradigm

le<luka le<luka I have loosedI have loosed 1) 1) le<luka le<luka lelu<kamenlelu<kamen

I have loosed I have loosed We have loosedWe have loosed 2) 2) le<lukaj le<lukaj lelu<kate lelu<kate

you have loosed you have loosed You all have loosedYou all have loosed 3) 3) le<luke(n) le<luke(n) lelu<kasi(n)lelu<kasi(n)

He/she/it has loosed He/she/it has loosed They have loosedThey have loosed ChantChant: : le<lukale<luka

--, --, j, e, men, te, sij, e, men, te, si

Perfect Middle/Passive ParadigmPerfect Middle/Passive Paradigm

lelukumai lelukumai I have been loosedI have been loosed 1) 1) le<lumai le<lumai lelu<meqalelu<meqa

I have been loosed I have been loosed We have been loosedWe have been loosed 2) 2) le<lusai le<lusai lelu<sqe lelu<sqe

You have been loosed You have been loosed You have been loosedYou have been loosed 3) 3) le<lutai le<lutai lelu<ntailelu<ntai

He/she/it has been loosed He/she/it has been loosed They have been loosedThey have been loosed

LearnLearn: : le<lumaile<lumai sai, tai, meqa, -sqe, -ntai sai, tai, meqa, -sqe, -ntai

Translate M/P as passives usually unless deponentTranslate M/P as passives usually unless deponent

7 “Perfect Bad boys”7 “Perfect Bad boys”

le<gw ei@rhka ei@rhmai le<gw ei@rhka ei@rhmai I sayI say e@rxomai e]lh<luqa -- e@rxomai e]lh<luqa -- I comeI come o[ra<w e[w<raka -- o[ra<w e[w<raka -- I seeI see a]kouw a]khkoa -- a]kouw a]khkoa -- I hearI hear gi<nomai ge<gona gege<nhmai gi<nomai ge<gona gege<nhmai I I

becomebecome ginw<skw e@gnwka e@gnwsmai ginw<skw e@gnwka e@gnwsmai I knowI know gra<fw ge<grafa ge<grammai gra<fw ge<grafa ge<grammai I writeI write

oi#daoi#da -- perfect knowing -- perfect knowing

oi#da oi#da is perfect in form but translated is perfect in form but translated presentpresent

1) 1) oi#da oi#da oi@damenoi@damen I know I know We knowWe know

2) 2) oi#daj oi#daj oi@date oi@date you know you know You knowYou know

3) 3) oi#denoi#den oi@dasi(n)oi@dasi(n) He/she/it knows He/she/it knows They knowThey know

Pluperfect a rare paradigmPluperfect a rare paradigm

Formation: adds an augment to the perfect and Formation: adds an augment to the perfect and instead of instead of kaka it uses a it uses a kei kei suffix—there are a suffix—there are a few unaugmented pluperfects so keep the few unaugmented pluperfects so keep the kei kei (pluperfect) versus (pluperfect) versus ka ka (perfect) in mind.(perfect) in mind.

86x in NT (Gospels / Acts heaviest)86x in NT (Gospels / Acts heaviest) Completed action in the past with a terminated Completed action in the past with a terminated

effect (its over)effect (its over) Aug Redup Stem + Aug Redup Stem + keikei + Pron Suff + Pron Suff e] + le + lu< + kei + n == e] + le + lu< + kei + n ==

e]lelu<kein e]lelu<kein

Pluperfect a rare paradigmPluperfect a rare paradigm

e]lelu<kein e]lelu<kein I had loosedI had loosed 1) 1) e]lelu<kein e]lelu<kein e]lelu<keimene]lelu<keimen

I had loosed I had loosed We had loosedWe had loosed 2) 2) e]lelu<keij e]lelu<keij e]lelu<keite e]lelu<keite

You had loosed You had loosed You had loosedYou had loosed 3) 3) e]lelu<kei e]lelu<kei e]lelu<keisane]lelu<keisan

He/she/it has loosed He/she/it has loosed They have loosedThey have loosed Just learn to recognize it.Just learn to recognize it.

Verb 6 Principal PartsVerb 6 Principal Parts

Congratulations!!! No new verb tenses to learn Congratulations!!! No new verb tenses to learn ever. You’ve got them allever. You’ve got them all

Present Future Aorist ActivePresent Future Aorist Active a]gapa<w a]gaph<sw a]gapa<w a]gaph<sw

h]ga<phsah]ga<phsa

Perfect Perf M/P Aorist PassivePerfect Perf M/P Aorist Passive h]ga<phka h]gaph<mai h]ga<phka h]gaph<mai

h]gaph<qhnh]gaph<qhn

Chapter 18 VocabularyChapter 18 Vocabulary genna<w genna<w I beget I beget

Chapter 18 VocabularyChapter 18 Vocabulary

dikaiosunh, -hj, h[ dikaiosunh, -hj, h[ righteousnessrighteousness

Chapter 18 VocabularyChapter 18 Vocabulary

e]a<n e]a<n if, when if, when

Chapter 18 VocabularyChapter 18 Vocabulary

ei]rh<nh, -hj, h[ ei]rh<nh, -hj, h[ peace peace

Chapter 18 VocabularyChapter 18 Vocabulary

oi#da oi#da I know I know

Chapter 18 VocabularyChapter 18 Vocabulary oi]ki<a, -aj, h[ oi]ki<a, -aj, h[ house house

Chapter 18 VocabularyChapter 18 Vocabulary

o[ra<w o[ra<w I see I see

Chapter 18 VocabularyChapter 18 Vocabulary

peripate<w peripate<w I walk I walk

Chapter 18 VocabularyChapter 18 Vocabulary

pw?j pw?j how? how?

Chapter 18 VocabularyChapter 18 Vocabulary

fobe<omai fobe<omai I fear I fear

Vocabulary ReviewVocabulary Review

Chapter 17 VocabularyChapter 17 Vocabulary ei] ei]

– if, that if, that e]sqi<w e]sqi<w

– I eat I eat za<w za<w

– I live I live zhte<w zhte<w

– I seek I seek h@ h@

– or, either or, either

Chapter 17 VocabularyChapter 17 Vocabulary kale<w kale<w

– I call I call lale<w lale<w

– I speak, say I speak, say parakale<w parakale<w

– I urge, exhort I urge, exhort plhro<w plhro<w

– I fill, complete I fill, complete poie<w poie<w

– I do, make I do, make

Chapter 16 VocabularyChapter 16 Vocabulary ai]w<n, -w?noj, o[ ai]w<n, -w?noj, o[

– age, eternity age, eternity a]llh<lwn a]llh<lwn

– one another one another a]rxiereu<j, -e<wj, o[ a]rxiereu<j, -e<wj, o[

– high priest high priest gunh<, -aiko<j, h[ gunh<, -aiko<j, h[

– woman woman du<namai du<namai

– I can, am able I can, am able

Chapter 16 VocabularyChapter 16 Vocabulary e@qnoj, -ouj, to< e@qnoj, -ouj, to<

– nation nation o!soj, -h, -on o!soj, -h, -on

– as great as as great as po<lij, -ewj, h[ po<lij, -ewj, h[

– city city te te

– and, and so and, and so xei<r, xeiro<j, h[ xei<r, xeiro<j, h[

– hand hand

Chapter 15 VocabularyChapter 15 Vocabulary a@lloj, -h, -oa@lloj, -h, -o

»other other a@rtoj, -ou, o[a@rtoj, -ou, o[

»breadbread dei?dei?

» it is necessaryit is necessary e]cousi<a, -aj, h[e]cousi<a, -aj, h[

»authority authority e!teroj, -a, -one!teroj, -a, -on

»different different

Chapter 15 Chapter 15 VocabularyVocabulary

e@tie@ti»yet, still yet, still

o]fqalmo<j, -ou?, o[ o]fqalmo<j, -ou?, o[ »eyeeye

te<knon, -ou, to<te<knon, -ou, to<»child child

to<poj, -ou, o[ to<poj, -ou, o[ »place place

fw?j, fwto<j, to< fw?j, fwto<j, to< » light light

Chapter 14 VocabularyChapter 14 Vocabulary ai$ma, -matoj, to< ai$ma, -matoj, to<

– blood blood ai@rw ai@rw

– I raise, take up I raise, take up dida<skw dida<skw

– I teach I teach i@dioj, -a, -on i@dioj, -a, -on

– one's own one's own kalo<j, -h<, -o<n kalo<j, -h<, -o<n

– good good

Chapter 14 VocabularyChapter 14 Vocabulary me<llw me<llw

– I am about to, intend I am about to, intend o[do<j, -ou?, h[ o[do<j, -ou?, h[

– way way polu<j, pollh<, polu< polu<j, pollh<, polu<

– much, many much, many sw?ma, -matoj, to< sw?ma, -matoj, to<

– body body yuxh<, -h?j, h[ yuxh<, -h?j, h[

– soul, life soul, life