MATERIALS IN PRACTICE - Muğla Sıtkı Koçman...

Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

MATERIALS IN

PRACTICE

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Office Hours: Tuesday, 16:30-17:30

[email protected], [email protected]

Phone: +90 – 252 211 19 17 Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department

mailto:[email protected]







Nanotechnology

Nanoscience and nanotechnology primarily deal with the

synthesis, characterization, exploration, and exploitation of

nanostructured materials.

These materials are characterized by at least dimension in

the nanometer (1 nm = 10-9 m) range. Nanostructures

constitute a bridge between molecules and infinite bulk

systems.

Individual nanostructures include clusters, quantum dots,

nanocrystals, nanowires, and nanotubes, while collections of

nanostructures involve arrays, assemblies, and superlattices

of the individual nanostructures.


Nanotechnology

“Nano” – From the Greek word for “dwarf” and means 10-9, or one-billionth.

Here it refers to one-billionth of a meter, or 1 nanometer (nm).

1 nanometer is about 3 atoms long.

“Nanotechnology” – Building and using materials, devices and machines

at the nanometer (atomic/molecular) scale, making use of unique properties

that occur for structures at those small dimensions.

http://snf.stanford.edu/Education/Nanotechnology.SNF.web.pdf


Nanotechnology

What is Nanotechnology

Nano-Engineering

Nano-Biotechnology

Nano-Electronics

Nano-Materials

Nanotechnology - Promises

Benefits already observed from

the design of nanotechnology

based products for renewable

energy are:

An increased efficiency of

lighting and heating

Increased electrical storage

capacity

A decrease in the amount of

pollution from the use of energy


Nanotechnology

Nanochemistry: In its broadest terms, the utilization of synthetic

chemistry to make nanoscale building blocks of different size and

shape, composition and surface structure, charge and functionality. In a

self-assembly construction process, spontaneous, directed by

templates or guided by chemically or lithographically defined surface

patterns, they may form architectures that perform an intelligent function

and portend a particular use.

Nanoscience and nanotechnology congers up visions of making,

imaging, manipulating and utilizing things really small

Stimulus for this growth can be traced to new and improved ways of

making and assembling, positioning and connecting, imaging and

measuring the properties of nanomaterials with controlled size and

shape, composition and surface structure, charge and functionality for

use in the macroscopic real world.


Nanotechnology

How small is a nanometer? (and other small sizes)



Nanotechnology The Scale of Things – Nanometers and More

http://www.stanford.edu/~su1/pub/MATSCI316/course%20files/9.+Probing+the+nanoscale.pdf


Nanotechnology The Scale of Things – Nanometers and More

http://www.stanford.edu/~su1/pub/MAT

SCI316/course%20files/9.+Probing+th

e+nanoscale.pdf


Nanostructure Size Material

Clusters, nanocrystals Quantum

dots Radius, 1–10 nm

Insulators, semiconductors, metals, magnetic

materials

Other nanoparticles Radius, 1–100 nm Ceramic oxides

Nanobiomaterials,

Photosynthetic reaction center Radius, 5–10 nm Membrane protein

Nanowires Diameter, 1–100 nm Metals, semiconductors, oxides, sulfides,

nitrides

Nanotubes Diameter, 1–100 nm

Carbon, layered Chalcogenides, BN, GaN

Nanobiorods Diameter, 5 nm DNA

Two-dimensional arrays of

nanoparticles

Area, several nm2

–µm2 Metals, semiconductors, magnetic materials

Surfaces and thin films

Thickness, 1–100 nm Insulators, semiconductors, metals, DNA

Three-dimensional superlattices

of nanoparticles

Several nm in three

dimensions

Metals, semiconductors, magnetic materials

Nanotechnology

Nanostructures and Their Assemblies


Nanomaterials


Nanomaterials


Nanotechnology

Why is Small Good?

Faster

Lighter

Can get into small spaces

Cheaper

More energy efficient

Different properties for very small structures



Nanotechnology

Reasons to Miniaturize

Miniaturization Attributes Reasons

Low energy and little material

consumed

Limited resources

Arrays of sensors Redundancy, wider dynamic range, increased selectivity through pattern

recognition

Small Small is lower in cost, minimally invasive

Favorable scaling laws Forces that scale with a low power become more prominent in the micro

domain; if these are positive attributes then miniaturization favorable (e.g.

surface tension becomes more important than gravity in a narrower

capillary)

Batch and beyond batch

techniques

Lowers cost

Disposable Helps to avoid contamination

Breakdown of macro laws in

physics and chemistry

New physics and chemistry might be developed

Smaller building blocks The smaller the building blocks, the more sophisticated the system that

can be built


Nanotechnology


Nanomaterials

Why you want nanotechnology in your life?

Nanotechnology will increase your standard of living — no

ifs, ands, or buts. Done right, it will make our lives more

secure, improve healthcare delivery, and optimize our use

of limited resources. Pretty basic stuff, in other words.

Mankind has spent millennia trying to fill these needs,

because it has always known that these are the things it

needs to ensure a future for itself. If nanotechnological

applications pan out the way we think they will pan out, we

are one step closer to ensuring that future


Nanomaterials

Security

Security is a broad field, covering everything from the security of our borders to the security of

our infrastructure to the security of our computer networks. Here’s our take on how

nanotechnology will revolutionize the whole security field:

Superior, lightweight materials: Imagine materials ten times stronger than steel at a fraction of

the weight. With such materials, nanotechnology could revolutionize tanks, airframes, spacecraft,

skyscrapers, bridges, and body armor, providing unprecedented protection. Composite

nanomaterials may one day lead to shape-shifting wings instead of the mechanical flaps on

current designs. Kevlar, the backbone fiber of bulletproof vests, will be replaced with materials

that not only provide better protection but store energy and monitor the health status of our

soldiers. A taste of what’s to come: MIT was awarded a $50 million Army contract in 2002 to

launch the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies (ISN) developing artificial muscles, biowarfare

sensors, and communications systems.

Powerful munitions: Nanometals, nano-sized particles of metal such as nanoaluminum, are

more chemically reactive because of their small size and greater surface area. Varying the size

of these nanometals in munitions allows us to control the explosion, minimizing collateral

damage. Incorporating nanometals into bombs and propellants increases the speed of released

energy with fewer raw materials consumed — more (and better-directed) “bang” for your buck.


Nanomaterials

Security Advanced computing: More powerful and smaller computers will encrypt our data and

provide round-the-clock security. Quantum cryptography — cryptography that utilizes the

unique properties of quantum mechanics — will provide unbreakable security for

businesses, government, and military. These same quantum mechanics will be used to

construct quantum computers capable of breaking current encryption techniques (a

needed advantage in the war against terror). Additionally, quantum computers provide

better simulations to predict natural disasters and pattern recognition to make biometrics

— identification based on personal features such as face recognition — possible.

Increased situational awareness: Chemical sensors based on nanotechnology will be

incredibly sensitive - capable, in fact, of pinpointing a single molecule out of billions.

These sensors will be cheap and disposable, forewarning us of airport-security breaches

or anthrax-laced letters. These sensors will eventually take to the air on military

unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), not only sensing chemicals but also providing

incredible photo resolutions. These photos, condensed and on an energy-efficient, high

resolution, wristwatch-sized display, will find their way to the soldier, providing incredible

real-time situational awareness at the place needed most: the front lines.


Nanomaterials

Healthcare

Making the world around us more secure is one thing, but how about making the world inside

us more secure? With nanotechnology, what’s beneath our skin is going to be more accessible

to us than it’s ever been before. Here’s what we see happening:

Diagnostics: Hospitals will benefit greatly from nanotechnology with faster, cheaper diagnostic

equipment. The lab-on-a-chip is waiting in the wings to analyze a patient’s ailments in an

instant, providing point-of care testing and drug application, thus taking out a lot of the

diagnostic guesswork that has plagued healthcare up to now. New contrast agents will float

through the bloodstream, lighting up problems such as tumors with incredible accuracy. Not

only will nanotechnology make diagnostic tests better, but it will also make them more portable,

providing time sensitive diagnostics out in the field on ambulances. Newborn children will have

their DNA quickly mapped, pointing out future potential problems, allowing us to curtail disease

before it takes hold.

Novel drugs: Nanotechnology will aid in the delivery of just the right amount of medicine to the

exact spots of the body that need it most. Nanoshells, approximately 100 nm in diameter, will

float through the body, attaching only to cancer cells. When excited by a laser beam, the

nanoshells will give off heat — in effect, cooking the tumor and destroying it. Nanotechnology

will create biocompatible joint replacements and artery stents that will last the life of the patient

instead of having to be replaced every few years.


Nanomaterials

Resources

The only thing not in short supply these days is more human beings and we’re not about to see

a shortage of them any time soon. If we are going to survive at all - much less thrive - we are

going to need to find ways to use the riches of this world more efficiently. Here’s how

nanotechnology could help:

Energy: Nanotechnology is set to provide new methods to effectively utilize our current energy

resources while also presenting new alternatives. Cars will have lighter and stronger engine

blocks and frames and will use new additives making fuel more efficient. House lighting will

use quantum dots - nanocrystals 5 nm across - in order to transform electricity into light instead

of wasting away into heat. Solar cells will finally become cost effective and hydrogen fuel cells

will get a boost from nanomaterials and nanocomposites. Our Holy Grail will be a reusable

catalyst that quickly breaks down water in the presence of sunlight, making that long-wished-

for hydrogen economy realistic. That catalyst, whatever it is, will be constructed with

nanotechnology.

Water: Nanotechnology will provide efficient water purification techniques, allowing third-world

countries access to clean water. When we satisfy our energy requirements, desalinization of

water from our oceans will not only provide enough water to drink but also enough to water our

crops.


Nanomaterials

Nanotechnology Commercialization Timeline


Nanotechnology

Some of the important concerns of materials scientists

in the nanoscience area are:

Nanoparticles or nanocrystals of metals and semiconductors,

nanotubes, nanowires, and nanobiological systems.

Assemblies of nanostructures (e.g., nanocrystals and nanowires)

and the use of biological systems, such as DNA as molecular

nanowires and templates for metallic or semiconducting

nanostructures.

Theoretical and computational investigations that provide the

conceptual framework for structure, dynamics, response, and

transport in nanostructures.

Applications of nanomaterials in biology, medicine, electronics,

chemical processes, high-strength materials, etc.


Nanotechnology

The physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials can differ significantly

from those of the atomic-molecular or the bulk materials of the same

composition.

The uniqueness the structural characteristics, energetics, response,

dynamics, and chemistry of nanostructures constitutes the basis of

nanoscience.

Suitable control of the properties and response of nanostructures can lead to

new devices and technologies.

The themes underlying nanoscience and nanotechnology are twofold: one is

the bottom-up approach, that is, the miniaturization of the components,

articulated by Feynman, who stated in the 1959 lecture that “there is plenty of

room at the bottom”; and the other is the approach of the self-assembly of

molecular components, where each nanostructured component becomes part

of a suprastructure. The latter approach is akin to that of Jean-Marie Lehn.


Nanotechnology

Bottom-up approaches

These seek to arrange smaller components into more complex assemblies.

DNA nanotechnology utilizes the specificity of Watson–Crick basepairing to

construct well-defined structures out of DNA and othernucleic acids.

Approaches from the field of "classical" chemical synthesis

(inorganic and organic synthesis) also aim at designing molecules with well-

defined shape.

More generally, molecular self-assembly seeks to use concepts of

supramolecular chemistry, and molecular recognition in particular, to cause

single-molecule components to automatically arrange themselves into some

useful conformation.

Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to

deposit a chemical upon a surface in a desired pattern in a process called dip

pen nanolithography. This technique fits into the larger subfield

of nanolithography.


Nanotechnology

Bottom-up approaches


Nanotechnology

Top-down approaches

These seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly.

Many technologies that descended from conventional solid-state silicon methods for

fabricating microprocessors are now capable of creating features smaller than 100 nm,

falling under the definition of nanotechnology. Giant magnetoresistance-based hard drives

already on the market fit this description, as do atomic layer deposition (ALD)

techniques. Peter Grünberg and Albert Fert received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2007 for

their discovery of Giant magnetoresistance and contributions to the field of spintronics.

Solid-state techniques can also be used to create devices known

as nanoelectromechanical systems or NEMS, which are related tomicroelectromechanical

systems or MEMS.

Focused ion beams can directly remove material, or even deposit material when suitable

precursor gasses are applied at the same time. For example, this technique is used

routinely to create sub-100 nm sections of material for analysis in Transmission electron

microscopy.

Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a resist,

which is then followed by an etching process to remove material in a top-down method.


Nanotechnology

The melting point of gold particles decreases dramatically

as the particle size gets below 5 nm


Nanotechnology

Size-Dependent Properties : Metallic Particles



Nanotechnology

The color of gold changes as the particle size changes at the nanometer scale.



Nanotechnology


Nanotechnology



Nanomaterials


Nanomaterials


Nanomaterials


Nanomaterials

http://www.dddmag.com/sites/dddmag.com/files/legacyimages/Articles/2009_09/pnp.jpg


Nanomaterials


Nanomaterials

1985: R. Smalley, R. Curl and H. Kroto discovers Buckminsterfullerene or Bucky ball.

Nobel in 1996.

Nano-abacus of C60 molecules

http://jcrystal.com/steffenweber/POLYHEDRA/p_00.html

A C60 molecule


Nanomaterials

General belief and excitement over buckyballs lies in their sheer strength for use in

building materials. There is considerable belief that in the 21st century buckyballs and

buckytubes may replace silicon as the building blocks for future electronic devices in

computers and communication devices. Buckytubes are also the strongest materials

known and are already finding applications in composite materials, as surface coatings

to improve wear resistance, and as components in scientific instruments. Buckyballs

may find application in drug delivery systems.

Because fullerenes are very large graphitic systems, they can easily accommodate

extra electrons. When you add three electrons to C60 you get ionic solids of the general

formula A3C60, where A is any metal in Group I (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium,

cesium). These materials are actually metals, and display sup erconductivity at

somewhat low temperatures. Current research is aimed at getting the maximum

superconducting temperature (or Tc) to higher values.

C60 is just the right size to fit into the activ e cavity of HIV Protease, an enzyme

important to the activity of the virus which causes AIDS. Cramming a buckyball into the

active cavity would deactivate the enzyme and kill the virus. Ways of getting the

molecule to the enzyme are under investigation.


Nanomaterials

Carbon Nanotubes

1991:

Sumio Ijima discovers carbon nanotubes

http://www.photon.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~maruyama/wrapping.files/frame.html

1997:

DNA based micromechanical device built


Nanomaterials

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs; also known as buckytubes) are allotropes of carbon

with a cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-

diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1, significantly larger than any other material.

These cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties, making them potentially

useful in many applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics, and other fields

of materials science, as well as potential uses in architectural fields.

Armchair and zigzagcarbon nanotube Multiwall nanotubes

Carbon Nanotubes

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Carbon_nanotube_zigzag_povray.PNG


Nanotechnology for Aerospace Application


Carbon Nanotubes Offer a Remarkable Combination

of Properties of High Potential


Carbon Nanotubes Offer a Remarkable Combination

of Properties of High Potential

Bucky Paper


Nanomaterials

Graphene: the nano-sized material with a massive future

Graphene's amazing properties excite and confound in equal measure. How can something one

million times thinner than a human hair be 300 times stronger than steel and 1,000 times more

conductive than silicon? The very first application where graphene is going to be used is probably

as a replacement for (the relatively expensive metal) indium selenide in solar cells.

Graphene is a

one-atom thick

layer of carbon

atoms arranged in

a honeycomb

lattice.



Estimated Impact of

Carbon Nanotube

Innovations


Nanotechnology

Nano, Food & Agriculture

Fertilizer (more efficient delivery)

Water conservation (nanoporous membrane from organic

waste reduces consumption by 50%)

Environmentally friendly packaging with improved

performance (shelf life, antimicrobial, interactive/smart)

Sensors (predict, control and improve yield)

Functionalized foods (targeted to deliver nutrients in body

where one needs them; improved taste and texture)

Growing metal nanoparticles (e.g. Ag in fungi): green

manufacturing, no solvents involved


Nanotechnology

Nano and Energy

Lighter materials (transport sector)

Higher temperature coatings (efficiency)

Storage (electrode material for batteries,

Hydrogen storage,…)

Generation (fuel cells)

Insulation (smart windows)

Manufacturing (catalysis)


Nanomaterials

SOLAR CELLS

Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

Improved efficiencies: novel

nanomaterials can harness more

of the sun’s energy

Lower costs: some novel

nanomaterials can be made

cheaper than alternatives

Flexibility: thin film flexible

polymers can be manipulated to

generate electricity from the sun’s

energy


Nanomaterials

PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR CELLS


Nanomaterials


Nanomaterials


Nanomaterials

BATTERIES


Higher energy storage capacity and

quicker recharge: nanoparticles or

nanotubes on electrodes provide high

surface area and allow more current to

flow

Longer life: nanoparticles on

electrodes prevent electrolytes from

degrading so batteries can be

recharged over and over

A safer alternative: novel nano-

enhanced electrodes can be less

flammable, costly and toxic than

conventional electrodes


Nanomaterials

WATER PURIFICATION


Easier contamination

removal: filters made of

nanofibers that can

remove small

contaminants

Improved desalination

methods: nanoparticle

or nanotube membranes

that allow only pure

water to pass through

Lower costs

Lower energy use

http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v4/n5/abs/ncomms2892.html


Nanomaterials

COMPUTING


Faster processing speeds:

miniaturization allows more transistors to

be packed on a computer chip

More memory: nanosized features on

memory chips allow more information to

be stored

Thermal management solutions for

electronics: novel carbon-based

nanomaterials carry away heat

generated by sensitive electronics


Nanomaterials

NEXT GENERATION COMPUTING


The ability to control

atomic scale phenomena:

quantum or molecular

phenomena that can be

used to represent data

Faster processing speeds

Lighter weight and

miniaturized computers

Increased memory

Lower energy consumption


Nanomaterials

NANOROBOTICS Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

The ability to control

atomic scale

phenomena: quantum

or molecular

phenomena that can be

used to represent data

Faster processing

speeds

Lighter weight and

miniaturized computers

Increased memory

Lower energy

consumption

http://robotnor.no/expertise/robotic-systems/nanorobotics/

Nanorobotics is an emerging and wide-spanning field. It can either be

defined as a system where the dimensions of the parts approach the

scale of a nanometer, or where the positional resolution approaches

the scale of a nanometer. A typical concept of a nanorobot is a

controllable device at the size of bacteria, which can be used in the

human body for medical purposes. This does not exist yet, but

research might eventually lead us there.


Nanomaterials

DRUG DELIVERY Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

New vehicles for delivery:

nanoparticles such as

buckyballs or other cage-like

structures that carry drugs

through the body

Targeted delivery: nano

vehicles that deliver drugs to

specific locations in body

Time release: nanostructured

material that store medicine in

nanosized pockets that release

small amounts of drugs over

time http://www.ediblecomputerchips.com/Applications.htm


Nanomaterials

SPORTING GOODS AND EQUIPMENT Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

Increased strength of materials:

novel carbon nanofiber or nanotube-

based nanocomposites give the

player a stronger swing

Lighter weight materials:

nanocomposites are typically lighter

weight than their macroscale

counterparts

http://shop.reebok.com/

http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=30661.php


Nanomaterials

SPORTING GOODS

AND EQUIPMENT


Added advantages of incorporated

nanomaterials in sporting equipments.


Nanomaterials

CLOTHING


Anti-odor properties: silver

nanoparticles embedded in textiles kill

odor causing bacteria

Stain-resistance: nanofiber coatings on

textiles stop liquids from penetrating

Moisture control: novel nanomaterials

on fabrics absorb perspiration and wick it

away

UV protection: titanium nanoparticles

embedded in textiles inhibit UV rays from

penetrating through fabric

http://t-shirtseller.com/tag/truly/


Nanomaterials

AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

Increased strength of

materials: novel carbon

nanofiber or nanotube

nanocomposites are

used in car bumpers,

cargo liners and as step-

assists for vans

Lighter weight

materials: lightweight

nanocomposites mean

less fuel is used to make

the car go

The automotive sector is a major consumer

of material technologies – and

nanotechnologies promise to improve the

performance of existing technologies

significantly.

Applications range from already existing –

paint quality, fuel cells, batteries, wear-

resistant tires, lighter but stronger

materials, ultra-thin anti-glare layers for

windows and mirrors – to the futuristic –

energy-harvesting bodywork, fully self-

repairing paint, switchable colors, shape-

shifting skin.


Nanomaterials

AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY


The basic trends that nanotechnology enables for the

automobile are

lighter but stronger materials (for better fuel consumption

and increased safety)

improved engine efficiency and fuel consumption for

gasoline-powered cars (catalysts; fuel additives; lubricants)

reduced environmental impact from hydrogen and fuel cell-

powered carsimproved and

miniaturized electronic systems better economies (longer

service life; lower component failure rate; smart materials for

self-repair)


Nanomaterials


Nanomaterials



Nanomaterials

AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

Outlook: Today, only a limited number of nanotech products are integrated into

automotive applications. The performance-to-cost ratio is a major hurdle for broader

market acceptance, since nano-objects are still expensive and their added value is not

always sufficient to balance their cost. The evolution of these fillers is linked to nano-

object prices, which will certainly decrease as production capabilities develop. Generally

speaking, nanofiller prices are much higher than those of standard fillers. This increase in

rawmaterial costs can be balanced by a reduction of the filler content and the reduced

final weight of parts, combined with improved properties. Thus, the addition of nanofillers

often requires rethinking the part (design changes) and the processing technologies (new

moulds, modified rheological behaviour, etc.), which also needs to be considered in the

part’s cost calculations.

Nanocomposites are developing in the automotive market, but proof of the competitive

advantage of nano-objects remains to be confirmed, taking into account cost and

performance. Significant further development and modification of current processing may

yet be required (rethinking of the global system, including part design). Moreover,

nanotoxicity and recycling are important subjects that must be taken into account while

using these new materials.

http://www.jeccomposites.com/news/composites-news/nanocomposites-automotive-research-activities-and-business-realities


Nanomaterials

FOOD AND BEVERAGE Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

Better, more environmentally

friendly adhesives for fast food

containers

Anti-bacterial properties: Nano

silver coatings on kitchen tools

and counter-tops kill

bacteria/microbes

Improved barrier properties for

carbonated beverages or

packaged foods: nanocomposites

slow down the flow of gas or water

vapor across the container,

increasing shelf life

Food packaging

For now, nanotechnology is likely to

have a bigger impact in food packaging.

Nanoscale polymers are already used in

some packaging to prevent oxygen

leaking through, which extends a

product's shelf life.

Researchers have developed sensors

based on nanoparticles that change

colour in response to changing acidity

levels or the presence of bacteria, which

could indicate when food has spoiled.

Eventually, such sensors could even

trigger the release of preservatives

when they detect food beginning to

spoil.


Nanomaterials


Nanomaterials

BODY ARMOR Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

Stronger materials for better

protection: nanocomposites that

provide unparalleled strength and

impact resistance

Flexible materials for more form-

fitting wearability: nanoparticle-based

materials that act like “liquid armor”

Lighter weight materials:

nanomaterials typically weigh less than

their macroscale counterparts

Dynamic control: nanofibers that can

be flexed as necessary to provide CPR

to soldiers or stiffen to furnish additional

protection in the face of danger

Kevlar body armor




Nanotechnology will be in Future of Flight

In futuristic scenario, aircraft could weight as little as half of

the conventional aircraft manufactured with today's

materials.

Such novel materials would be extremely flexible, allowing

the wing to reshape instantly and remaining extremely

resistant to damage at the same time.

In addition, these materials would have “ self – healing”

functionality. The high strength to weight ratio of nano

materials could enable new airplane design that can

withstand crashes and protect the passages against injury

…

NASA, 2001







Nano Roadmap—12 Priorities




Nanomaterials

SENSORS


Higher sensitivity: high surface

area of nanostructures that allows for

easier detection of chemicals,

biological toxins, radiation, disease,

etc.

Miniaturization: nanoscale

fabrication methods that can be used

to make smaller sensors that can be

hidden and integrated into various

objects


Nanomaterials

CANCER


Earlier detection: specialized

nanoparticles that target cancer cells

only – these nanoparticles can be

easily imaged to find small tumors

Improved treatments: infrared light

that shines on the body is absorbed

by the specialized nanoparticles in

the cancer cells only, leading to an

increased localized temperature that

selectively kills the cancer cells but

leaves normal cells unharmed

This is a picture of two cancer

cells splitting and dividing to

become four cancer cells.


Nanomaterials

In order to

successfully detect

cancer at its

earliest stages,

scientists must be

able to detect

molecular changes

even when they

occur only in a

small percentage of

cells. This means

the

necessary tools

must be extremely

sensitive. The

potential for

nanostructures to

enter and analyze

single cells

suggests they could

meet this need.


Nanomaterials

Miniaturization will

allow the tools for

many different tests

to be situated

together on the

same

small device.

Researchers hope

that

nanotechnology will

allow them to run

many diagnostic

tests

simultaneously.


Nanomaterials

Another interesting nanodevice is

the nanopore. Improved methods

of reading the genetic code will

help researchers detect errors in

genes that may contribute to

cancer. Scientists believe

nanopores, tiny holes that allow

DNA to pass through one strand

at a time, will make DNA

sequencing more efÞcient. As

DNA passes through a nanopore,

scientists can monitor the shape

and electrical properties of each

base, or letter, on the strand.

Because these properties are

unique for each of the four bases

that make up the genetic code,

scientists can use the passage of

DNA through a nanopore to

decipher the encoded

information, including errors in

the code known to be associated

with cancer.


Nanomaterials

Nanotechnology

may also be useful

for developing ways

to eradicate cancer

cells without

harming

healthy, neighboring

cells. Scientists

hope to use

nanotechnology to

create therapeutic

agents that

target speciÞc cells

and deliver their

toxin in a controlled,

time-released

manner.


Nanomaterials


Nanomaterials


Nanomaterials


Nanomaterials


Nanotechnology

The Risk of Nanotechnology

The REAL Risk:

Utilizing nanotechnology without evaluating the

consequences: assess advantages and down sides

Example:

The widespread introduction of nanoparticulates into the

ecosphere when their toxicological impact is not known


Thanks for your kind

attention

THE END


Any

Questions

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