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MatterAnd
Measurement
Chapter 1Chapter 1Introduction:Introduction:Matter and Matter and
MeasurementMeasurement
Jon M. WierJon M. WierComstock Park High Comstock Park High
SchoolSchoolAP ChemistryAP Chemistry
2011-122011-12
Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th editionTheodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.;
and Bruce E. Bursten
MatterAnd
Measurement
Chemistry:Chemistry:
The study of The study of mattermatter and the and the changeschanges it it undergoes.undergoes.
MatterAnd
Measurement
Scientific Method:Scientific Method:
A systematic approach to solving A systematic approach to solving problems.problems.
MatterAnd
Measurement
Matter:Matter:
Anything that Anything that has mass and has mass and takes up space.takes up space.
MatterAnd
Measurement
MatterMatter
AtomsAtoms are the building blocks of are the building blocks of matter.matter.
MatterAnd
Measurement
MatterMatter
AtomsAtoms are the building blocks of are the building blocks of matter.matter.
Each Each elementelement is made of the same is made of the same kind of atom.kind of atom.
MatterAnd
Measurement
MatterMatter
AtomsAtoms are the building blocks of matter. are the building blocks of matter.
Each Each elementelement is made of the same kind of is made of the same kind of atom.atom.
A A compoundcompound is made of two or more is made of two or more different kinds of elements.different kinds of elements.
MatterAnd
Measurement
States of MatterStates of Matter
MatterAnd
Measurement
Classification of Classification of MatterMatter
MatterAnd
Measurement
Classification of Classification of MatterMatter
MatterAnd
Measurement
Classification of Classification of MatterMatter
MatterAnd
Measurement
Classification of Classification of MatterMatter
MatterAnd
Measurement
Classification of Classification of MatterMatter
MatterAnd
Measurement
Classification of Classification of MatterMatter
MatterAnd
Measurement
Classification of Classification of MatterMatter
MatterAnd
Measurement
Classification of Classification of MatterMatter
MatterAnd
Measurement
Classification of Classification of MatterMatter
MatterAnd
Measurement
Classification of Classification of MatterMatter
MatterAnd
Measurement
Mixtures and Mixtures and CompoundsCompounds
MatterAnd
Measurement
Properties Properties and Changes and Changes
of Matterof Matter
MatterAnd
Measurement
Properties of Properties of MatterMatter
Physical Properties:Physical Properties:□ Can be observed without changing a Can be observed without changing a
substance into another substance.substance into another substance.Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.
Chemical Properties:Chemical Properties:□ Can Can onlyonly be observed when a substance is be observed when a substance is
changed into another substance.changed into another substance.Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with acid, etc.acid, etc.
MatterAnd
Measurement
Properties of Properties of MatterMatter
Intensive Properties:Intensive Properties:□ Independent of the amount of the Independent of the amount of the
substance that is present.substance that is present.Density, boiling point, color, etc.Density, boiling point, color, etc.
Extensive Properties:Extensive Properties:□ Dependent upon the amount of the Dependent upon the amount of the
substance present.substance present.Mass, volume, energy, etc.Mass, volume, energy, etc.
MatterAnd
Measurement
Changes of Changes of MatterMatter
Physical Changes:Physical Changes:□ Changes in matter that do not change Changes in matter that do not change
the composition of a substance.the composition of a substance.Changes of state, temperature, volume, Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.etc.
Chemical Changes:Chemical Changes:□ Changes that result in new substances.Changes that result in new substances.
Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.etc.
MatterAnd
Measurement
Chemical Chemical ReactionsReactions
In the course of a chemical In the course of a chemical reaction, the reacting substances reaction, the reacting substances are converted to new substances.are converted to new substances.
MatterAnd
Measurement
Chemical Chemical ReactionsReactions
MatterAnd
Measurement
CompoundsCompounds
Compounds can Compounds can be broken down be broken down into more into more elemental elemental particles.particles.
MatterAnd
Measurement
Electrolysis of Electrolysis of WaterWater
MatterAnd
Measurement
Separation Separation of of
MixturesMixtures
MatterAnd
Measurement
Distillation:Distillation:
Separates Separates homogeneous homogeneous mixture on the mixture on the basis of basis of differences in differences in boiling point.boiling point.
MatterAnd
Measurement
DistillationDistillation
MatterAnd
Measurement
Filtration:Filtration:
Separates solid Separates solid substances from substances from liquids and liquids and solutions.solutions.
MatterAnd
Measurement
Chromatography:Chromatography:Separates substances on the basis Separates substances on the basis of differences in solubility in a of differences in solubility in a solvent.solvent.
MatterAnd
Measurement
Units of Units of MeasuremMeasurem
entent
MatterAnd
Measurement
SI UnitsSI Units
Système International d’UnitésSystème International d’Unités
Uses a different base unit for each quantityUses a different base unit for each quantity
MatterAnd
Measurement
Metric SystemMetric System
Prefixes convert the base units into Prefixes convert the base units into units that are appropriate for the units that are appropriate for the item being measured.item being measured.
MatterAnd
Measurement
VolumeVolume
The most commonly The most commonly used metric units used metric units for volume are the for volume are the liter (L) and the liter (L) and the milliliter (mL).milliliter (mL).□ A liter is a cube 1 dm A liter is a cube 1 dm
long on each side.long on each side.□ A milliliter is a cube 1 A milliliter is a cube 1
cm long on each side.cm long on each side.
MatterAnd
Measurement
Uncertainty in Uncertainty in MeasurementsMeasurements
Different measuring devices have Different measuring devices have different uses and different different uses and different degrees of accuracy.degrees of accuracy.
MatterAnd
Measurement
Temperature:Temperature:
A measure of A measure of the average the average kinetic energy kinetic energy of the particles of the particles in a sample.in a sample.
MatterAnd
Measurement
TemperatureTemperatureIn scientific In scientific measurements, measurements, the Celsius and the Celsius and Kelvin scales are Kelvin scales are most often used.most often used.
The Celsius scale The Celsius scale is based on the is based on the properties of properties of water.water.□ 00C is the freezing C is the freezing
point of water.point of water.□ 100100C is the boiling C is the boiling
point of water.point of water.
MatterAnd
Measurement
TemperatureTemperature
The Kelvin is the The Kelvin is the SI unit of SI unit of temperature.temperature.
It is based on the It is based on the properties of properties of gases.gases.
There are no There are no negative Kelvin negative Kelvin temperatures.temperatures.
K = K = C + 273.15C + 273.15
MatterAnd
Measurement
TemperatureTemperature
The Fahrenheit The Fahrenheit scale is not scale is not used in used in scientific scientific measurements.measurements.
F = 9/5(F = 9/5(C) + 32C) + 32
C = 5/9(C = 5/9(F F −− 32) 32)
MatterAnd
Measurement
Density:Density:Physical property of a substancePhysical property of a substance
d=mV
MatterAnd
Measurement
UncertaintUncertainty in y in
MeasuremMeasurementent
MatterAnd
Measurement
Significant Significant FiguresFigures
The term The term significant figuressignificant figures refers to refers to digits that were measured.digits that were measured.
When rounding calculated numbers, we When rounding calculated numbers, we pay attention to significant figures so pay attention to significant figures so we do not overstate the accuracy of our we do not overstate the accuracy of our answers.answers.
MatterAnd
Measurement
Significant Significant FiguresFigures
1.1. All nonzero digits are significant.All nonzero digits are significant.
2.2. Zeroes between two significant figures Zeroes between two significant figures are themselves significant.are themselves significant.
3.3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never significant.are never significant.
4.4. Zeroes at the end of a number are Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if a decimal point is written significant if a decimal point is written in the number.in the number.
MatterAnd
Measurement
Significant Significant FiguresFigures
When addition or subtraction is When addition or subtraction is performed, answers are rounded to the performed, answers are rounded to the least significant least significant decimal placedecimal place..
When multiplication or division is When multiplication or division is performed, answers are rounded to the performed, answers are rounded to the number of digits that corresponds to the number of digits that corresponds to the leastleast number of significant figures in any number of significant figures in any of the numbers used in the calculation.of the numbers used in the calculation.
MatterAnd
Measurement
Significant Digit Significant Digit CalculationsCalculations
MatterAnd
Measurement
Accuracy versus Accuracy versus PrecisionPrecision
AccuracyAccuracy refers to the refers to the proximity of a proximity of a measurement to the true measurement to the true value of a quantity.value of a quantity.
PrecisionPrecision refers to the refers to the proximity of several proximity of several measurements to each measurements to each other.other.
