May-June 2006 Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions Fundamental Symmetries and Interactions 4 th...

May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &

Interactions

Fundamental Fundamental Symmetries and InteractionsSymmetries and Interactions

44thth block, year 2005/2006, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen block, year 2005/2006, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

K. Jungmann, K. Jungmann, C.J.G. Onderwater, C.J.G. Onderwater, R.G.E. Timmermans, R.G.E. Timmermans,

L. Willmann, L. Willmann, H.W. WilschutH.W. Wilschut

Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut, Zernikelaan 25, NL 9747 GroningenKernfysisch Versneller Instituut, Zernikelaan 25, NL 9747 Groningen(phone 050 363 3600)(phone 050 363 3600)

Goal: Acquaint you with the role of modern symmetry concepts Acquaint you with the role of modern symmetry concepts in physicsin physics

and their connection to forces in natureand their connection to forces in nature


Interactions

Structure of CourseStructure of Course

• 15 dates with 2 hours each -- 1 May to 26 June 2006• Introduction to a subject area by lecturer• Important contributions from students

– Typically 20-40 min short presentations on a topic– Preparation together with one of the docents– Contents important – not outer form (rather good presentation with chalk than glossy powerpoint with errors!)

– Discussion of implications among all participants stands central

• Evaluation based on presentation and participation


Interactions

Expected resultExpected result

• Understanding of Role of– Symmetries

– Interactions

• Understand final talk on forefront of

such research


Interactions

Topics - Time Schedule (1)Topics - Time Schedule (1)Date Lecture A Lecture B

Topic by Topic by

1 1 May Overview/structure of Course

KJ Different Types of Symmetry

RT

2 5 May Noether Theorems

(continuous symmetries) info

Ummakanth D.

Experimental tests of

Continuous symmetries

GO

3 8 May Discrete Symmetries: Overview

info

LW Conserved Symmetries:

Parity

Schlebusch

4 12 May Conserved Symmetries: Charge

Conjugation, Time Reversal

Daren Conserved Symmetries:

CPT info

HWW

5 15 May 1956:

Papers of Lee and Yang info

KJ Symmetry Breaking:

(Parity/ Charge conj.), Wu et al.

Klaas

6 19 May Conservation of combined Symmetries: CP

Subhadeep

CP violation

info

S

7 22 May T-violation and EDMs

info

Aran M. CPT breaking and Lorentz

Invariance info

Marlene

8 26 May The Standard Model

info

Rachid Symmetry Groups

info

RT


Interactions

Topics - Time Schedule (2) Topics - Time Schedule (2) Date Lecture A Lecture B

Topic by Topic by

9 29 May Determination of Fundamental Constants: QED

info

LW Constancy of Constants

info

Aran

9 2 June NO Lecture

10 8 June Strong Interaction:

QCD

Endrodi Weak Interaction:

QFD / beta- decay

Moslem

11 12 June Non-Standard Model:

Gravity info

S Extensions to Standard Model

RT

12 16 June Tests of SM Extensions

g-2, Muonium info

S Lepton Flavour, Lepton Number,

Baryon Number info

S

13 19 June Neutrinoless Double

Beta- Decay info

Klaas Brantjes

P,T,C violation and new forces in

beta decay info

S

14 23 June Summary of actual Research in this field GO

15 26 June Reserved


Interactions

Noether TheoremsNoether Theorems

• Emmy Noether 1915– energy is conserved, if their form does not depend

on time

– the momentum is conserved if the laws do not depend on the position

– the angular momentum if the laws do not care about the orientation

• Relates to Continuous symmetries

back


Interactions

Parity, Charge Conjugation, Time ReversalParity, Charge Conjugation, Time Reversal

• Discrete Symmetries

back


Interactions

The World according to EscherThe World according to Escher

mirror image time time

matter anti-matter

anti-particle particle e+ e-

P C T

from H.W. Wilschut

start end

back


Interactions

1956: Lee and Yang1956: Lee and Yang

• Despite all higher theoretical insigths before:– Parity may not be conserved

• Global Symmetries -> Conservation Laws

Local Symmetries -> Forces

back


Interactions

CP violationCP violation

• Fitch and Cronin discover CP violation in Kaon decay

back


Interactions

EDMEDM violates: violates:

• Parity• Time reversal• CP- conservation (if CPTCPT conservation assumed)

Standard Model values are tiny, hence:

An observedAn observed EDM EDM would be Sign of New Physics beyond Standard Theory

Permanent Electric Dipole Moments Violate Discrete Fundamental Symmetries

H= -(d E+µ B) J/Jd - electric dipole momentµ - magnetic dipole momJ - Spin


Interactions

EDM Limits as of summer 2005EDM Limits as of summer 2005

Particle

Exp. Limit [10-27 e cm]

SM [factor to go]

Possible New Physics [factor to go]

e (Tl) < 1.6 1011 1 < 1.05 *109 108 200 < 3.1 * 1011 107 1700 n < 63 104 60 Tl (odd p) < 105 107 105 Hg (odd n) < 0.21 105 various

back


Interactions

CPT and Lorentz invarianceCPT and Lorentz invariance

• Relates to particle-antiparticle properties

• Spin and statistics

• Preferred reference frame in the universe

back


Interactions

Standard ModelStandard Model

back


Interactions


Interactions back


Interactions

Groups and SymmetriesGroups and Symmetries

• "Group theory is the abstract study of symmetry"

back


Interactions

Fundamental constantsFundamental constants

back


Interactions

Time Variation of Time Variation of

Idea (Webb, Flambaum et al.):Relativistic Corrections to atomic level energies

Erel Z2[(j+1/2)-1 -C(j,l)]i.e. > 0 or < 0, depending on atom and state

Need best possib

le 187 Re lifetim

e

to exploit Re/Os ratio on meteorites

back


Interactions

Very Recent PaperVery Recent Paper

back


Interactions

Standing Waves of Ultra Cold NeutronsStanding Waves of Ultra Cold Neutronsin a gravitational fieldin a gravitational field

)1()(/21 r

er

mmGrV

back


Interactions

Extensions to the Standard ModelExtensions to the Standard Model

• Observations well explained in SM• Deeper understanding lacking

– Number of particle generations– Fermion masses– One unit of electric charge– One force only ?

• Supersymmetry, LeftRight Symmetry, Technicolorback


Interactions

Tests of Standard Model ExtensionsTests of Standard Model Extensions

• Direct Searches– LHC, Linear collider,…

• Precision Experiments

•

back

Muon g-2


Interactions

Lepton (Flavor) NumbersLepton (Flavor) Numbers

• A Conservation global symmetry without associated symmetry has no status in physics.

backfrom Y. Kunofrom Y. Kuno

Viable Viable Future Future

::

1011 – 1012 /sec pulsed < 10-18


InteractionsCUORICINOCUORICINO

• confirmation of Heidelberg-Moscowconfirmation of Heidelberg-Moscow neededneeded

• independent experiment(s) with differentindependent experiment(s) with differenttechnologies requiredtechnologies required

• need nuclear matrix elementsneed nuclear matrix elements

Neutrinoless Double Neutrinoless Double -Decay-Decay

(A,Z) (A,Z+2) + 2e-

1/T T 1/21/2 = G0 (E0,Z) | MGT + (gV/gA)2 ·MF|2 <mm>2

back


Interactions

New interactions in Beta DecayNew interactions in Beta Decay

• Weak interaction in the SM is V-A

• Other interactions (T,P,S) can be excluded or

found only by experiment

• In Groningen TRIP to investigate this

back


Interactions

Vector [Tensor]

+

e

Scalar [Axial vector]

+

e

New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon -Decay-Decay

In Standard Model:Weak Interaction is

V-A

In general -decaycould be also

S , P, T

nuclear -decays, Experiments in Traps muon decays, Michel parameters

back


Interactions back

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May-June 2006 Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions Fundamental Symmetries and Interactions 4 th...

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