Supplementary Tables
Content:
Demographic and clinical characteristics:
Supplementary Table S1: ENIGMA - Major Depressive Disorder Working Group Demographics. Age (in years), sex, and MDD patients-control breakdown for participating sites
Supplementary Table S2: ENIGMA - Major Depressive Disorder Working Group Clinical characteristics of MDD patients. Percentage of MDD patients using antidepressant medication, percentage of first episode and recurrent episode MDD patients, percentage of acutely depressed and remitted MDD patients, severity of symptoms, and age of onset of MDD breakdown for participating sites
Exclusion criteria and image acquisition:
Supplementary Table S3: Instrument for diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder and exclusion criteria by site.
Supplementary Table S4: Image acquisition and processing by site.
Adult meta-analyses results for thickness:
Supplementary Table S5: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for the Diagnosis by Sex interaction controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S6: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for the Diagnosis by Age interaction controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S7: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for first episode MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S8: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for recurrent episode MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S9: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for first episode MDD versus recurrent episode MDD patients comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S10: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for the association with number of episodes in recurrent episode MDD patients controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S11: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients with a late age of onset (>21; LAO) versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S12: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients with an early age of onset (≤21; EAO) versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S13: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients with an early age of onset (≤21; EAO) versus MDD patients with a late age of onset (≤21; LAO) comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S14: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients taking antidepressants at time of scanning versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S15: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients not taking antidepressants at time of scanning versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S16: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients taking antidepressants MDD patients not taking antidepressants at time of scanning comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S17: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure associated with severity of symptoms at study inclusion measured by the HDRS-17 controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S18: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure associated with severity of symptoms at study inclusion measured by the BDI-II controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Adult meta-analyses results for surface area:
Supplementary Table S19: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S20: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for the Diagnosis by Sex interaction controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S21: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for the Diagnosis by Age interaction controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S22: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for first episode MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S23: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for recurrent episode MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S24: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for first episode MDD versus recurrent episode MDD patients comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S25: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for the association with number of episodes in recurrent episode MDD patients controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S26: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients with an adult age of onset (>21) versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S27: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients with an adolescent age of onset (≤21) versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S28: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients with an adolecent age of onset (≤21) versus MDD patients with an adult age of onset (>21) comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S29: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients taking antidepressants at time of scanning versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S30: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients not taking antidepressants at time of scanning versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S31: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients taking antidepressants MDD patients not taking antidepressants at time of scanning comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S32: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure associated with severity of symptoms at study inclusion measured by the HDRS-17 controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S33: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure associated with severity of symptoms at study inclusion measured by the BDI-II controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Adolescent meta-analyses results for thickness:
Supplementary Table S34: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S35: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for the Diagnosis by Sex interaction controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S36: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for the Diagnosis by Age interaction controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S37: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for first episode MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S38: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for recurrent episode MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S39: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for first episode MDD versus recurrent episode MDD patients comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S40: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for the association with number of episodes in recurrent episode MDD patients controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S41: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients taking antidepressants at time of scanning versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S42: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients not taking antidepressants at time of scanning versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S43: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients taking antidepressants MDD patients not taking antidepressants at time of scanning comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S44: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure associated with severity of symptoms at study inclusion measured by the HDRS-17 controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Adolescent meta-analyses results for surface area:
Supplementary Table S45: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for the Diagnosis by Sex interaction controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S46: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for the Diagnosis by Age interaction controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S47: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for first episode MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S48: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for recurrent episode MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S49: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for first episode MDD versus recurrent episode MDD patients comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S50: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for the association with number of episodes in recurrent episode MDD patients controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S51: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients taking antidepressants at time of scanning versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S52: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients not taking antidepressants at time of scanning versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S53: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients taking antidepressants MDD patients not taking antidepressants at time of scanning comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Supplementary Table S54: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure associated with severity of symptoms at study inclusion measured by the HDRS-17 controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Moderator Analyses
Supplementary Table S55: Full results from the moderator analyses of field strength of scanner, FreeSurfer version used for processing, voxel size, percent of acute patients, percent of patients with anxiety, percent of patients taking antipsychotics, and type of patient in cortical thickness measures of adult MDD patients and controls.
Supplementary Table S56: Full results from the moderator analyses of field strength of scanner, FreeSurfer version used for processing, voxel size, percent of acute patients, percent of patients with anxiety, percent of patients taking antipsychotics, and type of patient in cortical surface area measures of adult MDD patients and controls.
Supplementary Table S57: Full results from the moderator analyses of field strength of scanner, FreeSurfer version used for processing, voxel size, percent of acute patients, percent of patients with anxiety, percent of patients taking antipsychotics, and type of patient in cortical thickness measures of adolescent MDD patients and controls.
Supplementary Table S58: Full results from the moderator analyses of field strength of scanner, FreeSurfer version used for processing, voxel size, percent of acute patients, percent of patients with anxiety, percent of patients taking antipsychotics, and type of patient in cortical surface area measures of adolescent MDD patients and controls.
Table S1. ENIGMA - Major Depressive Disorder Working Group Demographics. Age (in years), sex, and MDD patients-control breakdown for participating sites, separately for adult and adolescent samples.
Adult samples (age>21) Adolescent samples (age ≤ 21) Study Sample Age
Controls (Mean ± SD)
Age MDD(Mean ± SD)
% Female Controls
% Female MDD
Total N Controls
Total N MDD
Age Controls (Mean ± SD)
Age MDD(Mean ± SD)
% Female Controls
% Female MDD
Total N Controls
Total N MDD
1 NESDA 40.6 ± 9.5 38.8 ± 9.5 64 65 64 141
2 Imaging Genetics Dublin 38.8 ± 12.3 41.6 ± 10.8 52 63 46 52
3 Clinical Depression Dublin 30.8 ± 8.1 34.8 ± 7.9 44 41 89 32
4 CODE 41.9 ± 12.9 41.2 ± 11.8 56 64 70 101
5 CLING 25.8 ± 5.2 38.7 ± 10.2 58 47 281 43
6 SHIP 55.5 ± 12.8 53.7 ± 11.7 44 71 448 138
7 SHIP-trend 50.7 ± 14.3 49.2 ± 12.2 44 65 936 312
8 Sydney 50.6 ± 22.4 49.16 ± 12.2 54 63 92 123 20.1 ± 1.0 17.3 ± 2.4 77 70 13 90
9 QTIM 24.7 ± 1.9 24.9 ± 2.1 69 82 164 28 19.4 ± 1.8 19.2 ± 1.6 62 77 140 26
10 Rotterdam study 64.4 ± 11.0 60.5 ± 9.9 53 71 4,228 66
11 Bipolar Family Study 24.5 ± 1.4 24.8 ± 2.1 66 67 44 12
12 DepOx a 32.3 ± 10.2 33.6 ± 10.2 58 71 26 28 20.4 ± 0.5 40 10
13 MPIP 49.5 ± 12.8 48.6 ± 13.3 58 56 219 360
14 MMDP 3T 34.0 ± 10.8 40.8 ± 11.0 61 55 36 38 19.4 ± 1.9 19.3 ± 1.9 67 46 12 13
15 Houston a 39.3 ± 11.9 42.7 ± 11.6 67 70 99 67 19.7 ± 1.1 72 11
16 Sexpect 33.8 ± 7.2 39.2 ± 11.1 15 42 20 19
17 Melbourne 23.2 ± 1.1 23.1 ± 1.0 52 53 33 17 17.8 ± 1.8 18.1 ± 2.0 54 57 69 67
18 Muenster cohort 36.5 ± 11.7 39.2 ± 11.2 56 57 692 265 19.8 ± 1.5 19.4 ± 1.4 65 70 60 20
19 Novosibirsk 43.6 ± 9.1 47.7 ± 10.9 71 81 17 16
20 Stanford 37.9 ± 10.0 38.1 ± 9.6 61 57 59 53
Combined 7,663 1,911 294 237a Samples only included adolescent MDD (no adolescent controls) and were included in the adolescent meta-analyses on results of regression analysis with number of episodes in recurrent MDD and symptom severity.
Table S2. ENIGMA - Major Depressive Disorder Working Group Clinical characteristics of MDD patients. Percentage of MDD patients using antidepressant medication, percentage of first episode and recurrent episode MDD patients, percentage of acutely depressed and remitted MDD patients, percentage of patients with a co-occurring anxiety disorder, age of onset of MDD and severity of symptoms breakdown for participating sites, separately for adult and adolescent samples.Study Sample %
Antidepressants users
% Antipsychotics users
% First episode MDD/Recurrent episode MDD
% Acute MDD/ Remitted MDD
Age of onset MDD (mean ± SD)
% co-occurring anxiety disorder
HDRS-17a
Severity MDD (mean ± SD)
BDI-IIb
Severity MDD (mean ± SD)
Adult samples
1 NESDA 38 0 42/58 100/0 24.9 ± 11.2 60
2 Imaging Genetics Dublin 71 0 15/85 100/0 25.3 ± 12.8 0 23.6 ± 5.0
3 Clinical Depression Dublin 91 0 45/55 100/0 31.2 ± 8.6 0 20.6 ± 5.2
4 CODE 0 0 0/100 100/0 NA 0
5 CLING 93 16 47/53 93/7 32.2 ± 9.9 19 20.3 ± 4.5 21.6 ± 10.1
6 SHIP 17 1 56/44 NA 38.2 ± 13.2 37 11.7 ± 10.4
7 SHIP-trend 17 5 36/64 NA 36.2 ± 14.3 NA 12.4 ± 8.1
8 Sydney 66 31 22/76 12/84 32.3 ± 11.1 15 11.1 ± 7.0
9 QTIM 18 0 NA NA 19.5 ± 4.4 36 NA NA
10 Rotterdam study 29 21 44/56 100/0 NA 12 NA NA
11 Bipolar Family Study 8 1 NA NA 22.8 ± 2.7 0 3.9 ± 4.0
12 DepOx 0 0 46/54 100/0 28.1 ± 9.3 1 23.0 ± 4.1
13 MPIP 85 7 26/74 86/14 35.5 ± 14.0 14 26.6 ± 7.6 14.3 ± 10.9
14 MMDP 3T 71 NA 29/71 100/0 25.2 ± 11.6 13 12.5 ± 7.1
15 Houston 0 0 21/71 70/1 23.0 ± 11.0 2 10.0 ± 7.9 19.2 ± 13.5
16 Sexpect 100 0 16/84 100/0 31.6 ± 11.2 20 11.8 ± 5.5 21.4 ± 12.7
17 Melbourne 18 0 18/76 100/0 18.5 ± 3.1 30 NA NA
18 Muenster cohort 91 27 22/78 92/8 30.5 ± 11.7 38 21.6 ± 7.3 24.8 ± 10.4
19 Novosibirsk 56 24 6/94 56/44 40.6 ± 11.9 0 26.2 ± 5.1 NA
20 Stanford 38 0 9/87 100/0 19.9 ± 9.3 27 NA 25.7 ± 10.1
Adolescent samples
1 Sydney 52 19 34/64 25/68 13.9 ± 2.4 22 13.9 ± 6.6 NA
2 QTIM 23 0 NA NA 17.1 ± 2.7 35 NA NA
3 DepOx c 0 0 60/40 100/0 18.7 ± 2.7 NA 22.8 ± 5.0 NA
4 MMDP 3T 15 NA 85/15 100/0 15.3 ± 3.6 8 10.1 ± 9.1 NA
5 Houston c 0 0 36/64 82/9 13.8 ± 2.0 NA 12.5 ± 8.2 23.9 ± 18.5
6 Melbourne 28 0 40/52 100/0 16.2 ± 2.6 33 NA NA
7 Muenster cohort 80 18 50/50 85/15 16.4 ± 3.2 44 21.1 ± 7.7 29.2 ± 11.2a Measured with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17; range: 0-52)b Measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II; range: 0-63)c Samples only included adolescent MDD (no adolescent controls) and were included in the adolescent meta-analyses on results of regression analysis with number of episodes in recurrent MDD and symptom severity.
Table S3: Instrument for diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder and exclusion criteria by site
Sample Instrument for diagnosing MDD Exclusion criteria
NESDA CIDI interview
MDD subjects: presence of axis-I disorders other than MDD, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, or generalized anxiety disorder and any use of psychotropic medication other than stable use of SSRIs or infrequent benzodiazepine use (i.e., equivalent to 2 doses of 10 mg of oxazepam 3 times per week or use within 48 hours prior to scanning).Control subjects: no Axis-I diagnosis, no medication use.All subjects: presence or history of major internal or neurological disorder, dependence on or recent abuse (past year) of alcohol and/or drugs, hypertension, and general MRI contraindications.
Imaging Genetics Dublin SCID-1 interview
MDD subjects: comorbid psychiatric disorders (Axis I or Axis II, other than MDD), Treatment with antipsychotics or mood stabilizers, age <18 or >65,Control subjects: no Axis-I diagnosis, no medication use.All subjects: history of neurological or other severe medical illness, head injury or severe substance abuse in their lifetime history and general MRI contraindications.
Clinical Depression Dublin SCID-1 interview
MDD subjects: comorbid psychiatric disorders (Axis I or Axis II, other than MDD), Treatment with antipsychotics or mood stabilizers, age <18 or >65,Control subjects: no Axis-I diagnosis, no medication use.All subjects: history of neurological or other severe medical illness, head injury or severe substance abuse in their lifetime history and general MRI contraindications.
CODE SCID interview
MDD: Presence of any other Axis-1 diagnosis; Acute risk for suicide (in contrast to suicidal ideation); History of psychotic symptoms, bipolar disorder, or dementia; Schizotypal, antisocial or borderline personality disorder; Use of psychotropic medication within two weeks prior to the start of the study; No current psychotherapeutic treatment.
Control subjects: No history of or current Axis-1 or 2 disorders.
All subjects: History of or current neurological disorder or brain injury; Serious medical condition; Severe cognitive impairment; Substance-related abuse or dependence disorder; Use of psychotropic medication; Use of central-acting medication; Pregnancy; General MRI contraindications.
CLING ICD-10 interview
MDD subjects: past or actual presence of other axis I diagnoses other than anxiety disorders, alcohol/cannabis abuse and tobacco dependence; neurological or other medical conditions that could be related to affective symptomsControl subjects: no medical history, including neurological and psychiatric history, as well as no previous or actual use of psychotropic medication
SHIP M-CIDI interview
MDD subjects: presence of axis-I disorders other than MDD, anxiety disorders, conversion, somatization and eating disorder.Control subjects: no lifetime diagnosis of depression, no antidepressiva, and severity index=0All subjects: We removed subjects with medical conditions (e.g. a history of cerebral tumor, stroke, Parkinson’s diseases, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, hydrocephalus, enlarged ventricles, pathological lesions) or due to technical reasons (e.g. severe movement artifacts or inhomogeneity of the magnetic field).
SHIP-trend M-CIDI interview
MDD subjects: no special exclusion criteriaControl subjects: no lifetime diagnosis of depression, no antidepressiva, and severity index=0All subjects: We removed subjects with due to medical conditions (e.g. a history of cerebral tumor, stroke, Parkinson’s diseases, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, hydrocephalus, enlarged ventricles, pathological lesions) or due to technical reasons (e.g. severe movement artifacts or inhomogeneity of the magnetic field).
MDD subjects: presence of axis-I disorders other than MDD, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder,
MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CIDI: the Composite International Diagnostic Interview; SCID: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM disorders; SCAN: Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry; MINI: M.I.N.I. International Neuropsychiatric Interview; CESD: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale; DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; OCD: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; PTSD: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
Table S4: Image acquisition and processing by site
Sample Scanner vendor and type Acquisition parameters Freesurfer version Slice orientation Operating system
NESDA 3T Phillips Achieva/Intera
3D gradient-echo T1-weighted sequence. TR=9 msec; TE=3.5 msec; flip angle 8º, FOV = 256 mm; matrix: 25x62x56; in plane voxel size = 1 mm × 1 mm x 1 mm; 170 slices.
5.3 SagittalLinux-centos4_x86_64
Imaging Genetics Dublin 3T Phillips Achieva
A sagittal T1 3D TFE was used to scan all participants. TR=8.5 msec; TE=3.9 msec; FOV = 256 mm, AP: 256 mm, RL: 160 mm; matrix: 256×256.
5.3 Sagittal Mac OS
Clinical Depression Dublin 1.5T Siemens Vision
3D-MPRAGE T1-weighted sequence. TR=11.6 msec; TE=4.9 msec; FOV=230 mm; matrix 512 x 512, slice thickness: 1.5 mm.
5.3 Coronal Mac OS
CODE3T Siemens Trio (4 Sites), 3 T Philips Achieva (1 site)
Siemens: T1 mprage, voxel size 1 mm x 1 mm x 1 mm; TR=1900 msec; TE=2.52 msec; Sample 1: 192 slices, Sample 2: 176 slices (except 1 site: 192)
Philips: T1 3D-TFE, voxel size 1 mm x 1 mm x 1 mm; TR=8.3 msec; TE=3.8 msec; 170 slices.
5.3 Sagittal Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (Linux 64bit)
CLING 3T Siemens Tim Trio
Standard 3D T1-weighted turbo fast low angle shot (turbo FLASH); voxel size 1 mm x 1 mm x 1mm (based on the ADNI protocol (Jack et al. 2008); TR=225 msec; TE=3.26 msec, FOV=256 x 256 x 192
5.1 Sagittal Linux
SHIP 1.5T Siemens Avanto3D T1-weighted (MP-RAGE/ axial plane); TR=1900 msec; TE=3.4 msec; Flip angle=15°; voxel size 1 mm x 1 mm x 1 mm
5.3 Axial Centos6_x86_64
SHIP-trend 1.5T Siemens Avanto
3D T1-weighted (MP-RAGE/ axial plane); TR=1900 msec; TE=3.4 msec; Flip angle=15°; voxel size 1 mm x 1 mm x 1 mm
5.3 Axial Centos6_x86_64
Sydney 3T GE MR750
3D T1-weighted sequence. TR=7.2 msec; TE=2.78 msec; matrix =256; FOV=240; No. slices=196; thick=0.9mm; inplane resolution=0.9375
5.1 CoronalLinux_Ubuntu12.04_64
QTIM Bruker 4T Whole-body MRI
3D T1 weighted sequence. TR=1500 msec; TE=3.35 msec; flip angle=8°, 256 or 240 (coronal or sagittal) slices, FOV=240 mm, matrix 256x256x256 (or 256x256x240)
5.1
Coronal, then sagittal following software upgrade.
Linux-centos4_x86_64-stable-pub-v5.1.0
1.5T Signa Excite -
3D: three-dimensional; TR: repetition time; TE: echo time; FOV: field of view
Adult meta-analyses results for cortical thickness
Supplementary Table S5: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for the Diagnosis by Sex interaction controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(Dx by Sex)Right temporal pole -0.043 0.033 [-0.108 - 0.022] -0.473 0.192 0.940 7.968 7631 1871
Left temporal pole -0.035 0.030 [-0.094 - 0.024] -0.357 0.242 0.940 0.001 7614 1871
Left entorhinal cortex -0.025 0.039 [-0.101 - 0.05] -0.291 0.512 0.940 24.548 7605 1866
Right precentral gyrus -0.021 0.041 [-0.102 - 0.059] -0.127 0.605 0.940 32.385 7643 1894
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.021 0.030 [-0.08 - 0.038] -0.124 0.482 0.940 0.005 7650 1898
Left superior parietal cortex -0.018 0.045 [-0.106 - 0.07] -0.089 0.687 0.940 42.057 7645 1896
Left paracentral lobule -0.018 0.044 [-0.104 - 0.069] -0.101 0.686 0.940 39.981 7650 1899
Right fusiform gyrus -0.015 0.030 [-0.074 - 0.043] -0.075 0.606 0.940 <0.001 7649 1898
Left precuneus -0.013 0.045 [-0.101 - 0.076] -0.061 0.776 0.941 42.336 7649 1893
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.012 0.037 [-0.086 - 0.061] -0.060 0.738 0.940 21.927 7653 1899
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.010 0.036 [-0.081 - 0.061] -0.055 0.780 0.941 18.031 7640 1885
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.005 0.030 [-0.064 - 0.054] -0.051 0.861 0.941 0.016 7656 1896
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.004 0.030 [-0.063 - 0.055] -0.019 0.901 0.941 <0.001 7647 1898
Left precentral gyrus 0.001 0.035 [-0.067 - 0.07] 0.007 0.972 0.972 14.750 7637 1895
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.001 0.030 [-0.058 - 0.06] 0.006 0.966 0.972 0.018 7652 1899
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.003 0.042 [-0.08 - 0.085] 0.019 0.950 0.972 33.750 7613 1827
Left fusiform gyrus 0.005 0.034 [-0.062 - 0.072] 0.025 0.883 0.941 11.461 7645 1896
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.005 0.038 [-0.069 - 0.079] 0.037 0.893 0.941 22.976 7633 1896
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.006 0.033 [-0.059 - 0.072] 0.036 0.853 0.941 10.057 7645 1898
Right postcentral gyrus 0.007 0.037 [-0.066 - 0.079] 0.038 0.856 0.941 20.605 7642 1897
Left pars triangularis 0.009 0.035 [-0.061 - 0.078] 0.052 0.810 0.941 16.169 7651 1897
Right entorhinal cortex 0.009 0.035 [-0.059 - 0.076] 0.104 0.801 0.941 12.684 7602 1862
Left insula 0.010 0.046 [-0.081 - 0.101] 0.052 0.829 0.941 44.836 7652 1898
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.010 0.030 [-0.049 - 0.069] 0.053 0.736 0.940 <0.001 7650 1900
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.011 0.036 [-0.06 - 0.081] 0.052 0.766 0.941 17.494 7650 1899
Left pars opercularis 0.011 0.032 [-0.052 - 0.075] 0.055 0.722 0.940 6.408 7655 1897
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.014 0.041 [-0.066 - 0.094] 0.084 0.735 0.940 28.725 7551 1806
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.014 0.035 [-0.055 - 0.083] 0.070 0.683 0.940 15.399 7649 1900
Right hemisphere average thickness 0.015 0.040 [-0.063 - 0.092] 0.054 0.708 0.940 28.423 7658 1902
Right pars opercularis 0.016 0.035 [-0.052 - 0.084] 0.081 0.643 0.940 14.100 7651 1896
Left frontal pole 0.016 0.037 [-0.057 - 0.089] 0.171 0.664 0.940 21.644 7656 1899
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.016 0.041 [-0.063 - 0.096] 0.083 0.689 0.940 30.603 7633 1874
Left hemisphere average thickness 0.018 0.038 [-0.058 - 0.093] 0.065 0.648 0.940 25.246 7658 1902
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.018 0.032 [-0.045 - 0.081] 0.105 0.580 0.940 6.783 7644 1902
Left postcentral gyrus 0.018 0.039 [-0.058 - 0.095] 0.101 0.640 0.940 27.060 7630 1894
Right superior parietal cortex 0.018 0.043 [-0.067 - 0.103] 0.091 0.673 0.940 38.383 7645 1895
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.019 0.033 [-0.045 - 0.083] 0.125 0.567 0.940 7.980 7654 1900
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.019 0.038 [-0.056 - 0.094] 0.140 0.618 0.940 22.082 7571 1781
Right insula 0.019 0.038 [-0.055 - 0.094] 0.105 0.610 0.940 23.198 7651 1895
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.020 0.030 [-0.039 - 0.079] 0.252 0.500 0.940 <0.001 7648 1896
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.021 0.030 [-0.038 - 0.079] 0.230 0.491 0.940 <0.001 7655 1898
Right cuneus 0.023 0.048 [-0.071 - 0.117] 0.143 0.628 0.940 48.866 7654 1896
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.024 0.030 [-0.035 - 0.083] 0.190 0.422 0.940 <0.001 7635 1895
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.025 0.038 [-0.051 - 0.1] 0.208 0.519 0.940 24.761 7628 1896
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.025 0.030 [-0.034 - 0.084] 0.139 0.408 0.940 <0.001 7630 1872
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.025 0.030 [-0.033 - 0.084] 0.154 0.396 0.940 <0.001 7638 1898
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.026 0.038 [-0.048 - 0.1] 0.155 0.495 0.940 20.883 7587 1820
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.027 0.030 [-0.032 - 0.086] 0.149 0.374 0.940 <0.001 7639 1886
Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.028 0.040 [-0.05 - 0.106] 0.305 0.482 0.940 28.763 7654 1897
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.029 0.033 [-0.035 - 0.093] 0.156 0.374 0.940 6.546 7609 1864
Right precuneus 0.029 0.042 [-0.053 - 0.111] 0.144 0.488 0.940 34.355 7646 1894
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.032 0.030 [-0.027 - 0.09] 0.243 0.291 0.940 <0.001 7655 1897
Right inferior parietal cortex 0.032 0.035 [-0.036 - 0.1] 0.180 0.360 0.940 14.151 7641 1897
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.034 0.038 [-0.039 - 0.108] 0.214 0.362 0.940 22.244 7654 1900
Left pars orbitalis 0.034 0.030 [-0.024 - 0.093] 0.251 0.252 0.940 <0.001 7653 1900
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.034 0.030 [-0.024 - 0.093] 0.391 0.251 0.940 <0.001 7650 1900
Left inferior parietal cortex 0.037 0.031 [-0.023 - 0.097] 0.209 0.230 0.940 1.826 7638 1894
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.038 0.030 [-0.021 - 0.097] 0.293 0.210 0.940 0.003 7609 1888
Right paracentral lobule 0.039 0.038 [-0.036 - 0.114] 0.224 0.303 0.940 24.554 7651 1901
Right pars orbitalis 0.043 0.030 [-0.016 - 0.102] 0.311 0.150 0.940 <0.001 7655 1900
Right lingual gyrus 0.044 0.037 [-0.028 - 0.116] 0.253 0.236 0.940 19.899 7641 1894
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.046 0.030 [-0.013 - 0.105] 0.467 0.125 0.940 0.006 7651 1899
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.050 0.030 [-0.009 - 0.11] 0.299 0.098 0.940 <0.001 7591 1822
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.051 0.046 [-0.038 - 0.141] 0.412 0.262 0.940 43.557 7622 1894
Right frontal pole 0.051 0.037 [-0.022 - 0.125] 0.534 0.172 0.940 22.228 7657 1899
Left lingual gyrus 0.062 0.051 [-0.038 - 0.163] 0.360 0.224 0.940 54.793 7640 1895
Right pars triangularis 0.065 0.032 [0.003 - 0.128] 0.377 0.041 0.715 5.618 7645 1897
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.073 0.030 [0.014 - 0.132] 0.578 0.015 0.352 <0.001 7651 1897
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.086 0.032 [0.023 - 0.149] 0.606 0.007 0.252 5.977 7645 1894
Left cuneus 0.092 0.030 [0.033 - 0.151] 0.569 0.002 0.149 <0.001 7652 1897Dx: Diagnosis.
Supplementary Table S6: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for the Diagnosis by Age interaction controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(Dx by Age)Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.077 0.032 [-0.14 - -0.014] -0.608 0.017 0.674 6.337 7635 1895
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.067 0.040 [-0.145 - 0.011] -0.541 0.091 0.914 28.931 7622 1894
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.061 0.031 [-0.121 - -0.001] -0.374 0.046 0.714 <0.001 7551 1806
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.060 0.050 [-0.158 - 0.037] -0.311 0.226 0.990 52.186 7633 1874
Left insula -0.059 0.047 [-0.152 - 0.034] -0.306 0.215 0.990 47.450 7652 1898
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.051 0.060 [-0.169 - 0.067] -0.498 0.395 0.999 67.649 7656 1896
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.047 0.070 [-0.184 - 0.091] -0.475 0.505 0.999 76.819 7651 1899
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.045 0.052 [-0.147 - 0.057] -0.302 0.386 0.999 56.407 7654 1900
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.039 0.064 [-0.164 - 0.085] -0.313 0.535 0.999 71.352 7651 1897
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.039 0.030 [-0.098 - 0.02] -0.225 0.192 0.961 <0.001 7645 1898
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.035 0.063 [-0.158 - 0.088] -0.392 0.574 0.999 70.377 7655 1898
Left fusiform gyrus -0.032 0.030 [-0.091 - 0.027] -0.157 0.287 0.999 <0.001 7645 1896
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.030 0.050 [-0.128 - 0.068] -0.341 0.548 0.999 52.668 7650 1900
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.027 0.042 [-0.108 - 0.055] -0.149 0.521 0.999 32.522 7630 1872
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.023 0.068 [-0.156 - 0.111] -0.123 0.740 0.999 75.091 7640 1885
Right insula -0.021 0.066 [-0.151 - 0.109] -0.115 0.750 0.999 73.808 7651 1895
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.020 0.030 [-0.079 - 0.039] -0.116 0.510 0.999 <0.001 7650 1898
Left frontal pole -0.019 0.054 [-0.126 - 0.088] -0.201 0.726 0.999 60.202 7656 1899
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.019 0.067 [-0.15 - 0.113] -0.155 0.783 0.999 74.541 7628 1896
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.018 0.030 [-0.078 - 0.041] -0.099 0.546 0.999 <0.001 7609 1864
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.018 0.052 [-0.119 - 0.083] -0.139 0.727 0.999 55.759 7655 1897
Right paracentral lobule -0.018 0.030 [-0.076 - 0.041] -0.100 0.557 0.999 <0.001 7651 1901
Right fusiform gyrus -0.018 0.030 [-0.076 - 0.041] -0.086 0.559 0.999 <0.001 7649 1898
Left pars opercularis -0.017 0.048 [-0.11 - 0.077] -0.080 0.725 0.999 48.322 7655 1897
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.010 0.030 [-0.069 - 0.048] -0.059 0.727 0.999 <0.001 7641 1897
Left temporal pole -0.007 0.030 [-0.066 - 0.052] -0.069 0.821 0.999 <0.001 7614 1871
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.007 0.033 [-0.071 - 0.058] -0.040 0.837 0.999 7.096 7591 1822
Right frontal pole -0.006 0.035 [-0.075 - 0.063] -0.066 0.857 0.999 15.565 7657 1899
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.006 0.053 [-0.111 - 0.098] -0.069 0.906 0.999 58.443 7654 1897
Left hemisphere average thickness -0.005 0.030 [-0.064 - 0.054] -0.019 0.862 0.999 <0.001 7658 1902
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.005 0.042 [-0.088 - 0.078] -0.031 0.902 0.999 32.763 7587 1820
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.003 0.054 [-0.109 - 0.102] -0.043 0.949 0.999 59.036 7648 1896
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.003 0.031 [-0.063 - 0.057] -0.025 0.911 0.999 <0.001 7571 1781
Right pars triangularis -0.003 0.030 [-0.062 - 0.056] -0.016 0.928 0.999 <0.001 7645 1897
Right postcentral gyrus -0.001 0.030 [-0.06 - 0.058] -0.007 0.966 0.999 <0.001 7642 1897
Left superior parietal cortex 0.000 0.034 [-0.067 - 0.066] -0.002 0.990 0.999 11.244 7645 1896
Left inferior parietal cortex 0.000 0.030 [-0.059 - 0.059] 0.000 0.999 0.999 <0.001 7638 1894
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 2.92E-04 0.058 [-0.113 - 0.113] 0.002 0.996 0.999 64.827 7638 1898
Left postcentral gyrus 5.18E-04 0.033 [-0.065 - 0.066] 0.003 0.988 0.999 10.054 7630 1894
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.005 0.051 [-0.095 - 0.105] 0.037 0.926 0.999 54.080 7609 1888
Left paracentral lobule 0.006 0.040 [-0.072 - 0.083] 0.034 0.880 0.999 28.218 7650 1899
Right temporal pole 0.007 0.030 [-0.052 - 0.066] 0.076 0.818 0.999 <0.001 7631 1871
Left entorhinal cortex 0.008 0.044 [-0.079 - 0.095] 0.093 0.856 0.999 40.437 7605 1866
Left pars orbitalis 0.009 0.046 [-0.082 - 0.099] 0.065 0.848 0.999 45.152 7653 1900
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.010 0.046 [-0.08 - 0.1] 0.072 0.825 0.999 42.901 7613 1827
Left lingual gyrus 0.014 0.030 [-0.045 - 0.073] 0.082 0.635 0.999 <0.001 7640 1895
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.015 0.059 [-0.1 - 0.129] 0.091 0.804 0.999 65.824 7654 1900
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.015 0.036 [-0.055 - 0.085] 0.072 0.679 0.999 16.912 7653 1899
Left pars triangularis 0.015 0.035 [-0.054 - 0.083] 0.091 0.670 0.999 14.596 7651 1897
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.016 0.041 [-0.065 - 0.098] 0.120 0.692 0.999 33.140 7633 1896
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.019 0.030 [-0.04 - 0.078] 0.105 0.531 0.999 <0.001 7639 1886
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.019 0.038 [-0.056 - 0.094] 0.097 0.616 0.999 23.979 7652 1899
Right cuneus 0.020 0.039 [-0.056 - 0.096] 0.123 0.603 0.999 25.380 7654 1896
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.028 0.030 [-0.031 - 0.087] 0.196 0.353 0.999 <0.001 7645 1894
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.030 0.030 [-0.029 - 0.088] 0.144 0.322 0.999 <0.001 7649 1900
Right hemisphere average thickness 0.030 0.030 [-0.028 - 0.089] 0.111 0.312 0.999 <0.001 7658 1902
Right lingual gyrus 0.031 0.038 [-0.044 - 0.105] 0.177 0.421 0.999 23.515 7641 1894
Left precentral gyrus 0.031 0.030 [-0.028 - 0.09] 0.177 0.306 0.999 <0.001 7637 1895
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.033 0.030 [-0.026 - 0.092] 0.168 0.272 0.999 <0.001 7647 1898
Left precuneus 0.034 0.030 [-0.025 - 0.093] 0.161 0.262 0.999 <0.001 7649 1893
Left cuneus 0.039 0.030 [-0.019 - 0.098] 0.243 0.189 0.961 <0.001 7652 1897
Right superior parietal cortex 0.041 0.030 [-0.018 - 0.1] 0.205 0.173 0.961 <0.001 7645 1895
Right precentral gyrus 0.045 0.034 [-0.022 - 0.112] 0.268 0.190 0.961 12.769 7643 1894
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.051 0.030 [-0.008 - 0.11] 0.268 0.090 0.914 <0.001 7650 1900
Right pars orbitalis 0.057 0.039 [-0.02 - 0.134] 0.413 0.144 0.961 27.216 7655 1900
Right entorhinal cortex 0.060 0.038 [-0.016 - 0.135] 0.711 0.120 0.961 24.204 7602 1862
Right pars opercularis 0.060 0.031 [0 - 0.12] 0.300 0.051 0.714 1.982 7651 1896
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.060 0.030 [0.002 - 0.119] 0.292 0.044 0.714 <0.001 7650 1899
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.068 0.048 [-0.027 - 0.162] 0.398 0.159 0.961 49.166 7644 1902
Right precuneus 0.070 0.030 [0.011 - 0.129] 0.349 0.019 0.674 <0.001 7646 1894Dx: Diagnosis.
Supplementary Table S7: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for first episode MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(First episode MDD vs CTL)
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.190 0.067 [-0.321 - -0.058] -1.502 0.005 0.050 37.978 7250 534
Right insula -0.187 0.048 [-0.282 - -0.092] -1.018 1.10E-04 0.008 <0.001 7253 535
Left insula -0.171 0.048 [-0.266 - -0.076] -0.893 3.93E-04 0.014 <0.001 7253 535
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.163 0.048 [-0.257 - -0.068] -1.089 7.40E-04 0.017 <0.001 7250 535
Right fusiform gyrus -0.159 0.058 [-0.273 - -0.045] -0.777 0.006 0.050 21.721 7250 535
Left fusiform gyrus -0.158 0.048 [-0.253 - -0.064] -0.779 0.001 0.018 <0.001 7249 535
Right pars opercularis -0.150 0.100 [-0.345 - 0.045] -0.752 0.132 0.290 71.529 7250 534
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.150 0.079 [-0.305 - 0.005] -0.769 0.058 0.164 53.625 7243 527
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.141 0.048 [-0.235 - -0.046] -1.372 0.004 0.049 <0.001 7251 535
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.134 0.048 [-0.228 - -0.039] -1.354 0.006 0.050 <0.001 7250 535
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.131 0.048 [-0.226 - -0.037] -1.019 0.007 0.050 <0.001 7222 532
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.129 0.048 [-0.224 - -0.035] -1.437 0.007 0.050 <0.001 7252 535
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.128 0.048 [-0.223 - -0.034] -0.650 0.008 0.050 <0.001 7247 534
Right frontal pole -0.127 0.063 [-0.25 - -0.004] -1.327 0.042 0.148 29.922 7253 533
Right pars orbitalis -0.119 0.058 [-0.232 - -0.006] -0.858 0.039 0.145 20.839 7252 535
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.117 0.051 [-0.218 - -0.017] -0.691 0.022 0.098 7.112 7240 535
Left frontal pole -0.117 0.048 [-0.211 - -0.022] -1.228 0.016 0.093 <0.001 7251 534
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.115 0.049 [-0.211 - -0.019] -0.626 0.018 0.098 1.369 7248 534
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.112 0.048 [-0.206 - -0.017] -0.937 0.021 0.098 <0.001 7237 535
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.111 0.048 [-0.205 - -0.016] -0.538 0.022 0.098 <0.001 7244 535
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.108 0.049 [-0.204 - -0.012] -0.790 0.028 0.116 <0.001 7195 512
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.104 0.049 [-0.2 - -0.009] -0.620 0.032 0.125 <0.001 7212 523
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.096 0.048 [-0.191 - -0.002] -0.538 0.046 0.154 <0.001 7244 533
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.095 0.048 [-0.189 - 0] -0.727 0.050 0.159 <0.001 7251 535
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.093 0.048 [-0.187 - 0.002] -0.581 0.054 0.162 <0.001 7251 535
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.093 0.048 [-0.187 - 0.002] -0.559 0.056 0.162 <0.001 7233 534
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.089 0.048 [-0.183 - 0.006] -0.325 0.065 0.175 <0.001 7253 535
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.085 0.048 [-0.18 - 0.01] -0.684 0.079 0.205 <0.001 7217 532
Left hemisphere average thickness -0.083 0.048 [-0.177 - 0.012] -0.304 0.087 0.217 <0.001 7253 535
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.078 0.065 [-0.205 - 0.05] -0.884 0.231 0.385 34.391 7246 534
Left pars opercularis -0.078 0.048 [-0.172 - 0.017] -0.370 0.108 0.260 <0.001 7252 533
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.075 0.049 [-0.171 - 0.02] -0.451 0.122 0.286 <0.001 7229 521
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.074 0.065 [-0.202 - 0.054] -0.422 0.255 0.404 34.678 7238 533
Right paracentral lobule -0.073 0.048 [-0.168 - 0.021] -0.417 0.128 0.290 <0.001 7248 534
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.071 0.057 [-0.183 - 0.04] -0.508 0.208 0.364 17.288 7222 520
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.070 0.048 [-0.165 - 0.024] -0.339 0.145 0.292 <0.001 7245 533
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.070 0.048 [-0.165 - 0.024] -0.555 0.146 0.292 <0.001 7231 531
Right entorhinal cortex -0.070 0.048 [-0.165 - 0.024] -0.835 0.145 0.292 <0.001 7240 534
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.066 0.081 [-0.226 - 0.093] -0.371 0.414 0.579 56.612 7248 533
Right lingual gyrus -0.065 0.048 [-0.16 - 0.03] -0.375 0.181 0.339 <0.001 7239 532
Left pars orbitalis -0.061 0.048 [-0.156 - 0.033] -0.450 0.203 0.364 <0.001 7249 535
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.061 0.071 [-0.2 - 0.078] -0.346 0.390 0.558 44.048 7239 534
Left entorhinal cortex -0.060 0.057 [-0.173 - 0.052] -0.695 0.293 0.446 20.158 7240 535
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.059 0.048 [-0.154 - 0.035] -0.287 0.220 0.375 <0.001 7250 534
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.058 0.078 [-0.21 - 0.094] -0.718 0.457 0.615 52.556 7251 534
Left pars triangularis -0.055 0.048 [-0.15 - 0.039] -0.338 0.250 0.404 <0.001 7247 535
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.053 0.052 [-0.155 - 0.05] -0.283 0.316 0.460 8.843 7229 530
Left temporal pole -0.050 0.048 [-0.144 - 0.045] -0.502 0.304 0.453 <0.001 7226 534
Right precuneus -0.049 0.072 [-0.19 - 0.091] -0.245 0.491 0.625 44.715 7244 533
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.048 0.077 [-0.198 - 0.102] -0.255 0.527 0.634 51.344 7245 534
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.045 0.063 [-0.168 - 0.077] -0.232 0.468 0.618 30.127 7243 534
Right pars triangularis -0.038 0.048 [-0.132 - 0.057] -0.216 0.437 0.599 <0.001 7244 535
Left precentral gyrus -0.031 0.048 [-0.126 - 0.063] -0.179 0.518 0.634 <0.001 7238 533
Right precentral gyrus -0.030 0.048 [-0.125 - 0.064] -0.180 0.531 0.634 <0.001 7242 535
Right postcentral gyrus -0.027 0.074 [-0.173 - 0.118] -0.155 0.712 0.803 48.207 7239 533
Left lingual gyrus -0.026 0.048 [-0.12 - 0.069] -0.148 0.598 0.698 <0.001 7236 530
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.016 0.085 [-0.183 - 0.151] -0.092 0.853 0.905 60.599 7245 535
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.015 0.049 [-0.11 - 0.081] -0.090 0.764 0.835 <0.001 7196 522
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.001 0.048 [-0.095 - 0.094] -0.007 0.990 0.990 <0.001 7251 535
Left paracentral lobule 0.003 0.079 [-0.151 - 0.158] 0.018 0.967 0.981 53.921 7246 534
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.005 0.048 [-0.089 - 0.1] 0.030 0.913 0.940 <0.001 7242 535
Left precuneus 0.007 0.048 [-0.088 - 0.102] 0.033 0.885 0.925 <0.001 7244 531
Left postcentral gyrus 0.011 0.048 [-0.084 - 0.105] 0.058 0.827 0.890 <0.001 7227 535
Right superior parietal cortex 0.015 0.048 [-0.08 - 0.109] 0.075 0.757 0.835 <0.001 7241 535
Right temporal pole 0.020 0.049 [-0.076 - 0.117] 0.222 0.682 0.783 2.225 7239 533
Left superior parietal cortex 0.033 0.048 [-0.061 - 0.128] 0.163 0.491 0.625 <0.001 7241 534
Left cuneus 0.036 0.058 [-0.077 - 0.149] 0.221 0.534 0.634 20.628 7251 534
Right cuneus 0.064 0.048 [-0.03 - 0.158] 0.393 0.184 0.339 <0.001 7252 535
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.073 0.055 [-0.034 - 0.18] 0.513 0.182 0.339 14.283 7240 534
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.146 0.130 [-0.108 - 0.4] 1.065 0.260 0.404 83.706 7234 535a Included Samples: CLING, Imaging Genetics Dublin, Clinical Depression Dublin, Houston, MMDP 3T, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, DepOx, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Sydney, QTIM, Rotterdam study.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S8: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for recurrent episode MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(Recurrent MDD vs CTL)
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.177 0.074 [-0.322 - -0.031] -1.482 0.017 0.173 71.633 7430 1297
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.163 0.061 [-0.283 - -0.042] -1.583 0.008 0.128 57.772 7448 1297
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.144 0.035 [-0.213 - -0.075] -1.118 4.03E-05 0.003 <0.001 7411 1293
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.14 0.077 [-0.292 - 0.011] -0.825 0.07 0.244 74.303 7436 1302
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.137 0.079 [-0.292 - 0.019] -1.387 0.085 0.269 75.547 7443 1299
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.131 0.065 [-0.258 - -0.004] -0.878 0.043 0.235 62.476 7446 1300
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.128 0.063 [-0.251 - -0.005] -0.801 0.042 0.235 59.932 7446 1300
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.127 0.068 [-0.259 - 0.006] -1.379 0.062 0.244 65.917 7446 1297
Left pars opercularis -0.119 0.063 [-0.241 - 0.004] -0.565 0.058 0.244 59.644 7448 1299
Left fusiform gyrus -0.117 0.053 [-0.222 - -0.012] -0.574 0.029 0.223 44.804 7438 1296
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.116 0.047 [-0.208 - -0.024] -0.63 0.013 0.154 30.244 7433 1287
Right fusiform gyrus -0.107 0.056 [-0.218 - 0.004] -0.522 0.058 0.244 50.387 7442 1298
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.107 0.053 [-0.21 - -0.004] -0.517 0.043 0.235 43.457 7441 1300
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.105 0.035 [-0.175 - -0.036] -0.811 0.003 0.103 1.205 7448 1297
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.103 0.075 [-0.251 - 0.045] -1.286 0.171 0.374 72.708 7441 1297
Right insula -0.101 0.055 [-0.208 - 0.006] -0.55 0.065 0.244 47.124 7443 1297
Left insula -0.1 0.044 [-0.187 - -0.013] -0.521 0.024 0.211 24.288 7444 1298
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.097 0.035 [-0.166 - -0.029] -0.543 0.005 0.127 <0.001 7431 1290
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.092 0.035 [-0.162 - -0.023] -0.658 0.009 0.128 <0.001 7407 1243
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.086 0.042 [-0.169 - -0.002] -0.508 0.044 0.235 17.149 7387 1235
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.079 0.044 [-0.165 - 0.006] -0.885 0.068 0.244 22.35 7447 1298
Left pars orbitalis -0.075 0.054 [-0.18 - 0.031] -0.546 0.167 0.374 46.223 7445 1300
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.068 0.057 [-0.179 - 0.043] -0.411 0.228 0.443 50.705 7430 1299
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.068 0.035 [-0.137 - 0] -0.541 0.051 0.244 <0.001 7443 1299
Left hemisphere average thickness -0.065 0.042 [-0.148 - 0.017] -0.24 0.122 0.339 19.063 7450 1302
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.062 0.077 [-0.212 - 0.088] -0.298 0.42 0.655 73.89 7442 1301
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.061 0.035 [-0.129 - 0.008] -0.344 0.083 0.269 <0.001 7430 1296
Left pars triangularis -0.057 0.035 [-0.125 - 0.012] -0.346 0.104 0.317 <0.001 7443 1297
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.054 0.035 [-0.122 - 0.015] -0.271 0.126 0.339 <0.001 7444 1300
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.051 0.035 [-0.12 - 0.018] -0.247 0.145 0.374 <0.001 7446 1300
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.051 0.047 [-0.142 - 0.041] -0.185 0.28 0.497 30.865 7450 1302
Right entorhinal cortex -0.049 0.035 [-0.118 - 0.021] -0.577 0.17 0.374 <0.001 7396 1268
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.046 0.054 [-0.152 - 0.061] -0.236 0.398 0.649 46.052 7427 1282
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.045 0.078 [-0.198 - 0.108] -0.251 0.565 0.719 74.094 7422 1276
Right pars orbitalis -0.044 0.045 [-0.133 - 0.044] -0.32 0.323 0.539 26.173 7447 1300
Right frontal pole -0.042 0.055 [-0.15 - 0.066] -0.434 0.45 0.655 48.267 7449 1301
Right pars triangularis -0.041 0.07 [-0.178 - 0.096] -0.237 0.557 0.719 67.906 7437 1297
Left precentral gyrus -0.039 0.035 [-0.107 - 0.03] -0.221 0.27 0.497 <0.001 7431 1297
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.038 0.036 [-0.109 - 0.032] -0.281 0.284 0.497 <0.001 7373 1206
Left precuneus -0.038 0.051 [-0.139 - 0.062] -0.183 0.456 0.655 40.574 7441 1297
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.038 0.035 [-0.107 - 0.03] -0.307 0.275 0.497 <0.001 7414 1297
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.037 0.058 [-0.15 - 0.075] -0.19 0.516 0.719 52.4 7440 1300
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.035 0.035 [-0.105 - 0.034] -0.19 0.319 0.539 <0.001 7401 1271
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.033 0.045 [-0.122 - 0.055] -0.189 0.459 0.655 26.216 7433 1298
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.022 0.036 [-0.092 - 0.048] -0.131 0.538 0.719 <0.001 7382 1242
Left paracentral lobule -0.021 0.035 [-0.09 - 0.047] -0.121 0.543 0.719 <0.001 7443 1300
Right precentral gyrus -0.021 0.035 [-0.09 - 0.048] -0.125 0.55 0.719 <0.001 7437 1294
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.018 0.054 [-0.124 - 0.088] -0.207 0.736 0.805 46.415 7442 1301
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.018 0.035 [-0.087 - 0.05] -0.105 0.602 0.737 <0.001 7437 1298
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.018 0.045 [-0.106 - 0.07] -0.14 0.692 0.789 26.122 7427 1299
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.016 0.041 [-0.097 - 0.065] -0.084 0.698 0.789 17.012 7442 1302
Right pars opercularis -0.012 0.05 [-0.11 - 0.085] -0.062 0.803 0.851 36.967 7443 1297
Left entorhinal cortex -0.004 0.035 [-0.073 - 0.066] -0.042 0.918 0.945 <0.001 7399 1272
Left superior parietal cortex -0.002 0.046 [-0.093 - 0.088] -0.011 0.961 0.961 29.489 7437 1298
Right precuneus 0.003 0.062 [-0.118 - 0.124] 0.015 0.96 0.961 58.548 7438 1296
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.013 0.067 [-0.118 - 0.145] 0.08 0.845 0.883 62.595 7350 1224
Right temporal pole 0.013 0.036 [-0.057 - 0.083] 0.143 0.716 0.796 1.398 7423 1277
Right lingual gyrus 0.015 0.048 [-0.079 - 0.109] 0.085 0.759 0.817 33.503 7433 1297
Right paracentral lobule 0.016 0.035 [-0.053 - 0.084] 0.09 0.649 0.77 <0.001 7443 1302
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.018 0.035 [-0.051 - 0.086] 0.104 0.61 0.737 <0.001 7442 1298
Left lingual gyrus 0.023 0.056 [-0.087 - 0.132] 0.131 0.684 0.789 49.468 7432 1300
Left temporal pole 0.032 0.041 [-0.049 - 0.113] 0.326 0.436 0.655 15.873 7409 1275
Right cuneus 0.034 0.067 [-0.098 - 0.166] 0.211 0.61 0.737 65.45 7446 1297
Left frontal pole 0.036 0.048 [-0.057 - 0.129] 0.381 0.446 0.655 32.492 7448 1300
Right postcentral gyrus 0.043 0.035 [-0.025 - 0.112] 0.244 0.218 0.437 <0.001 7436 1299
Right superior parietal cortex 0.046 0.035 [-0.023 - 0.115] 0.23 0.189 0.4 <0.001 7437 1295
Left postcentral gyrus 0.048 0.035 [-0.02 - 0.117] 0.266 0.169 0.374 <0.001 7423 1294
Left cuneus 0.053 0.035 [-0.015 - 0.122] 0.33 0.126 0.339 <0.001 7444 1300
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.057 0.045 [-0.031 - 0.145] 0.418 0.203 0.418 26.098 7425 1297
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.106 0.074 [-0.038 - 0.251] 0.747 0.149 0.374 71.38 7437 1295a Included Samples: CODE, CLING, Imaging Genetics Dublin, Clinical Depression Dublin, Houston, Sexpect, MMDP 3T, Melbourne, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, Novosibirsk, DepOx, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Sydney, Stanford, Rotterdam study.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S9: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for first episode MDD versus recurrent episode MDD patients comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 # First
episode#
Recurrent episode
(First episode MDD vs
Recurrent MDD)
Right pericalcarine cortex -0.050 0.105 [-0.257 - 0.156] -0.367 0.633 0.987 67.433 535 1109
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.038 0.112 [-0.257 - 0.182] -0.410 0.737 0.987 71.405 535 1110
Right cuneus -0.031 0.054 [-0.138 - 0.075] -0.193 0.562 0.987 <0.001 535 1110
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.027 0.054 [-0.133 - 0.08] -0.204 0.624 0.987 <0.001 535 1110
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.025 0.054 [-0.131 - 0.081] -0.156 0.646 0.987 <0.001 535 1111
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.012 0.054 [-0.119 - 0.094] -0.102 0.822 0.987 <0.001 535 1107
Right temporal pole -0.009 0.090 [-0.186 - 0.168] -0.098 0.921 0.987 55.325 533 1109
Left precuneus -0.008 0.054 [-0.115 - 0.098] -0.039 0.880 0.987 <0.001 531 1110
Left precentral gyrus -0.008 0.054 [-0.114 - 0.098] -0.046 0.883 0.987 <0.001 533 1110
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.005 0.054 [-0.111 - 0.102] -0.026 0.932 0.987 <0.001 533 1109
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.003 0.054 [-0.109 - 0.103] -0.017 0.956 0.987 <0.001 533 1105
Left superior parietal cortex -0.001 0.054 [-0.107 - 0.105] -0.004 0.987 0.995 <0.001 534 1109
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.000 0.078 [-0.154 - 0.153] -0.004 0.995 0.995 41.547 535 1109
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.004 0.078 [-0.148 - 0.156] 0.051 0.958 0.987 40.649 534 1110
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.004 0.054 [-0.102 - 0.111] 0.032 0.939 0.987 <0.001 532 1104
Left paracentral lobule 0.005 0.054 [-0.101 - 0.111] 0.028 0.928 0.987 <0.001 534 1110
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.005 0.058 [-0.108 - 0.118] 0.025 0.931 0.987 6.875 534 1109
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.006 0.107 [-0.203 - 0.214] 0.031 0.958 0.987 68.163 533 1110
Left cuneus 0.007 0.067 [-0.124 - 0.139] 0.046 0.912 0.987 24.794 534 1111
Left pars triangularis 0.008 0.063 [-0.116 - 0.132] 0.050 0.897 0.987 17.537 535 1109
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.009 0.054 [-0.097 - 0.115] 0.052 0.868 0.987 <0.001 535 1110
Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.012 0.085 [-0.154 - 0.178] 0.067 0.884 0.987 49.622 534 1110
Right entorhinal cortex 0.013 0.054 [-0.093 - 0.119] 0.154 0.811 0.987 <0.001 534 1110
Right inferior parietal cortex 0.018 0.054 [-0.089 - 0.124] 0.100 0.744 0.987 <0.001 534 1107
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.018 0.054 [-0.089 - 0.124] 0.125 0.743 0.987 <0.001 534 1108
Left pars orbitalis 0.020 0.055 [-0.089 - 0.128] 0.144 0.722 0.987 2.141 535 1111
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.021 0.059 [-0.096 - 0.137] 0.122 0.729 0.987 8.534 523 1072
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.028 0.071 [-0.112 - 0.168] 0.136 0.694 0.987 31.444 534 1109
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.029 0.054 [-0.077 - 0.136] 0.158 0.590 0.987 <0.001 530 1099
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.030 0.055 [-0.079 - 0.138] 0.211 0.592 0.987 <0.001 520 1062
Right superior parietal cortex 0.030 0.054 [-0.076 - 0.137] 0.152 0.575 0.987 <0.001 535 1111
Right precentral gyrus 0.031 0.054 [-0.076 - 0.137] 0.182 0.572 0.987 <0.001 535 1108
Right pars triangularis 0.031 0.054 [-0.075 - 0.138] 0.181 0.563 0.987 <0.001 535 1108
Left pars opercularis 0.033 0.054 [-0.074 - 0.139] 0.156 0.546 0.987 <0.001 533 1111
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.033 0.063 [-0.09 - 0.156] 0.203 0.598 0.987 15.592 522 1079
Right fusiform gyrus 0.036 0.054 [-0.071 - 0.142] 0.174 0.511 0.987 <0.001 535 1111
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.037 0.054 [-0.07 - 0.143] 0.177 0.500 0.987 <0.001 535 1110
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.037 0.054 [-0.07 - 0.143] 0.177 0.498 0.987 <0.001 533 1110
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.039 0.086 [-0.129 - 0.207] 0.205 0.649 0.987 50.638 534 1111
Left hemisphere average thickness 0.041 0.054 [-0.065 - 0.147] 0.151 0.448 0.987 <0.001 535 1111
Right precuneus 0.042 0.065 [-0.085 - 0.169] 0.210 0.514 0.987 20.342 533 1109
Left fusiform gyrus 0.046 0.054 [-0.061 - 0.152] 0.224 0.401 0.987 <0.001 535 1109
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.048 0.054 [-0.058 - 0.155] 0.389 0.373 0.987 <0.001 532 1107
Left entorhinal cortex 0.050 0.068 [-0.085 - 0.184] 0.570 0.469 0.987 26.841 535 1108
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.050 0.091 [-0.129 - 0.229] 0.292 0.585 0.987 56.560 535 1109
Left postcentral gyrus 0.051 0.054 [-0.055 - 0.158] 0.283 0.345 0.987 <0.001 535 1106
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.052 0.054 [-0.055 - 0.158] 0.313 0.339 0.987 <0.001 534 1108
Right hemisphere average thickness 0.059 0.054 [-0.047 - 0.165] 0.216 0.275 0.987 <0.001 535 1111
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.059 0.065 [-0.068 - 0.186] 0.355 0.359 0.987 19.239 521 1090
Right postcentral gyrus 0.060 0.061 [-0.06 - 0.179] 0.338 0.327 0.987 13.054 533 1109
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.062 0.061 [-0.057 - 0.181] 0.415 0.309 0.987 13.086 535 1111
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.064 0.075 [-0.082 - 0.21] 0.729 0.389 0.987 36.431 534 1111
Right pars orbitalis 0.067 0.054 [-0.039 - 0.174] 0.485 0.214 0.987 <0.001 535 1111
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.068 0.079 [-0.086 - 0.223] 0.692 0.387 0.987 42.481 535 1111
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.075 0.054 [-0.031 - 0.181] 0.441 0.167 0.948 <0.001 535 1111
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.078 0.054 [-0.029 - 0.184] 0.865 0.152 0.948 <0.001 535 1111
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.078 0.054 [-0.028 - 0.185] 0.396 0.149 0.948 <0.001 534 1109
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.079 0.054 [-0.027 - 0.185] 0.626 0.145 0.948 <0.001 534 1110
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.080 0.056 [-0.029 - 0.189] 0.587 0.150 0.948 <0.001 512 1046
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.087 0.068 [-0.047 - 0.221] 0.687 0.202 0.987 26.534 531 1109
Right pars opercularis 0.094 0.057 [-0.018 - 0.205] 0.470 0.099 0.948 5.158 534 1109
Left insula 0.098 0.054 [-0.009 - 0.204] 0.510 0.072 0.948 <0.001 535 1111
Right insula 0.102 0.054 [-0.005 - 0.208] 0.554 0.061 0.948 <0.001 535 1111
Left lingual gyrus 0.104 0.088 [-0.068 - 0.276] 0.603 0.235 0.987 52.913 530 1110
Right lingual gyrus 0.111 0.069 [-0.023 - 0.246] 0.645 0.105 0.948 26.926 532 1108
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.112 0.083 [-0.05 - 0.275] 0.576 0.176 0.948 46.853 527 1099
Right paracentral lobule 0.115 0.054 [0.008 - 0.221] 0.652 0.034 0.948 <0.001 534 1111
Left temporal pole 0.127 0.124 [-0.115 - 0.369] 1.285 0.304 0.987 76.690 534 1108
Right frontal pole 0.163 0.118 [-0.068 - 0.395] 1.705 0.166 0.948 74.268 533 1110
Left frontal pole 0.220 0.091 [0.041 - 0.4] 2.321 0.016 0.948 56.316 534 1110a Included Samples: CLING, Imaging Genetics Dublin, Clinical Depression Dublin, Houston, MMDP 3T, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, DepOx, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Sydney, Rotterdam study.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder.
Supplementary Table S10: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for the association with number of episodes in recurrent episode MDD patients controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Pearson's r a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Patients(#Episodes in Recurrent MDD)
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.079 0.046 [-0.169 - 0.011] -0.951 0.084 0.989 <0.001 473
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.063 0.055 [-0.17 - 0.044] -0.998 0.249 0.989 19.924 496
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.057 0.085 [-0.225 - 0.11] -0.585 0.502 0.989 66.746 496
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.044 0.045 [-0.132 - 0.043] -0.430 0.321 0.989 <0.001 496
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.044 0.078 [-0.197 - 0.108] -0.475 0.571 0.989 56.410 483
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.041 0.065 [-0.169 - 0.087] -0.646 0.531 0.989 40.535 496
Left superior parietal cortex -0.036 0.056 [-0.145 - 0.073] -0.357 0.513 0.989 22.652 496
Right paracentral gyrus -0.032 0.045 [-0.12 - 0.056] -0.365 0.474 0.989 <0.001 496
Right precentral gyrus -0.031 0.045 [-0.118 - 0.057] -0.364 0.494 0.989 <0.001 495
Left precentral gyrus -0.027 0.045 [-0.115 - 0.061] -0.305 0.554 0.989 <0.001 496
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.020 0.097 [-0.21 - 0.171] -0.223 0.840 0.992 74.787 495
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.020 0.057 [-0.13 - 0.091] -0.329 0.729 0.989 25.645 495
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.019 0.110 [-0.234 - 0.197] -0.405 0.866 0.992 81.045 493
Right superior parietal cortex -0.018 0.073 [-0.161 - 0.124] -0.184 0.800 0.992 50.444 492
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.018 0.056 [-0.129 - 0.092] -0.177 0.744 0.989 24.230 496
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.014 0.045 [-0.102 - 0.074] -0.312 0.755 0.989 <0.001 494
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.014 0.045 [-0.102 - 0.074] -0.145 0.759 0.989 <0.001 496
Left pars triangularis -0.013 0.091 [-0.191 - 0.164] -0.164 0.882 0.992 70.499 494
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.007 0.105 [-0.212 - 0.198] -0.088 0.945 0.992 75.628 465
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.006 0.064 [-0.132 - 0.12] -0.070 0.926 0.992 38.761 496
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.003 0.045 [-0.091 - 0.085] -0.030 0.948 0.992 <0.001 493
Left postcentral gyrus -0.001 0.071 [-0.141 - 0.139] -0.010 0.990 0.994 49.562 494
Left pars opercularis 4.19E-04 0.058 [-0.114 - 0.115] 0.004 0.994 0.994 26.750 494
Right frontal pole 9.52E-04 0.078 [-0.152 - 0.154] 0.020 0.990 0.994 59.425 496
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.003 0.045 [-0.085 - 0.091] 0.033 0.949 0.992 <0.001 496
Left paracentral gyrus 0.004 0.065 [-0.124 - 0.133] 0.048 0.948 0.992 40.531 496
Right pars triangularis 0.005 0.073 [-0.137 - 0.148] 0.061 0.942 0.992 52.003 495
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.008 0.056 [-0.101 - 0.118] 0.205 0.883 0.992 21.960 495
Right lingual gyrus 0.012 0.045 [-0.076 - 0.1] 0.137 0.792 0.992 <0.001 494
Right hemisphere average thickness 0.013 0.054 [-0.094 - 0.12] 0.095 0.810 0.992 19.910 496
Right insula 0.016 0.053 [-0.087 - 0.119] 0.178 0.755 0.989 15.863 493
Right inferior parietal cortex 0.020 0.048 [-0.074 - 0.113] 0.221 0.681 0.989 5.663 496
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.020 0.045 [-0.067 - 0.108] 0.204 0.652 0.989 <0.001 496
Left lingual gyrus 0.021 0.056 [-0.088 - 0.13] 0.244 0.705 0.989 22.420 496
Right pars opercularis 0.023 0.045 [-0.065 - 0.112] 0.235 0.603 0.989 <0.001 495
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.023 0.078 [-0.129 - 0.176] 0.342 0.763 0.989 57.927 493
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.024 0.051 [-0.077 - 0.124] 0.347 0.645 0.989 8.983 457
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.026 0.044 [-0.061 - 0.113] 0.346 0.562 0.989 <0.001 496
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.032 0.048 [-0.062 - 0.126] 0.372 0.501 0.989 6.445 495
Right precuneus 0.038 0.047 [-0.054 - 0.129] 0.374 0.420 0.989 3.987 494
Left insula 0.038 0.048 [-0.057 - 0.133] 0.400 0.429 0.989 7.150 494
Left pars orbitalis 0.040 0.095 [-0.146 - 0.227] 0.592 0.671 0.989 73.830 496
Right fusiform gyrus 0.041 0.045 [-0.047 - 0.128] 0.396 0.365 0.989 <0.001 493
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.041 0.093 [-0.142 - 0.224] 0.640 0.659 0.989 72.412 494
Right postcentral gyrus 0.042 0.076 [-0.107 - 0.191] 0.473 0.582 0.989 56.580 496
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.046 0.045 [-0.042 - 0.134] 0.449 0.303 0.989 <0.001 496
Left hempisphere average thickness 0.047 0.072 [-0.095 - 0.189] 0.347 0.515 0.989 51.282 496
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.047 0.086 [-0.122 - 0.216] 0.672 0.585 0.989 66.359 489
Left precuneus 0.049 0.045 [-0.039 - 0.137] 0.470 0.272 0.989 <0.001 495
Right pars orbitalis 0.052 0.080 [-0.105 - 0.208] 0.747 0.517 0.989 60.371 495
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.053 0.086 [-0.116 - 0.221] 1.028 0.540 0.989 66.181 493
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.059 0.076 [-0.091 - 0.209] 0.661 0.439 0.989 53.502 478
Left frontal pole 0.062 0.057 [-0.05 - 0.174] 1.313 0.277 0.989 26.298 496
Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.064 0.078 [-0.088 - 0.217] 0.697 0.410 0.989 57.199 487
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.066 0.088 [-0.107 - 0.239] 0.801 0.453 0.989 69.508 496
Right entorhinal cortex 0.068 0.045 [-0.021 - 0.157] 1.627 0.132 0.989 <0.001 472
Left temporal pole 0.070 0.076 [-0.078 - 0.218] 1.418 0.354 0.989 54.661 485
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.070 0.083 [-0.093 - 0.234] 1.595 0.401 0.989 64.984 495
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.072 0.066 [-0.058 - 0.202] 0.901 0.278 0.989 42.602 495
Right cuneus 0.072 0.045 [-0.016 - 0.16] 0.888 0.107 0.989 <0.001 494
Left cuneus 0.075 0.045 [-0.014 - 0.163] 0.924 0.097 0.989 <0.001 494
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.077 0.080 [-0.079 - 0.234] 1.194 0.332 0.989 61.704 494
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.089 0.112 [-0.131 - 0.308] 1.056 0.428 0.989 79.548 460
Left fusiform gyrus 0.093 0.055 [-0.014 - 0.2] 0.919 0.088 0.989 21.706 493
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.101 0.077 [-0.05 - 0.252] 1.423 0.192 0.989 58.002 492
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.110 0.077 [-0.042 - 0.262] 1.783 0.155 0.989 60.137 496
Left entorhinal cortex 0.131 0.101 [-0.067 - 0.329] 3.034 0.196 0.989 76.576 475
Right temporal pole 0.145 0.111 [-0.072 - 0.362] 3.223 0.190 0.989 82.240 483
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.155 0.102 [-0.045 - 0.355] 3.174 0.130 0.989 80.180 494
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.158 0.084 [-0.005 - 0.322] 1.788 0.058 0.989 65.816 489 a Included Samples: CLING, Houston, Sexpect, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, Novosibirsk, DepOx, Stanford, Sydney.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder.
Supplementary Table S11: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients with an adult age of onset (>21) versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(Adult-
onset MDD vs CTL)
Right insula -0.182 0.044 [-0.269 - -0.095] -0.991 4.01E-05 0.002 19.366 3323 1210
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.180 0.055 [-0.288 - -0.071] -1.749 0.001 0.012 42.557 3327 1210
Left insula -0.158 0.042 [-0.24 - -0.076] -0.825 1.51E-04 0.003 13.815 3324 1213
Right fusiform gyrus -0.149 0.056 [-0.259 - -0.039] -0.726 0.008 0.041 43.929 3320 1213
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.147 0.044 [-0.233 - -0.062] -1.142 7.18E-04 0.008 17.518 3283 1204
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.144 0.054 [-0.249 - -0.039] -1.109 0.007 0.039 39.369 3326 1211
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.140 0.035 [-0.209 - -0.07] -0.934 8.00E-05 0.002 0.004 3326 1214
Left fusiform gyrus -0.138 0.035 [-0.207 - -0.069] -0.678 9.75E-05 0.002 <0.001 3317 1212
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.134 0.043 [-0.218 - -0.05] -1.125 0.002 0.013 15.938 3299 1210
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.124 0.043 [-0.207 - -0.04] -0.670 0.004 0.021 15.364 3311 1208
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.123 0.035 [-0.193 - -0.054] -0.976 5.04E-04 0.007 0.027 3324 1211
Left pars orbitalis -0.119 0.058 [-0.233 - -0.005] -0.870 0.042 0.147 47.756 3325 1214
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.112 0.037 [-0.185 - -0.039] -1.137 0.003 0.017 4.023 3322 1213
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.112 0.035 [-0.181 - -0.042] -0.699 0.002 0.013 0.003 3326 1213
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.111 0.045 [-0.199 - -0.023] -0.652 0.013 0.062 20.643 3316 1214
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.108 0.035 [-0.178 - -0.039] -1.207 0.002 0.015 <0.001 3327 1213
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.094 0.054 [-0.199 - 0.012] -0.481 0.082 0.200 39.066 3306 1197
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.090 0.040 [-0.168 - -0.012] -0.437 0.023 0.102 9.396 3320 1213
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.090 0.044 [-0.176 - -0.003] -0.500 0.042 0.147 18.868 3312 1206
Right pars orbitalis -0.088 0.052 [-0.189 - 0.013] -0.638 0.086 0.200 35.213 3326 1214
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.088 0.042 [-0.171 - -0.006] -0.447 0.037 0.147 14.990 3323 1211
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.085 0.052 [-0.186 - 0.016] -0.512 0.100 0.226 35.150 3309 1210
Left frontal pole -0.083 0.048 [-0.178 - 0.012] -0.876 0.085 0.200 28.428 3327 1212
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.083 0.041 [-0.163 - -0.003] -0.493 0.041 0.147 9.933 3265 1168
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.079 0.067 [-0.21 - 0.051] -0.451 0.233 0.355 59.675 3309 1210
Right pars triangularis -0.078 0.056 [-0.187 - 0.032] -0.447 0.166 0.291 43.567 3316 1211
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.077 0.063 [-0.201 - 0.047] -0.436 0.224 0.349 55.322 3312 1210
Left hemisphere average thickness -0.076 0.043 [-0.159 - 0.008] -0.278 0.077 0.198 16.070 3329 1214
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.074 0.041 [-0.154 - 0.007] -0.524 0.074 0.198 11.684 3288 1163
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.073 0.040 [-0.152 - 0.006] -0.824 0.072 0.198 10.662 3321 1212
Left pars opercularis -0.069 0.035 [-0.139 - 0] -0.330 0.050 0.168 0.015 3326 1210
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.069 0.036 [-0.14 - 0.002] -0.507 0.056 0.177 <0.001 3246 1139
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.069 0.043 [-0.154 - 0.016] -0.252 0.110 0.240 17.395 3329 1214
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.062 0.040 [-0.139 - 0.016] -0.346 0.118 0.243 8.389 3301 1198
Right pars opercularis -0.062 0.041 [-0.141 - 0.018] -0.309 0.128 0.257 11.046 3323 1212
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.057 0.041 [-0.137 - 0.024] -0.307 0.165 0.291 11.400 3282 1189
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.056 0.035 [-0.125 - 0.013] -0.698 0.113 0.240 0.001 3322 1212
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.055 0.039 [-0.133 - 0.022] -0.446 0.159 0.291 8.500 3293 1207
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.052 0.055 [-0.161 - 0.056] -0.302 0.343 0.490 42.327 3316 1211
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.052 0.035 [-0.121 - 0.017] -0.566 0.143 0.277 0.030 3325 1211
Left precuneus -0.051 0.058 [-0.165 - 0.063] -0.242 0.384 0.538 47.374 3320 1210
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.048 0.035 [-0.118 - 0.021] -0.379 0.174 0.297 <0.001 3307 1209
Right frontal pole -0.043 0.035 [-0.112 - 0.026] -0.449 0.224 0.349 0.001 3329 1211
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.043 0.051 [-0.143 - 0.057] -0.205 0.404 0.555 34.158 3321 1212
Right entorhinal cortex -0.040 0.038 [-0.113 - 0.034] -0.470 0.292 0.426 4.115 3275 1193
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.039 0.036 [-0.11 - 0.031] -0.235 0.273 0.407 <0.001 3265 1170
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.034 0.048 [-0.127 - 0.06] -0.172 0.480 0.646 27.405 3318 1212
Left entorhinal cortex -0.030 0.052 [-0.131 - 0.071] -0.351 0.554 0.691 34.871 3278 1194
Left pars triangularis -0.024 0.035 [-0.093 - 0.045] -0.146 0.498 0.658 0.007 3322 1210
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.022 0.035 [-0.091 - 0.048] -0.106 0.537 0.691 <0.001 3325 1211
Right paracentral lobule -0.020 0.035 [-0.09 - 0.049] -0.116 0.563 0.691 <0.001 3323 1213
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.019 0.043 [-0.104 - 0.066] -0.102 0.654 0.789 17.707 3321 1213
Right precentral gyrus -0.012 0.042 [-0.095 - 0.07] -0.074 0.769 0.883 15.181 3315 1212
Right precuneus -0.007 0.047 [-0.1 - 0.085] -0.036 0.877 0.945 26.061 3320 1210
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.006 0.036 [-0.077 - 0.065] -0.038 0.864 0.945 0.011 3225 1164
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.005 0.052 [-0.106 - 0.096] -0.029 0.923 0.969 35.481 3321 1212
Left paracentral lobule -0.003 0.045 [-0.092 - 0.085] -0.020 0.939 0.969 21.874 3321 1212
Left temporal pole -0.002 0.042 [-0.085 - 0.08] -0.024 0.955 0.969 14.124 3285 1203
Left precentral gyrus -0.002 0.035 [-0.072 - 0.067] -0.012 0.951 0.969 <0.001 3309 1212
Right postcentral gyrus -0.002 0.051 [-0.101 - 0.098] -0.009 0.976 0.976 34.194 3313 1211
Right lingual gyrus 0.007 0.035 [-0.063 - 0.076] 0.038 0.851 0.945 <0.001 3314 1209
Right temporal pole 0.011 0.048 [-0.082 - 0.104] 0.124 0.812 0.917 26.232 3303 1204
Right superior parietal cortex 0.020 0.060 [-0.098 - 0.138] 0.099 0.743 0.867 50.725 3317 1212
Left lingual gyrus 0.021 0.035 [-0.048 - 0.091] 0.122 0.552 0.691 0.003 3311 1209
Left superior parietal cortex 0.023 0.054 [-0.083 - 0.13] 0.114 0.670 0.795 40.851 3317 1211
Left postcentral gyrus 0.049 0.035 [-0.02 - 0.119] 0.271 0.166 0.291 <0.001 3301 1208
Right cuneus 0.065 0.035 [-0.005 - 0.134] 0.398 0.067 0.196 <0.001 3327 1210
Left cuneus 0.066 0.035 [-0.003 - 0.136] 0.409 0.061 0.186 <0.001 3323 1210
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.084 0.065 [-0.044 - 0.211] 0.587 0.199 0.324 57.625 3316 1208
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.105 0.080 [-0.053 - 0.262] 0.764 0.192 0.320 72.943 3308 1210 a Included Samples: CLING, Imaging Genetics Dublin, Clinical Depression Dublin, Bipolar Family Study, Houston, Sexpect, MMDP 3T, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, Novosibirsk, DepOx, QTIM, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Sydney, Stanford.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S12: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients with an adolescent age of onset (≤21) versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(adolescent-
onset MDD vs CTL)
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.184 0.057 [-0.295 - -0.073] -0.998 0.001 0.080 7.018 2867 463
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.148 0.089 [-0.323 - 0.026] -1.246 0.095 0.426 59.529 2859 470
Right pars orbitalis -0.145 0.079 [-0.299 - 0.009] -1.043 0.065 0.402 48.880 2884 472
Left pars orbitalis -0.142 0.053 [-0.247 - -0.037] -1.038 0.008 0.277 <0.001 2880 472
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.134 0.064 [-0.259 - -0.008] -0.648 0.036 0.331 24.948 2881 472
Left pars triangularis -0.124 0.053 [-0.228 - -0.019] -0.753 0.020 0.331 <0.001 2879 472
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.120 0.055 [-0.227 - -0.014] -0.857 0.027 0.331 0.009 2847 452
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.116 0.053 [-0.221 - -0.012] -0.660 0.029 0.331 <0.001 2870 471
Right fusiform gyrus -0.112 0.054 [-0.217 - -0.007] -0.548 0.036 0.331 <0.001 2876 469
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.112 0.054 [-0.217 - -0.006] -0.623 0.038 0.331 0.004 2869 464
Right frontal pole -0.111 0.084 [-0.275 - 0.054] -1.153 0.187 0.563 54.937 2885 472
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.107 0.053 [-0.211 - -0.002] -0.539 0.046 0.358 0.008 2879 472
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.103 0.062 [-0.224 - 0.019] -0.796 0.097 0.426 20.537 2842 470
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.102 0.054 [-0.208 - 0.005] -0.604 0.062 0.402 <0.001 2833 450
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.099 0.097 [-0.29 - 0.092] -0.476 0.312 0.650 66.614 2877 471
Left fusiform gyrus -0.098 0.054 [-0.203 - 0.008] -0.479 0.069 0.402 <0.001 2873 468
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.094 0.053 [-0.199 - 0.01] -0.535 0.078 0.419 <0.001 2867 471
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.094 0.066 [-0.223 - 0.035] -0.457 0.153 0.528 29.010 2876 472
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.094 0.066 [-0.224 - 0.037] -0.551 0.158 0.528 29.987 2872 472
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.092 0.055 [-0.199 - 0.015] -0.474 0.091 0.426 1.878 2864 464
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.090 0.089 [-0.265 - 0.085] -0.693 0.312 0.650 60.295 2882 472
Right precentral gyrus -0.090 0.056 [-0.2 - 0.02] -0.535 0.108 0.435 6.252 2871 469
Left pars opercularis -0.087 0.060 [-0.204 - 0.03] -0.416 0.144 0.528 15.804 2882 472
Left hemisphere average thickness -0.085 0.054 [-0.19 - 0.02] -0.313 0.112 0.435 0.594 2885 472
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.083 0.065 [-0.211 - 0.045] -0.486 0.205 0.573 28.107 2877 470
Left precentral gyrus -0.078 0.079 [-0.232 - 0.076] -0.447 0.322 0.650 48.737 2867 470
Right lingual gyrus -0.075 0.057 [-0.187 - 0.038] -0.432 0.193 0.563 9.808 2869 470
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.074 0.065 [-0.201 - 0.053] -0.718 0.255 0.650 27.006 2883 472
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.070 0.053 [-0.175 - 0.034] -0.256 0.189 0.563 0.002 2885 472
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.064 0.070 [-0.2 - 0.073] -0.366 0.362 0.650 36.049 2872 472
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.063 0.061 [-0.183 - 0.057] -0.393 0.305 0.650 19.052 2882 471
Left superior parietal cortex -0.062 0.053 [-0.167 - 0.043] -0.304 0.244 0.650 <0.001 2872 471
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.061 0.075 [-0.208 - 0.087] -0.754 0.420 0.718 43.994 2879 471
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.060 0.081 [-0.219 - 0.1] -0.361 0.463 0.736 52.210 2865 472
Left precuneus -0.060 0.053 [-0.164 - 0.045] -0.285 0.264 0.650 <0.001 2876 470
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.056 0.053 [-0.161 - 0.049] -0.624 0.294 0.650 <0.001 2884 471
Left insula -0.052 0.053 [-0.157 - 0.052] -0.273 0.327 0.650 <0.001 2883 472
Right precuneus -0.051 0.053 [-0.156 - 0.053] -0.254 0.338 0.650 <0.001 2874 472
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.051 0.055 [-0.158 - 0.057] -0.372 0.355 0.650 <0.001 2814 442
Right insula -0.049 0.053 [-0.154 - 0.056] -0.266 0.360 0.650 0.008 2884 472
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.048 0.063 [-0.171 - 0.076] -0.257 0.450 0.732 22.121 2845 467
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.047 0.075 [-0.193 - 0.099] -0.262 0.530 0.757 42.184 2863 462
Left lingual gyrus -0.046 0.065 [-0.172 - 0.081] -0.264 0.480 0.739 26.273 2867 470
Left paracentral lobule -0.042 0.053 [-0.146 - 0.063] -0.238 0.433 0.722 <0.001 2877 472
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.037 0.053 [-0.141 - 0.068] -0.398 0.494 0.739 <0.001 2882 471
Right entorhinal cortex -0.028 0.054 [-0.133 - 0.078] -0.328 0.609 0.813 <0.001 2849 461
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.025 0.077 [-0.176 - 0.127] -0.249 0.750 0.893 47.134 2882 472
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.024 0.053 [-0.129 - 0.081] -0.190 0.651 0.829 <0.001 2863 471
Left postcentral gyrus -0.021 0.053 [-0.126 - 0.084] -0.117 0.691 0.858 <0.001 2858 471
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.020 0.065 [-0.148 - 0.108] -0.119 0.761 0.893 23.212 2824 439
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.014 0.077 [-0.165 - 0.137] -0.071 0.856 0.909 46.781 2874 471
Right pericalcarine cortex -0.013 0.066 [-0.142 - 0.117] -0.091 0.850 0.909 29.269 2863 471
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.012 0.067 [-0.143 - 0.119] -0.094 0.859 0.909 30.564 2881 472
Left entorhinal cortex -0.009 0.054 [-0.115 - 0.096] -0.106 0.864 0.909 <0.001 2853 464
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.009 0.061 [-0.128 - 0.11] -0.073 0.882 0.909 18.730 2849 472
Right superior parietal cortex -0.006 0.053 [-0.111 - 0.099] -0.030 0.911 0.911 <0.001 2872 471
Right posterior cingulate cortex 7.64E-03 0.053 [-0.097 - 0.112] 0.051 0.886 0.909 <0.001 2881 471
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.010 0.075 [-0.136 - 0.156] 0.051 0.896 0.909 43.554 2877 472
Right pars opercularis 0.011 0.060 [-0.108 - 0.129] 0.055 0.856 0.909 17.358 2881 470
Right pars triangularis 0.011 0.068 [-0.122 - 0.145] 0.066 0.867 0.909 33.154 2876 471
Right paracentral lobule 0.016 0.055 [-0.092 - 0.125] 0.093 0.765 0.893 4.710 2880 472
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.025 0.053 [-0.08 - 0.129] 0.279 0.645 0.829 <0.001 2878 472
Left cuneus 0.027 0.053 [-0.078 - 0.131] 0.165 0.616 0.813 0.001 2883 472
Right postcentral gyrus 0.027 0.053 [-0.078 - 0.132] 0.153 0.614 0.813 <0.001 2869 471
Right cuneus 0.029 0.053 [-0.076 - 0.134] 0.178 0.587 0.813 <0.001 2883 470
Left frontal pole 0.029 0.075 [-0.118 - 0.176] 0.306 0.699 0.858 44.220 2883 472
Right temporal pole 0.044 0.065 [-0.083 - 0.172] 0.487 0.496 0.739 25.279 2859 456
Left temporal pole 0.051 0.079 [-0.105 - 0.206] 0.513 0.523 0.757 48.370 2842 456
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.071 0.081 [-0.087 - 0.23] 0.436 0.378 0.661 48.488 2793 444
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.086 0.079 [-0.068 - 0.241] 0.608 0.273 0.650 49.119 2872 471a Included Samples: Imaging Genetics Dublin, Houston, MMDP 3T, Melbourne, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, QTIM, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Sydney, Stanford.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S13: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients with an adolescent age of onset (≤21) versus MDD patients with an adult age of onset (>21) comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2
# Adolescent-onset MDD
# Adult-onset MDD
(adolescent-onset MDD vs
adult-onset MDD)
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.099 0.061 [-0.219 - 0.021] -1.004 0.106 0.826 3.801 462 1088
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.080 0.063 [-0.204 - 0.043] -0.537 0.204 0.827 7.606 462 1088
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.077 0.060 [-0.193 - 0.04] -0.869 0.199 0.827 <0.001 462 1087
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.062 0.059 [-0.179 - 0.054] -0.694 0.295 0.827 <0.001 462 1088
Right insula -0.062 0.059 [-0.179 - 0.054] -0.339 0.295 0.827 <0.001 462 1088
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.059 0.075 [-0.205 - 0.087] -0.572 0.431 0.839 29.133 462 1086
Left frontal pole -0.051 0.070 [-0.189 - 0.087] -0.539 0.467 0.839 22.092 462 1086
Left insula -0.033 0.059 [-0.149 - 0.084] -0.171 0.582 0.863 <0.001 462 1088
Left temporal pole -0.029 0.081 [-0.187 - 0.129] -0.293 0.720 0.887 36.462 446 1077
Right pars opercularis -0.026 0.060 [-0.143 - 0.091] -0.130 0.663 0.876 <0.001 460 1086
Right entorhinal cortex -0.021 0.060 [-0.139 - 0.096] -0.253 0.722 0.887 <0.001 452 1080
Right paracentral lobule -0.017 0.062 [-0.139 - 0.104] -0.099 0.779 0.926 5.928 462 1087
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.010 0.090 [-0.188 - 0.167] -0.062 0.910 0.946 50.099 462 1084
Right pars triangularis -0.009 0.060 [-0.125 - 0.108] -0.051 0.882 0.946 <0.001 461 1086
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.006 0.059 [-0.123 - 0.11] -0.036 0.919 0.946 <0.001 462 1088
Left entorhinal cortex -0.002 0.061 [-0.121 - 0.116] -0.027 0.969 0.969 1.684 455 1081
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.004 0.059 [-0.113 - 0.12] 0.029 0.950 0.964 <0.001 462 1086
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.008 0.061 [-0.112 - 0.128] 0.058 0.896 0.946 <0.001 432 1026
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.008 0.070 [-0.129 - 0.146] 0.058 0.907 0.946 21.261 461 1085
Right temporal pole 0.010 0.068 [-0.123 - 0.143] 0.111 0.882 0.946 15.678 446 1078
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.011 0.094 [-0.173 - 0.195] 0.061 0.910 0.946 53.436 462 1086
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.011 0.060 [-0.107 - 0.128] 0.058 0.858 0.946 <0.00 457 1072
1
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.013 0.059 [-0.103 - 0.13] 0.084 0.822 0.946 <0.001 462 1088
Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.017 0.059 [-0.1 - 0.133] 0.180 0.781 0.926 <0.001 461 1087
Left pars opercularis 0.022 0.060 [-0.094 - 0.139] 0.107 0.706 0.887 0.010 462 1086
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.026 0.060 [-0.091 - 0.143] 0.134 0.663 0.876 <0.001 455 1072
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.029 0.074 [-0.115 - 0.174] 0.236 0.691 0.887 27.988 462 1081
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.030 0.060 [-0.087 - 0.146] 0.151 0.620 0.868 0.005 461 1086
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.031 0.060 [-0.086 - 0.148] 0.243 0.604 0.863 <0.001 461 1083
Right postcentral gyrus 0.032 0.060 [-0.084 - 0.149] 0.182 0.588 0.863 <0.001 461 1085
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.035 0.060 [-0.082 - 0.151] 0.269 0.560 0.863 <0.001 460 1079
Right fusiform gyrus 0.039 0.060 [-0.078 - 0.156] 0.190 0.513 0.863 <0.001 459 1087
Left inferior parietal cortex 0.042 0.061 [-0.078 - 0.161] 0.237 0.493 0.863 3.000 461 1084
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.043 0.073 [-0.099 - 0.185] 0.534 0.555 0.863 25.793 462 1086
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.043 0.081 [-0.116 - 0.203] 0.332 0.596 0.863 39.347 462 1087
Left cuneus 0.045 0.093 [-0.138 - 0.228] 0.276 0.632 0.868 53.124 462 1087
Left fusiform gyrus 0.046 0.060 [-0.071 - 0.162] 0.224 0.445 0.839 <0.001 458 1086
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.046 0.059 [-0.07 - 0.163] 0.224 0.438 0.839 <0.001 462 1087
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.050 0.061 [-0.069 - 0.169] 0.359 0.407 0.839 0.007 444 1041
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.053 0.059 [-0.063 - 0.17] 0.269 0.371 0.839 0.011 462 1086
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.054 0.060 [-0.063 - 0.171] 0.302 0.366 0.839 0.002 455 1081
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.055 0.059 [-0.062 - 0.171] 0.288 0.358 0.839 <0.001 462 1087
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.055 0.075 [-0.092 - 0.203] 0.309 0.462 0.839 28.627 452 1078
Right lingual gyrus 0.056 0.075 [-0.092 - 0.203] 0.324 0.457 0.839 30.034 460 1084
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.057 0.102 [-0.143 - 0.256] 0.413 0.577 0.863 60.219 461 1087
Left paracentral lobule 0.057 0.059 [-0.06 - 0.173] 0.323 0.340 0.839 <0.001 462 1086
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.057 0.089 [-0.118 - 0.232] 0.348 0.523 0.863 45.791 434 1047
Right superior parietal cortex 0.065 0.078 [-0.089 - 0.219] 0.324 0.408 0.839 35.128 461 1088
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.069 0.062 [-0.052 - 0.189] 0.577 0.264 0.827 4.342 460 1085
Left precuneus 0.070 0.060 [-0.046 - 0.187] 0.336 0.237 0.827 0.005 461 1084
Right frontal pole 0.071 0.088 [-0.1 - 0.243] 0.745 0.415 0.839 47.145 462 1085
Right hemisphere average thickness 0.072 0.066 [-0.057 - 0.2] 0.262 0.274 0.827 12.936 462 1088
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.072 0.061 [-0.048 - 0.192] 0.433 0.237 0.827 0.020 430 1048
Right pars orbitalis 0.072 0.063 [-0.051 - 0.196] 0.521 0.251 0.827 7.718 462 1088
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.078 0.061 [-0.041 - 0.197] 0.463 0.199 0.827 <0.001 440 1054
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.078 0.094 [-0.106 - 0.263] 0.458 0.406 0.839 53.857 460 1086
Right cuneus 0.079 0.059 [-0.037 - 0.196] 0.487 0.182 0.827 <0.001 461 1087
Left pars orbitalis 0.088 0.059 [-0.029 - 0.204] 0.640 0.141 0.827 0.019 462 1088
Left hemisphere average thickness 0.090 0.061 [-0.029 - 0.209] 0.331 0.137 0.827 2.275 462 1088
Right precuneus 0.090 0.065 [-0.038 - 0.218] 0.448 0.167 0.827 11.931 462 1084
Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.091 0.082 [-0.069 - 0.252] 0.496 0.265 0.827 39.018 453 1082
Right inferior parietal cortex 0.095 0.068 [-0.039 - 0.229] 0.540 0.164 0.827 18.162 461 1084
Left lingual gyrus 0.101 0.060 [-0.015 - 0.218] 0.587 0.089 0.775 0.009 461 1083
Right precentral gyrus 0.103 0.060 [-0.014 - 0.22] 0.613 0.083 0.775 <0.001 460 1087
Left postcentral gyrus 0.104 0.060 [-0.013 - 0.221] 0.574 0.081 0.775 0.002 461 1084
Left pars triangularis 0.125 0.060 [0.008 - 0.241] 0.758 0.036 0.611 <0.001 462 1086
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.132 0.060 [0.016 - 0.249] 0.641 0.026 0.611 <0.001 462 1085
Left superior parietal cortex 0.141 0.060 [0.024 - 0.258] 0.692 0.018 0.611 0.011 461 1086
Left precentral gyrus 0.148 0.060 [0.031 - 0.265] 0.850 0.013 0.611 0.003 461 1086
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.161 0.080 [0.005 - 0.318] 0.778 0.044 0.611 36.955 461 1086 a Included Samples: Imaging Genetics Dublin, Houston, MMDP 3T, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, QTIM, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Sydney, Stanford.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S14: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients taking antidepressants at time of scanning versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(AD MDD vs CTL)
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.261 0.064 [-0.387 - -0.135] -2.191 4.66E-05 9.73E-04 45.245 7203 948
Left pars opercularis -0.224 0.086 [-0.393 - -0.056] -1.070 0.009 0.028 70.422 7221 950
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.222 0.097 [-0.413 - -0.032] -2.765 0.022 0.058 77.126 7217 950
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.219 0.069 [-0.354 - -0.085] -1.467 0.001 0.009 52.825 7220 951
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.219 0.068 [-0.352 - -0.086] -2.221 0.001 0.009 50.976 7216 949
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.216 0.050 [-0.314 - -0.118] -2.104 1.71E-05 5.99E-04 18.831 7221 947
Left insula -0.214 0.068 [-0.348 - -0.081] -1.119 0.002 0.010 51.990 7218 949
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.203 0.090 [-0.379 - -0.026] -1.192 0.024 0.061 73.054 7210 951
Left fusiform gyrus -0.201 0.050 [-0.299 - -0.103] -0.989 5.56E-05 9.73E-04 18.330 7212 950
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.197 0.076 [-0.346 - -0.049] -1.236 0.009 0.028 61.335 7220 951
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.193 0.068 [-0.326 - -0.059] -1.526 0.005 0.017 51.812 7218 949
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.191 0.110 [-0.407 - 0.025] -1.467 0.084 0.146 82.590 7221 948
Right insula -0.185 0.041 [-0.266 - -0.104] -1.010 0.000 4.98E-04 <0.001 7217 946
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.162 0.048 [-0.256 - -0.067] -0.878 8.16E-04 0.007 14.538 7206 947
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.155 0.086 [-0.324 - 0.014] -1.760 0.073 0.137 70.625 7215 950
Right fusiform gyrus -0.150 0.048 [-0.245 - -0.055] -0.730 0.002 0.011 15.069 7215 950
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.149 0.041 [-0.229 - -0.068] -0.720 3.11E-04 0.004 <0.001 7214 951
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.147 0.079 [-0.301 - 0.007] -1.602 0.061 0.126 64.115 7219 947
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.146 0.041 [-0.227 - -0.065] -1.131 4.25E-04 0.005 <0.001 7187 944
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.144 0.041 [-0.225 - -0.063] -1.603 4.77E-04 0.005 <0.001 7221 949
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.140 0.049 [-0.237 - -0.044] -0.721 0.004 0.016 15.785 7202 931
Left pars orbitalis -0.134 0.056 [-0.244 - -0.024] -0.981 0.017 0.048 31.742 7219 951
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.134 0.042 [-0.216 - -0.052] -0.796 0.001 0.009 <0.001 7166 908
Left pars triangularis -0.129 0.049 [-0.226 - -0.033] -0.788 0.009 0.028 17.365 7216 949
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.125 0.071 [-0.265 - 0.014] -0.607 0.078 0.143 55.929 7220 950
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.125 0.041 [-0.205 - -0.044] -0.630 0.002 0.012 <0.001 7217 950
Right pars orbitalis -0.122 0.041 [-0.202 - -0.041] -0.877 0.003 0.014 <0.001 7220 950
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.121 0.041 [-0.202 - -0.041] -0.677 0.003 0.014 <0.001 7206 946
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.121 0.042 [-0.204 - -0.039] -0.864 0.004 0.016 <0.001 7184 889
Left hemisphere average thickness -0.114 0.041 [-0.195 - -0.033] -0.419 0.006 0.020 <0.001 7223 951
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.104 0.086 [-0.274 - 0.065] -0.502 0.228 0.302 70.819 7215 951
Right pars opercularis -0.103 0.054 [-0.208 - 0.003] -0.515 0.056 0.119 26.869 7217 951
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.102 0.057 [-0.214 - 0.009] -0.571 0.072 0.137 31.669 7195 938
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.102 0.041 [-0.183 - -0.022] -0.374 0.013 0.038 <0.001 7223 951
Right pars triangularis -0.099 0.070 [-0.237 - 0.039] -0.569 0.161 0.230 54.725 7210 949
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.095 0.041 [-0.176 - -0.014] -0.572 0.021 0.058 <0.001 7203 949
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.094 0.061 [-0.214 - 0.027] -0.572 0.128 0.199 37.584 7128 900
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.094 0.064 [-0.22 - 0.033] -0.530 0.147 0.218 46.292 7206 947
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.089 0.042 [-0.171 - -0.008] -0.481 0.032 0.077 <0.001 7176 927
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.085 0.042 [-0.168 - -0.002] -0.621 0.046 0.103 <0.001 7154 873
Right frontal pole -0.085 0.041 [-0.165 - -0.004] -0.882 0.040 0.093 <0.001 7223 951
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.082 0.042 [-0.164 - 0] -0.491 0.050 0.110 <0.001 7162 907
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.074 0.041 [-0.155 - 0.007] -0.597 0.072 0.137 <0.001 7187 949
Left frontal pole -0.067 0.041 [-0.148 - 0.014] -0.705 0.104 0.174 <0.001 7221 951
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.067 0.041 [-0.148 - 0.014] -0.352 0.104 0.174 <0.001 7215 951
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.065 0.043 [-0.149 - 0.019] -0.368 0.130 0.199 3.157 7203 949
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.064 0.041 [-0.145 - 0.016] -0.507 0.118 0.188 <0.001 7201 950
Right precentral gyrus -0.059 0.041 [-0.14 - 0.021] -0.353 0.150 0.219 <0.001 7211 950
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.058 0.054 [-0.164 - 0.048] -0.296 0.282 0.366 27.253 7213 951
Left precentral gyrus -0.052 0.041 [-0.133 - 0.028] -0.300 0.203 0.274 <0.001 7205 951
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.048 0.051 [-0.149 - 0.052] -0.278 0.346 0.432 21.096 7210 949
Left precuneus -0.046 0.050 [-0.145 - 0.052] -0.221 0.357 0.438 19.165 7214 949
Left entorhinal cortex -0.043 0.055 [-0.15 - 0.064] -0.495 0.432 0.509 27.726 7175 927
Right entorhinal cortex -0.043 0.042 [-0.125 - 0.039] -0.511 0.303 0.386 <0.001 7171 923
Left paracentral lobule -0.030 0.041 [-0.111 - 0.051] -0.170 0.468 0.537 <0.001 7216 950
Right paracentral lobule -0.026 0.041 [-0.107 - 0.054] -0.149 0.525 0.583 <0.001 7217 950
Right precuneus -0.016 0.043 [-0.101 - 0.069] -0.081 0.709 0.752 4.475 7214 948
Left temporal pole -0.013 0.059 [-0.129 - 0.103] -0.131 0.827 0.851 36.349 7182 940
Right cuneus -0.012 0.087 [-0.182 - 0.158] -0.072 0.892 0.905 70.711 7221 946
Left superior parietal cortex -0.002 0.068 [-0.134 - 0.131] -0.008 0.982 0.982 51.357 7211 950
Left lingual gyrus 0.010 0.041 [-0.071 - 0.091] 0.058 0.808 0.844 <0.001 7205 951
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.018 0.041 [-0.063 - 0.099] 0.104 0.665 0.716 <0.001 7215 949
Right lingual gyrus 0.022 0.041 [-0.059 - 0.103] 0.127 0.595 0.651 <0.001 7208 949
Right superior parietal cortex 0.032 0.041 [-0.049 - 0.113] 0.160 0.436 0.509 <0.001 7211 946
Left postcentral gyrus 0.034 0.041 [-0.047 - 0.115] 0.188 0.408 0.493 <0.001 7196 949
Right temporal pole 0.056 0.041 [-0.025 - 0.137] 0.615 0.177 0.243 <0.001 7197 939
Left cuneus 0.057 0.041 [-0.024 - 0.137] 0.349 0.170 0.238 <0.001 7217 947
Right postcentral gyrus 0.066 0.041 [-0.015 - 0.146] 0.371 0.111 0.181 <0.001 7209 951
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.069 0.098 [-0.123 - 0.262] 0.487 0.480 0.542 77.600 7210 946
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.133 0.077 [-0.018 - 0.284] 0.971 0.084 0.146 62.397 7202 947a Included Samples: CLING, Imaging Genetics Dublin, Clinical Depression Dublin, Sexpect, MMDP 3T, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, Novosibirsk, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Sydney, Stanford, Rotterdam study.AD: antidepressant using; MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S15: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients not taking antidepressants at time of scanning versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(noAD MDD vs CTL)
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.144 0.040 [-0.222 - -0.066] -1.116 3.06E-04 0.021 <0.001 7205 909
Right fusiform gyrus -0.091 0.040 [-0.169 - -0.013] -0.444 0.022 0.743 <0.001 7240 914
Left fusiform gyrus -0.083 0.051 [-0.184 - 0.017] -0.410 0.105 0.743 25.891 7236 912
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.083 0.040 [-0.161 - -0.005] -0.451 0.037 0.743 <0.001 7231 905
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.080 0.040 [-0.158 - -0.002] -0.446 0.045 0.743 <0.001 7232 906
Left insula -0.073 0.049 [-0.168 - 0.022] -0.382 0.133 0.743 19.945 7247 914
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.073 0.045 [-0.16 - 0.014] -0.710 0.102 0.743 10.374 7247 914
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.071 0.090 [-0.247 - 0.105] -0.596 0.428 0.933 75.229 7223 913
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.067 0.053 [-0.171 - 0.038] -0.397 0.210 0.743 28.146 7192 883
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.065 0.049 [-0.161 - 0.03] -0.466 0.179 0.743 18.934 7207 903
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.064 0.057 [-0.177 - 0.048] -0.324 0.264 0.804 38.899 7243 914
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.062 0.050 [-0.16 - 0.036] -0.632 0.212 0.743 22.904 7246 915
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.061 0.052 [-0.162 - 0.041] -0.366 0.242 0.804 26.952 7229 914
Right lingual gyrus -0.059 0.040 [-0.137 - 0.019] -0.341 0.139 0.743 <0.001 7232 910
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.059 0.040 [-0.136 - 0.019] -0.333 0.141 0.743 <0.001 7231 910
Right entorhinal cortex -0.058 0.040 [-0.136 - 0.02] -0.693 0.143 0.743 <0.001 7213 908
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.056 0.040 [-0.135 - 0.023] -0.429 0.165 0.743 1.061 7246 914
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.053 0.040 [-0.131 - 0.025] -0.428 0.182 0.743 <0.001 7213 910
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.051 0.040 [-0.129 - 0.027] -0.301 0.197 0.743 <0.001 7235 916
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.050 0.040 [-0.13 - 0.029] -0.370 0.211 0.743 <0.001 7172 876
Right pars orbitalis -0.050 0.056 [-0.159 - 0.059] -0.360 0.370 0.933 35.464 7248 915
Left pars orbitalis -0.047 0.064 [-0.173 - 0.079] -0.344 0.465 0.933 50.749 7244 914
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.045 0.056 [-0.155 - 0.066] -0.216 0.428 0.933 36.811 7244 914
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.045 0.040 [-0.122 - 0.033] -0.298 0.261 0.804 <0.001 7245 914
Right insula -0.044 0.055 [-0.152 - 0.063] -0.242 0.417 0.933 33.627 7247 914
Right frontal pole -0.041 0.040 [-0.119 - 0.037] -0.425 0.305 0.844 <0.001 7248 913
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.040 0.040 [-0.118 - 0.037] -0.449 0.309 0.844 <0.001 7247 914
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.040 0.090 [-0.217 - 0.136] -0.195 0.656 0.933 75.568 7240 914
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.040 0.040 [-0.118 - 0.038] -0.250 0.313 0.844 <0.001 7245 915
Left pars opercularis -0.039 0.061 [-0.158 - 0.08] -0.186 0.522 0.933 45.216 7246 913
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.036 0.064 [-0.161 - 0.09] -0.281 0.579 0.933 50.273 7244 913
Left lingual gyrus -0.029 0.054 [-0.136 - 0.077] -0.171 0.587 0.933 32.560 7231 909
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.029 0.049 [-0.125 - 0.066] -0.172 0.546 0.933 19.682 7241 914
Left entorhinal cortex -0.029 0.040 [-0.107 - 0.049] -0.335 0.465 0.933 <0.001 7216 908
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.029 0.067 [-0.16 - 0.102] -0.161 0.666 0.933 53.593 7227 903
Left hemisphere average thickness -0.027 0.040 [-0.104 - 0.051] -0.098 0.500 0.933 <0.001 7249 916
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.025 0.040 [-0.103 - 0.052] -0.200 0.522 0.933 <0.001 7226 910
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.025 0.040 [-0.103 - 0.052] -0.276 0.523 0.933 <0.001 7246 915
Right precentral gyrus -0.025 0.066 [-0.154 - 0.104] -0.147 0.708 0.961 52.652 7234 909
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.019 0.072 [-0.16 - 0.123] -0.097 0.793 0.968 60.488 7226 909
Left precentral gyrus -0.018 0.064 [-0.143 - 0.107] -0.104 0.777 0.968 49.859 7230 909
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.018 0.040 [-0.096 - 0.06] -0.065 0.653 0.933 <0.001 7249 916
Right temporal pole -0.015 0.049 [-0.11 - 0.08] -0.163 0.760 0.968 18.841 7222 900
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.015 0.040 [-0.092 - 0.063] -0.082 0.714 0.961 <0.001 7234 915
Left frontal pole -0.013 0.083 [-0.177 - 0.15] -0.138 0.875 0.973 71.121 7247 913
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.013 0.082 [-0.174 - 0.148] -0.062 0.876 0.973 70.110 7241 913
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.012 0.046 [-0.102 - 0.078] -0.153 0.789 0.968 13.481 7241 911
Left temporal pole -0.010 0.040 [-0.089 - 0.068] -0.106 0.793 0.968 <0.001 7206 900
Left superior parietal cortex -0.009 0.040 [-0.087 - 0.068] -0.046 0.813 0.968 <0.001 7236 911
Right paracentral lobule -0.007 0.040 [-0.085 - 0.071] -0.040 0.858 0.973 <0.001 7243 916
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.004 0.040 [-0.082 - 0.074] -0.021 0.924 0.996 <0.001 7207 903
Right pericalcarine cortex -0.003 0.040 [-0.081 - 0.075] -0.022 0.940 0.996 <0.001 7226 914
Right postcentral gyrus -0.001 0.040 [-0.079 - 0.077] -0.007 0.973 0.996 <0.001 7233 911
Left pars triangularis 0.000 0.056 [-0.11 - 0.11] -0.002 0.996 0.996 36.241 7243 913
Right superior temporal gyrus 2.48E-04 0.047 [-0.092 - 0.092] 0.001 0.996 0.996 13.434 7182 884
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 9.42E-04 0.077 [-0.15 - 0.152] 0.005 0.990 0.996 65.852 7238 913
Left precuneus 0.003 0.040 [-0.075 - 0.081] 0.016 0.934 0.996 <0.001 7240 909
Left paracentral lobule 0.009 0.040 [-0.069 - 0.086] 0.048 0.830 0.968 <0.001 7241 914
Left cuneus 0.013 0.060 [-0.104 - 0.131] 0.081 0.827 0.968 43.565 7247 915
Right superior parietal cortex 0.018 0.040 [-0.06 - 0.096] 0.089 0.652 0.933 <0.001 7236 914
Right precuneus 0.018 0.040 [-0.06 - 0.096] 0.090 0.650 0.933 <0.001 7237 911
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.022 0.040 [-0.056 - 0.1] 0.127 0.578 0.933 <0.001 7236 914
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.025 0.046 [-0.066 - 0.115] 0.279 0.596 0.933 14.372 7242 915
Left postcentral gyrus 0.027 0.040 [-0.051 - 0.105] 0.149 0.498 0.933 <0.001 7222 910
Right pars opercularis 0.028 0.049 [-0.068 - 0.124] 0.141 0.565 0.933 20.499 7244 910
Right pars triangularis 0.029 0.061 [-0.09 - 0.148] 0.168 0.632 0.933 45.083 7240 913
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.050 0.068 [-0.084 - 0.184] 0.264 0.464 0.933 56.463 7241 915
Right cuneus 0.060 0.040 [-0.018 - 0.138] 0.369 0.130 0.743 <0.001 7246 915
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.064 0.040 [-0.013 - 0.142] 0.453 0.105 0.743 <0.001 7236 913
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.065 0.040 [-0.014 - 0.144] 0.396 0.109 0.743 <0.001 7153 874a Included Samples: CODE, Imaging Genetics Dublin, Bipolar Family Study, Houston, MMDP 3T, Melbourne, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, DepOx, QTIM, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Sydney, Stanford, Rotterdam study.noAD: antidepressant free; MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S16: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients taking antidepressants MDD patients not taking antidepressants at time of scanning comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 # AD
MDD# noAD
MDD(AD MDD vs noAD
MDD)Right insula -0.177 0.066 [-0.306 - -0.048] -0.963 0.007 0.402 <0.001 853 673
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.168 0.095 [-0.355 - 0.019] -1.703 0.078 0.979 47.128 853 673
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.166 0.066 [-0.295 - -0.037] -1.619 0.011 0.402 <0.001 853 671
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.147 0.121 [-0.385 - 0.09] -0.900 0.224 0.979 64.539 812 648
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.136 0.072 [-0.278 - 0.006] -1.696 0.060 0.979 13.666 853 671
Left pars triangularis -0.134 0.083 [-0.296 - 0.028] -0.815 0.106 0.979 31.426 853 671
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.131 0.078 [-0.284 - 0.022] -1.099 0.093 0.979 23.408 851 671
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.130 0.088 [-0.302 - 0.042] -1.478 0.137 0.979 38.182 853 672
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.113 0.066 [-0.242 - 0.016] -0.664 0.086 0.979 <0.001 853 673
Left pars opercularis -0.104 0.149 [-0.396 - 0.188] -0.496 0.485 0.979 78.453 853 671
Left fusiform gyrus -0.101 0.066 [-0.23 - 0.028] -0.497 0.125 0.979 <0.001 852 669
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.101 0.098 [-0.294 - 0.092] -1.120 0.307 0.979 50.530 853 673
Left insula -0.099 0.099 [-0.294 - 0.096] -0.515 0.322 0.979 51.484 853 673
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.090 0.105 [-0.295 - 0.116] -0.977 0.393 0.979 56.190 851 673
Right pars triangularis -0.086 0.082 [-0.246 - 0.074] -0.496 0.293 0.979 29.847 852 671
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.077 0.106 [-0.285 - 0.131] -0.431 0.467 0.979 55.913 845 663
Right pars orbitalis -0.075 0.072 [-0.216 - 0.065] -0.544 0.292 0.979 12.081 853 673
Left cuneus -0.073 0.111 [-0.291 - 0.145] -0.450 0.511 0.979 60.972 853 672
Right cuneus -0.072 0.084 [-0.236 - 0.093] -0.439 0.393 0.979 32.428 851 673
Right precuneus -0.071 0.073 [-0.214 - 0.072] -0.355 0.328 0.979 14.537 852 670
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.067 0.071 [-0.206 - 0.072] -0.471 0.347 0.979 11.087 852 670
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.066 0.066 [-0.195 - 0.063] -0.333 0.318 0.979 0.455 853 671
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.062 0.113 [-0.283 - 0.159] -0.302 0.581 0.979 62.137 853 672
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.061 0.066 [-0.189 - 0.068] -0.406 0.356 0.979 <0.001 853 673
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.058 0.074 [-0.203 - 0.087] -0.455 0.434 0.979 16.362 852 668
Left hemisphere average thickness -0.058 0.074 [-0.203 - 0.088] -0.212 0.437 0.979 17.107 853 673
Left pars orbitalis -0.054 0.083 [-0.217 - 0.108] -0.398 0.512 0.979 31.782 853 673
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.052 0.107 [-0.261 - 0.158] -0.410 0.628 0.979 57.865 852 672
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.047 0.066 [-0.176 - 0.081] -0.297 0.470 0.979 <0.001 853 673
Right fusiform gyrus -0.046 0.066 [-0.174 - 0.083] -0.222 0.488 0.979 <0.001 852 671
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.045 0.081 [-0.205 - 0.114] -0.166 0.577 0.979 29.365 853 673
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.033 0.079 [-0.189 - 0.123] -0.190 0.678 0.979 25.803 852 671
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.032 0.072 [-0.174 - 0.11] -0.174 0.656 0.979 13.480 840 666
Left temporal pole -0.031 0.146 [-0.317 - 0.254] -0.317 0.830 0.979 76.422 842 660
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.031 0.134 [-0.294 - 0.231] -0.187 0.816 0.979 71.086 813 648
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.031 0.075 [-0.177 - 0.116] -0.185 0.682 0.979 17.523 851 671
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.029 0.114 [-0.253 - 0.194] -0.174 0.797 0.979 61.147 819 652
Right pars opercularis -0.029 0.066 [-0.158 - 0.099] -0.147 0.656 0.979 <0.001 853 669
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.027 0.066 [-0.157 - 0.102] -0.148 0.679 0.979 <0.001 849 665
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.019 0.120 [-0.255 - 0.216] -0.099 0.873 0.979 66.219 834 668
Right pericalcarine cortex -0.017 0.090 [-0.192 - 0.159] -0.121 0.853 0.979 40.802 853 671
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.016 0.066 [-0.145 - 0.113] -0.129 0.807 0.979 <0.001 851 668
Left postcentral gyrus -0.011 0.078 [-0.165 - 0.142] -0.063 0.885 0.979 24.592 853 668
Right entorhinal cortex -0.009 0.066 [-0.138 - 0.121] -0.102 0.896 0.979 <0.001 844 667
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.008 0.111 [-0.225 - 0.21] -0.041 0.944 0.979 60.912 853 672
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.007 0.067 [-0.138 - 0.123] -0.042 0.911 0.979 1.978 849 672
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.007 0.066 [-0.137 - 0.123] -0.054 0.916 0.979 <0.001 849 667
Left paracentral lobule 9.70E-04 0.066 [-0.128 - 0.13] 0.006 0.988 0.988 <0.001 852 672
Left precuneus 0.001 0.070 [-0.137 - 0.139] 0.005 0.988 0.988 9.251 852 669
Left inferior parietal cortex 0.005 0.076 [-0.144 - 0.153] 0.027 0.951 0.979 19.680 851 670
Right frontal pole 0.006 0.066 [-0.123 - 0.135] 0.064 0.925 0.979 <0.001 853 670
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.010 0.074 [-0.134 - 0.154] 0.070 0.894 0.979 14.438 795 666
Right precentral gyrus 0.012 0.066 [-0.117 - 0.141] 0.072 0.853 0.979 <0.001 853 670
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.013 0.068 [-0.12 - 0.146] 0.094 0.850 0.979 <0.001 785 650
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.017 0.066 [-0.112 - 0.146] 0.130 0.796 0.979 <0.001 852 673
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.019 0.066 [-0.11 - 0.149] 0.109 0.768 0.979 <0.001 849 665
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.020 0.069 [-0.116 - 0.156] 0.103 0.772 0.979 8.008 853 670
Left precentral gyrus 0.021 0.080 [-0.135 - 0.177] 0.118 0.797 0.979 26.542 853 670
Right temporal pole 0.021 0.119 [-0.213 - 0.254] 0.227 0.862 0.979 64.350 841 661
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.022 0.066 [-0.107 - 0.151] 0.108 0.735 0.979 <0.001 852 671
Left lingual gyrus 0.026 0.104 [-0.177 - 0.23] 0.153 0.799 0.979 55.649 853 667
Right postcentral gyrus 0.028 0.066 [-0.1 - 0.157] 0.161 0.666 0.979 <0.001 853 669
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.031 0.066 [-0.098 - 0.16] 0.182 0.637 0.979 <0.001 851 671
Left entorhinal cortex 0.034 0.066 [-0.096 - 0.163] 0.387 0.611 0.979 <0.001 848 668
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.038 0.093 [-0.144 - 0.22] 0.184 0.680 0.979 44.460 853 670
Right lingual gyrus 0.041 0.066 [-0.088 - 0.17] 0.237 0.534 0.979 <0.001 853 667
Right paracentral lobule 0.043 0.066 [-0.085 - 0.172] 0.246 0.509 0.979 <0.001 852 673
Left superior parietal cortex 0.044 0.087 [-0.126 - 0.214] 0.217 0.609 0.979 36.967 853 670
Right superior parietal cortex 0.044 0.066 [-0.084 - 0.173] 0.222 0.499 0.979 <0.001 852 673
Left frontal pole 0.114 0.129 [-0.138 - 0.367] 1.205 0.375 0.979 71.096 853 671a Included Samples: Imaging Genetics Dublin, MMDP 3T, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Sydney, Stanford, Rotterdam study.AD: antidepressant using; noAD: antidepressant free; MDD: Major Depressive Disorder.
Supplementary Table S17: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure associated with severity of symptoms at study inclusion measured by the HDRS-17 controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Pearsons' r a Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Patients(HDRS-17)Right pars triangularis -0.102 0.081 [-0.261 - 0.058] -1.178 0.211 0.884 79.261 775
Right pars opercularis -0.094 0.087 [-0.265 - 0.077] -0.946 0.281 0.884 81.492 776
Right precentral gyrus -0.092 0.091 [-0.27 - 0.086] -1.097 0.312 0.884 83.492 775
Right insula -0.087 0.054 [-0.192 - 0.018] -0.954 0.103 0.884 44.645 771
Left entorhinal cortex -0.087 0.044 [-0.172 - -0.001] -2.001 0.047 0.884 21.607 757
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.084 0.102 [-0.284 - 0.117] -1.197 0.412 0.884 87.625 741
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.081 0.066 [-0.21 - 0.049] -0.831 0.224 0.884 64.645 764
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.079 0.077 [-0.23 - 0.071] -0.961 0.301 0.884 76.238 776
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.078 0.064 [-0.204 - 0.047] -0.906 0.220 0.884 62.486 775
Right postcentral gyrus -0.078 0.074 [-0.223 - 0.067] -0.889 0.291 0.884 72.955 776
Left pars triangularis -0.076 0.070 [-0.214 - 0.061] -0.933 0.275 0.884 69.992 774
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.075 0.091 [-0.253 - 0.102] -0.923 0.405 0.884 81.813 741
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.070 0.067 [-0.202 - 0.062] -1.529 0.298 0.884 65.955 773
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.070 0.088 [-0.242 - 0.102] -0.510 0.428 0.884 81.672 776
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.062 0.085 [-0.229 - 0.104] -0.741 0.464 0.884 79.379 738
Right temporal pole -0.061 0.064 [-0.187 - 0.065] -1.343 0.344 0.884 62.721 776
Left hemisphere average thickness -0.060 0.075 [-0.207 - 0.087] -0.441 0.425 0.884 73.645 776
Right frontal pole -0.059 0.059 [-0.174 - 0.057] -1.224 0.321 0.884 55.465 776
Right superior parietal cortex -0.057 0.053 [-0.161 - 0.046] -0.574 0.278 0.884 43.539 772
Left pars orbitalis -0.057 0.083 [-0.219 - 0.105] -0.839 0.488 0.884 79.444 776
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.055 0.071 [-0.194 - 0.084] -0.876 0.435 0.884 69.943 775
Right fusiform gyrus -0.054 0.090 [-0.231 - 0.122] -0.532 0.545 0.884 83.084 776
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.054 0.063 [-0.178 - 0.07] -0.613 0.392 0.884 60.777 775
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.051 0.036 [-0.121 - 0.019] -1.274 0.153 0.884 <0.001 775
Left precentral gyrus -0.050 0.064 [-0.175 - 0.075] -0.574 0.432 0.884 61.100 776
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.050 0.036 [-0.12 - 0.021] -0.508 0.166 0.884 <0.001 776
Left fusiform gyrus -0.049 0.077 [-0.2 - 0.103] -0.478 0.531 0.884 76.318 776
Left precuneus -0.049 0.093 [-0.23 - 0.133] -0.464 0.600 0.884 83.654 775
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.048 0.071 [-0.186 - 0.091] -0.462 0.501 0.884 70.119 776
Right lingual gyrus -0.047 0.036 [-0.117 - 0.023] -0.548 0.185 0.884 <0.001 774
Left lingual gyrus -0.046 0.052 [-0.148 - 0.055] -0.536 0.372 0.884 42.171 776
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.046 0.059 [-0.162 - 0.07] -0.900 0.436 0.884 54.645 772
Right paracentral lobule -0.044 0.071 [-0.184 - 0.096] -0.503 0.536 0.884 69.992 776
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.042 0.046 [-0.132 - 0.048] -0.438 0.365 0.884 27.770 776
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.036 0.071 [-0.176 - 0.103] -0.406 0.610 0.884 70.956 772
Left pars opercularis -0.036 0.069 [-0.17 - 0.099] -0.343 0.600 0.884 67.865 775
Left frontal pole -0.036 0.036 [-0.106 - 0.034] -0.755 0.318 0.884 <0.001 776
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.035 0.056 [-0.145 - 0.076] -0.352 0.537 0.884 50.174 775
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.033 0.070 [-0.17 - 0.104] -0.506 0.639 0.884 69.241 774
Right precuneus -0.030 0.058 [-0.143 - 0.083] -0.298 0.604 0.884 52.065 774
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.029 0.059 [-0.145 - 0.086] -0.333 0.619 0.884 54.195 774
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.027 0.064 [-0.152 - 0.099] -0.311 0.678 0.884 62.479 776
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.024 0.060 [-0.141 - 0.092] -0.272 0.682 0.884 55.609 773
Left postcentral gyrus -0.024 0.062 [-0.146 - 0.097] -0.267 0.697 0.887 58.777 774
Left superior parietal cortex -0.022 0.049 [-0.118 - 0.075] -0.212 0.660 0.884 35.303 775
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.019 0.068 [-0.152 - 0.114] -0.299 0.777 0.937 66.219 773
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.019 0.065 [-0.147 - 0.109] -0.204 0.773 0.937 63.412 776
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.018 0.067 [-0.149 - 0.114] -0.259 0.793 0.940 62.402 712
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.012 0.066 [-0.141 - 0.117] -0.119 0.852 0.961 63.832 776
Left cuneus -0.012 0.075 [-0.158 - 0.134] -0.147 0.873 0.961 72.857 772
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.008 0.036 [-0.078 - 0.063] -0.104 0.829 0.961 <0.001 776
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.007 0.071 [-0.147 - 0.132] -0.093 0.917 0.961 70.651 776
Left paracentral lobule -0.004 0.049 [-0.1 - 0.092] -0.046 0.935 0.961 34.140 776
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.004 0.053 [-0.107 - 0.1] -0.034 0.947 0.961 43.969 776
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.002 0.036 [-0.072 - 0.068] -0.030 0.952 0.961 <0.001 772
Right entorhinal cortex -0.002 0.039 [-0.079 - 0.075] -0.046 0.961 0.961 8.646 756
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.002 0.036 [-0.069 - 0.073] 0.020 0.958 0.961 0.870 760
Right pars orbitalis 0.005 0.040 [-0.074 - 0.083] 0.066 0.909 0.961 12.364 775
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.006 0.073 [-0.137 - 0.15] 0.076 0.931 0.961 70.840 760
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.021 0.036 [-0.049 - 0.091] 0.331 0.557 0.884 <0.001 776
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.024 0.036 [-0.046 - 0.094] 0.403 0.502 0.884 <0.001 775
Left temporal pole 0.026 0.061 [-0.094 - 0.145] 0.516 0.674 0.884 57.189 776
Right cuneus 0.030 0.082 [-0.13 - 0.19] 0.370 0.712 0.890 77.857 773
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.036 0.055 [-0.071 - 0.143] 0.802 0.509 0.884 45.992 774
Left insula 0.039 0.080 [-0.118 - 0.197] 0.411 0.624 0.884 76.896 774
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.040 0.050 [-0.059 - 0.139] 0.472 0.426 0.884 38.411 776
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.047 0.068 [-0.087 - 0.18] 0.680 0.495 0.884 66.571 772
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.049 0.036 [-0.021 - 0.119] 0.791 0.170 0.884 <0.001 776
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.087 0.106 [-0.122 - 0.295] 1.975 0.415 0.884 88.971 775
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.127 0.082 [-0.034 - 0.287] 2.595 0.121 0.884 79.544 774 a Included Samples: CLING, Imaging Genetics Dublin, Clinical Depression Dublin, Bipolar Family Study, Houston, Sexpect, MMDP 3T, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, DepOx, Sydney.HDRS-17: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale with 17 items.
Supplementary Table S18: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure associated with severity of symptoms at study inclusion measured by the BDI-II controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Pearson's r a Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Patients(BDI-II)Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.111 0.052 [-0.214 - -0.008] -1.136 0.035 0.513 50.294 940
Left postcentral gyrus -0.111 0.032 [-0.174 - -0.048] -1.229 5.76E-04 0.040 <0.001 937
Right pars triangularis -0.089 0.058 [-0.203 - 0.025] -1.028 0.127 0.513 58.577 939
Left insula -0.075 0.032 [-0.139 - -0.012] -0.788 0.020 0.513 <0.001 942
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.062 0.032 [-0.126 - 0.002] -0.654 0.056 0.513 <0.001 942
Left pars opercularis -0.062 0.033 [-0.125 - 0.002] -0.589 0.058 0.513 <0.001 940
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.061 0.033 [-0.126 - 0.003] -0.877 0.062 0.513 <0.001 918
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.058 0.033 [-0.122 - 0.005] -0.567 0.072 0.513 <0.001 940
Left precuneus -0.058 0.032 [-0.121 - 0.006] -0.551 0.076 0.513 <0.001 938
Right postcentral gyrus -0.057 0.033 [-0.121 - 0.006] -0.651 0.077 0.513 <0.001 939
Right superior parietal cortex -0.057 0.043 [-0.142 - 0.027] -0.572 0.185 0.540 30.073 939
Right precuneus -0.056 0.032 [-0.12 - 0.007] -0.562 0.082 0.513 <0.001 937
Left hemisphere average thickness -0.056 0.032 [-0.12 - 0.007] -0.414 0.083 0.513 <0.001 943
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.054 0.032 [-0.117 - 0.01] -0.611 0.096 0.513 <0.001 941
Left paracentral lobule -0.053 0.032 [-0.116 - 0.011] -0.601 0.104 0.513 <0.001 941
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.052 0.032 [-0.116 - 0.012] -0.506 0.109 0.513 <0.001 942
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.051 0.033 [-0.115 - 0.014] -0.620 0.125 0.513 <0.001 907
Left precentral gyrus -0.047 0.032 [-0.111 - 0.017] -0.541 0.147 0.513 <0.001 940
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.047 0.032 [-0.111 - 0.017] -0.533 0.148 0.513 <0.001 939
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.046 0.033 [-0.11 - 0.018] -0.498 0.159 0.513 <0.001 926
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.046 0.032 [-0.109 - 0.018] -0.336 0.157 0.513 <0.001 943
Left pars triangularis -0.046 0.032 [-0.109 - 0.018] -0.557 0.159 0.513 <0.001 939
Right precentral gyrus -0.046 0.032 [-0.109 - 0.018] -0.542 0.161 0.513 <0.001 940
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.041 0.032 [-0.105 - 0.022] -0.400 0.202 0.554 <0.001 940
Right frontal pole -0.041 0.033 [-0.104 - 0.023] -0.847 0.213 0.554 <0.001 940
Left lingual gyrus -0.040 0.056 [-0.151 - 0.07] -0.468 0.474 0.851 55.811 937
Right pars opercularis -0.040 0.033 [-0.104 - 0.024] -0.405 0.217 0.554 <0.001 939
Left frontal pole -0.040 0.032 [-0.103 - 0.024] -0.837 0.222 0.554 <0.001 941
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.039 0.032 [-0.102 - 0.025] -0.390 0.235 0.561 <0.001 941
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.033 0.032 [-0.096 - 0.031] -0.381 0.315 0.689 <0.001 939
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.032 0.033 [-0.096 - 0.032] -0.385 0.328 0.695 <0.001 939
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.030 0.032 [-0.094 - 0.033] -0.381 0.349 0.697 <0.001 943
Right paracentral lobule -0.028 0.033 [-0.092 - 0.035] -0.322 0.383 0.725 <0.001 942
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.028 0.052 [-0.13 - 0.075] -0.465 0.598 0.881 48.871 938
Left superior parietal cortex -0.021 0.032 [-0.085 - 0.042] -0.208 0.511 0.875 <0.001 939
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.021 0.032 [-0.085 - 0.042] -0.337 0.513 0.875 <0.001 940
Right insula -0.019 0.047 [-0.111 - 0.073] -0.207 0.686 0.905 37.936 939
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.019 0.032 [-0.082 - 0.045] -0.220 0.563 0.881 <0.001 943
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.018 0.039 [-0.093 - 0.058] -0.284 0.647 0.889 17.518 936
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.017 0.033 [-0.081 - 0.046] -0.275 0.593 0.881 <0.001 937
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.017 0.053 [-0.122 - 0.088] -0.183 0.752 0.929 49.606 933
Left fusiform gyrus -0.016 0.058 [-0.129 - 0.098] -0.155 0.786 0.929 57.712 940
Left pars orbitalis -0.015 0.052 [-0.116 - 0.086] -0.221 0.769 0.929 47.894 943
Right cuneus -0.014 0.032 [-0.078 - 0.049] -0.173 0.663 0.893 <0.001 938
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.013 0.053 [-0.117 - 0.091] -0.179 0.801 0.929 50.613 943
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.011 0.033 [-0.075 - 0.053] -0.113 0.735 0.929 <0.001 935
Right temporal pole -0.009 0.033 [-0.073 - 0.056] -0.191 0.792 0.929 <0.001 925
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.008 0.033 [-0.073 - 0.057] -0.095 0.811 0.929 <0.001 906
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.007 0.032 [-0.071 - 0.056] -0.081 0.823 0.929 <0.001 935
Right lingual gyrus -0.005 0.033 [-0.069 - 0.059] -0.060 0.873 0.955 <0.001 935
Right pars orbitalis -0.003 0.033 [-0.066 - 0.061] -0.040 0.932 0.966 <0.001 942
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.003 0.032 [-0.066 - 0.061] -0.049 0.938 0.966 <0.001 938
Right fusiform gyrus -1.45E-05 0.032 [-0.064 - 0.064] -1.41E-04 1.000 1.000 <0.001 942
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.002 0.039 [-0.075 - 0.079] 0.030 0.960 0.974 19.802 941
Left entorhinal cortex 0.003 0.033 [-0.061 - 0.068] 0.073 0.924 0.966 <0.001 921
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.008 0.033 [-0.056 - 0.073] 0.098 0.802 0.929 <0.001 922
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.010 0.112 [-0.209 - 0.228] 0.237 0.932 0.966 90.246 941
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.010 0.060 [-0.106 - 0.127] 0.162 0.861 0.955 59.489 930
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.024 0.050 [-0.074 - 0.123] 0.280 0.628 0.881 45.096 940
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.026 0.051 [-0.075 - 0.126] 0.572 0.617 0.881 46.933 941
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.030 0.053 [-0.074 - 0.135] 0.441 0.572 0.881 49.138 915
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.031 0.033 [-0.033 - 0.095] 0.348 0.341 0.697 <0.001 930
Right entorhinal cortex 0.037 0.033 [-0.028 - 0.101] 0.870 0.267 0.603 <0.001 917
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.038 0.033 [-0.026 - 0.102] 0.868 0.241 0.561 <0.001 941
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.040 0.072 [-0.102 - 0.181] 0.578 0.584 0.881 73.146 939
Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.042 0.086 [-0.127 - 0.21] 0.908 0.629 0.881 82.082 939
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.047 0.094 [-0.138 - 0.232] 0.659 0.619 0.881 85.451 937
Left temporal pole 0.056 0.066 [-0.074 - 0.185] 1.131 0.398 0.733 66.592 925
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.101 0.076 [-0.048 - 0.25] 2.060 0.184 0.540 76.805 941
Left cuneus 0.122 0.137 [-0.146 - 0.391] 1.523 0.371 0.721 96.204 939a Included Samples: CLING, Houston, Sexpect, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Stanford.BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory.
Adult meta-analyses results for surface area
Supplementary Table S19: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(MDD vs CTL)
Left pars triangularis -0.063 0.030 [-0.121 - -0.004] -0.381 0.037 0.870 <0.001 7634 1894
Left frontal pole -0.049 0.030 [-0.108 - 0.009] -0.520 0.100 0.920 <0.001 7657 1900
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.040 0.030 [-0.099 - 0.019] -0.437 0.184 0.920 <0.001 7606 1881
Right fusiform gyrus -0.034 0.041 [-0.114 - 0.045] -0.168 0.395 0.920 29.984 7523 1860
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.034 0.051 [-0.134 - 0.067] -0.199 0.513 0.920 52.691 7526 1802
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.024 0.050 [-0.121 - 0.073] -0.136 0.629 0.920 51.660 7584 1877
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.024 0.043 [-0.109 - 0.061] -0.175 0.582 0.920 34.538 7487 1748
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.021 0.044 [-0.107 - 0.064] -0.171 0.625 0.920 38.876 7656 1901
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.017 0.048 [-0.11 - 0.077] -0.210 0.725 0.920 47.899 7592 1879
Left pars opercularis -0.015 0.030 [-0.074 - 0.044] -0.071 0.620 0.920 <0.001 7619 1889
Right pars triangularis -0.012 0.030 [-0.071 - 0.047] -0.071 0.684 0.920 <0.001 7622 1892
Right pars opercularis -0.011 0.046 [-0.102 - 0.079] -0.057 0.806 0.920 45.081 7619 1886
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.008 0.062 [-0.13 - 0.113] -0.059 0.893 0.920 69.732 7654 1895
Right superior parietal cortex -0.008 0.037 [-0.081 - 0.065] -0.039 0.833 0.920 21.080 7610 1873
Left cuneus -0.007 0.030 [-0.066 - 0.052] -0.043 0.818 0.920 <0.001 7626 1889
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.005 0.030 [-0.065 - 0.054] -0.031 0.859 0.920 <0.001 7587 1876
Right insula -0.004 0.051 [-0.103 - 0.095] -0.022 0.936 0.949 53.499 7641 1889
Left pars orbitalis -0.002 0.05 [-0.103 - 0.098] -0.016 0.965 0.965 55.122 7647 1899
1
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.004 0.030 [-0.055 - 0.064] 0.022 0.890 0.920 <0.001 7569 1855
Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.005 0.030 [-0.054 - 0.064] 0.025 0.876 0.920 <0.001 7634 1885
Right precuneus 0.006 0.034 [-0.061 - 0.072] 0.028 0.870 0.920 11.029 7635 1894
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.006 0.030 [-0.053 - 0.064] 0.035 0.851 0.920 <0.001 7645 1896
Left postcentral gyrus 0.006 0.035 [-0.063 - 0.075] 0.034 0.862 0.920 14.485 7571 1866
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.007 0.034 [-0.059 - 0.073] 0.050 0.837 0.920 10.451 7650 1897
Right hemisphere total surface area 0.007 0.042 [-0.075 - 0.09] 0.078 0.860 0.920 35.531 7658 1902
Left entorhinal cortex 0.008 0.043 [-0.077 - 0.093] 0.090 0.856 0.920 36.689 7434 1821
Right precentral gyrus 0.009 0.057 [-0.103 - 0.121] 0.053 0.875 0.920 63.917 7589 1880
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.009 0.030 [-0.05 - 0.068] 0.048 0.761 0.920 <0.001 7620 1889
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.010 0.031 [-0.051 - 0.07] 0.070 0.751 0.920 1.282 7569 1815
Left precuneus 0.011 0.043 [-0.073 - 0.095] 0.052 0.798 0.920 36.862 7636 1892
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.011 0.050 [-0.088 - 0.11] 0.067 0.827 0.920 50.102 7510 1787
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.011 0.030 [-0.048 - 0.07] 0.126 0.707 0.920 <0.001 7615 1883
Left fusiform gyrus 0.012 0.030 [-0.047 - 0.072] 0.060 0.688 0.920 <0.001 7503 1862
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.013 0.056 [-0.097 - 0.123] 0.104 0.815 0.920 62.951 7654 1899
Left insula 0.014 0.049 [-0.082 - 0.109] 0.071 0.782 0.920 50.651 7634 1896
Right paracentral lobule 0.014 0.034 [-0.052 - 0.081] 0.080 0.676 0.920 10.905 7593 1881
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.016 0.055 [-0.092 - 0.123] 0.090 0.776 0.920 60.795 7633 1892
Right lingual gyrus 0.016 0.063 [-0.107 - 0.138] 0.092 0.799 0.920 70.312 7649 1897
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.016 0.061 [-0.104 - 0.137] 0.110 0.789 0.920 69.174 7648 1898
Left superior parietal cortex 0.017 0.030 [-0.042 - 0.076] 0.083 0.575 0.920 <0.001 7592 1877
Left paracentral lobule 0.018 0.06 [-0.115 - 0.151] 0.104 0.788 0.920 74.869 7547 1865
8
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.021 0.030 [-0.038 - 0.08] 0.242 0.480 0.920 <0.001 7590 1883
Right postcentral gyrus 0.022 0.030 [-0.037 - 0.082] 0.126 0.460 0.920 <0.001 7596 1874
Right pars orbitalis 0.022 0.041 [-0.059 - 0.104] 0.161 0.589 0.920 33.355 7650 1897
Right frontal pole 0.024 0.044 [-0.062 - 0.111] 0.254 0.579 0.920 39.785 7652 1900
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.025 0.030 [-0.033 - 0.084] 0.123 0.397 0.920 <0.001 7634 1897
Left hemisphere total surface area 0.026 0.044 [-0.06 - 0.111] 0.266 0.560 0.920 39.531 7658 1902
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.026 0.054 [-0.08 - 0.132] 0.153 0.631 0.920 60.082 7654 1902
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.027 0.030 [-0.032 - 0.086] 0.227 0.369 0.920 <0.001 7606 1883
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.027 0.030 [-0.032 - 0.086] 0.151 0.370 0.920 <0.001 7593 1867
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.028 0.030 [-0.032 - 0.087] 0.134 0.361 0.920 <0.001 7589 1877
Left lingual gyrus 0.028 0.059 [-0.087 - 0.144] 0.163 0.632 0.920 66.292 7640 1894
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.029 0.062 [-0.092 - 0.15] 0.173 0.640 0.920 67.516 7547 1805
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.029 0.030 [-0.03 - 0.088] 0.297 0.333 0.920 <0.001 7595 1877
Left precentral gyrus 0.034 0.072 [-0.106 - 0.175] 0.197 0.631 0.920 77.695 7587 1878
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.035 0.059 [-0.08 - 0.15] 0.270 0.552 0.920 65.276 7554 1869
Right entorhinal cortex 0.036 0.031 [-0.024 - 0.097] 0.433 0.240 0.920 <0.001 7409 1796
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.040 0.043 [-0.044 - 0.123] 0.214 0.350 0.920 34.285 7512 1835
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.040 0.030 [-0.019 - 0.1] 0.391 0.186 0.920 <0.001 7540 1861
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.040 0.047 [-0.052 - 0.133] 0.321 0.393 0.920 47.534 7642 1896
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.041 0.036 [-0.03 - 0.113] 0.250 0.253 0.920 18.652 7655 1901
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.045 0.053 [-0.058 - 0.148] 0.231 0.389 0.920 57.053 7605 1885
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.046 0.044 [-0.04 - 0.133] 0.258 0.294 0.920 38.790 7623 1869
Right temporal pole 0.051 0.05 [-0.051 - 0.153] 0.561 0.327 0.920 55.319 7574 1856
2
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.052 0.030 [-0.008 - 0.111] 0.261 0.088 0.920 <0.001 7555 1879
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.054 0.030 [-0.005 - 0.113] 0.262 0.072 0.920 <0.001 7636 1890
Right cuneus 0.058 0.036 [-0.013 - 0.13] 0.359 0.107 0.920 18.350 7634 1891
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.063 0.058 [-0.052 - 0.177] 0.482 0.283 0.920 65.722 7641 1893
Left temporal pole 0.066 0.030 [0.007 - 0.125] 0.665 0.029 0.870 <0.001 7620 1868
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.067 0.030 [0.008 - 0.126] 0.391 0.026 0.870 <0.001 7642 1897
MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S20: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for the Diagnosis by Sex interaction controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a Std.
Err. 95% CI % Difference P-value FDR P-
value I2 # Controls
# Patients(Dx by
Sex)Left fusiform gyrus -0.085 0.030 [-0.145 - -0.026] -0.420 0.005 0.349 <0.001 7503 1862
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.078 0.034 [-0.145 - -0.012] -0.413 0.021 0.448 11.290 7620 1889
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.073 0.033 [-0.138 - -0.007] -0.438 0.029 0.448 9.722 7655 1901
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.072 0.044 [-0.158 - 0.013] -0.902 0.096 0.448 38.204 7592 1879
Right precentral gyrus -0.070 0.039 [-0.146 - 0.006] -0.417 0.071 0.448 25.696 7589 1880
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.068 0.035 [-0.137 - 0.001] -0.405 0.053 0.448 13.071 7526 1802
Right fusiform gyrus -0.066 0.040 [-0.145 - 0.013] -0.324 0.100 0.448 29.514 7523 1860
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.066 0.030 [-0.125 - -0.007] -0.520 0.029 0.448 0.014 7642 1896
Left frontal pole -0.062 0.030 [-0.121 - -0.004] -0.658 0.037 0.448 <0.001 7657 1900
Left pars orbitalis -0.060 0.030 [-0.119 - -0.002] -0.442 0.044 0.448 <0.001 7647 1899
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.059 0.031 [-0.12 - 0.002] -0.319 0.060 0.448 3.147 7634 1885
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.057 0.034 [-0.123 - 0.009] -0.334 0.088 0.448 10.239 7642 1897
Right precuneus -0.055 0.040 [-0.133 - 0.023] -0.273 0.166 0.464 28.281 7635 1894
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.053 0.030 [-0.113 - 0.006] -0.298 0.077 0.448 <0.001 7623 1869
Right postcentral gyrus -0.052 0.033 [-0.117 - 0.013] -0.296 0.115 0.448 8.643 7596 1874
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.052 0.033 [-0.116 - 0.013] -0.288 0.115 0.448 7.173 7593 1867
Right frontal pole -0.052 0.036 [-0.122 - 0.019] -0.538 0.150 0.464 17.042 7652 1900
Left superior parietal cortex -0.051 0.030 [-0.11 - 0.008] -0.249 0.093 0.448 <0.001 7592 1877
Left insula -0.049 0.030 [-0.108 - 0.009] -0.258 0.100 0.448 0.002 7634 1896
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.048 0.039 [-0.125 - 0.028] -0.234 0.215 0.508 26.456 7634 1897
Left postcentral gyrus -0.048 0.030 [-0.108 - 0.011] -0.266 0.112 0.448 <0.001 7571 1866
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.047 0.033 [-0.111 - 0.017] -0.459 0.149 0.464 6.694 7540 1861
Right pars opercularis -0.046 0.030 [-0.105 - 0.013] -0.233 0.124 0.456 0.005 7619 1886
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.046 0.033 [-0.11 - 0.018] -0.467 0.161 0.464 7.633 7595 1877
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.046 0.043 [-0.131 - 0.04] -0.334 0.294 0.599 34.862 7487 1748
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.045 0.030 [-0.104 - 0.014] -0.217 0.135 0.464 <0.001 7636 1890
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.043 0.030 [-0.103 - 0.016] -0.309 0.154 0.464 <0.001 7569 1815
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.042 0.032 [-0.105 - 0.021] -0.253 0.187 0.503 3.723 7547 1805
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.042 0.034 [-0.109 - 0.025] -0.215 0.218 0.508 12.230 7605 1885
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.042 0.040 [-0.121 - 0.038] -0.453 0.304 0.599 30.262 7606 1881
Left precentral gyrus -0.041 0.033 [-0.106 - 0.024] -0.236 0.215 0.508 8.786 7587 1878
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.040 0.039 [-0.117 - 0.037] -0.230 0.310 0.599 27.373 7633 1892
Right pars orbitalis -0.037 0.030 [-0.096 - 0.022] -0.267 0.217 0.508 0.019 7650 1897
Right insula -0.037 0.036 [-0.108 - 0.034] -0.201 0.308 0.599 18.109 7641 1889
Left hemisphere total surface area -0.037 0.040 [-0.115 - 0.041] -0.381 0.358 0.642 28.999 7658 1902
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.035 0.035 [-0.103 - 0.033] -0.176 0.317 0.599 13.727 7555 1879
Right superior parietal cortex -0.035 0.030 [-0.094 - 0.025] -0.173 0.253 0.568 <0.001 7610 1873
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.034 0.040 [-0.113 - 0.045] -0.266 0.396 0.675 29.591 7554 1869
Right hemisphere total surface area -0.034 0.030 [-0.093 - 0.025] -0.352 0.260 0.568 <0.001 7658 1902
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.032 0.038 [-0.106 - 0.042] -0.269 0.395 0.675 22.117 7606 1883
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.029 0.051 [-0.13 - 0.071] -0.179 0.566 0.766 51.568 7510 1787
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.028 0.030 [-0.087 - 0.03] -0.218 0.345 0.635 <0.001 7641 1893
Left precuneus -0.027 0.047 [-0.119 - 0.065] -0.127 0.569 0.766 46.340 7636 1892
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.025 0.037 [-0.097 - 0.047] -0.128 0.499 0.766 19.277 7569 1855
Left paracentral lobule -0.024 0.030 [-0.084 - 0.035] -0.138 0.423 0.705 0.001 7547 1865
Left pars triangularis -0.024 0.040 [-0.102 - 0.054] -0.145 0.549 0.766 28.390 7634 1894
Left entorhinal cortex -0.023 0.043 [-0.106 - 0.061] -0.262 0.593 0.783 34.449 7434 1821
Right lingual gyrus -0.023 0.030 [-0.082 - 0.036] -0.132 0.450 0.732 0.009 7649 1897
Right temporal pole -0.020 0.030 [-0.079 - 0.04] -0.217 0.515 0.766 <0.001 7574 1856
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.019 0.042 [-0.103 - 0.064] -0.095 0.646 0.822 35.532 7589 1877
Left temporal pole -0.019 0.030 [-0.078 - 0.04] -0.193 0.527 0.766 <0.001 7620 1868
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.019 0.032 [-0.082 - 0.044] -0.108 0.552 0.766 5.317 7587 1876
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.018 0.030 [-0.076 - 0.041] -0.139 0.557 0.766 <0.001 7654 1899
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.016 0.031 [-0.077 - 0.045] -0.125 0.618 0.802 3.279 7656 1901
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.014 0.038 [-0.088 - 0.061] -0.079 0.713 0.857 23.264 7584 1877
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.014 0.038 [-0.089 - 0.062] -0.080 0.722 0.857 25.012 7654 1902
Right paracentral lobule -0.013 0.046 [-0.103 - 0.077] -0.075 0.773 0.901 44.176 7593 1881
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.012 0.030 [-0.071 - 0.047] -0.078 0.696 0.855 <0.001 7648 1898
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.008 0.046 [-0.098 - 0.081] -0.095 0.854 0.949 43.323 7590 1883
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.006 0.030 [-0.065 - 0.052] -0.041 0.829 0.939 <0.001 7645 1896
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.006 0.030 [-0.065 - 0.053] -0.071 0.832 0.939 <0.001 7615 1883
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.005 0.049 [-0.101 - 0.092] -0.025 0.925 0.977 49.744 7512 1835
Right cuneus -0.003 0.032 [-0.066 - 0.061] -0.016 0.935 0.977 6.364 7634 1891
Left cuneus 0.000 0.032 [-0.064 - 0.063] -0.002 0.993 0.999 6.325 7626 1889
Left pars opercularis 8.23E-05 0.053 [-0.105 - 0.105] 3.92E-04 0.999 0.999 58.475 7619 1889
Right pars triangularis 0.002 0.039 [-0.075 - 0.079] 0.012 0.956 0.984 27.352 7622 1892
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.004 0.043 [-0.081 - 0.089] 0.031 0.920 0.977 37.986 7654 1895
Right entorhinal cortex 0.005 0.046 [-0.086 - 0.096] 0.060 0.913 0.977 43.377 7409 1796
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.015 0.038 [-0.059 - 0.089] 0.112 0.685 0.855 23.073 7650 1897
Left lingual gyrus 0.029 0.043 [-0.056 - 0.113] 0.167 0.503 0.766 37.692 7640 1894Dx: Diagnosis.
Supplementary Table S21: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for the Diagnosis by Age interaction controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(Dx by Age)Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.065 0.047 [-0.157 - 0.027] -0.340 0.169 0.309 46.393 7620 1889
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.009 0.033 [-0.073 - 0.056] -0.044 0.795 0.884 8.124 7605 1885
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.007 0.038 [-0.081 - 0.067] -0.041 0.855 0.892 20.152 7547 1805
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -9.32E-04 0.091 [-0.179 - 0.177] -0.007 0.992 0.992 85.658 7487 1748
Left paracentral lobule 0.001 0.043 [-0.084 - 0.086] 0.006 0.980 0.992 37.916 7547 1865
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.005 0.032 [-0.057 - 0.068] 0.038 0.866 0.892 3.557 7569 1815
Left pars triangularis 0.006 0.030 [-0.053 - 0.065] 0.035 0.849 0.892 <0.001 7634 1894
Right temporal pole 0.008 0.044 [-0.078 - 0.094] 0.089 0.854 0.892 38.526 7574 1856
Right frontal pole 0.009 0.048 [-0.084 - 0.103] 0.098 0.844 0.892 48.463 7652 1900
Right entorhinal cortex 0.010 0.031 [-0.05 - 0.071] 0.125 0.735 0.844 <0.001 7409 1796
Left temporal pole 0.014 0.044 [-0.073 - 0.101] 0.138 0.758 0.855 39.643 7620 1868
Left entorhinal cortex 0.015 0.031 [-0.045 - 0.075] 0.171 0.630 0.735 <0.001 7434 1821
Left pars orbitalis 0.016 0.030 [-0.043 - 0.074] 0.114 0.604 0.721 <0.001 7647 1899
Right fusiform gyrus 0.017 0.030 [-0.043 - 0.077] 0.083 0.578 0.710 <0.001 7523 1860
Left pars opercularis 0.022 0.031 [-0.039 - 0.083] 0.103 0.489 0.646 2.956 7619 1889
Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.022 0.030 [-0.037 - 0.081] 0.240 0.465 0.626 <0.001 7606 1881
Right paracentral lobule 0.023 0.030 [-0.036 - 0.082] 0.129 0.451 0.619 <0.001 7593 1881
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.023 0.037 [-0.049 - 0.095] 0.144 0.533 0.677 20.617 7645 1896
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.024 0.030 [-0.034 - 0.083] 0.147 0.416 0.595 <0.001 7655 1901
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.027 0.030 [-0.032 - 0.086] 0.334 0.374 0.587 <0.001 7592 1879
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.030 0.058 [-0.083 - 0.142] 0.229 0.608 0.721 63.959 7554 1869
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.033 0.042 [-0.05 - 0.116] 0.262 0.431 0.604 35.544 7654 1899
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.034 0.056 [-0.076 - 0.145] 0.210 0.541 0.677 60.078 7510 1787
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.037 0.046 [-0.053 - 0.127] 0.379 0.416 0.595 43.726 7595 1877
Left superior parietal cortex 0.039 0.030 [-0.021 - 0.098] 0.189 0.202 0.354 <0.001 7592 1877
Right precentral gyrus 0.041 0.066 [-0.088 - 0.17] 0.244 0.535 0.677 73.352 7589 1880
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.041 0.030 [-0.018 - 0.1] 0.330 0.172 0.309 <0.001 7656 1901
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.043 0.052 [-0.06 - 0.145] 0.474 0.416 0.595 56.522 7615 1883
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.043 0.050 [-0.056 - 0.142] 0.210 0.392 0.595 53.285 7589 1877
Right precuneus 0.045 0.042 [-0.037 - 0.128] 0.226 0.280 0.467 34.725 7635 1894
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.048 0.031 [-0.014 - 0.11] 0.379 0.128 0.280 4.146 7642 1896
Right insula 0.048 0.042 [-0.034 - 0.13] 0.263 0.249 0.425 34.164 7641 1889
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.049 0.030 [-0.01 - 0.108] 0.412 0.104 0.262 <0.001 7606 1883
Left insula 0.050 0.030 [-0.009 - 0.109] 0.259 0.098 0.262 <0.001 7634 1896
Right pars opercularis 0.050 0.030 [-0.009 - 0.109] 0.253 0.094 0.262 <0.001 7619 1886
Left frontal pole 0.051 0.032 [-0.012 - 0.114] 0.539 0.112 0.270 6.456 7657 1900
Left precuneus 0.054 0.030 [-0.005 - 0.113] 0.258 0.072 0.241 <0.001 7636 1892
Right superior parietal cortex 0.055 0.030 [-0.004 - 0.114] 0.275 0.068 0.241 <0.001 7610 1873
Left fusiform gyrus 0.056 0.038 [-0.018 - 0.131] 0.277 0.139 0.296 23.009 7503 1862
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.058 0.057 [-0.055 - 0.17] 0.292 0.313 0.510 63.951 7555 1879
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.058 0.066 [-0.071 - 0.187] 0.280 0.378 0.587 73.300 7636 1890
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.058 0.030 [-0.001 - 0.117] 0.448 0.052 0.229 <0.001 7641 1893
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.061 0.030 [0.002 - 0.12] 0.357 0.042 0.217 <0.001 7642 1897
Left cuneus 0.062 0.030 [0.003 - 0.121] 0.382 0.040 0.217 <0.001 7626 1889
Right hemisphere total surface area 0.063 0.044 [-0.024 - 0.15] 0.655 0.156 0.309 40.771 7658 1902
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.063 0.030 [0.004 - 0.123] 0.616 0.037 0.217 <0.001 7540 1861
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.064 0.030 [0.006 - 0.123] 0.378 0.032 0.217 <0.001 7654 1902
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.065 0.031 [0.005 - 0.125] 0.348 0.035 0.217 <0.001 7512 1835
Right pars orbitalis 0.067 0.030 [0.008 - 0.126] 0.481 0.026 0.217 <0.001 7650 1897
Right inferior parietal cortex 0.068 0.044 [-0.018 - 0.154] 0.384 0.123 0.280 39.357 7584 1877
Right lingual gyrus 0.068 0.030 [0.009 - 0.127] 0.394 0.023 0.217 <0.001 7649 1897
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.069 0.050 [-0.029 - 0.167] 0.461 0.168 0.309 52.808 7648 1898
Left postcentral gyrus 0.070 0.041 [-0.01 - 0.151] 0.388 0.086 0.257 31.476 7571 1866
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.071 0.036 [0.001 - 0.142] 0.398 0.048 0.223 17.274 7593 1867
Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.072 0.047 [-0.021 - 0.165] 0.391 0.128 0.280 47.090 7634 1885
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.072 0.031 [0.011 - 0.133] 0.372 0.020 0.217 2.336 7569 1855
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.072 0.041 [-0.009 - 0.153] 0.351 0.080 0.253 32.899 7634 1897
Right postcentral gyrus 0.074 0.046 [-0.015 - 0.164] 0.421 0.105 0.262 43.792 7596 1874
Left lingual gyrus 0.075 0.030 [0.016 - 0.134] 0.433 0.013 0.179 <0.001 7640 1894
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.075 0.030 [0.016 - 0.134] 0.529 0.012 0.179 <0.001 7654 1895
Right pars triangularis 0.076 0.040 [-0.002 - 0.153] 0.436 0.057 0.234 28.223 7622 1892
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.076 0.044 [-0.011 - 0.163] 0.450 0.088 0.257 38.212 7526 1802
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.077 0.056 [-0.033 - 0.186] 0.870 0.172 0.309 62.390 7590 1883
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.080 0.058 [-0.034 - 0.195] 0.447 0.170 0.309 64.717 7623 1869
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.083 0.030 [0.024 - 0.141] 0.602 0.006 0.138 <0.001 7650 1897
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.083 0.030 [0.024 - 0.142] 0.477 0.006 0.138 <0.001 7633 1892
Left hemisphere total surface area 0.086 0.043 [0.003 - 0.169] 0.893 0.043 0.217 36.300 7658 1902
Left precentral gyrus 0.087 0.048 [-0.007 - 0.18] 0.496 0.069 0.241 47.666 7587 1878
Right cuneus 0.097 0.053 [-0.007 - 0.2] 0.593 0.069 0.241 57.768 7634 1891
Left inferior parietal cortex 0.117 0.038 [0.042 - 0.192] 0.664 0.002 0.138 24.261 7587 1876Dx: Diagnosis.
Supplementary Table S22: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for first episode MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI % Difference P-value FDR P-
value I2 # Controls
# Patients(First episode
MDD vs CTL)Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.085 0.060 [-0.203 - 0.034] -0.680 0.162 0.986 26.284 7251 535
Left pars triangularis -0.068 0.079 [-0.223 - 0.086] -0.416 0.386 0.986 54.161 7230 534
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.065 0.070 [-0.202 - 0.073] -0.705 0.357 0.986 42.460 7203 529
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.056 0.048 [-0.15 - 0.039] -0.391 0.249 0.986 <0.001 7249 534
Right precuneus -0.051 0.078 [-0.203 - 0.101] -0.252 0.513 0.986 52.547 7233 532
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.050 0.094 [-0.234 - 0.134] -0.255 0.597 0.986 67.175 7185 521
Right pericalcarine cortex -0.041 0.048 [-0.136 - 0.054] -0.299 0.395 0.986 <0.001 7249 534
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.040 0.048 [-0.135 - 0.055] -0.250 0.409 0.986 <0.001 7243 533
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.040 0.093 [-0.223 - 0.144] -0.311 0.672 0.986 67.471 7251 534
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.039 0.049 [-0.134 - 0.056] -0.447 0.417 0.986 <0.001 7186 529
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.038 0.059 [-0.155 - 0.078] -0.282 0.517 0.986 20.316 7115 497
Left lingual gyrus -0.036 0.049 [-0.132 - 0.06] -0.209 0.460 0.986 1.191 7236 530
Right lingual gyrus -0.035 0.048 [-0.129 - 0.06] -0.201 0.473 0.986 <0.001 7247 534
Right superior parietal cortex -0.033 0.071 [-0.173 - 0.106] -0.167 0.638 0.986 43.951 7206 529
Left pars opercularis -0.033 0.086 [-0.201 - 0.135] -0.157 0.700 0.986 60.790 7217 529
Right pars triangularis -0.023 0.053 [-0.127 - 0.081] -0.134 0.661 0.986 10.546 7221 530
Left paracentral lobule -0.020 0.091 [-0.197 - 0.158] -0.112 0.829 0.986 64.572 7143 517
Left precuneus -0.019 0.065 [-0.146 - 0.108] -0.090 0.771 0.986 33.901 7231 533
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.018 0.067 [-0.149 - 0.112] -0.108 0.784 0.986 34.849 7148 513
Left superior parietal cortex -0.017 0.072 [-0.158 - 0.124] -0.084 0.811 0.986 44.716 7188 528
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.017 0.050 [-0.115 - 0.081] -0.190 0.733 0.986 3.349 7212 528
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.009 0.082 [-0.17 - 0.152] -0.048 0.913 0.986 56.457 7136 515
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.009 0.048 [-0.104 - 0.086] -0.051 0.856 0.986 <0.001 7230 530
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.008 0.121 [-0.245 - 0.229] -0.067 0.947 0.986 81.015 7215 529
Right pars opercularis -0.007 0.071 [-0.146 - 0.133] -0.033 0.926 0.986 43.941 7218 528
Right paracentral lobule -0.006 0.049 [-0.101 - 0.089] -0.034 0.901 0.986 <0.001 7190 526
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.004 0.099 [-0.199 - 0.191] -0.025 0.967 0.986 71.487 7250 535
Right fusiform gyrus -0.004 0.055 [-0.111 - 0.103] -0.020 0.940 0.986 12.624 7124 517
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -1.85E-04 0.058 [-0.115 - 0.114] -0.002 0.997 0.997 20.711 7136 518
Left frontal pole 0.002 0.048 [-0.093 - 0.096] 0.018 0.972 0.986 <0.001 7252 535
Left cuneus 0.002 0.054 [-0.103 - 0.108] 0.014 0.966 0.986 12.228 7225 530
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.005 0.056 [-0.105 - 0.115] 0.036 0.933 0.986 17.584 7237 534
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.006 0.083 [-0.156 - 0.168] 0.044 0.945 0.986 57.556 7168 522
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.008 0.088 [-0.165 - 0.181] 0.042 0.926 0.986 63.071 7201 528
Right frontal pole 0.011 0.067 [-0.12 - 0.143] 0.119 0.865 0.986 38.380 7249 535
Right insula 0.013 0.062 [-0.108 - 0.134] 0.069 0.837 0.986 28.508 7243 533
Right hemisphere total surface area 0.014 0.082 [-0.148 - 0.175] 0.142 0.869 0.986 57.865 7253 535
Left inferior parietal cortex 0.014 0.057 [-0.098 - 0.126] 0.080 0.806 0.986 18.216 7187 524
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.014 0.049 [-0.081 - 0.109] 0.143 0.771 0.986 <0.001 7194 526
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.015 0.097 [-0.174 - 0.204] 0.092 0.876 0.986 68.574 7162 513
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.018 0.102 [-0.182 - 0.217] 0.105 0.864 0.986 72.073 7195 516
Left hemisphere total surface area 0.020 0.078 [-0.133 - 0.174] 0.213 0.794 0.986 53.511 7253 535
Left entorhinal cortex 0.021 0.049 [-0.076 - 0.117] 0.236 0.677 0.986 <0.001 7079 514
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.021 0.082 [-0.139 - 0.182] 0.128 0.795 0.986 57.417 7250 534
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.022 0.083 [-0.141 - 0.185] 0.146 0.793 0.986 58.681 7243 533
Right temporal pole 0.024 0.068 [-0.11 - 0.157] 0.261 0.728 0.986 39.282 7182 527
Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.025 0.058 [-0.088 - 0.138] 0.137 0.662 0.986 20.684 7242 534
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.026 0.089 [-0.148 - 0.199] 0.143 0.772 0.986 63.277 7197 527
Right precentral gyrus 0.026 0.075 [-0.12 - 0.173] 0.155 0.727 0.986 48.804 7188 530
Right cuneus 0.030 0.048 [-0.065 - 0.125] 0.182 0.540 0.986 <0.001 7232 531
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.030 0.074 [-0.115 - 0.176] 0.215 0.684 0.986 47.065 7179 514
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.033 0.090 [-0.143 - 0.209] 0.159 0.714 0.986 64.158 7184 523
Left insula 0.034 0.062 [-0.087 - 0.156] 0.180 0.579 0.986 29.205 7235 534
Right entorhinal cortex 0.035 0.051 [-0.064 - 0.134] 0.415 0.491 0.986 2.243 7051 506
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.035 0.063 [-0.089 - 0.159] 0.186 0.577 0.986 31.116 7215 529
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.037 0.068 [-0.095 - 0.17] 0.181 0.579 0.986 38.583 7232 533
Left postcentral gyrus 0.041 0.083 [-0.122 - 0.203] 0.224 0.624 0.986 57.944 7168 523
Right pars orbitalis 0.042 0.081 [-0.117 - 0.2] 0.300 0.606 0.986 56.281 7247 534
Right postcentral gyrus 0.043 0.071 [-0.096 - 0.183] 0.246 0.541 0.986 43.768 7193 531
Left fusiform gyrus 0.047 0.056 [-0.063 - 0.158] 0.233 0.399 0.986 16.117 7107 518
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.048 0.048 [-0.046 - 0.143] 0.383 0.316 0.986 <0.001 7242 535
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.051 0.049 [-0.044 - 0.146] 0.632 0.296 0.986 <0.001 7195 530
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.053 0.068 [-0.08 - 0.186] 0.311 0.433 0.986 38.879 7237 533
Right inferior parietal cortex 0.060 0.069 [-0.076 - 0.196] 0.342 0.384 0.986 40.883 7182 526
Left pars orbitalis 0.060 0.069 [-0.074 - 0.195] 0.441 0.380 0.986 40.674 7243 535
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.061 0.052 [-0.041 - 0.163] 0.292 0.245 0.986 8.219 7231 530
Left precentral gyrus 0.066 0.071 [-0.074 - 0.206] 0.380 0.354 0.986 44.115 7188 525
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.070 0.061 [-0.05 - 0.189] 0.352 0.253 0.986 26.412 7150 526
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.073 0.065 [-0.055 - 0.2] 0.407 0.263 0.986 34.336 7241 532
Left temporal pole 0.090 0.048 [-0.005 - 0.185] 0.907 0.064 0.986 <0.001 7232 530a Included Samples: CLING, Imaging Genetics Dublin, Clinical Depression Dublin, Houston, MMDP 3T, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, DepOx, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Sydney, QTIM, Rotterdam study.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S23: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for recurrent episode MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(Recurrent MDD vs CTL)
Left frontal pole -0.058 0.035 [-0.126 - 0.011] -0.609 0.098 0.516 <0.001 7449 1300
Left pars triangularis -0.047 0.035 [-0.115 - 0.022] -0.284 0.182 0.631 <0.001 7426 1295
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.043 0.056 [-0.153 - 0.067] -0.315 0.444 0.797 46.656 7292 1189
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.036 0.035 [-0.105 - 0.033] -0.391 0.307 0.716 <0.001 7398 1287
Right fusiform gyrus -0.035 0.038 [-0.109 - 0.04] -0.169 0.363 0.725 7.016 7316 1278
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.024 0.053 [-0.129 - 0.08] -0.305 0.647 0.888 44.457 7385 1284
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.010 0.059 [-0.125 - 0.105] -0.078 0.868 0.951 54.272 7448 1301
Right insula -0.009 0.058 [-0.123 - 0.106] -0.047 0.883 0.951 53.288 7433 1293
Left entorhinal cortex -0.009 0.058 [-0.122 - 0.105] -0.098 0.883 0.951 51.902 7237 1249
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.008 0.057 [-0.121 - 0.104] -0.059 0.884 0.951 51.728 7446 1296
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.007 0.035 [-0.075 - 0.062] -0.034 0.852 0.951 <0.001 7412 1295
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.004 0.035 [-0.073 - 0.065] -0.023 0.910 0.951 <0.001 7379 1287
Right pars triangularis -0.003 0.045 [-0.092 - 0.086] -0.017 0.949 0.977 26.851 7414 1297
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.002 0.045 [-0.09 - 0.086] -0.010 0.967 0.981 25.759 7376 1286
Left pars opercularis -0.001 0.035 [-0.069 - 0.068] -0.004 0.982 0.982 <0.001 7412 1295
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.004 0.036 [-0.066 - 0.074] 0.030 0.907 0.951 <0.001 7364 1238
Right pars opercularis 0.005 0.035 [-0.064 - 0.073] 0.024 0.893 0.951 <0.001 7411 1293
Right superior parietal cortex 0.006 0.036 [-0.064 - 0.077] 0.031 0.861 0.951 1.840 7402 1279
Left fusiform gyrus 0.007 0.035 [-0.062 - 0.077] 0.035 0.838 0.951 <0.001 7296 1279
Left cuneus 0.009 0.035 [-0.059 - 0.078] 0.057 0.792 0.951 <0.001 7418 1296
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.010 0.045 [-0.079 - 0.099] 0.050 0.830 0.951 26.053 7369 1273
Left pars orbitalis 0.010 0.052 [-0.093 - 0.113] 0.075 0.846 0.951 43.113 7439 1299
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.015 0.039 [-0.061 - 0.091] 0.091 0.695 0.909 7.578 7322 1225
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.018 0.047 [-0.074 - 0.11] 0.113 0.701 0.909 30.639 7437 1298
Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.019 0.035 [-0.05 - 0.087] 0.101 0.596 0.852 <0.001 7427 1287
Left postcentral gyrus 0.019 0.035 [-0.051 - 0.088] 0.103 0.596 0.852 <0.001 7364 1278
Left precuneus 0.020 0.050 [-0.079 - 0.119] 0.095 0.693 0.909 38.949 7428 1294
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.022 0.035 [-0.046 - 0.091] 0.177 0.520 0.810 <0.001 7446 1300
Right postcentral gyrus 0.023 0.035 [-0.046 - 0.092] 0.129 0.519 0.810 <0.001 7390 1278
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.025 0.035 [-0.044 - 0.093] 0.182 0.475 0.809 <0.001 7442 1299
Right entorhinal cortex 0.025 0.036 [-0.046 - 0.096] 0.299 0.485 0.809 <0.001 7207 1230
Left insula 0.026 0.043 [-0.058 - 0.111] 0.136 0.545 0.829 21.264 7426 1297
Right precentral gyrus 0.028 0.059 [-0.087 - 0.143] 0.166 0.635 0.888 54.004 7383 1285
Right frontal pole 0.031 0.053 [-0.073 - 0.135] 0.322 0.562 0.837 44.587 7444 1300
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.031 0.035 [-0.038 - 0.1] 0.346 0.375 0.730 <0.001 7407 1290
Right precuneus 0.033 0.035 [-0.035 - 0.102] 0.166 0.339 0.719 <0.001 7427 1297
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.034 0.035 [-0.035 - 0.103] 0.284 0.336 0.719 <0.001 7408 1290
Left superior parietal cortex 0.034 0.035 [-0.035 - 0.103] 0.168 0.330 0.719 <0.001 7384 1285
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.036 0.035 [-0.033 - 0.105] 0.176 0.303 0.716 <0.001 7381 1289
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.036 0.050 [-0.061 - 0.134] 0.244 0.463 0.809 37.390 7440 1300
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.036 0.057 [-0.075 - 0.148] 0.289 0.521 0.810 51.039 7434 1297
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.039 0.036 [-0.031 - 0.109] 0.233 0.276 0.689 <0.001 7348 1236
Right hemisphere total surface area 0.040 0.035 [-0.029 - 0.108] 0.416 0.253 0.681 <0.001 7450 1302
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.041 0.036 [-0.029 - 0.112] 0.252 0.252 0.681 <0.001 7316 1215
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.044 0.035 [-0.025 - 0.113] 0.498 0.212 0.645 <0.001 7382 1289
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.045 0.035 [-0.024 - 0.114] 0.253 0.198 0.631 <0.001 7385 1277
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.046 0.035 [-0.023 - 0.114] 0.221 0.192 0.631 <0.001 7427 1299
Right paracentral lobule 0.046 0.035 [-0.023 - 0.115] 0.262 0.189 0.631 <0.001 7385 1290
Right lingual gyrus 0.047 0.035 [-0.021 - 0.116] 0.274 0.176 0.631 <0.001 7441 1298
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.048 0.052 [-0.054 - 0.151] 0.284 0.355 0.725 42.745 7446 1302
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.050 0.035 [-0.019 - 0.119] 0.508 0.154 0.631 <0.001 7387 1286
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.053 0.044 [-0.033 - 0.14] 0.272 0.227 0.661 23.837 7398 1292
Right pars orbitalis 0.056 0.035 [-0.013 - 0.124] 0.402 0.111 0.516 <0.001 7442 1299
Left lingual gyrus 0.058 0.072 [-0.082 - 0.199] 0.337 0.416 0.787 69.734 7432 1299
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.059 0.035 [-0.009 - 0.128] 0.359 0.089 0.516 <0.001 7447 1302
Left hemisphere total surface area 0.060 0.035 [-0.009 - 0.128] 0.622 0.087 0.516 <0.001 7450 1302
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.060 0.035 [-0.009 - 0.129] 0.584 0.089 0.516 <0.001 7332 1279
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.060 0.035 [-0.008 - 0.129] 0.306 0.086 0.516 <0.001 7347 1288
Left precentral gyrus 0.061 0.078 [-0.092 - 0.213] 0.348 0.437 0.797 74.453 7381 1288
Left temporal pole 0.061 0.035 [-0.008 - 0.13] 0.614 0.084 0.516 <0.001 7415 1276
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.064 0.039 [-0.011 - 0.14] 0.360 0.096 0.516 8.832 7415 1274
Right cuneus 0.066 0.035 [-0.003 - 0.134] 0.403 0.061 0.516 <0.001 7426 1296
Left paracentral lobule 0.069 0.043 [-0.016 - 0.154] 0.394 0.111 0.516 21.568 7340 1283
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.074 0.035 [0.005 - 0.142] 0.356 0.035 0.516 <0.001 7428 1295
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.075 0.051 [-0.025 - 0.175] 0.401 0.144 0.630 38.090 7308 1257
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.081 0.073 [-0.061 - 0.223] 0.628 0.264 0.684 70.002 7356 1284
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.085 0.035 [0.017 - 0.154] 0.491 0.015 0.516 <0.001 7425 1297
Right temporal pole 0.094 0.042 [0.011 - 0.177] 1.030 0.027 0.516 18.209 7366 1268
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.108 0.035 [0.039 - 0.176] 0.629 0.002 0.147 <0.001 7434 1299
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.108 0.052 [0.006 - 0.21] 0.832 0.038 0.516 42.251 7434 1294a Included Samples: CODE, CLING, Imaging Genetics Dublin, Clinical Depression Dublin, Houston, Sexpect, MMDP 3T, Melbourne, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, Novosibirsk, DepOx, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Sydney, Stanford, Rotterdam study.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S24: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for first episode MDD versus recurrent episode MDD patients comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI % Difference P-value FDR P-
value I2 # First episode
# Recurrent episode
(First episode MDD vs
Recurrent MDD)Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.116 0.078 [-0.269 - 0.037] -1.443 0.137 0.987 41.006 530 1097
Left frontal pole -0.114 0.091 [-0.292 - 0.064] -1.198 0.210 0.987 55.976 535 1110
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.084 0.083 [-0.246 - 0.079] -0.474 0.314 0.987 47.165 526 1095
Right frontal pole -0.069 0.102 [-0.27 - 0.131] -0.721 0.499 0.987 65.553 535 1109
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.064 0.095 [-0.251 - 0.122] -0.366 0.498 0.987 59.280 524 1100
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.057 0.054 [-0.164 - 0.05] -0.301 0.295 0.987 <0.001 529 1105
Right fusiform gyrus -0.046 0.055 [-0.154 - 0.062] -0.225 0.401 0.987 <0.001 517 1091
Left cuneus -0.045 0.097 [-0.234 - 0.145] -0.276 0.644 0.987 61.100 530 1107
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.043 0.078 [-0.196 - 0.11] -0.339 0.584 0.987 41.491 535 1108
Right postcentral gyrus -0.038 0.098 [-0.231 - 0.154] -0.218 0.694 0.987 61.955 531 1088
Left fusiform gyrus -0.036 0.063 [-0.16 - 0.087] -0.178 0.565 0.987 15.884 518 1092
Right insula -0.032 0.054 [-0.139 - 0.074] -0.175 0.555 0.987 <0.001 533 1107
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.029 0.091 [-0.208 - 0.15] -0.138 0.753 0.987 56.375 530 1104
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.027 0.055 [-0.136 - 0.081] -0.196 0.620 0.987 <0.001 514 1056
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.018 0.055 [-0.125 - 0.089] -0.200 0.737 0.987 <0.001 529 1100
Left entorhinal cortex -0.016 0.069 [-0.15 - 0.119] -0.180 0.821 0.987 26.064 514 1085
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.013 0.090 [-0.19 - 0.164] -0.088 0.884 0.987 55.469 533 1111
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.012 0.078 [-0.166 - 0.141] -0.087 0.874 0.987 41.683 534 1110
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.011 0.054 [-0.118 - 0.096] -0.061 0.840 0.987 <0.001 532 1108
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.010 0.086 [-0.179 - 0.158] -0.051 0.904 0.987 51.226 533 1108
Right cuneus -0.008 0.081 [-0.168 - 0.151] -0.051 0.918 0.987 45.537 531 1110
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.008 0.054 [-0.114 - 0.098] -0.048 0.881 0.987 <0.001 535 1111
Left insula -0.006 0.054 [-0.112 - 0.101] -0.029 0.917 0.987 <0.001 534 1110
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.005 0.093 [-0.187 - 0.178] -0.028 0.960 0.987 57.311 516 1084
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.002 0.109 [-0.215 - 0.211] -0.010 0.987 0.987 69.253 527 1092
Right hemisphere total surface area 0.001 0.079 [-0.153 - 0.156] 0.013 0.987 0.987 42.724 535 1111
Right entorhinal cortex 0.004 0.070 [-0.134 - 0.142] 0.051 0.952 0.987 28.204 506 1071
Left pars triangularis 0.005 0.084 [-0.161 - 0.17] 0.028 0.956 0.987 49.259 534 1107
Left temporal pole 0.005 0.054 [-0.102 - 0.111] 0.048 0.930 0.987 <0.001 530 1109
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.005 0.087 [-0.166 - 0.176] 0.024 0.954 0.987 52.157 523 1099
Left lingual gyrus 0.007 0.082 [-0.153 - 0.167] 0.039 0.934 0.987 45.750 530 1109
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.007 0.118 [-0.225 - 0.239] 0.062 0.951 0.987 74.419 529 1100
Right pars orbitalis 0.011 0.102 [-0.189 - 0.211] 0.078 0.916 0.987 65.320 534 1110
Left pars orbitalis 0.012 0.054 [-0.094 - 0.118] 0.090 0.821 0.987 <0.001 535 1110
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.012 0.075 [-0.135 - 0.16] 0.074 0.871 0.987 37.798 534 1111
Right pars opercularis 0.013 0.054 [-0.093 - 0.12] 0.067 0.807 0.987 <0.001 528 1105
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.017 0.089 [-0.159 - 0.192] 0.102 0.853 0.987 53.450 513 1070
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.017 0.060 [-0.1 - 0.134] 0.086 0.775 0.987 9.929 526 1097
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.019 0.085 [-0.148 - 0.185] 0.207 0.827 0.987 49.794 528 1103
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.020 0.056 [-0.091 - 0.13] 0.144 0.727 0.987 <0.001 497 1030
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.021 0.075 [-0.126 - 0.169] 0.125 0.779 0.987 35.198 513 1062
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.022 0.054 [-0.084 - 0.128] 0.160 0.686 0.987 <0.001 534 1111
Right pars triangularis 0.026 0.079 [-0.128 - 0.18] 0.150 0.741 0.987 41.886 530 1108
Left postcentral gyrus 0.027 0.064 [-0.097 - 0.152] 0.151 0.667 0.987 17.012 523 1090
Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.028 0.054 [-0.079 - 0.134] 0.149 0.612 0.987 <0.001 534 1110
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.028 0.092 [-0.152 - 0.209] 0.146 0.758 0.987 56.422 521 1091
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.029 0.091 [-0.15 - 0.207] 0.181 0.751 0.987 56.250 533 1108
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.033 0.103 [-0.169 - 0.235] 0.259 0.749 0.987 65.868 534 1110
Left hemisphere total surface area 0.034 0.073 [-0.11 - 0.178] 0.353 0.643 0.987 34.870 535 1111
Left precentral gyrus 0.037 0.069 [-0.097 - 0.172] 0.213 0.589 0.987 26.491 525 1101
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.037 0.098 [-0.155 - 0.23] 0.200 0.704 0.987 61.629 515 1085
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.037 0.080 [-0.119 - 0.194] 0.379 0.639 0.987 43.034 526 1098
Left pars opercularis 0.038 0.079 [-0.116 - 0.193] 0.183 0.626 0.987 41.902 529 1106
Right superior parietal cortex 0.043 0.055 [-0.064 - 0.15] 0.213 0.435 0.987 <0.001 529 1095
Left precuneus 0.044 0.054 [-0.063 - 0.15] 0.208 0.422 0.987 <0.001 533 1107
Right precentral gyrus 0.049 0.055 [-0.058 - 0.156] 0.289 0.372 0.987 <0.001 530 1099
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.050 0.098 [-0.142 - 0.241] 0.401 0.610 0.987 62.112 535 1111
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.051 0.062 [-0.071 - 0.172] 0.393 0.413 0.987 13.902 522 1095
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.054 0.086 [-0.116 - 0.223] 0.316 0.533 0.987 51.625 533 1110
Right lingual gyrus 0.055 0.054 [-0.052 - 0.161] 0.318 0.312 0.987 <0.001 534 1109
Right temporal pole 0.056 0.055 [-0.051 - 0.163] 0.611 0.309 0.987 <0.001 527 1100
Left superior parietal cortex 0.059 0.071 [-0.079 - 0.198] 0.289 0.403 0.987 29.821 528 1096
Right precuneus 0.060 0.054 [-0.046 - 0.167] 0.301 0.265 0.987 <0.001 532 1110
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.061 0.075 [-0.086 - 0.208] 0.349 0.419 0.987 37.097 530 1109
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.066 0.080 [-0.092 - 0.223] 0.334 0.414 0.987 43.969 528 1101
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.071 0.055 [-0.036 - 0.179] 0.696 0.194 0.987 <0.001 518 1091
Right paracentral lobule 0.075 0.055 [-0.032 - 0.182] 0.425 0.170 0.987 <0.001 526 1099
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.078 0.055 [-0.028 - 0.185] 0.891 0.150 0.987 <0.001 529 1099
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.142 0.054 [0.035 - 0.248] 1.089 0.009 0.642 <0.001 534 1107
Left paracentral lobule 0.148 0.063 [0.025 - 0.271] 0.840 0.019 0.655 15.203 517 1093a Included Samples: CLING, Imaging Genetics Dublin, Clinical Depression Dublin, Houston, MMDP 3T, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, DepOx, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Sydney, Rotterdam study.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder.
Supplementary Table S25: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for the association with number of episodes in recurrent episode MDD patients controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Pearson's r a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Patients(#Episodes in Recurrent MDD)
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.078 0.095 [-0.264 - 0.107] -2.648 0.410 0.879 73.921 494
Right entorhinal cortex -0.063 0.046 [-0.153 - 0.027] -2.765 0.173 0.879 <0.001 472
Right pars opercularis -0.053 0.045 [-0.141 - 0.034] -1.717 0.230 0.879 <0.001 495
Right temporal pole -0.036 0.117 [-0.265 - 0.193] -1.167 0.759 0.948 83.692 483
Right precentral gyrus -0.036 0.045 [-0.123 - 0.052] -0.816 0.421 0.879 <0.001 495
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.035 0.045 [-0.123 - 0.052] -0.995 0.430 0.879 <0.001 496
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.033 0.080 [-0.191 - 0.125] -1.019 0.681 0.948 61.063 495
Right pars orbitalis -0.032 0.068 [-0.165 - 0.101] -0.954 0.641 0.948 44.260 495
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.025 0.094 [-0.209 - 0.16] -0.820 0.792 0.951 72.694 496
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.018 0.045 [-0.106 - 0.07] -0.565 0.689 0.948 <0.001 489
Left pars triangularis -0.018 0.045 [-0.106 - 0.071] -0.542 0.696 0.948 <0.001 494
Left superior parietal cortex -0.014 0.066 [-0.144 - 0.115] -0.343 0.829 0.951 42.156 496
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.014 0.075 [-0.161 - 0.133] -0.477 0.851 0.961 53.274 487
Left precentral gyrus -0.002 0.045 [-0.091 - 0.086] -0.050 0.960 0.988 <0.001 496
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 1.74E-04 0.076 [-0.148 - 0.148] 0.006 0.998 0.998 55.634 496
Left paracentral gyrus 0.001 0.053 [-0.102 - 0.104] 0.031 0.983 0.997 16.641 496
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.003 0.044 [-0.084 - 0.09] 0.093 0.946 0.988 <0.001 496
Right superior parietal cortex 0.006 0.065 [-0.121 - 0.133] 0.132 0.931 0.987 39.146 492
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.007 0.045 [-0.081 - 0.094] 0.220 0.883 0.981 <0.001 493
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.008 0.090 [-0.169 - 0.185] 0.229 0.928 0.987 69.892 496
Right paracentral gyrus 0.009 0.089 [-0.165 - 0.183] 0.252 0.919 0.987 69.053 496
Left lingual gyrus 0.010 0.045 [-0.078 - 0.098] 0.290 0.818 0.951 <0.001 496
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.012 0.057 [-0.099 - 0.124] 0.425 0.829 0.951 24.074 491
Left postcentral gyrus 0.015 0.045 [-0.073 - 0.103] 0.347 0.740 0.948 <0.001 494
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.016 0.045 [-0.072 - 0.105] 0.508 0.719 0.948 <0.001 494
Left entorhinal cortex 0.020 0.046 [-0.07 - 0.11] 0.879 0.667 0.948 <0.001 475
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.027 0.045 [-0.062 - 0.115] 1.212 0.555 0.925 <0.001 494
Left precuneus 0.029 0.081 [-0.129 - 0.188] 0.751 0.715 0.948 61.283 495
Right insula 0.031 0.114 [-0.193 - 0.255] 0.853 0.785 0.951 82.717 493
Right pars triangularis 0.031 0.046 [-0.058 - 0.121] 1.019 0.493 0.879 3.185 495
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.032 0.100 [-0.165 - 0.228] 0.789 0.752 0.948 73.566 465
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.035 0.045 [-0.053 - 0.123] 0.925 0.437 0.879 <0.001 496
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.037 0.096 [-0.152 - 0.225] 0.868 0.701 0.948 71.275 473
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.039 0.079 [-0.115 - 0.194] 1.164 0.616 0.948 59.567 496
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.040 0.061 [-0.079 - 0.159] 1.551 0.511 0.879 32.267 494
Left frontal pole 0.042 0.045 [-0.046 - 0.13] 1.305 0.352 0.879 <0.001 496
Left pars orbitalis 0.043 0.045 [-0.045 - 0.131] 1.296 0.339 0.879 <0.001 496
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.044 0.093 [-0.139 - 0.227] 1.946 0.636 0.948 72.224 493
Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.050 0.055 [-0.058 - 0.157] 1.626 0.367 0.879 21.408 493
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.051 0.094 [-0.134 - 0.235] 1.301 0.590 0.948 73.003 496
Left hemisphere total surface area 0.052 0.074 [-0.093 - 0.198] 1.089 0.481 0.879 53.855 496
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.054 0.084 [-0.109 - 0.218] 1.591 0.515 0.879 62.541 483
Right inferior parietal cortex 0.055 0.053 [-0.05 - 0.159] 1.513 0.305 0.879 17.481 496
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.055 0.045 [-0.033 - 0.143] 1.563 0.224 0.879 <0.001 492
Right hemisphere total surface area 0.055 0.076 [-0.094 - 0.204] 1.150 0.469 0.879 56.263 496
Right lingual gyrus 0.057 0.045 [-0.031 - 0.144] 1.577 0.205 0.879 <0.001 494
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.057 0.068 [-0.075 - 0.19] 1.899 0.397 0.879 44.880 496
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.060 0.083 [-0.103 - 0.224] 1.484 0.468 0.879 64.593 496
Right precuneus 0.061 0.055 [-0.047 - 0.168] 1.572 0.271 0.879 20.711 494
Left insula 0.062 0.085 [-0.105 - 0.229] 1.403 0.466 0.879 65.825 494
Right postcentral gyrus 0.072 0.064 [-0.053 - 0.197] 1.723 0.259 0.879 38.529 496
Left inferior parietal cortex 0.077 0.074 [-0.068 - 0.221] 2.204 0.299 0.879 54.429 495
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.078 0.045 [-0.009 - 0.166] 2.027 0.079 0.786 <0.001 495
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.078 0.074 [-0.067 - 0.224] 2.344 0.290 0.879 54.587 496
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.079 0.088 [-0.094 - 0.252] 2.251 0.372 0.879 68.343 489
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.081 0.110 [-0.136 - 0.297] 2.412 0.464 0.879 78.724 460
Right frontal pole 0.082 0.046 [-0.009 - 0.172] 2.518 0.076 0.786 3.131 496
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.087 0.045 [-0.001 - 0.175] 3.721 0.052 0.786 0.713 495
Left fusiform gyrus 0.088 0.063 [-0.036 - 0.213] 2.578 0.163 0.879 37.707 493
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.089 0.084 [-0.075 - 0.253] 2.523 0.286 0.879 65.077 496
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.094 0.085 [-0.071 - 0.26] 3.273 0.265 0.879 60.020 456
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.099 0.092 [-0.082 - 0.28] 3.282 0.284 0.879 71.424 478
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.100 0.076 [-0.049 - 0.249] 3.788 0.189 0.879 57.152 495
Left pars opercularis 0.104 0.084 [-0.06 - 0.269] 3.383 0.212 0.879 65.195 495
Left cuneus 0.107 0.080 [-0.05 - 0.263] 3.212 0.182 0.879 62.022 494
Right cuneus 0.125 0.070 [-0.011 - 0.261] 3.605 0.072 0.786 49.170 494
Right fusiform gyrus 0.141 0.063 [0.018 - 0.265] 4.265 0.024 0.786 38.814 493
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.149 0.082 [-0.012 - 0.31] 5.431 0.070 0.786 65.302 495
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.162 0.106 [-0.046 - 0.37] 5.406 0.127 0.879 82.457 496
Left temporal pole 0.206 0.074 [0.06 - 0.352] 6.712 0.006 0.397 58.096 485a Included Samples: CLING, Houston, Sexpect, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, Novosibirsk, DepOx, Stanford, Sydney.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder.
Supplementary Table S26: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients with an adult age of onset (>21) versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI % Difference P-value FDR P-
value I2 # Controls
# Patients
(adult-onset MDD
vs CTL)
Left pars triangularis -0.054 0.037 [-0.127 - 0.019] -0.329 0.145 0.535 3.454 3305 1207
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.041 0.036 [-0.11 - 0.029] -0.442 0.255 0.682 <0.001 3277 1198
Left frontal pole -0.027 0.035 [-0.096 - 0.042] -0.284 0.445 0.807 <0.001 3328 1213
Right pars triangularis -0.022 0.035 [-0.091 - 0.048] -0.126 0.539 0.819 <0.001 3293 1206
Right fusiform gyrus -0.022 0.036 [-0.092 - 0.049] -0.106 0.547 0.819 0.003 3194 1182
Left pars opercularis -0.014 0.038 [-0.088 - 0.059] -0.068 0.705 0.907 4.425 3290 1203
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.007 0.036 [-0.078 - 0.064] -0.059 0.839 0.993 1.983 3327 1214
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.007 0.042 [-0.089 - 0.075] -0.052 0.866 0.993 10.555 3162 1110
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.005 0.035 [-0.074 - 0.065] -0.030 0.893 0.993 <0.001 3318 1210
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.003 0.035 [-0.073 - 0.066] -0.022 0.930 0.993 0.013 3325 1208
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.003 0.036 [-0.072 - 0.067] -0.015 0.940 0.993 <0.001 3258 1198
Left cuneus -0.002 0.036 [-0.071 - 0.068] -0.011 0.959 0.993 <0.001 3297 1202
Left transverse temporal gyrus -3.05E-04 0.035 [-0.07 - 0.069] -0.002 0.993 0.993 0.007 3326 1212
Right supramarginal gyrus 4.43E-04 0.036 [-0.07 - 0.071] 0.002 0.990 0.993 <0.001 3242 1182
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.001 0.036 [-0.069 - 0.072] 0.010 0.969 0.993 0.002 3244 1152
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.002 0.036 [-0.069 - 0.073] 0.012 0.957 0.993 <0.001 3201 1150
Right pars opercularis 0.003 0.046 [-0.086 - 0.093] 0.018 0.939 0.993 22.531 3291 1205
Right inferior parietal cortex 0.006 0.045 [-0.081 - 0.094] 0.036 0.887 0.993 19.805 3255 1196
Right superior parietal cortex 0.011 0.042 [-0.071 - 0.092] 0.054 0.793 0.957 12.890 3282 1194
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.012 0.044 [-0.075 - 0.098] 0.059 0.793 0.957 18.974 3276 1200
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.013 0.041 [-0.067 - 0.093] 0.066 0.757 0.946 11.490 3291 1203
Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.013 0.035 [-0.056 - 0.083] 0.071 0.713 0.907 0.002 3305 1207
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.015 0.036 [-0.055 - 0.084] 0.181 0.683 0.907 <0.001 3266 1200
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.016 0.036 [-0.054 - 0.086] 0.180 0.650 0.892 <0.001 3287 1200
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.017 0.036 [-0.054 - 0.088] 0.102 0.636 0.890 0.010 3225 1159
Right precuneus 0.019 0.052 [-0.083 - 0.121] 0.095 0.712 0.907 36.000 3309 1210
Left paracentral lobule 0.020 0.036 [-0.051 - 0.09] 0.112 0.583 0.838 0.023 3218 1179
Right precentral gyrus 0.021 0.038 [-0.054 - 0.095] 0.123 0.587 0.838 5.265 3261 1201
Left lingual gyrus 0.022 0.036 [-0.048 - 0.092] 0.130 0.530 0.819 0.514 3311 1207
Left entorhinal cortex 0.024 0.036 [-0.048 - 0.095] 0.272 0.516 0.819 0.004 3107 1159
Right frontal pole 0.024 0.040 [-0.054 - 0.101] 0.247 0.550 0.819 8.991 3324 1212
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.024 0.036 [-0.045 - 0.094] 0.277 0.494 0.819 <0.001 3261 1201
Left superior parietal cortex 0.026 0.041 [-0.055 - 0.108] 0.129 0.523 0.819 12.586 3264 1196
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.027 0.036 [-0.043 - 0.096] 0.223 0.455 0.807 0.013 3277 1199
Left fusiform gyrus 0.027 0.036 [-0.044 - 0.097] 0.131 0.458 0.807 0.007 3175 1185
Right insula 0.030 0.036 [-0.04 - 0.099] 0.162 0.403 0.783 0.006 3313 1204
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.031 0.042 [-0.052 - 0.114] 0.184 0.461 0.807 15.437 3326 1214
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.033 0.035 [-0.037 - 0.102] 0.238 0.356 0.712 <0.001 3323 1210
Right postcentral gyrus 0.034 0.036 [-0.036 - 0.104] 0.192 0.341 0.702 0.015 3267 1192
Right paracentral lobule 0.035 0.036 [-0.035 - 0.105] 0.198 0.328 0.697 0.003 3265 1195
Left precuneus 0.035 0.036 [-0.035 - 0.105] 0.167 0.324 0.697 0.128 3307 1209
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.036 0.036 [-0.034 - 0.106] 0.173 0.319 0.697 0.011 3260 1192
Left pars orbitalis 0.036 0.035 [-0.034 - 0.105] 0.261 0.313 0.697 <0.001 3319 1213
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.039 0.035 [-0.031 - 0.188 0.273 0.682 0.029 3306 1210
0.108]
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.039 0.037 [-0.033 - 0.111] 0.238 0.289 0.696 0.783 3184 1148
Right hemisphere total surface area 0.039 0.035 [-0.03 - 0.108] 0.408 0.269 0.682 <0.001 3329 1214
Left postcentral gyrus 0.039 0.036 [-0.031 - 0.109] 0.217 0.273 0.682 0.006 3242 1186
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.041 0.036 [-0.029 - 0.111] 0.230 0.247 0.682 0.010 3265 1193
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.044 0.036 [-0.026 - 0.114] 0.445 0.219 0.682 <0.001 3266 1195
Left hemisphere total surface area 0.047 0.035 [-0.022 - 0.117] 0.494 0.180 0.599 0.016 3329 1214
Right lingual gyrus 0.052 0.035 [-0.017 - 0.122] 0.304 0.139 0.535 <0.001 3322 1210
Left insula 0.056 0.035 [-0.013 - 0.126] 0.294 0.111 0.457 0.017 3306 1213
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.059 0.035 [-0.011 - 0.128] 0.339 0.097 0.425 0.002 3304 1206
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.059 0.036 [-0.011 - 0.13] 0.579 0.097 0.425 0.003 3211 1187
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.060 0.035 [-0.01 - 0.129] 0.400 0.092 0.425 0.003 3319 1212
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.060 0.036 [-0.01 - 0.13] 0.304 0.093 0.425 <0.001 3226 1197
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.061 0.036 [-0.009 - 0.131] 0.294 0.086 0.425 0.019 3307 1204
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.062 0.036 [-0.008 - 0.132] 0.347 0.081 0.425 0.002 3294 1196
Right pars orbitalis 0.064 0.035 [-0.005 - 0.133] 0.460 0.071 0.425 <0.001 3321 1213
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.064 0.046 [-0.027 - 0.155] 0.499 0.165 0.578 23.479 3228 1193
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.068 0.036 [-0.003 - 0.139] 0.365 0.061 0.425 0.001 3185 1167
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.072 0.059 [-0.044 - 0.188] 0.433 0.225 0.682 49.036 3326 1213
Left temporal pole 0.073 0.036 [0.003 - 0.142] 0.734 0.041 0.361 <0.001 3291 1200
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.073 0.035 [0.004 - 0.142] 0.579 0.039 0.361 <0.001 3316 1212
Right entorhinal cortex 0.084 0.037 [0.013 - 0.156] 1.003 0.021 0.361 0.003 3082 1140
Left precentral gyrus 0.085 0.042 [0.004 - 0.167] 0.490 0.040 0.361 13.139 3259 1198
Right temporal pole 0.088 0.036 [0.018 - 0.158] 0.970 0.014 0.361 0.001 3246 1194
Right cuneus 0.099 0.047 [0.007 - 0.19] 0.605 0.034 0.361 24.472 3307 1206
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.105 0.035 [0.035 - 0.174] 0.613 0.003 0.219 <0.001 3313 1210
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.111 0.046 [0.02 - 0.201] 0.849 0.017 0.361 24.080 3312 1208
a Included Samples: CLING, Imaging Genetics Dublin, Clinical Depression Dublin, Bipolar Family Study, Houston, Sexpect, MMDP 3T, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, Novosibirsk, DepOx, QTIM, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Sydney, Stanford.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S27: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients with an adolescent age of onset (≤21) versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI % Difference P-value FDR P-
value I2 # Controls
# Patients(adolescent-onset
MDD vs CTL)Left frontal pole -0.062 0.072 [-0.204 - 0.08] -0.650 0.394 0.936 40.472 2884 472
Left pars triangularis -0.059 0.053 [-0.163 - 0.046] -0.358 0.270 0.936 0.001 2862 472
Right entorhinal cortex -0.052 0.055 [-0.16 - 0.056] -0.616 0.346 0.936 <0.001 2660 448
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.046 0.082 [-0.206 - 0.114] -0.576 0.571 0.943 51.914 2823 466
Right fusiform gyrus -0.042 0.059 [-0.157 - 0.074] -0.203 0.480 0.936 12.618 2750 462
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.034 0.054 [-0.139 - 0.071] -0.366 0.531 0.943 0.007 2834 468
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.024 0.053 [-0.129 - 0.08] -0.172 0.646 0.943 <0.001 2881 472
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.023 0.055 [-0.131 - 0.085] -0.168 0.677 0.943 <0.001 2734 439
Left insula -0.023 0.072 [-0.165 - 0.119] -0.120 0.751 0.943 39.917 2865 470
Right lingual gyrus -0.022 0.053 [-0.127 - 0.083] -0.128 0.680 0.943 <0.001 2877 472
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.022 0.054 [-0.128 - 0.085] -0.210 0.690 0.943 <0.001 2768 460
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.018 0.053 [-0.123 - 0.086] -0.147 0.731 0.943 <0.001 2883 472
Left entorhinal cortex -0.015 0.055 [-0.122 - 0.092] -0.168 0.789 0.943 <0.001 2692 454
Right superior parietal cortex -0.013 0.060 [-0.131 - 0.105] -0.063 0.833 0.943 16.482 2837 467
Left pars orbitalis -0.004 0.069 [-0.139 - 0.131] -0.031 0.951 0.986 34.552 2874 472
Left postcentral gyrus -0.002 0.054 [-0.107 - 0.104] -0.009 0.977 0.986 <0.001 2799 465
Right pars orbitalis -0.001 0.055 [-0.109 - 0.106] -0.010 0.979 0.986 3.927 2879 471
Left lingual gyrus 0.003 0.053 [-0.102 - 0.107] 0.015 0.961 0.986 0.001 2867 471
Right precentral gyrus 0.003 0.054 [-0.102 - 0.108] 0.017 0.958 0.986 0.004 2817 466
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.007 0.053 [-0.098 - 0.111] 0.048 0.901 0.986 <0.001 2880 472
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.010 0.053 [-0.094 - 0.115] 0.081 0.847 0.943 <0.001 2883 472
Left fusiform gyrus 0.010 0.054 [-0.096 - 0.116] 0.051 0.849 0.943 <0.001 2731 461
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.011 0.053 [-0.094 - 0.115] 0.072 0.841 0.943 <0.001 2875 471
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.011 0.053 [-0.093 - 0.116] 0.066 0.832 0.943 <0.001 2882 472
Left pars opercularis 0.016 0.072 [-0.124 - 0.156] 0.076 0.823 0.943 38.832 2847 471
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.017 0.064 [-0.108 - 0.141] 0.186 0.792 0.943 24.104 2844 469
Right precuneus 0.018 0.053 [-0.087 - 0.122] 0.087 0.742 0.943 0.003 2863 472
Right hemisphere total surface area 0.022 0.053 [-0.082 - 0.127] 0.233 0.675 0.943 <0.001 2885 472
Right cuneus 0.023 0.054 [-0.082 - 0.128] 0.141 0.669 0.943 0.545 2863 469
Right pars opercularis 0.023 0.061 [-0.097 - 0.143] 0.118 0.701 0.943 18.607 2849 467
Right inferior parietal cortex 0.025 0.062 [-0.097 - 0.148] 0.143 0.686 0.943 20.950 2813 465
Left superior parietal cortex 0.026 0.054 [-0.079 - 0.131] 0.127 0.629 0.943 <0.001 2819 467
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.027 0.055 [-0.081 - 0.135] 0.163 0.629 0.943 <0.001 2759 441
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.027 0.053 [-0.078 - 0.132] 0.142 0.613 0.943 0.012 2847 471
Right frontal pole 0.030 0.056 [-0.081 - 0.14] 0.308 0.599 0.943 7.557 2881 472
Left cuneus 0.034 0.057 [-0.078 - 0.146] 0.210 0.550 0.943 9.563 2857 472
Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.038 0.054 [-0.068 - 0.143] 0.205 0.482 0.936 0.003 2861 464
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.039 0.054 [-0.066 - 0.144] 0.396 0.467 0.936 0.021 2826 468
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.041 0.053 [-0.064 - 0.145] 0.197 0.447 0.936 <0.001 2816 470
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.041 0.054 [-0.065 - 0.146] 0.463 0.448 0.936 <0.001 2818 466
Right insula 0.042 0.053 [-0.062 - 0.147] 0.231 0.427 0.936 0.005 2874 472
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.044 0.062 [-0.077 - 0.164] 0.366 0.478 0.936 19.328 2837 468
Right postcentral gyrus 0.044 0.054 [-0.061 - 0.149] 0.248 0.415 0.936 0.007 2823 467
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.046 0.077 [-0.105 - 0.196] 0.327 0.550 0.943 44.709 2804 452
Left precentral gyrus 0.048 0.054 [-0.057 - 0.153] 0.276 0.370 0.936 0.011 2817 467
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.048 0.063 [-0.074 - 0.171] 0.260 0.440 0.936 19.646 2752 460
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.051 0.061 [-0.069 - 0.171] 0.310 0.403 0.936 19.678 2882 472
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.053 0.053 [-0.052 - 0.158] 0.257 0.322 0.936 0.002 2863 471
Left inferior parietal cortex 0.053 0.063 [-0.071 - 0.177] 0.303 0.399 0.936 22.521 2816 465
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.054 0.054 [-0.052 - 0.159] 0.271 0.319 0.936 <0.001 2782 466
Right pars triangularis 0.057 0.064 [-0.067 - 0.182] 0.331 0.368 0.936 24.392 2853 471
Right paracentral lobule 0.058 0.053 [-0.047 - 0.163] 0.330 0.277 0.936 <0.001 2822 470
Left temporal pole 0.059 0.070 [-0.08 - 0.197] 0.591 0.406 0.936 35.202 2848 456
Left hemisphere total surface area 0.066 0.053 [-0.039 - 0.171] 0.686 0.216 0.936 0.013 2885 472
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.068 0.054 [-0.037 - 0.173] 0.345 0.207 0.936 <0.001 2832 469
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.068 0.057 [-0.043 - 0.179] 0.526 0.230 0.936 6.553 2788 462
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.068 0.065 [-0.058 - 0.195] 0.542 0.290 0.936 26.447 2872 470
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.070 0.072 [-0.071 - 0.211] 0.411 0.328 0.936 39.315 2869 471
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.076 0.053 [-0.029 - 0.181] 0.437 0.156 0.936 0.008 2860 471
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.076 0.053 [-0.028 - 0.181] 0.586 0.154 0.936 0.001 2868 471
Right temporal pole 0.081 0.056 [-0.03 - 0.191] 0.891 0.151 0.936 4.867 2802 451
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.081 0.055 [-0.026 - 0.188] 0.482 0.137 0.936 0.018 2768 448
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.084 0.066 [-0.046 - 0.214] 0.431 0.206 0.936 28.599 2806 462
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.086 0.071 [-0.053 - 0.225] 0.480 0.226 0.936 36.720 2823 458
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.091 0.053 [-0.014 - 0.196] 0.569 0.089 0.936 <0.001 2873 470
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.093 0.055 [-0.015 - 0.201] 0.558 0.091 0.936 0.005 2790 436
Left paracentral lobule 0.105 0.053 [0 - 0.21] 0.596 0.050 0.936 0.003 2774 471
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.109 0.054 [0.004 - 0.213] 0.524 0.042 0.936 0.005 2863 470
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.138 0.054 [0.032 - 0.244] 0.771 0.010 0.734 <0.001 2856 461
Left precuneus <0.001 0.056 [-0.109 - 0.111] 0.005 0.986 0.986 6.854 2863 470a Included Samples: Imaging Genetics Dublin, Houston, MMDP 3T, Melbourne, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, QTIM, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Sydney, Stanford.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S28: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients with an adolescent age of onset (≤21) versus MDD patients with an adult age of onset (>21) comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI % Difference P-value FDR P-
value I2#
adolescent-onset MDD
# adult-onset MDD
(adolescent-onset MDD vs adult-
onset MDD)Right supramarginal gyrus -0.167 0.060 [-0.285 - -0.049] -0.856 0.006 0.271 0.009 453 1060
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.160 0.060 [-0.278 - -0.042] -0.908 0.008 0.271 <0.001 455 1072
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.144 0.117 [-0.374 - 0.086] -0.861 0.220 0.961 66.976 427 1040
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.134 0.060 [-0.251 - -0.016] -0.746 0.027 0.464 0.003 451 1076
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.125 0.061 [-0.244 - -0.006] -0.742 0.040 0.521 0.001 438 1036
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.123 0.096 [-0.312 - 0.066] -0.684 0.203 0.961 54.708 449 1068
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.120 0.060 [-0.238 - -0.003] -1.368 0.045 0.521 <0.001 456 1076
Right pars triangularis -0.112 0.060 [-0.229 - 0.004] -0.647 0.059 0.593 <0.001 461 1081
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.100 0.060 [-0.217 - 0.016] -0.629 0.092 0.802 <0.001 461 1084
Right precuneus -0.092 0.060 [-0.208 - 0.025] -0.455 0.124 0.961 0.001 462 1084
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.089 0.093 [-0.271 - 0.092] -0.719 0.335 0.961 52.500 462 1088
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.088 0.060 [-0.205 - 0.03] -0.476 0.142 0.961 0.002 454 1081
Right insula -0.087 0.082 [-0.248 - 0.074] -0.474 0.290 0.961 40.463 462 1082
Right postcentral gyrus -0.081 0.060 [-0.198 - 0.037] -0.457 0.178 0.961 0.004 457 1066
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.077 0.061 [-0.196 - 0.042] -0.547 0.206 0.961 0.007 443 1030
Left hemisphere total surface area -0.076 0.060 [-0.194 - 0.042] -0.793 0.205 0.961 1.473 462 1088
Left paracentral lobule -0.068 0.060 [-0.185 - 0.049] -0.388 0.253 0.961 <0.001 461 1053
Right hemisphere total surface area -0.067 0.068 [-0.2 - 0.066] -0.697 0.324 0.961 17.056 462 1088
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.067 0.060 [-0.184 - 0.051] -0.378 0.267 0.961 0.001 455 1070
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.066 0.060 [-0.183 - 0.051] -0.379 0.269 0.961 0.010 461 1081
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.062 0.060 [-0.18 - 0.056] -0.479 0.305 0.961 <0.001 452 1068
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.062 0.070 [-0.199 - 0.075] -0.312 0.378 0.961 20.224 456 1072
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.054 0.060 [-0.171 - 0.063] -0.416 0.364 0.961 0.007 461 1084
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.050 0.077 [-0.201 - 0.101] -0.395 0.517 0.961 32.628 460 1087
Left cuneus -0.048 0.070 [-0.185 - 0.089] -0.296 0.494 0.961 21.482 462 1079
Left superior parietal cortex -0.047 0.060 [-0.164 - 0.07] -0.230 0.433 0.961 <0.001 457 1071
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.043 0.079 [-0.198 - 0.111] -0.210 0.581 0.961 35.382 460 1078
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.039 0.087 [-0.209 - 0.131] -0.234 0.655 0.961 46.116 462 1087
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.036 0.059 [-0.153 - 0.08] -0.214 0.542 0.961 0.001 462 1088
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.035 0.060 [-0.152 - 0.082] -0.170 0.556 0.961 0.003 461 1084
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.034 0.073 [-0.177 - 0.109] -0.284 0.643 0.961 25.571 458 1074
Right paracentral lobule -0.034 0.060 [-0.151 - 0.083] -0.191 0.573 0.961 0.010 460 1069
Left fusiform gyrus -0.033 0.060 [-0.151 - 0.085] -0.163 0.582 0.961 <0.001 451 1059
Right precentral gyrus -0.033 0.060 [-0.15 - 0.084] -0.195 0.583 0.961 0.003 457 1076
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.033 0.060 [-0.15 - 0.084] -0.166 0.585 0.961 <0.001 459 1074
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.031 0.077 [-0.181 - 0.12] -0.165 0.690 0.961 30.315 450 1050
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.030 0.060 [-0.147 - 0.087] -0.146 0.613 0.961 <0.001 460 1066
Left precentral gyrus -0.027 0.060 [-0.144 - 0.091] -0.153 0.656 0.961 <0.001 458 1072
Left pars orbitalis -0.026 0.059 [-0.143 - 0.09] -0.193 0.657 0.961 0.001 462 1087
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.021 0.060 [-0.138 - 0.096] -0.231 0.728 0.961 0.007 460 1075
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.019 0.060 [-0.137 - 0.098] -0.197 0.745 0.961 <0.001 458 1070
Left pars opercularis -0.018 0.115 [-0.243 - 0.208] -0.084 0.878 0.977 69.078 461 1078
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.017 0.069 [-0.153 - 0.118] -0.117 0.800 0.961 19.476 462 1086
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.017 0.062 [-0.138 - 0.104] -0.125 0.781 0.961 0.007 429 998
Left lingual gyrus -0.015 0.059 [-0.132 - 0.101] -0.089 0.795 0.961 <0.001 462 1081
Left frontal pole -0.015 0.101 [-0.213 - 0.183] -0.161 0.880 0.977 59.859 462 1087
Right superior parietal cortex -0.013 0.060 [-0.13 - 0.104] -0.065 0.827 0.961 0.018 457 1070
Left pars triangularis -0.006 0.061 [-0.126 - 0.114] -0.037 0.920 0.978 4.130 462 1083
Left postcentral gyrus -0.006 0.060 [-0.124 - 0.112] -0.034 0.919 0.978 <0.001 455 1062
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.005 0.065 [-0.132 - 0.123] -0.028 0.944 0.978 7.919 431 1032
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.004 0.060 [-0.12 - 0.113] -0.020 0.950 0.978 <0.001 461 1077
Right pars orbitalis -0.002 0.060 [-0.118 - 0.115] -0.011 0.979 0.987 <0.001 461 1087
Left insula -0.001 0.073 [-0.144 - 0.141] -0.006 0.987 0.987 26.008 460 1088
Right cuneus 0.006 0.098 [-0.185 - 0.198] 0.040 0.947 0.978 57.116 461 1083
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.015 0.060 [-0.101 - 0.132] 0.108 0.797 0.961 0.020 462 1086
Left precuneus 0.018 0.089 [-0.157 - 0.193] 0.087 0.838 0.961 48.703 461 1083
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.019 0.070 [-0.119 - 0.157] 0.148 0.790 0.961 22.177 462 1086
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.020 0.059 [-0.097 - 0.136] 0.143 0.742 0.961 <0.001 462 1087
Right fusiform gyrus 0.020 0.085 [-0.147 - 0.186] 0.097 0.815 0.961 42.821 452 1056
Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.021 0.070 [-0.116 - 0.159] 0.232 0.762 0.961 21.102 458 1074
Right pars opercularis 0.023 0.061 [-0.096 - 0.141] 0.113 0.710 0.961 1.811 457 1079
Right frontal pole 0.026 0.059 [-0.091 - 0.142] 0.270 0.664 0.961 <0.001 462 1086
Left entorhinal cortex 0.026 0.080 [-0.131 - 0.183] 0.301 0.744 0.961 35.099 445 1047
Left temporal pole 0.027 0.072 [-0.115 - 0.169] 0.271 0.712 0.961 23.855 446 1074
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.033 0.060 [-0.084 - 0.15] 0.193 0.580 0.961 <0.001 461 1084
Right temporal pole 0.036 0.087 [-0.135 - 0.207] 0.399 0.678 0.961 43.903 441 1068
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.046 0.060 [-0.071 - 0.164] 0.578 0.439 0.961 0.003 457 1074
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.049 0.060 [-0.069 - 0.167] 0.477 0.418 0.961 <0.001 450 1063
Right lingual gyrus 0.059 0.059 [-0.058 - 0.175] 0.341 0.323 0.961 <0.001 462 1085
Right entorhinal cortex 0.140 0.061 [0.02 - 0.26] 1.664 0.022 0.464 <0.001 438 1027a Included Samples: Imaging Genetics Dublin, Houston, MMDP 3T, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, QTIM, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Sydney, Stanford.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S29: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients taking antidepressants at time of scanning versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(AD MDD vs CTL)
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.045 0.041 [-0.126 - 0.035] -0.752 0.270 0.681 <0.001 7221 951
Left pars triangularis -0.044 0.041 [-0.124 - 0.037] -0.671 0.290 0.681 <0.001 7199 949
Right fusiform gyrus -0.037 0.041 [-0.118 - 0.044] -0.555 0.368 0.681 <0.001 7089 945
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.033 0.044 [-0.119 - 0.053] -0.544 0.448 0.681 4.975 7171 944
Left frontal pole -0.032 0.041 [-0.113 - 0.049] -0.499 0.435 0.681 <0.001 7222 950
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.030 0.062 [-0.151 - 0.091] -0.519 0.626 0.780 41.759 7219 947
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.027 0.049 [-0.123 - 0.07] -0.384 0.586 0.759 16.220 7152 946
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.020 0.043 [-0.104 - 0.063] -0.351 0.633 0.780 <0.001 7073 869
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.020 0.042 [-0.102 - 0.062] -0.312 0.635 0.780 <0.001 7141 888
Right superior parietal cortex -0.011 0.041 [-0.092 - 0.07] -0.128 0.791 0.912 <0.001 7176 938
Right pars triangularis -0.008 0.041 [-0.089 - 0.072] -0.133 0.842 0.912 <0.001 7187 950
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.003 0.041 [-0.084 - 0.078] -0.064 0.936 0.964 <0.001 7181 946
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.001 0.083 [-0.164 - 0.162] -0.018 0.987 0.987 68.026 7149 944
Left fusiform gyrus 0.002 0.041 [-0.08 - 0.083] 0.022 0.970 0.984 <0.001 7070 944
Left cuneus 0.004 0.041 [-0.077 - 0.085] 0.058 0.925 0.964 <0.001 7191 947
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.007 0.041 [-0.074 - 0.088] 0.155 0.860 0.912 <0.001 7161 945
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.009 0.042 [-0.073 - 0.091] 0.108 0.827 0.912 <0.001 7128 905
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.010 0.041 [-0.07 - 0.091] 0.173 0.801 0.912 <0.001 7217 947
Right pars opercularis 0.012 0.041 [-0.069 - 0.093] 0.194 0.769 0.912 <0.001 7185 951
Left pars opercularis 0.016 0.086 [-0.152 - 0.185] 0.262 0.850 0.912 70.494 7185 949
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.019 0.041 [-0.062 - 0.1] 0.411 0.652 0.787 <0.001 7105 942
Left entorhinal cortex 0.019 0.082 [-0.141 - 0.178] 0.416 0.819 0.912 65.612 7013 919
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.026 0.041 [-0.055 - 0.107] 0.484 0.534 0.719 <0.001 7155 945
Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.028 0.041 [-0.053 - 0.109] 0.471 0.499 0.698 <0.001 7200 947
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.031 0.055 [-0.077 - 0.14] 0.515 0.574 0.758 30.169 7220 951
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.034 0.041 [-0.047 - 0.114] 0.518 0.414 0.681 <0.001 7181 950
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.034 0.041 [-0.047 - 0.114] 0.766 0.414 0.681 <0.001 7160 949
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.034 0.042 [-0.048 - 0.116] 0.507 0.416 0.681 <0.001 7102 908
Left superior parietal cortex 0.035 0.041 [-0.046 - 0.116] 0.423 0.395 0.681 <0.001 7158 947
Right insula 0.036 0.041 [-0.045 - 0.117] 0.490 0.385 0.681 <0.001 7207 946
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.039 0.041 [-0.042 - 0.119] 0.695 0.349 0.681 <0.001 7185 948
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.040 0.041 [-0.041 - 0.121] 0.511 0.335 0.681 <0.001 7154 947
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.040 0.056 [-0.069 - 0.149] 0.570 0.473 0.684 28.772 7144 924
Right postcentral gyrus 0.040 0.041 [-0.041 - 0.121] 0.479 0.333 0.681 <0.001 7163 943
Right entorhinal cortex 0.041 0.042 [-0.042 - 0.124] 0.902 0.331 0.681 <0.001 6982 911
Left postcentral gyrus 0.042 0.041 [-0.039 - 0.123] 0.489 0.310 0.681 <0.001 7137 944
Right precuneus 0.043 0.041 [-0.037 - 0.124] 0.562 0.292 0.681 <0.001 7203 949
Right lingual gyrus 0.044 0.062 [-0.078 - 0.166] 0.614 0.478 0.684 43.093 7216 949
Right paracentral lobule 0.044 0.041 [-0.036 - 0.125] 0.624 0.281 0.681 <0.001 7159 948
Left insula 0.046 0.041 [-0.034 - 0.127] 0.524 0.260 0.681 <0.001 7200 949
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.049 0.042 [-0.034 - 0.132] 0.613 0.245 0.681 <0.001 7094 898
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.049 0.060 [-0.068 - 0.166] 0.809 0.412 0.681 38.579 7171 949
Left precuneus 0.049 0.064 [-0.077 - 0.175] 0.625 0.445 0.681 46.201 7201 948
Left paracentral lobule 0.049 0.041 [-0.032 - 0.13] 0.690 0.234 0.681 <0.001 7113 945
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.051 0.080 [-0.106 - 0.207] 0.781 0.526 0.719 65.581 7213 951
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.053 0.041 [-0.028 - 0.134] 0.752 0.200 0.681 <0.001 7159 943
Left pars orbitalis 0.055 0.070 [-0.082 - 0.193] 0.836 0.429 0.681 54.614 7213 951
Right precentral gyrus 0.058 0.041 [-0.023 - 0.139] 0.656 0.162 0.681 <0.001 7157 948
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.059 0.041 [-0.022 - 0.14] 0.721 0.154 0.681 <0.001 7120 946
Right hemisphere total surface area 0.059 0.041 [-0.021 - 0.14] 0.619 0.149 0.681 <0.001 7223 951
Right pars orbitalis 0.060 0.041 [-0.02 - 0.141] 0.910 0.143 0.681 <0.001 7215 950
Left lingual gyrus 0.061 0.085 [-0.106 - 0.228] 0.859 0.473 0.684 69.765 7205 951
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.064 0.041 [-0.016 - 0.145] 0.905 0.118 0.681 <0.001 7201 951
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.067 0.067 [-0.065 - 0.199] 0.994 0.322 0.681 51.099 7220 951
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.069 0.050 [-0.028 - 0.166] 1.076 0.166 0.681 17.165 7132 945
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.071 0.050 [-0.027 - 0.169] 1.048 0.155 0.681 18.585 7212 949
Right cuneus 0.071 0.041 [-0.009 - 0.152] 1.022 0.083 0.646 <0.001 7201 946
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.075 0.044 [-0.012 - 0.162] 1.058 0.092 0.646 6.513 7201 950
Left hemisphere total surface area 0.077 0.041 [-0.004 - 0.157] 0.799 0.062 0.542 <0.001 7223 951
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.079 0.081 [-0.081 - 0.238] 1.268 0.335 0.681 66.834 7210 950
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.088 0.041 [0.007 - 0.168] 1.130 0.034 0.336 <0.001 7198 948
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.089 0.072 [-0.053 - 0.231] 1.255 0.218 0.681 57.629 7220 951
Left temporal pole 0.093 0.041 [0.011 - 0.174] 1.477 0.025 0.296 <0.001 7188 941
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.093 0.041 [0.012 - 0.173] 1.226 0.024 0.296 <0.001 7207 949
Right frontal pole 0.094 0.080 [-0.063 - 0.25] 1.438 0.241 0.681 65.267 7218 951
Left precentral gyrus 0.095 0.120 [-0.139 - 0.33] 1.050 0.426 0.681 85.296 7155 947
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.097 0.042 [0.015 - 0.179] 1.414 0.020 0.296 <0.001 7083 921
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.099 0.041 [0.017 - 0.18] 1.629 0.017 0.296 <0.001 7188 938
Right temporal pole 0.107 0.042 [0.026 - 0.189] 1.740 0.010 0.296 <0.001 7140 935
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.153 0.068 [0.02 - 0.286] 2.585 0.024 0.296 51.379 7207 946a Included Samples: CLING, Imaging Genetics Dublin, Clinical Depression Dublin, Sexpect, MMDP 3T, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, Novosibirsk, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Sydney, Stanford, Rotterdam study.AD: antidepressant using; MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S30: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients not taking antidepressants at time of scanning versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI % Difference P-value FDR P-
value I2 # Controls
# Patients(noAD MDD
vs CTL)Left pars triangularis -0.090 0.059 [-0.206 - 0.026] -0.548 0.128 0.997 41.796 7226 910
Left pars orbitalis -0.073 0.066 [-0.202 - 0.056] -0.534 0.266 0.997 52.630 7238 913
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.061 0.084 [-0.226 - 0.104] -0.363 0.467 0.997 70.028 7127 863
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.055 0.040 [-0.133 - 0.023] -0.343 0.167 0.997 <0.001 7236 912
Left frontal pole -0.054 0.040 [-0.131 - 0.024] -0.565 0.176 0.997 <0.001 7248 915
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.051 0.074 [-0.197 - 0.094] -0.376 0.490 0.997 60.586 7089 847
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.044 0.076 [-0.194 - 0.106] -0.248 0.568 0.997 65.056 7177 898
Right frontal pole -0.043 0.040 [-0.121 - 0.035] -0.450 0.276 0.997 <0.001 7244 914
Left pars opercularis -0.037 0.040 [-0.116 - 0.041] -0.178 0.348 0.997 <0.001 7211 905
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.033 0.040 [-0.112 - 0.045] -0.172 0.405 0.997 <0.001 7162 898
Right precuneus -0.032 0.047 [-0.125 - 0.061] -0.160 0.496 0.997 16.702 7226 910
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.029 0.040 [-0.107 - 0.049] -0.315 0.470 0.997 <0.001 7198 902
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.028 0.070 [-0.166 - 0.11] -0.352 0.688 0.997 58.448 7185 899
Right precentral gyrus -0.027 0.075 [-0.174 - 0.12] -0.163 0.716 0.997 63.509 7180 897
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.026 0.052 [-0.127 - 0.075] -0.154 0.613 0.997 26.857 7245 916
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.025 0.040 [-0.104 - 0.053] -0.134 0.523 0.997 <0.001 7211 906
Right insula -0.023 0.044 [-0.11 - 0.064] -0.126 0.603 0.997 9.734 7237 908
Left entorhinal cortex -0.023 0.041 [-0.103 - 0.057] -0.261 0.579 0.997 <0.001 7046 871
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.020 0.052 [-0.122 - 0.083] -0.137 0.709 0.997 28.176 7245 914
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.019 0.061 [-0.139 - 0.101] -0.149 0.758 0.997 45.837 7246 913
Right hemisphere total surface area -0.018 0.051 [-0.118 - 0.082] -0.192 0.718 0.997 25.318 7249 916
Left precuneus -0.018 0.040 [-0.096 - 0.06] -0.086 0.652 0.997 <0.001 7227 909
Right superior parietal cortex -0.017 0.048 [-0.111 - 0.077] -0.087 0.716 0.997 17.738 7201 900
Left postcentral gyrus -0.017 0.051 [-0.117 - 0.084] -0.092 0.746 0.997 25.082 7163 887
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.016 0.063 [-0.14 - 0.107] -0.101 0.793 0.997 44.962 7112 857
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.016 0.058 [-0.128 - 0.097] -0.089 0.787 0.997 38.982 7224 909
Right fusiform gyrus -0.015 0.045 [-0.104 - 0.074] -0.074 0.738 0.997 10.568 7114 881
Left insula -0.014 0.052 [-0.115 - 0.087] -0.074 0.782 0.997 26.406 7229 912
Right pars orbitalis -0.010 0.075 [-0.157 - 0.137] -0.073 0.893 0.997 63.948 7243 913
Right paracentral lobule -0.006 0.051 [-0.106 - 0.095] -0.031 0.914 0.997 25.115 7185 898
Left hemisphere total surface area -0.005 0.051 [-0.104 - 0.094] -0.052 0.921 0.997 24.584 7249 916
Right pars opercularis -0.003 0.060 [-0.122 - 0.115] -0.017 0.955 0.997 43.691 7212 900
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.002 0.040 [-0.081 - 0.076] -0.013 0.952 0.997 <0.001 7225 905
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -1.36E-04 0.040 [-0.079 - 0.078] -6.91E-04 0.997 0.997 <0.001 7196 901
Right temporal pole 5.09E-04 0.067 [-0.131 - 0.132] 0.006 0.994 0.997 53.126 7165 889
Left cuneus 6.16E-04 0.040 [-0.078 - 0.079] 0.004 0.988 0.997 <0.001 7221 907
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.002 0.047 [-0.09 - 0.093] 0.009 0.970 0.997 13.364 7110 880
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.003 0.040 [-0.076 - 0.081] 0.032 0.944 0.997 <0.001 7182 903
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.004 0.044 [-0.083 - 0.091] 0.023 0.933 0.997 9.826 7246 915
Left lingual gyrus 0.004 0.059 [-0.111 - 0.119] 0.023 0.947 0.997 40.898 7231 908
Right pars triangularis 0.005 0.040 [-0.073 - 0.083] 0.028 0.902 0.997 <0.001 7217 907
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.006 0.049 [-0.089 - 0.101] 0.042 0.906 0.997 19.621 7243 915
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.006 0.049 [-0.089 - 0.102] 0.043 0.896 0.997 20.282 7239 912
Right lingual gyrus 0.007 0.066 [-0.122 - 0.136] 0.039 0.920 0.997 52.886 7240 913
Left superior parietal cortex 0.007 0.040 [-0.071 - 0.086] 0.035 0.859 0.997 <0.001 7183 895
Left paracentral lobule 0.008 0.085 [-0.158 - 0.174] 0.046 0.923 0.997 71.748 7138 885
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.008 0.040 [-0.07 - 0.086] 0.041 0.832 0.997 <0.001 7226 911
Left inferior parietal cortex 0.009 0.046 [-0.082 - 0.099] 0.050 0.849 0.997 13.084 7180 895
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.012 0.047 [-0.081 - 0.105] 0.068 0.797 0.997 15.510 7186 890
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.016 0.049 [-0.079 - 0.112] 0.183 0.735 0.997 19.629 7207 902
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.017 0.040 [-0.06 - 0.095] 0.140 0.659 0.997 <0.001 7247 915
Right entorhinal cortex 0.019 0.041 [-0.062 - 0.1] 0.222 0.650 0.997 <0.001 7020 854
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.019 0.055 [-0.088 - 0.127] 0.108 0.724 0.997 32.618 7220 900
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.020 0.040 [-0.058 - 0.098] 0.160 0.611 0.997 <0.001 7235 911
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.021 0.040 [-0.057 - 0.098] 0.159 0.603 0.997 <0.001 7232 912
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.021 0.045 [-0.067 - 0.109] 0.164 0.637 0.997 10.058 7151 889
Right cuneus 0.024 0.040 [-0.054 - 0.102] 0.144 0.554 0.997 <0.001 7226 910
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.025 0.055 [-0.084 - 0.133] 0.175 0.656 0.997 33.053 7163 893
Right postcentral gyrus 0.025 0.040 [-0.053 - 0.104] 0.143 0.528 0.997 <0.001 7187 896
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.031 0.044 [-0.054 - 0.117] 0.262 0.475 0.997 7.582 7201 898
Left fusiform gyrus 0.033 0.057 [-0.079 - 0.144] 0.160 0.567 0.997 36.583 7094 884
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.033 0.040 [-0.046 - 0.112] 0.160 0.412 0.997 0.299 7180 895
Left precentral gyrus 0.034 0.062 [-0.088 - 0.155] 0.194 0.586 0.997 46.484 7180 896
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.035 0.040 [-0.044 - 0.114] 0.356 0.383 0.997 <0.001 7190 893
Left temporal pole 0.037 0.040 [-0.042 - 0.115] 0.369 0.361 0.997 <0.001 7212 896
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.060 0.040 [-0.019 - 0.139] 0.587 0.136 0.997 <0.001 7132 884
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.061 0.040 [-0.017 - 0.139] 0.296 0.124 0.997 <0.001 7227 905
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.062 0.046 [-0.029 - 0.153] 0.365 0.179 0.997 14.644 7233 913
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.064 0.040 [-0.015 - 0.142] 0.322 0.113 0.997 <0.001 7146 898
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.064 0.077 [-0.087 - 0.215] 0.382 0.408 0.997 63.293 7142 872a Included Samples: CODE, Imaging Genetics Dublin, Bipolar Family Study, Houston, MMDP 3T, Melbourne, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, DepOx, QTIM, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Sydney, Stanford, Rotterdam study.noAD: antidepressant free; MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S31: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients taking antidepressants MDD patients not taking antidepressants at time of scanning comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
<0.001 95% CI % Difference P-value FDR P-
value I2 # AD MDD
# noAD MDD(AD MDD vs no AD
MDD)Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.130 0.066 [-0.26 - -0.001] -2.961 0.049 0.980 0.633 853 651
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.126 0.103 [-0.328 - 0.076] -1.481 0.221 0.980 50.939 811 639
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.118 0.066 [-0.246 - 0.011] -1.814 0.073 0.980 <0.001 853 671
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.118 0.066 [-0.246 - 0.011] -1.950 0.073 0.980 <0.001 853 673
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.112 0.120 [-0.347 - 0.123] -1.437 0.349 0.980 65.966 849 653
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.105 0.094 [-0.288 - 0.079] -1.501 0.263 0.980 44.595 848 655
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.104 0.066 [-0.233 - 0.026] -2.009 0.117 0.980 <0.001 850 661
Left paracentral lobule -0.093 0.066 [-0.223 - 0.037] -1.304 0.161 0.980 <0.001 847 643
Left frontal pole -0.089 0.096 [-0.278 - 0.1] -1.383 0.357 0.980 48.406 852 673
Left fusiform gyrus -0.084 0.094 [-0.268 - 0.1] -1.219 0.370 0.980 44.374 846 641
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.080 0.146 [-0.365 - 0.206] -1.106 0.583 0.980 77.135 846 655
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.075 0.083 [-0.238 - 0.088] -1.176 0.368 0.980 30.563 794 655
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.073 0.066 [-0.202 - 0.057] -0.892 0.271 0.980 <0.001 849 655
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.064 0.101 [-0.262 - 0.135] -1.359 0.529 0.980 52.702 848 659
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.061 0.108 [-0.273 - 0.15] -1.062 0.570 0.980 58.763 853 671
Left precentral gyrus -0.059 0.096 [-0.246 - 0.128] -0.648 0.538 0.980 46.835 849 657
Left superior parietal cortex -0.059 0.066 [-0.188 - 0.071] -0.708 0.373 0.980 <0.001 850 654
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.054 0.066 [-0.184 - 0.076] -1.192 0.414 0.980 <0.001 848 641
Right superior parietal cortex -0.053 0.067 [-0.183 - 0.078] -0.616 0.428 0.980 <0.001 844 659
Right postcentral gyrus -0.051 0.091 [-0.229 - 0.127] -0.610 0.575 0.980 41.107 845 654
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.051 0.066 [-0.18 - 0.078] -0.799 0.440 0.980 <0.001 850 647
Right entorhinal cortex -0.051 0.074 [-0.196 - 0.094] -1.117 0.493 0.980 12.721 832 612
Right fusiform gyrus -0.049 0.079 [-0.203 - 0.105] -0.725 0.536 0.980 23.533 847 638
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.046 0.066 [-0.174 - 0.083] -0.681 0.486 0.980 <0.001 853 672
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.042 0.066 [-0.171 - 0.087] -0.600 0.520 0.980 <0.001 852 662
Left entorhinal cortex -0.040 0.067 [-0.172 - 0.091] -0.898 0.547 0.980 <0.001 840 632
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.040 0.066 [-0.169 - 0.089] -0.615 0.543 0.980 <0.001 853 656
Right pericalcarine cortex -0.038 0.071 [-0.177 - 0.101] -0.638 0.590 0.980 10.750 853 672
Right paracentral lobule -0.033 0.066 [-0.163 - 0.096] -0.469 0.613 0.980 <0.001 850 655
Left pars opercularis -0.030 0.153 [-0.329 - 0.269] -0.484 0.844 0.980 79.446 852 663
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.028 0.123 [-0.269 - 0.213] -0.417 0.820 0.980 66.528 819 632
Left lingual gyrus -0.027 0.089 [-0.202 - 0.148] -0.383 0.761 0.980 40.502 853 666
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.027 0.066 [-0.156 - 0.102] -0.484 0.683 0.980 <0.001 851 663
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.027 0.066 [-0.156 - 0.103] -0.502 0.687 0.980 <0.001 848 660
Left cuneus -0.025 0.138 [-0.296 - 0.246] -0.376 0.856 0.980 74.973 853 664
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.020 0.088 [-0.193 - 0.153] -0.347 0.820 0.980 34.566 782 622
Left precuneus -0.020 0.081 [-0.179 - 0.139] -0.253 0.806 0.980 28.242 851 669
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.019 0.066 [-0.148 - 0.11] -0.315 0.772 0.980 <0.001 851 658
Right lingual gyrus -0.018 0.085 [-0.184 - 0.148] -0.254 0.829 0.980 34.130 853 670
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.015 0.066 [-0.145 - 0.114] -0.257 0.818 0.980 <0.001 849 665
Left postcentral gyrus -0.013 0.066 [-0.143 - 0.117] -0.148 0.847 0.980 <0.001 848 645
Right pars orbitalis -0.012 0.087 [-0.181 - 0.158] -0.177 0.892 0.980 36.911 853 671
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.009 0.096 [-0.197 - 0.179] -0.149 0.925 0.980 47.891 853 671
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.008 0.094 [-0.192 - 0.175] -0.137 0.929 0.980 43.773 845 660
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.008 0.090 [-0.184 - 0.168] -0.101 0.932 0.980 40.669 851 670
Left insula -0.007 0.066 [-0.136 - 0.121] -0.085 0.909 0.980 <0.001 853 671
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.002 0.066 [-0.131 - 0.127] -0.029 0.975 0.980 <0.001 853 668
Left pars triangularis 0.003 0.124 [-0.239 - 0.245] 0.048 0.980 0.980 68.584 853 668
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.005 0.099 [-0.189 - 0.199] 0.071 0.960 0.980 50.174 846 649
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.006 0.069 [-0.128 - 0.141] 0.091 0.925 0.980 6.195 853 673
Right cuneus 0.007 0.109 [-0.207 - 0.22] 0.094 0.952 0.980 59.342 851 669
Right hemisphere total surface area 0.008 0.100 [-0.188 - 0.204] 0.086 0.934 0.980 51.878 853 673
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.012 0.075 [-0.135 - 0.159] 0.193 0.873 0.980 18.471 853 670
Left hemisphere total surface area 0.017 0.089 [-0.157 - 0.192] 0.179 0.847 0.980 39.989 853 673
Right temporal pole 0.017 0.083 [-0.146 - 0.18] 0.280 0.836 0.980 28.966 837 650
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.019 0.089 [-0.154 - 0.193] 0.243 0.826 0.980 34.948 810 632
Right precuneus 0.020 0.102 [-0.18 - 0.22] 0.260 0.844 0.980 53.802 853 669
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.024 0.097 [-0.166 - 0.214] 0.347 0.806 0.980 47.711 834 643
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.025 0.066 [-0.104 - 0.154] 0.424 0.704 0.980 <0.001 850 671
Right precentral gyrus 0.026 0.113 [-0.196 - 0.248] 0.296 0.818 0.980 62.209 851 658
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.027 0.067 [-0.104 - 0.158] 0.386 0.686 0.980 <0.001 828 660
Right pars opercularis 0.033 0.066 [-0.095 - 0.162] 0.536 0.611 0.980 <0.001 853 659
Right pars triangularis 0.036 0.066 [-0.093 - 0.164] 0.576 0.589 0.980 <0.001 853 665
Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.036 0.115 [-0.191 - 0.262] 0.584 0.757 0.980 63.496 848 660
Left pars orbitalis 0.045 0.066 [-0.084 - 0.174] 0.678 0.494 0.980 <0.001 853 672
Left temporal pole 0.047 0.081 [-0.111 - 0.205] 0.745 0.562 0.980 25.913 843 656
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.056 0.076 [-0.093 - 0.205] 0.721 0.462 0.980 20.095 851 666
Right insula 0.066 0.066 [-0.062 - 0.195] 0.905 0.313 0.980 <0.001 853 667
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.081 0.110 [-0.135 - 0.296] 1.187 0.464 0.980 60.091 851 670
Right frontal pole 0.100 0.104 [-0.104 - 0.303] 1.530 0.338 0.980 55.343 853 671a Included Samples: Imaging Genetics Dublin, MMDP 3T, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, NESDA, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Sydney, Stanford, Rotterdam study.AD: antidepressant using; noAD: antidepressant free; MDD: Major Depressive Disorder.
Supplementary Table S32: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure associated with severity of symptoms at study inclusion measured by the HDRS-17 controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Pearson's r a Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Patients(HDRS-17)Left insula -0.053 0.036 [-0.123 - 0.017] -0.551 0.139 0.972 <0.001 774
Right pars opercularis -0.042 0.052 [-0.144 - 0.06] -0.423 0.419 0.972 42.883 776
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.037 0.036 [-0.107 - 0.033] -0.388 0.302 0.972 <0.001 776
Right paracentral lobule -0.035 0.036 [-0.106 - 0.035] -0.400 0.327 0.972 <0.001 776
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.032 0.036 [-0.102 - 0.038] -0.519 0.368 0.972 <0.001 776
Left frontal pole -0.024 0.036 [-0.094 - 0.045] -0.514 0.494 0.972 <0.001 776
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.022 0.076 [-0.17 - 0.127] -0.260 0.774 0.972 72.608 756
Left pars orbitalis -0.021 0.036 [-0.092 - 0.049] -0.312 0.552 0.972 <0.001 776
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.020 0.036 [-0.09 - 0.051] -0.333 0.581 0.972 <0.001 775
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.018 0.037 [-0.09 - 0.054] -0.258 0.623 0.972 <0.001 741
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.016 0.036 [-0.086 - 0.055] -0.187 0.660 0.972 <0.001 776
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.015 0.046 [-0.104 - 0.074] -0.169 0.740 0.972 26.588 773
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.005 0.058 [-0.118 - 0.108] -0.063 0.930 0.972 52.357 776
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.005 0.048 [-0.099 - 0.09] -0.052 0.924 0.972 33.477 775
Right entorhinal cortex -0.004 0.048 [-0.098 - 0.089] -0.106 0.926 0.972 31.380 756
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.004 0.070 [-0.142 - 0.133] -0.049 0.951 0.972 69.019 774
Left pars opercularis -0.003 0.042 [-0.085 - 0.079] -0.033 0.934 0.972 17.687 775
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.003 0.036 [-0.073 - 0.068] -0.034 0.943 0.972 <0.001 776
Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.002 0.057 [-0.11 - 0.113] 0.033 0.979 0.979 51.035 773
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.002 0.036 [-0.068 - 0.072] 0.021 0.958 0.972 <0.001 772
Left precentral gyrus 0.004 0.036 [-0.066 - 0.074] 0.045 0.913 0.972 <0.001 776
Right superior parietal cortex 0.006 0.036 [-0.064 - 0.076] 0.060 0.867 0.972 <0.001 772
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.006 0.036 [-0.063 - 0.076] 0.066 0.856 0.972 <0.001 776
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.006 0.045 [-0.081 - 0.094] 0.131 0.885 0.972 24.214 774
Right fusiform gyrus 0.007 0.048 [-0.087 - 0.1] 0.065 0.889 0.972 32.328 776
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.008 0.057 [-0.105 - 0.12] 0.110 0.896 0.972 52.158 772
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.009 0.037 [-0.063 - 0.081] 0.103 0.813 0.972 <0.001 738
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.009 0.036 [-0.062 - 0.079] 0.106 0.807 0.972 <0.001 776
Right postcentral gyrus 0.011 0.036 [-0.059 - 0.081] 0.125 0.756 0.972 <0.001 776
Right precentral gyrus 0.011 0.036 [-0.059 - 0.082] 0.133 0.756 0.972 <0.001 775
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.012 0.036 [-0.059 - 0.083] 0.121 0.745 0.972 <0.001 760
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.012 0.036 [-0.058 - 0.083] 0.188 0.735 0.972 <0.001 773
Right pars orbitalis 0.012 0.051 [-0.087 - 0.111] 0.178 0.807 0.972 38.542 775
Right precuneus 0.013 0.048 [-0.081 - 0.106] 0.125 0.791 0.972 30.927 774
Right cuneus 0.013 0.036 [-0.057 - 0.082] 0.155 0.723 0.972 <0.001 773
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.014 0.036 [-0.056 - 0.083] 0.208 0.705 0.972 <0.001 774
Left postcentral gyrus 0.017 0.038 [-0.058 - 0.093] 0.193 0.649 0.972 7.142 774
Right hemisphere total surface area 0.018 0.036 [-0.052 - 0.088] 0.383 0.608 0.972 <0.001 776
Left precuneus 0.020 0.036 [-0.05 - 0.09] 0.190 0.578 0.972 <0.001 775
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.020 0.036 [-0.05 - 0.091] 0.206 0.570 0.972 <0.001 775
Left superior parietal cortex 0.021 0.036 [-0.049 - 0.091] 0.206 0.557 0.972 <0.001 775
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.022 0.043 [-0.063 - 0.107] 0.255 0.617 0.972 21.195 776
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.024 0.036 [-0.047 - 0.094] 0.253 0.515 0.972 <0.001 760
Left entorhinal cortex 0.024 0.036 [-0.047 - 0.095] 0.552 0.508 0.972 <0.001 756
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.027 0.068 [-0.106 - 0.16] 0.680 0.688 0.972 66.240 775
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.028 0.036 [-0.043 - 0.099] 0.271 0.438 0.972 <0.001 776
Left hemisphere total surface area 0.029 0.036 [-0.041 - 0.1] 0.613 0.411 0.972 <0.001 776
Left lingual gyrus 0.030 0.040 [-0.049 - 0.109] 0.347 0.457 0.972 12.703 776
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.033 0.036 [-0.038 - 0.103] 0.639 0.361 0.972 <0.001 772
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.033 0.056 [-0.077 - 0.143] 0.735 0.557 0.972 49.523 774
Left paracentral lobule 0.035 0.036 [-0.036 - 0.105] 0.393 0.336 0.972 <0.001 776
Left pars triangularis 0.037 0.040 [-0.041 - 0.114] 0.449 0.351 0.972 11.421 774
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.039 0.037 [-0.035 - 0.112] 0.565 0.304 0.972 <0.001 710
Left fusiform gyrus 0.040 0.063 [-0.084 - 0.164] 0.392 0.529 0.972 61.309 776
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.041 0.037 [-0.031 - 0.113] 0.500 0.266 0.972 <0.001 740
Right insula 0.041 0.036 [-0.029 - 0.111] 0.446 0.254 0.972 <0.001 771
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.043 0.044 [-0.043 - 0.129] 0.680 0.324 0.972 22.011 776
Right lingual gyrus 0.043 0.038 [-0.032 - 0.119] 0.503 0.259 0.972 7.648 774
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.046 0.036 [-0.024 - 0.116] 0.642 0.201 0.972 <0.001 772
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.050 0.047 [-0.042 - 0.142] 0.488 0.284 0.972 30.866 776
Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.051 0.062 [-0.071 - 0.173] 0.558 0.409 0.972 60.133 776
Right frontal pole 0.051 0.067 [-0.079 - 0.182] 1.076 0.439 0.972 64.742 776
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.052 0.070 [-0.085 - 0.189] 0.598 0.458 0.972 68.435 775
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.062 0.061 [-0.057 - 0.181] 1.410 0.307 0.972 57.104 775
Left cuneus 0.079 0.083 [-0.083 - 0.241] 0.982 0.338 0.972 78.980 772
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.080 0.059 [-0.035 - 0.196] 1.275 0.173 0.972 55.195 775
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.082 0.067 [-0.049 - 0.213] 0.793 0.220 0.972 65.742 776
Right pars triangularis 0.087 0.078 [-0.066 - 0.24] 1.004 0.267 0.972 75.660 775
Left temporal pole 0.088 0.036 [0.018 - 0.158] 1.787 0.013 0.933 <0.001 776
Right temporal pole 0.113 0.064 [-0.012 - 0.237] 2.500 0.076 0.972 62.761 776a Included Samples: CLING, Imaging Genetics Dublin, Clinical Depression Dublin, Bipolar Family Study, Houston, Sexpect, MMDP 3T, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, DepOx, Sydney.HDRS-17: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale with 17 items.
Supplementary Table S33: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure associated with severity of symptoms at study inclusion measured by the BDI-II controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Pearson's r a Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Patients(BDI-II)Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.159 0.105 [-0.365 - 0.046] -3.144 0.129 0.312 89.443 903
Left superior parietal cortex -0.159 0.081 [-0.317 - 0] -1.575 0.050 0.184 80.098 920
Right postcentral gyrus -0.155 0.068 [-0.289 - -0.022] -1.781 0.023 0.107 70.571 916
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.125 0.092 [-0.306 - 0.056] -1.360 0.175 0.360 83.967 897
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.125 0.044 [-0.212 - -0.038] -1.951 0.005 0.058 32.669 911
Left precuneus -0.123 0.037 [-0.196 - -0.051] -1.188 8.21E-04 0.020 14.863 937
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.120 0.070 [-0.258 - 0.017] -1.314 0.087 0.233 71.729 933
Left frontal pole -0.113 0.032 [-0.176 - -0.05] -2.400 4.33E-04 0.020 <0.001 942
Left postcentral gyrus -0.106 0.033 [-0.17 - -0.042] -1.177 0.001 0.020 <0.001 909
Right precuneus -0.105 0.032 [-0.168 - -0.042] -1.051 0.001 0.020 <0.001 937
Right hemisphere total surface area -0.094 0.032 [-0.157 - -0.031] -1.971 0.003 0.048 <0.001 943
Right paracentral lobule -0.092 0.050 [-0.19 - 0.005] -1.050 0.064 0.204 44.599 922
Left fusiform gyrus -0.092 0.065 [-0.218 - 0.035] -0.903 0.157 0.355 65.808 906
Left hemisphere total surface area -0.086 0.032 [-0.149 - -0.023] -1.791 0.008 0.076 <0.001 943
Right superior parietal cortex -0.084 0.033 [-0.149 - -0.02] -0.846 0.010 0.088 <0.001 917
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.083 0.054 [-0.188 - 0.023] -0.847 0.123 0.308 50.987 926
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.082 0.033 [-0.146 - -0.018] -0.850 0.011 0.089 0.109 921
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.079 0.033 [-0.143 - -0.015] -0.771 0.015 0.105 <0.001 919
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.078 0.033 [-0.142 - -0.014] -0.881 0.018 0.105 <0.001 919
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.077 0.033 [-0.141 - -0.013] -0.780 0.018 0.105 <0.001 921
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.076 0.063 [-0.2 - 0.048] -0.909 0.227 0.425 63.089 902
Left insula -0.075 0.032 [-0.139 - -0.012] -0.789 0.020 0.107 <0.001 940
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.075 0.088 [-0.248 - 0.099] -0.835 0.399 0.618 82.446 927
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.075 0.033 [-0.139 - -0.01] -0.834 0.023 0.107 <0.001 916
Right fusiform gyrus -0.074 0.050 [-0.171 - 0.023] -0.722 0.137 0.319 43.711 904
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.070 0.051 [-0.17 - 0.03] -0.675 0.171 0.360 46.691 931
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.069 0.052 [-0.17 - 0.032] -0.670 0.182 0.365 48.690 938
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.068 0.033 [-0.134 - -0.003] -0.822 0.039 0.171 <0.001 895
Left precentral gyrus -0.068 0.055 [-0.176 - 0.04] -0.785 0.217 0.421 53.984 923
Right lingual gyrus -0.066 0.079 [-0.22 - 0.088] -0.769 0.399 0.618 77.792 938
Right cuneus -0.066 0.090 [-0.243 - 0.111] -0.810 0.466 0.645 83.660 934
Right precentral gyrus -0.065 0.033 [-0.129 - -0.001] -0.775 0.046 0.184 <0.001 926
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.064 0.033 [-0.128 - 0] -0.728 0.050 0.184 <0.001 923
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.061 0.032 [-0.125 - 0.002] -0.720 0.057 0.200 <0.001 938
Left pars opercularis -0.061 0.033 [-0.125 - 0.003] -0.583 0.061 0.204 <0.001 931
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.061 0.033 [-0.126 - 0.005] -0.743 0.070 0.212 <0.001 889
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.058 0.033 [-0.122 - 0.006] -0.616 0.074 0.215 <0.001 931
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.057 0.049 [-0.154 - 0.039] -1.166 0.244 0.436 42.037 919
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.056 0.032 [-0.119 - 0.008] -0.880 0.085 0.233 <0.001 941
Left lingual gyrus -0.055 0.032 [-0.119 - 0.009] -0.638 0.090 0.233 <0.001 936
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.052 0.063 [-0.175 - 0.071] -1.183 0.406 0.618 63.154 924
Right temporal pole -0.046 0.033 [-0.111 - 0.019] -1.016 0.162 0.355 <0.001 910
Right insula -0.045 0.070 [-0.183 - 0.093] -0.495 0.519 0.673 70.890 933
Right entorhinal cortex -0.044 0.050 [-0.142 - 0.055] -1.039 0.386 0.618 42.845 850
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.043 0.056 [-0.153 - 0.066] -1.080 0.438 0.625 54.356 924
Left temporal pole -0.041 0.049 [-0.137 - 0.055] -0.831 0.401 0.618 41.187 922
Right pericalcarine cortex -0.040 0.084 [-0.204 - 0.124] -0.582 0.634 0.745 80.589 940
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.040 0.033 [-0.105 - 0.025] -0.567 0.231 0.425 <0.001 906
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.037 0.032 [-0.101 - 0.026] -0.431 0.249 0.436 <0.001 934
Right pars orbitalis -0.035 0.051 [-0.136 - 0.066] -0.508 0.494 0.652 47.520 940
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.031 0.044 [-0.118 - 0.055] -0.525 0.479 0.645 31.199 925
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.031 0.053 [-0.135 - 0.074] -0.672 0.564 0.693 50.083 923
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.030 0.032 [-0.094 - 0.033] -0.407 0.349 0.595 <0.001 941
Left entorhinal cortex -0.029 0.053 [-0.133 - 0.074] -0.670 0.581 0.701 49.196 877
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.027 0.058 [-0.14 - 0.086] -0.326 0.639 0.745 57.679 942
Left paracentral lobule -0.027 0.033 [-0.092 - 0.039] -0.303 0.423 0.625 <0.001 907
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.026 0.033 [-0.09 - 0.038] -0.323 0.429 0.625 <0.001 938
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.025 0.042 [-0.107 - 0.057] -0.352 0.549 0.693 25.959 939
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.025 0.111 [-0.242 - 0.193] -0.362 0.824 0.901 89.329 883
Right frontal pole -0.023 0.033 [-0.087 - 0.041] -0.483 0.478 0.645 <0.001 941
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.019 0.032 [-0.083 - 0.045] -0.307 0.557 0.693 <0.001 943
Left cuneus -0.019 0.101 [-0.216 - 0.179] -0.231 0.853 0.914 87.237 931
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.018 0.043 [-0.102 - 0.065] -0.215 0.668 0.754 29.083 943
Right pars triangularis -0.014 0.033 [-0.078 - 0.05] -0.166 0.659 0.754 <0.001 934
Left pars triangularis -0.012 0.045 [-0.099 - 0.075] -0.147 0.786 0.873 32.183 936
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.005 0.056 [-0.115 - 0.104] -0.083 0.923 0.941 55.272 937
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.005 0.057 [-0.118 - 0.107] -0.117 0.927 0.941 56.594 926
Left pars orbitalis -0.005 0.033 [-0.069 - 0.059] -0.075 0.875 0.914 <0.001 942
Right pars opercularis 0.007 0.094 [-0.178 - 0.191] 0.066 0.945 0.945 85.349 929
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.008 0.047 [-0.085 - 0.1] 0.123 0.869 0.914 39.306 939a Included Samples: CLING, Houston, Sexpect, MPIP, Muenster Cohort, SHIP, SHIP-trend, Stanford.BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory.
Adolescent meta-analyses results for cortical thickness
Supplementary Table S34: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(MDD vs CTL)Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.311 0.107 [-0.522 - -0.101] -1.880 0.004 0.258 <0.001 294 213
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.227 0.107 [-0.437 - -0.016] -1.334 0.035 0.691 <0.001 294 211
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.223 0.108 [-0.436 - -0.011] -1.875 0.039 0.691 <0.001 282 211
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.222 0.107 [-0.433 - -0.012] -1.709 0.038 0.691 <0.001 293 212
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.216 0.152 [-0.515 - 0.082] -2.105 0.156 0.979 44.717 294 213
Left frontal pole -0.182 0.240 [-0.653 - 0.288] -1.922 0.447 0.979 77.559 294 213
Left precentral gyrus -0.168 0.108 [-0.379 - 0.043] -0.963 0.119 0.979 <0.001 291 212
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.165 0.132 [-0.423 - 0.093] -1.278 0.211 0.979 26.370 283 210
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.155 0.107 [-0.365 - 0.055] -1.571 0.149 0.979 <0.001 293 212
Left insula -0.152 0.134 [-0.415 - 0.11] -0.795 0.255 0.979 30.078 291 213
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.151 0.107 [-0.361 - 0.06] -1.877 0.160 0.979 <0.001 294 211
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.140 0.120 [-0.376 - 0.096] -1.593 0.244 0.979 16.397 291 213
Right pars opercularis -0.137 0.113 [-0.359 - 0.085] -0.686 0.227 0.979 7.860 292 213
Left paracentral gyrus -0.131 0.107 [-0.341 - 0.079] -0.746 0.221 0.979 <0.001 294 212
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.129 0.107 [-0.339 - 0.081] -1.021 0.229 0.979 <0.001 293 213
Right entorhinal cortex -0.117 0.109 [-0.33 - 0.096] -1.388 0.283 0.979 <0.001 291 210
Right precentral gyrus -0.100 0.107 [-0.31 - 0.11] -0.594 0.351 0.979 <0.001 290 213
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.082 0.107 [-0.291 - 0.128] -0.444 0.444 0.979 <0.001 291 213
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.066 0.137 [-0.334 - 0.202] -0.369 0.629 0.979 32.909 293 206
Left fusiform gyrus -0.061 0.107 [-0.271 - 0.149] -0.301 0.568 0.979 <0.001 293 213
Right pars orbitalis -0.053 0.164 [-0.375 - 0.269] -0.382 0.747 0.979 52.081 294 210
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.051 0.107 [-0.261 - 0.159] -0.319 0.634 0.979 <0.001 293 213
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.046 0.121 [-0.284 - 0.192] -0.222 0.706 0.979 17.763 294 213
Right fusiform gyrus -0.036 0.167 [-0.364 - 0.292] -0.177 0.828 0.979 53.884 294 211
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.035 0.185 [-0.397 - 0.328] -0.255 0.851 0.979 59.448 279 190
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.033 0.107 [-0.243 - 0.177] -0.198 0.757 0.979 <0.001 292 208
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.031 0.132 [-0.29 - 0.228] -0.114 0.813 0.979 28.685 294 213
Right postcentral gyrus -0.025 0.107 [-0.235 - 0.186] -0.140 0.818 0.979 <0.001 289 212
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.023 0.107 [-0.233 - 0.186] -0.163 0.829 0.979 <0.001 294 213
Left pars orbitalis -0.023 0.191 [-0.397 - 0.35] -0.169 0.903 0.979 64.240 292 213
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.018 0.187 [-0.385 - 0.35] -0.102 0.925 0.979 62.766 294 212
Right insula -0.014 0.107 [-0.225 - 0.196] -0.079 0.893 0.979 <0.001 291 213
Left hempisphere average thickness -0.011 0.114 [-0.235 - 0.214] -0.039 0.926 0.979 9.648 294 213
Right cuneus -0.009 0.107 [-0.22 - 0.201] -0.057 0.932 0.979 0.001 292 213
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.009 0.157 [-0.317 - 0.299] -0.051 0.954 0.979 48.150 293 213
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.007 0.107 [-0.216 - 0.202] -0.034 0.948 0.979 <0.001 294 213
Right frontal pole -0.007 0.121 [-0.244 - 0.231] -0.071 0.955 0.979 17.542 294 213
Right paracentral gyrus -0.003 0.107 [-0.213 - 0.208] -0.016 0.979 0.979 <0.001 291 213
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.003 0.107 [-0.207 - 0.213] 0.015 0.977 0.979 <0.001 293 212
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.004 0.107 [-0.205 - 0.214] 0.022 0.967 0.979 <0.001 294 213
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.006 0.109 [-0.208 - 0.22] 0.035 0.958 0.979 0.001 283 198
Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.007 0.113 [-0.214 - 0.228] 0.075 0.952 0.979 7.035 294 212
Right superior parietal cortex 0.009 0.136 [-0.258 - 0.276] 0.046 0.946 0.979 32.178 293 213
Left inferior parietal cortex 0.010 0.107 [-0.2 - 0.221] 0.059 0.922 0.979 0.298 294 213
Left postcentral gyrus 0.011 0.107 [-0.199 - 0.221] 0.061 0.918 0.979 <0.001 294 212
Right precuneus 0.022 0.157 [-0.285 - 0.328] 0.108 0.890 0.979 47.669 294 213
Left precuneus 0.022 0.210 [-0.389 - 0.433] 0.106 0.916 0.979 70.419 294 213
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.025 0.107 [-0.186 - 0.235] 0.133 0.817 0.979 <0.001 291 213
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.032 0.107 [-0.179 - 0.242] 0.163 0.768 0.979 <0.001 288 211
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.033 0.140 [-0.242 - 0.308] 0.193 0.814 0.979 36.094 294 213
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.034 0.140 [-0.24 - 0.308] 0.165 0.806 0.979 35.371 292 213
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.034 0.110 [-0.181 - 0.249] 0.204 0.754 0.979 <0.001 284 196
Left lingual gyrus 0.037 0.107 [-0.173 - 0.246] 0.213 0.731 0.979 <0.001 294 213
Left temporal pole 0.044 0.107 [-0.166 - 0.254] 0.448 0.679 0.979 0.002 294 213
Left superior parietal cortex 0.050 0.107 [-0.159 - 0.26] 0.247 0.637 0.979 0.006 294 213
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.054 0.140 [-0.22 - 0.327] 0.381 0.701 0.979 34.767 293 203
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.063 0.107 [-0.146 - 0.273] 0.463 0.554 0.979 <0.001 294 212
Left cuneus 0.072 0.197 [-0.315 - 0.458] 0.442 0.716 0.979 66.245 293 213
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.073 0.107 [-0.136 - 0.283] 0.591 0.492 0.979 <0.001 294 213
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.075 0.118 [-0.156 - 0.307] 0.593 0.524 0.979 13.790 294 213
Left pars triangularis 0.077 0.121 [-0.161 - 0.314] 0.466 0.527 0.979 17.231 293 213
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.083 0.114 [-0.14 - 0.306] 0.555 0.466 0.979 8.675 293 213
Right pars triangularis 0.087 0.107 [-0.123 - 0.297] 0.501 0.417 0.979 <0.001 293 213
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.087 0.131 [-0.17 - 0.344] 0.971 0.506 0.979 27.776 293 213
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.106 0.108 [-0.105 - 0.317] 0.594 0.323 0.979 <0.001 291 212
Right lingual gyrus 0.119 0.107 [-0.091 - 0.328] 0.687 0.267 0.979 <0.001 294 213
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.145 0.132 [-0.114 - 0.403] 0.761 0.274 0.979 28.073 294 211
Left pars opercularis 0.150 0.107 [-0.061 - 0.361] 0.715 0.163 0.979 <0.001 293 211
Left entorhinal cortex 0.160 0.110 [-0.055 - 0.375] 1.843 0.144 0.979 2.664 292 210
Right temporal pole 0.210 0.174 [-0.131 - 0.551] 2.312 0.227 0.979 56.849 294 213a Included Samples: MMDP 3T, Melbourne, Muenster Cohort, QTIM, Sydney.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S35: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for the Diagnosis by Sex interaction controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(Dx by Sex)Right pars triangularis -0.190 0.180 [-0.544 - 0.164] -1.095 0.292 0.978 60.064 293 213
Left insula -0.186 0.120 [-0.422 - 0.05] -0.971 0.122 0.978 16.175 291 213
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.177 0.113 [-0.399 - 0.046] -0.908 0.119 0.978 7.187 288 211
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.171 0.107 [-0.382 - 0.039] -0.866 0.111 0.978 <0.001 293 212
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.153 0.108 [-0.365 - 0.06] -1.183 0.159 0.978 <0.001 283 210
Left entorhinal cortex -0.147 0.107 [-0.358 - 0.063] -1.695 0.170 0.978 <0.001 292 210
Left superior parietal cortex -0.140 0.107 [-0.35 - 0.069] -0.688 0.189 0.978 <0.001 294 213
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.131 0.194 [-0.511 - 0.249] -0.875 0.500 0.978 65.427 293 213
Right paracentral gyrus -0.127 0.152 [-0.425 - 0.172] -0.718 0.407 0.978 44.646 291 213
Right pars orbitalis -0.124 0.144 [-0.407 - 0.159] -0.893 0.391 0.978 38.880 294 210
Right precentral gyrus -0.115 0.145 [-0.399 - 0.168] -0.686 0.426 0.978 39.205 290 213
Left frontal pole -0.106 0.107 [-0.315 - 0.104] -1.112 0.323 0.978 <0.001 294 213
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.101 0.122 [-0.339 - 0.138] -0.488 0.409 0.978 17.746 294 213
Right insula -0.087 0.141 [-0.364 - 0.19] -0.476 0.537 0.978 36.559 291 213
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.083 0.108 [-0.295 - 0.129] -0.905 0.443 0.978 1.046 294 212
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.079 0.107 [-0.289 - 0.131] -0.466 0.460 0.978 <0.001 294 211
Right postcentral gyrus -0.078 0.157 [-0.386 - 0.229] -0.444 0.617 0.978 47.475 289 212
Left precentral gyrus -0.076 0.147 [-0.364 - 0.211] -0.438 0.603 0.978 40.600 291 212
Right cuneus -0.072 0.107 [-0.282 - 0.138] -0.443 0.501 0.978 <0.001 292 213
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.070 0.107 [-0.28 - 0.139] -0.412 0.510 0.978 <0.001 294 213
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.069 0.107 [-0.278 - 0.141] -0.414 0.521 0.978 <0.001 294 213
Right entorhinal cortex -0.067 0.109 [-0.281 - 0.146] -0.801 0.536 0.978 0.001 291 210
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.065 0.107 [-0.275 - 0.145] -0.632 0.544 0.978 0.010 294 213
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.061 0.132 [-0.32 - 0.198] -0.294 0.646 0.978 28.606 294 213
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.060 0.166 [-0.384 - 0.265] -0.324 0.718 0.978 53.049 291 213
Right superior parietal cortex -0.058 0.121 [-0.294 - 0.179] -0.288 0.633 0.978 16.750 293 213
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.052 0.107 [-0.262 - 0.157] -0.369 0.624 0.978 <0.001 294 213
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.050 0.107 [-0.26 - 0.16] -0.386 0.639 0.978 <0.001 293 212
Right pars opercularis -0.045 0.146 [-0.331 - 0.241] -0.227 0.757 0.978 40.310 292 213
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.038 0.107 [-0.248 - 0.172] -0.302 0.722 0.978 <0.001 293 213
Left pars triangularis -0.038 0.163 [-0.356 - 0.281] -0.229 0.817 0.978 51.275 293 213
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.036 0.107 [-0.246 - 0.173] -0.287 0.733 0.978 <0.001 294 213
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.035 0.123 [-0.276 - 0.206] -0.128 0.775 0.978 19.426 294 213
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.032 0.107 [-0.243 - 0.179] -0.172 0.766 0.978 <0.001 291 213
Right pericalcarine cortex -0.032 0.107 [-0.241 - 0.178] -0.230 0.769 0.978 <0.001 294 212
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.014 0.107 [-0.223 - 0.196] -0.077 0.899 0.978 <0.001 293 213
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.013 0.107 [-0.223 - 0.197] -0.066 0.904 0.978 <0.001 294 213
Right fusiform gyrus -0.011 0.154 [-0.312 - 0.291] -0.053 0.944 0.978 45.908 294 211
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.009 0.107 [-0.219 - 0.201] -0.095 0.930 0.978 <0.001 293 212
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.005 0.107 [-0.215 - 0.205] -0.065 0.961 0.978 <0.001 294 211
Right temporal pole -0.001 0.107 [-0.211 - 0.209] -0.011 0.992 0.992 0.004 294 213
Left hempisphere average thickness 0.005 0.107 [-0.205 - 0.214] 0.018 0.964 0.978 <0.001 294 213
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.007 0.120 [-0.227 - 0.242] 0.041 0.951 0.978 14.926 291 212
Left pars orbitalis 0.009 0.133 [-0.251 - 0.27] 0.069 0.944 0.978 29.382 292 213
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.011 0.117 [-0.219 - 0.24] 0.056 0.928 0.978 12.347 294 211
Left pars opercularis 0.012 0.198 [-0.375 - 0.4] 0.058 0.951 0.978 66.539 293 211
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.012 0.129 [-0.24 - 0.265] 0.103 0.924 0.978 24.176 282 211
Right precuneus 0.016 0.107 [-0.194 - 0.226] 0.079 0.881 0.978 <0.001 294 213
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.017 0.107 [-0.193 - 0.228] 0.124 0.871 0.978 <0.001 293 203
Right frontal pole 0.020 0.107 [-0.189 - 0.23] 0.213 0.849 0.978 <0.001 294 213
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.020 0.139 [-0.253 - 0.293] 0.122 0.883 0.978 34.897 292 208
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.021 0.110 [-0.194 - 0.236] 0.126 0.846 0.978 <0.001 284 196
Left precuneus 0.028 0.107 [-0.182 - 0.238] 0.133 0.794 0.978 <0.001 294 213
Left paracentral gyrus 0.031 0.140 [-0.243 - 0.305] 0.178 0.823 0.978 35.529 294 212
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.042 0.109 [-0.171 - 0.256] 0.258 0.698 0.978 <0.001 283 198
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.046 0.107 [-0.164 - 0.255] 0.369 0.668 0.978 <0.001 294 213
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.046 0.109 [-0.167 - 0.259] 0.513 0.672 0.978 2.279 293 213
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.060 0.122 [-0.179 - 0.299] 0.335 0.622 0.978 18.100 293 206
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.074 0.107 [-0.136 - 0.284] 0.427 0.489 0.978 <0.001 294 212
Left inferior parietal cortex 0.074 0.107 [-0.135 - 0.284] 0.421 0.488 0.978 <0.001 294 213
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.074 0.107 [-0.136 - 0.284] 0.358 0.489 0.978 0.005 292 213
Left temporal pole 0.085 0.107 [-0.124 - 0.295] 0.864 0.425 0.978 0.003 294 213
Left postcentral gyrus 0.086 0.107 [-0.124 - 0.296] 0.474 0.423 0.978 <0.001 294 212
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.089 0.107 [-0.121 - 0.299] 0.559 0.405 0.978 <0.001 293 213
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.093 0.138 [-0.177 - 0.363] 1.057 0.500 0.978 33.332 291 213
Left cuneus 0.116 0.107 [-0.094 - 0.326] 0.715 0.280 0.978 <0.001 293 213
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.116 0.111 [-0.101 - 0.333] 0.851 0.293 0.978 <0.001 279 190
Left fusiform gyrus 0.130 0.107 [-0.08 - 0.34] 0.640 0.224 0.978 <0.001 293 213
Right lingual gyrus 0.153 0.107 [-0.056 - 0.363] 0.887 0.152 0.978 <0.001 294 213
Left lingual gyrus 0.162 0.107 [-0.048 - 0.372] 0.937 0.130 0.978 <0.001 294 213a Included Samples: MMDP 3T, Melbourne, Muenster Cohort, QTIM, Sydney.Dx: Diagnosis.
Supplementary Table S36: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for the Diagnosis by Age interaction controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(Dx by Age)Right pericalcarine cortex -0.157 0.109 [-0.371 - 0.058] -1.142 0.152 0.820 2.807 294 212
Left superior parietal cortex -0.098 0.107 [-0.308 - 0.112] -0.479 0.360 0.971 <0.001 294 213
Right postcentral gyrus -0.097 0.107 [-0.308 - 0.113] -0.551 0.365 0.971 <0.001 289 212
Left pars opercularis -0.096 0.107 [-0.306 - 0.115] -0.456 0.373 0.971 <0.001 293 211
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.073 0.107 [-0.282 - 0.137] -0.511 0.497 0.971 <0.001 294 213
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.063 0.107 [-0.273 - 0.147] -0.321 0.554 0.971 <0.001 293 212
Right paracentral gyrus -0.062 0.107 [-0.272 - 0.149] -0.350 0.566 0.971 <0.001 291 213
Right superior parietal cortex -0.059 0.107 [-0.269 - 0.15] -0.297 0.579 0.971 <0.001 293 213
Right pars triangularis -0.055 0.155 [-0.359 - 0.249] -0.317 0.723 0.971 46.515 293 213
Left precentral gyrus -0.051 0.108 [-0.262 - 0.16] -0.293 0.635 0.971 <0.001 291 212
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.049 0.146 [-0.336 - 0.237] -0.415 0.735 0.971 39.323 282 211
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.040 0.174 [-0.382 - 0.302] -0.235 0.819 0.971 57.078 294 211
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.034 0.107 [-0.243 - 0.176] -0.163 0.754 0.971 <0.001 294 213
Right insula -0.031 0.107 [-0.241 - 0.18] -0.167 0.775 0.971 0.008 291 213
Left frontal pole -0.027 0.118 [-0.258 - 0.203] -0.289 0.816 0.971 13.423 294 213
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.027 0.189 [-0.397 - 0.343] -0.297 0.888 0.971 63.371 293 213
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.027 0.107 [-0.237 - 0.183] -0.129 0.803 0.971 0.003 292 213
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.027 0.107 [-0.237 - 0.183] -0.161 0.804 0.971 0.008 294 213
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.013 0.107 [-0.222 - 0.197] -0.062 0.904 0.971 <0.001 294 213
Left pars orbitalis -0.012 0.108 [-0.222 - 0.199] -0.085 0.914 0.971 <0.001 292 213
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.004 0.107 [-0.214 - 0.206] -0.031 0.971 0.971 0.003 294 213
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.005 0.107 [-0.205 - 0.214] 0.027 0.965 0.971 <0.001 294 212
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.007 0.107 [-0.203 - 0.217] 0.069 0.949 0.971 <0.00 293 212
1Right pars opercularis 0.007 0.122 [-0.232 - 0.246] 0.035 0.954 0.971 18.361 292 213
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.010 0.110 [-0.206 - 0.227] 0.074 0.927 0.971 <0.001 279 190
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.013 0.107 [-0.197 - 0.223] 0.068 0.900 0.971 0.010 294 213
Left postcentral gyrus 0.014 0.107 [-0.196 - 0.224] 0.077 0.896 0.971 <0.001 294 212
Right lingual gyrus 0.024 0.131 [-0.233 - 0.281] 0.136 0.858 0.971 27.853 294 213
Left lingual gyrus 0.025 0.107 [-0.185 - 0.234] 0.142 0.818 0.971 <0.001 294 213
Right precentral gyrus 0.029 0.107 [-0.181 - 0.238] 0.170 0.790 0.971 <0.001 290 213
Left pars triangularis 0.034 0.107 [-0.176 - 0.244] 0.206 0.752 0.971 <0.001 293 213
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.036 0.107 [-0.174 - 0.246] 0.191 0.735 0.971 <0.001 294 211
Left precuneus 0.047 0.107 [-0.162 - 0.256] 0.224 0.660 0.971 <0.001 294 213
Right entorhinal cortex 0.048 0.109 [-0.165 - 0.261] 0.570 0.659 0.971 <0.001 291 210
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.048 0.137 [-0.221 - 0.318] 0.603 0.724 0.971 33.215 294 211
Left insula 0.055 0.107 [-0.156 - 0.265] 0.285 0.611 0.971 0.011 291 213
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.056 0.107 [-0.154 - 0.266] 0.372 0.604 0.971 0.001 293 213
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.056 0.127 [-0.193 - 0.304] 0.443 0.659 0.971 23.067 293 213
Left hempisphere average thickness 0.058 0.107 [-0.151 - 0.268] 0.214 0.585 0.971 <0.001 294 213
Left inferior parietal cortex 0.060 0.107 [-0.15 - 0.27] 0.341 0.574 0.971 <0.001 294 213
Right pars orbitalis 0.071 0.180 [-0.281 - 0.423] 0.509 0.694 0.971 59.425 294 210
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.075 0.107 [-0.135 - 0.285] 0.732 0.482 0.971 <0.001 294 213
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.077 0.111 [-0.141 - 0.295] 0.431 0.488 0.971 4.960 291 212
Right hemisphere average thickness 0.086 0.107 [-0.124 - 0.295] 0.313 0.422 0.971 <0.001 294 213
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.087 0.108 [-0.125 - 0.298] 0.671 0.424 0.971 <0.001 283 210
Left paracentral gyrus 0.094 0.122 [-0.145 - 0.333] 0.537 0.439 0.971 18.134 294 212
Right cuneus 0.095 0.107 [-0.116 - 0.305] 0.581 0.378 0.971 <0.001 292 213
Right temporal pole 0.096 0.107 [-0.114 - 0.306] 1.056 0.369 0.971 <0.001 294 213
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.100 0.107 [-0.11 - 0.309] 0.556 0.351 0.971 <0.00 293 206
1Left cuneus 0.102 0.159 [-0.211 - 0.414] 0.627 0.524 0.971 49.023 293 213
Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.103 0.107 [-0.107 - 0.313] 0.557 0.338 0.971 <0.001 291 213
Left fusiform gyrus 0.111 0.107 [-0.098 - 0.321] 0.548 0.298 0.971 <0.001 293 213
Right inferior parietal cortex 0.114 0.107 [-0.096 - 0.324] 0.645 0.288 0.971 <0.001 293 213
Right precuneus 0.124 0.107 [-0.086 - 0.333] 0.615 0.247 0.971 <0.001 294 213
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.132 0.108 [-0.079 - 0.343] 0.678 0.221 0.971 0.007 288 211
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.150 0.162 [-0.167 - 0.466] 0.805 0.355 0.971 50.638 291 213
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.157 0.107 [-0.053 - 0.367] 0.981 0.144 0.820 <0.001 293 213
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.158 0.125 [-0.087 - 0.403] 1.271 0.206 0.971 21.480 294 213
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.165 0.109 [-0.049 - 0.379] 1.007 0.131 0.820 <0.001 283 198
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.167 0.107 [-0.042 - 0.377] 0.980 0.117 0.820 <0.001 294 213
Right fusiform gyrus 0.171 0.107 [-0.04 - 0.381] 0.833 0.112 0.820 0.004 294 211
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.173 0.110 [-0.042 - 0.388] 1.027 0.115 0.820 <0.001 284 196
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.173 0.142 [-0.105 - 0.452] 1.333 0.223 0.971 37.015 293 212
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.179 0.107 [-0.031 - 0.39] 1.275 0.095 0.820 <0.001 293 203
Left temporal pole 0.185 0.107 [-0.024 - 0.395] 1.871 0.083 0.820 <0.001 294 213
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.197 0.107 [-0.014 - 0.407] 1.177 0.067 0.820 <0.001 292 208
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.230 0.137 [-0.038 - 0.498] 2.608 0.093 0.820 32.428 291 213
Left entorhinal cortex 0.240 0.108 [0.029 - 0.45] 2.757 0.026 0.820 <0.001 292 210
Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.275 0.141 [-0.002 - 0.552] 2.997 0.052 0.820 35.843 294 212
Right frontal pole 0.288 0.107 [0.077 - 0.498] 3.000 0.007 0.523 0.002 294 213a Included Samples: MMDP 3T, Melbourne, Muenster Cohort, QTIM, Sydney.Dx: Diagnosis.
Supplementary Table S37: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for first episode MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(First episode MDD vs CTL)
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.379 0.153 [-0.679 - -0.078] -3.687 0.013 0.907 <0.001 154 80
Left fusiform gyrus -0.378 0.197 [-0.765 - 0.008] -1.858 0.055 0.907 33.680 153 80
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.370 0.319 [-0.996 - 0.256] -2.131 0.246 0.907 73.485 154 80
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.359 0.252 [-0.852 - 0.135] -2.111 0.154 0.907 58.117 154 80
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.295 0.154 [-0.597 - 0.008] -2.284 0.056 0.907 0.002 154 79
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.276 0.153 [-0.577 - 0.024] -2.320 0.071 0.907 <0.001 153 80
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.263 0.190 [-0.634 - 0.109] -1.573 0.166 0.907 29.338 154 79
Left insula -0.259 0.230 [-0.709 - 0.192] -1.350 0.261 0.907 50.393 152 80
Right insula -0.230 0.153 [-0.529 - 0.07] -1.251 0.133 0.907 <0.001 151 80
Right fusiform gyrus -0.228 0.193 [-0.606 - 0.151] -1.111 0.238 0.907 31.630 154 80
Left precentral gyrus -0.210 0.153 [-0.51 - 0.09] -1.205 0.170 0.907 <0.001 151 80
Right entorhinal cortex -0.202 0.155 [-0.507 - 0.103] -2.401 0.194 0.907 <0.001 151 79
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.196 0.154 [-0.498 - 0.105] -2.445 0.201 0.907 0.003 154 79
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.185 0.153 [-0.484 - 0.115] -1.874 0.226 0.907 <0.001 153 80
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.177 0.153 [-0.476 - 0.121] -2.016 0.245 0.907 <0.001 152 80
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.175 0.152 [-0.473 - 0.124] -1.054 0.251 0.907 <0.001 154 80
Right pars orbitalis -0.174 0.343 [-0.847 - 0.499] -1.254 0.612 0.907 77.259 154 79
Right cuneus -0.171 0.245 [-0.652 - 0.309] -1.053 0.484 0.907 56.099 152 80
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.169 0.230 [-0.619 - 0.282] -0.958 0.463 0.907 50.592 154 80
Left hempisphere average thickness -0.167 0.255 [-0.666 - 0.332] -0.614 0.512 0.907 59.558 154 80
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.166 0.203 [-0.564 - 0.232] -0.892 0.415 0.907 37.666 151 80
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.154 0.174 [-0.496 - 0.188] -0.899 0.379 0.907 18.932 154 80
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.146 0.262 [-0.66 - 0.367] -0.535 0.576 0.907 61.812 154 80
Left postcentral gyrus -0.139 0.153 [-0.44 - 0.161] -0.769 0.363 0.907 <0.001 154 79
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.137 0.152 [-0.434 - 0.161] -0.741 0.369 0.907 <0.001 154 80
Right precentral gyrus -0.132 0.202 [-0.527 - 0.264] -0.783 0.515 0.907 37.578 153 80
Left precuneus -0.123 0.394 [-0.895 - 0.648] -0.588 0.754 0.907 82.683 154 80
Right pars opercularis -0.114 0.186 [-0.478 - 0.25] -0.572 0.540 0.907 27.612 153 80
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.112 0.310 [-0.719 - 0.495] -0.822 0.717 0.907 70.890 150 74
Left pars orbitalis -0.111 0.270 [-0.641 - 0.419] -0.812 0.681 0.907 64.017 152 80
Left superior parietal cortex -0.093 0.197 [-0.479 - 0.294] -0.454 0.639 0.907 34.675 154 80
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.092 0.153 [-0.391 - 0.207] -0.516 0.545 0.907 <0.001 153 80
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.091 0.194 [-0.472 - 0.289] -0.543 0.638 0.907 30.447 150 77
Right precuneus -0.088 0.340 [-0.755 - 0.578] -0.440 0.795 0.907 77.055 154 80
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.085 0.206 [-0.488 - 0.319] -0.531 0.681 0.907 39.456 153 80
Right frontal pole -0.083 0.152 [-0.381 - 0.216] -0.861 0.587 0.907 <0.001 154 80
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.081 0.153 [-0.38 - 0.218] -0.418 0.593 0.907 <0.001 151 80
Left frontal pole -0.079 0.339 [-0.742 - 0.585] -0.828 0.816 0.907 76.931 154 80
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.079 0.286 [-0.64 - 0.483] -0.445 0.784 0.907 67.897 153 80
Left paracentral gyrus -0.077 0.215 [-0.498 - 0.344] -0.438 0.720 0.907 43.895 154 80
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.074 0.153 [-0.374 - 0.227] -0.566 0.631 0.907 <0.001 153 79
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.072 0.173 [-0.411 - 0.267] -0.439 0.678 0.907 15.782 153 76
Right postcentral gyrus -0.067 0.154 [-0.368 - 0.234] -0.379 0.663 0.907 <0.001 152 79
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.055 0.152 [-0.353 - 0.243] -0.434 0.719 0.907 <0.001 153 80
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.054 0.152 [-0.353 - 0.245] -0.275 0.722 0.907 0.002 153 80
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.039 0.223 [-0.475 - 0.398] -0.188 0.862 0.928 48.079 154 80
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.036 0.155 [-0.34 - 0.267] -0.202 0.815 0.907 2.165 154 79
Left cuneus -0.025 0.277 [-0.567 - 0.517] -0.153 0.928 0.966 65.489 153 80
Left temporal pole 0.008 0.216 [-0.415 - 0.432] 0.085 0.969 0.969 44.233 154 80
Right superior parietal cortex 0.012 0.276 [-0.528 - 0.553] 0.062 0.964 0.969 65.542 153 80
Right pars triangularis 0.018 0.235 [-0.442 - 0.479] 0.105 0.938 0.966 52.800 154 80
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.021 0.269 [-0.506 - 0.549] 0.153 0.936 0.966 63.360 153 77
Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.039 0.152 [-0.259 - 0.337] 0.427 0.797 0.907 <0.001 154 80
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.045 0.152 [-0.253 - 0.344] 0.365 0.766 0.907 <0.001 154 80
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.047 0.152 [-0.252 - 0.346] 0.228 0.758 0.907 0.001 154 80
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.047 0.160 [-0.267 - 0.361] 0.316 0.768 0.907 7.206 154 80
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.047 0.265 [-0.472 - 0.566] 0.228 0.858 0.928 62.702 153 80
Right paracentral gyrus 0.063 0.153 [-0.236 - 0.362] 0.356 0.681 0.907 <0.001 151 80
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.063 0.152 [-0.236 - 0.361] 0.495 0.680 0.907 <0.001 154 80
Left lingual gyrus 0.066 0.152 [-0.232 - 0.364] 0.381 0.665 0.907 <0.001 154 80
Right lingual gyrus 0.067 0.152 [-0.231 - 0.365] 0.388 0.660 0.907 <0.001 154 80
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.069 0.171 [-0.266 - 0.404] 0.766 0.688 0.907 16.480 154 80
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.072 0.152 [-0.227 - 0.37] 0.504 0.638 0.907 <0.001 154 80
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.090 0.152 [-0.208 - 0.388] 0.657 0.554 0.907 <0.001 154 80
Left entorhinal cortex 0.103 0.153 [-0.197 - 0.403] 1.183 0.502 0.907 <0.001 154 79
Right temporal pole 0.154 0.346 [-0.523 - 0.832] 1.700 0.655 0.907 77.566 154 80
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.175 0.152 [-0.124 - 0.473] 0.890 0.252 0.907 0.005 154 80
Left pars opercularis 0.189 0.153 [-0.112 - 0.49] 0.902 0.217 0.907 <0.001 153 79
Left pars triangularis 0.249 0.153 [-0.05 - 0.549] 1.516 0.103 0.907 <0.001 153 80
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.269 0.326 [-0.369 - 0.907] 1.415 0.409 0.907 74.732 154 78a Included Samples: MMDP 3T, Melbourne, Muenster Cohort, QTIM, Sydney.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S38: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for recurrent episode MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(Recurrent MDD vs CTL)
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.486 0.154 [-0.788 - -0.183] -2.932 0.002 0.116 <0.001 142 104
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.343 0.154 [-0.645 - -0.042] -2.637 0.026 0.901 <0.001 141 104
Left frontal pole -0.323 0.379 [-1.065 - 0.419] -3.403 0.393 0.989 80.949 142 104
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.261 0.155 [-0.564 - 0.043] -1.533 0.092 0.989 <0.001 142 102
Right pars opercularis -0.254 0.154 [-0.555 - 0.048] -1.271 0.099 0.989 0.002 141 104
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.235 0.154 [-0.536 - 0.067] -2.920 0.128 0.989 <0.001 142 103
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.228 0.239 [-0.697 - 0.241] -1.767 0.341 0.989 53.737 142 104
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.196 0.300 [-0.783 - 0.391] -2.221 0.514 0.989 69.963 140 104
Left paracentral gyrus -0.192 0.154 [-0.494 - 0.109] -1.094 0.212 0.989 <0.001 142 103
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.187 0.153 [-0.487 - 0.114] -1.478 0.224 0.989 <0.001 141 104
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.185 0.320 [-0.813 - 0.442] -1.805 0.563 0.989 73.730 142 104
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.173 0.175 [-0.516 - 0.17] -1.450 0.324 0.989 18.497 141 104
Left pars orbitalis -0.160 0.334 [-0.814 - 0.495] -1.168 0.633 0.989 75.800 140 104
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.153 0.219 [-0.582 - 0.276] -1.664 0.485 0.989 43.811 142 103
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.140 0.153 [-0.44 - 0.16] -0.680 0.359 0.989 <0.001 142 104
Right precentral gyrus -0.137 0.153 [-0.438 - 0.163] -0.817 0.370 0.989 <0.001 141 104
Left precentral gyrus -0.136 0.154 [-0.439 - 0.166] -0.782 0.377 0.989 <0.001 139 103
Right frontal pole -0.136 0.153 [-0.435 - 0.164] -1.415 0.375 0.989 <0.001 142 104
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.115 0.153 [-0.415 - 0.185] -0.587 0.452 0.989 0.002 142 104
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.098 0.205 [-0.5 - 0.303] -0.497 0.631 0.989 37.799 141 103
Right postcentral gyrus -0.095 0.224 [-0.533 - 0.344] -0.536 0.672 0.989 47.397 140 104
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.090 0.209 [-0.499 - 0.319] -0.491 0.665 0.989 40.259 142 104
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.090 0.219 [-0.518 - 0.339] -0.549 0.681 0.989 43.565 141 97
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.089 0.225 [-0.531 - 0.352] -0.507 0.691 0.989 48.117 141 104
Right fusiform gyrus -0.089 0.349 [-0.772 - 0.595] -0.432 0.799 0.989 77.583 142 102
Right cuneus -0.082 0.153 [-0.382 - 0.219] -0.502 0.594 0.989 <0.001 140 104
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.069 0.154 [-0.371 - 0.233] -0.699 0.654 0.989 0.007 141 103
Right paracentral gyrus -0.057 0.154 [-0.358 - 0.244] -0.324 0.710 0.989 <0.001 139 104
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.053 0.178 [-0.402 - 0.295] -0.335 0.764 0.989 21.033 141 104
Right pars triangularis -0.051 0.178 [-0.399 - 0.298] -0.292 0.776 0.989 21.129 142 104
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.049 0.154 [-0.35 - 0.253] -0.346 0.752 0.989 0.003 141 97
Left insula -0.048 0.244 [-0.527 - 0.431] -0.249 0.845 0.989 55.620 140 104
Left hempisphere average thickness -0.043 0.203 [-0.441 - 0.354] -0.159 0.831 0.989 37.151 142 104
Right entorhinal cortex -0.032 0.158 [-0.342 - 0.277] -0.383 0.838 0.989 0.009 139 102
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.031 0.232 [-0.487 - 0.425] -0.113 0.894 0.989 51.247 142 104
Left temporal pole -0.018 0.242 [-0.493 - 0.456] -0.187 0.939 0.989 54.999 142 104
Left superior parietal cortex -0.017 0.153 [-0.317 - 0.282] -0.084 0.911 0.989 <0.001 142 104
Right superior parietal cortex -0.011 0.153 [-0.311 - 0.29] -0.054 0.944 0.989 <0.001 141 104
Right pars orbitalis -0.010 0.291 [-0.58 - 0.56] -0.072 0.973 0.989 68.049 142 102
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.004 0.198 [-0.393 - 0.384] -0.025 0.982 0.989 34.028 142 98
Left postcentral gyrus 0.002 0.153 [-0.298 - 0.302] 0.011 0.989 0.989 0.001 142 104
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.007 0.154 [-0.295 - 0.308] 0.048 0.966 0.989 <0.001 142 103
Right precuneus 0.009 0.211 [-0.405 - 0.423] 0.044 0.966 0.989 41.787 142 104
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.013 0.286 [-0.548 - 0.574] 0.094 0.964 0.989 64.775 138 91
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.015 0.214 [-0.404 - 0.434] 0.092 0.942 0.989 42.660 142 100
Left precuneus 0.016 0.286 [-0.545 - 0.577] 0.077 0.955 0.989 67.356 142 104
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.028 0.163 [-0.292 - 0.348] 0.196 0.864 0.989 9.220 142 104
Right temporal pole 0.037 0.194 [-0.343 - 0.417] 0.405 0.849 0.989 31.812 142 104
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.038 0.153 [-0.262 - 0.338] 0.183 0.806 0.989 <0.001 142 104
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.039 0.154 [-0.262 - 0.34] 0.210 0.800 0.989 <0.001 139 104
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.039 0.209 [-0.371 - 0.449] 0.232 0.852 0.989 36.470 138 93
Left lingual gyrus 0.044 0.153 [-0.256 - 0.343] 0.253 0.775 0.989 <0.001 142 104
Right insula 0.050 0.154 [-0.251 - 0.351] 0.272 0.745 0.989 <0.001 139 104
Left fusiform gyrus 0.069 0.236 [-0.393 - 0.531] 0.338 0.770 0.989 52.458 141 104
Left pars opercularis 0.071 0.154 [-0.231 - 0.372] 0.337 0.646 0.989 <0.001 141 103
Right lingual gyrus 0.108 0.153 [-0.192 - 0.408] 0.625 0.481 0.989 <0.001 142 104
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.108 0.153 [-0.192 - 0.409] 0.726 0.479 0.989 0.002 142 104
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.110 0.153 [-0.19 - 0.411] 0.532 0.472 0.989 <0.001 141 104
Left pars triangularis 0.116 0.153 [-0.184 - 0.416] 0.705 0.450 0.989 <0.001 141 104
Left inferior parietal cortex 0.133 0.153 [-0.167 - 0.433] 0.756 0.384 0.989 <0.001 142 104
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.145 0.188 [-0.223 - 0.513] 0.763 0.441 0.989 27.960 142 104
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.154 0.220 [-0.277 - 0.584] 0.858 0.485 0.989 45.612 141 104
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.158 0.218 [-0.27 - 0.585] 1.756 0.470 0.989 44.931 142 104
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.158 0.155 [-0.145 - 0.461] 0.813 0.306 0.989 <0.001 139 102
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.160 0.174 [-0.181 - 0.501] 1.263 0.357 0.989 17.949 142 104
Left entorhinal cortex 0.168 0.249 [-0.32 - 0.657] 1.934 0.500 0.989 57.233 142 103
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.200 0.309 [-0.406 - 0.806] 1.172 0.517 0.989 71.863 142 104
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.228 0.254 [-0.271 - 0.726] 1.310 0.371 0.989 58.532 142 103
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.298 0.154 [-0.003 - 0.599] 2.396 0.052 0.989 0.002 142 104
Left cuneus 0.321 0.228 [-0.127 - 0.768] 1.979 0.160 0.989 49.066 141 104a Included Samples: Melbourne, Muenster Cohort, Sydney.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S39: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for first episode MDD versus recurrent episode MDD patients comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2
#First
episode
# Recurrent episode
(First episode MDD vs
Recurrent MDD)
Left pars triangularis -0.412 0.160 [-0.726 - -0.099] -2.510 0.010 0.698 <0.001 67 102
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.322 0.177 [-0.669 - 0.025] -1.695 0.069 0.928 12.351 65 102
Left frontal pole -0.264 0.159 [-0.576 - 0.048] -2.782 0.097 0.928 <0.001 67 102
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.243 0.159 [-0.555 - 0.069] -1.178 0.126 0.928 <0.001 67 102
Right pericalcarine cortex -0.242 0.160 [-0.555 - 0.071] -1.766 0.129 0.928 <0.001 67 101
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.228 0.184 [-0.588 - 0.132] -1.163 0.215 0.928 18.872 67 102
Left paracentral gyrus -0.196 0.348 [-0.878 - 0.485] -1.119 0.572 0.933 74.756 67 101
Left pars orbitalis -0.192 0.251 [-0.685 - 0.3] -1.406 0.445 0.928 53.416 67 102
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.157 0.163 [-0.476 - 0.163] -1.115 0.336 0.928 <0.001 64 95
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.156 0.159 [-0.468 - 0.155] -0.943 0.325 0.928 0.004 67 102
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.144 0.159 [-0.456 - 0.168] -0.728 0.366 0.928 <0.001 67 101
Left entorhinal cortex -0.135 0.159 [-0.447 - 0.178] -1.550 0.398 0.928 <0.001 66 101
Right insula -0.134 0.158 [-0.444 - 0.177] -0.728 0.399 0.928 <0.001 67 102
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.131 0.159 [-0.443 - 0.182] -1.013 0.412 0.928 <0.001 66 102
Right postcentral gyrus -0.130 0.160 [-0.442 - 0.183] -0.733 0.417 0.928 0.001 66 102
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.126 0.159 [-0.436 - 0.185] -0.712 0.428 0.928 <0.001 67 102
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.122 0.164 [-0.443 - 0.198] -0.746 0.455 0.928 <0.001 63 95
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.116 0.159 [-0.428 - 0.195] -0.937 0.464 0.928 <0.001 67 102
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.108 0.164 [-0.43 - 0.214] -0.639 0.512 0.933 <0.001 64 91
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.092 0.158 [-0.403 - 0.218] -0.726 0.561 0.933 <0.001 67 102
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.084 0.159 [-0.396 - 0.228] -0.458 0.596 0.933 0.008 67 102
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.083 0.159 [-0.394 - 0.228] -0.403 0.600 0.933 <0.001 67 102
Left insula -0.079 0.282 [-0.631 - 0.473] -0.412 0.780 0.970 62.727 67 102
Right cuneus -0.068 0.183 [-0.426 - 0.29] -0.420 0.708 0.970 19.215 67 102
Right superior parietal cortex -0.056 0.159 [-0.367 - 0.255] -0.281 0.722 0.970 <0.001 67 102
Left lingual gyrus -0.054 0.158 [-0.364 - 0.256] -0.312 0.733 0.970 <0.001 67 102
Left temporal pole -0.044 0.159 [-0.355 - 0.267] -0.445 0.781 0.970 <0.001 67 102
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.041 0.158 [-0.351 - 0.269] -0.197 0.796 0.970 <0.001 67 102
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.029 0.209 [-0.44 - 0.381] -0.207 0.888 0.970 35.965 67 102
Left pars opercularis -0.029 0.160 [-0.342 - 0.284] -0.137 0.857 0.970 <0.001 66 101
Left hempisphere average thickness -0.026 0.158 [-0.336 - 0.285] -0.094 0.871 0.970 <0.001 67 102
Right frontal pole -0.022 0.247 [-0.505 - 0.462] -0.225 0.931 0.970 52.279 67 102
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.015 0.171 [-0.349 - 0.319] -0.077 0.930 0.970 9.731 67 100
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.004 0.159 [-0.316 - 0.307] -0.045 0.979 0.989 <0.001 67 101
Right pars orbitalis 0.003 0.190 [-0.369 - 0.374] 0.019 0.989 0.989 22.941 66 100
Left postcentral gyrus 0.012 0.172 [-0.324 - 0.349] 0.068 0.943 0.970 10.219 66 102
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.012 0.159 [-0.298 - 0.323] 0.070 0.937 0.970 <0.001 67 102
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.018 0.158 [-0.292 - 0.328] 0.205 0.909 0.970 <0.001 67 102
Right precentral gyrus 0.020 0.159 [-0.291 - 0.332] 0.121 0.898 0.970 0.003 67 102
Right hemisphere average thickness 0.026 0.158 [-0.284 - 0.336] 0.096 0.869 0.970 <0.001 67 102
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.031 0.167 [-0.297 - 0.359] 0.226 0.854 0.970 <0.001 61 89
Right paracentral gyrus 0.046 0.159 [-0.266 - 0.358] 0.263 0.771 0.970 0.001 67 102
Right lingual gyrus 0.050 0.159 [-0.261 - 0.36] 0.288 0.754 0.970 <0.001 67 102
Left precentral gyrus 0.050 0.159 [-0.261 - 0.361] 0.287 0.753 0.970 <0.001 67 101
Right precuneus 0.066 0.159 [-0.245 - 0.378] 0.330 0.676 0.970 <0.001 67 102
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.075 0.158 [-0.236 - 0.385] 0.628 0.637 0.948 <0.001 67 102
Right pars triangularis 0.093 0.159 [-0.218 - 0.403] 0.534 0.559 0.933 <0.00 67 102
1
Right entorhinal cortex 0.098 0.160 [-0.216 - 0.412] 1.165 0.541 0.933 <0.001 66 100
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.104 0.160 [-0.211 - 0.418] 0.621 0.518 0.933 <0.001 66 98
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.109 0.159 [-0.203 - 0.422] 0.642 0.493 0.933 <0.001 67 100
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.112 0.199 [-0.277 - 0.501] 0.624 0.573 0.933 28.390 66 96
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.112 0.224 [-0.327 - 0.551] 0.645 0.617 0.939 42.328 67 101
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.121 0.159 [-0.191 - 0.433] 0.758 0.447 0.928 0.003 67 102
Left inferior parietal cortex 0.127 0.158 [-0.184 - 0.437] 0.718 0.425 0.928 <0.001 67 102
Left fusiform gyrus 0.133 0.159 [-0.179 - 0.444] 0.651 0.404 0.928 0.007 67 102
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.134 0.176 [-0.211 - 0.479] 1.030 0.446 0.928 13.454 66 102
Right pars opercularis 0.139 0.159 [-0.172 - 0.45] 0.695 0.382 0.928 <0.001 67 102
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.146 0.160 [-0.167 - 0.459] 1.815 0.361 0.928 <0.001 66 101
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.174 0.159 [-0.137 - 0.485] 1.693 0.273 0.928 <0.001 67 102
Left precuneus 0.183 0.159 [-0.129 - 0.495] 0.874 0.250 0.928 0.003 67 102
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.191 0.159 [-0.121 - 0.503] 1.118 0.229 0.928 0.003 67 102
Left cuneus 0.192 0.159 [-0.12 - 0.504] 1.182 0.228 0.928 <0.001 67 102
Left superior parietal cortex 0.195 0.159 [-0.116 - 0.506] 0.955 0.219 0.928 <0.001 67 102
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.204 0.159 [-0.107 - 0.516] 1.099 0.199 0.928 <0.001 67 102
Right temporal pole 0.214 0.159 [-0.097 - 0.525] 2.350 0.178 0.928 <0.001 67 102
Right fusiform gyrus 0.237 0.160 [-0.076 - 0.55] 1.156 0.138 0.928 <0.001 67 100
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.240 0.170 [-0.093 - 0.573] 2.436 0.158 0.928 8.921 67 101
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.252 0.182 [-0.105 - 0.609] 1.995 0.167 0.928 18.559 67 102
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.278 0.194 [-0.103 - 0.658] 3.091 0.153 0.928 26.408 67 102
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.299 0.159 [-0.013 - 0.611] 1.999 0.061 0.928 <0.001 67 102
a Included Samples: Melbourne, Muenster Cohort, Sydney.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder.
Supplementary Table S40: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for the association with number of episodes in recurrent episode MDD patients controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Pearson's r a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Patients(#Episodes
in Recurrent MDD)
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.294 0.237 [0.214 - -0.758] -4.733 0.214 0.770 82.584 70
Left frontal pole -0.258 0.225 [0.251 - -0.698] -5.622 0.251 0.770 78.277 70
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.244 0.282 [0.388 - -0.797] -3.981 0.388 0.770 88.424 70
Right entorhinal cortex -0.228 0.208 [0.271 - -0.635] -5.577 0.271 0.770 70.934 69
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.202 0.188 [0.281 - -0.57] -2.120 0.281 0.770 62.359 69
Right frontal pole -0.177 0.226 [0.432 - -0.62] -3.760 0.432 0.770 75.946 70
Right insula -0.177 0.199 [0.375 - -0.568] -1.959 0.375 0.770 67.442 70
Right temporal pole -0.136 0.120 [0.254 - -0.371] -3.032 0.254 0.770 <0.001 70
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.135 0.121 [0.262 - -0.372] -2.980 0.262 0.770 <0.001 69
Left entorhinal cortex -0.120 0.121 [0.321 - -0.358] -2.785 0.321 0.770 <0.001 69
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.106 0.213 [0.617 - -0.523] -1.686 0.617 0.785 70.499 70
Left pars opercularis -0.095 0.121 [0.428 - -0.332] -0.914 0.428 0.770 <0.001 69
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.087 0.118 [0.458 - -0.318] -0.845 0.458 0.770 3.153 70
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.084 0.167 [0.614 - -0.411] -0.959 0.614 0.785 47.897 70
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.082 0.117 [0.484 - -0.312] -0.932 0.484 0.770 <0.001 70
Right precuneus -0.072 0.121 [0.553 - -0.309] -0.717 0.553 0.785 <0.001 70
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.069 0.124 [0.579 - -0.313] -0.773 0.579 0.785 <0.001 66
Right postcentral gyrus -0.036 0.122 [0.767 - -0.275] -0.408 0.767 0.892 <0.001 70
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.032 0.243 [0.896 - -0.509] -0.727 0.896 0.950 78.090 70
Left insula -0.027 0.200 [0.892 - -0.419] -0.283 0.892 0.950 64.429 70
Left postcentral gyrus -0.019 0.121 [0.875 - -0.257] -0.210 0.875 0.950 <0.001 70
Left pars orbitalis -0.019 0.126 [0.882 - -0.266] -0.274 0.882 0.950 12.495 70
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.012 0.121 [0.924 - -0.25] -0.137 0.924 0.965 <0.001 68
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.008 0.130 [0.95 - -0.264] -0.203 0.950 0.968 12.633 69
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.003 0.128 [0.98 - -0.247] 0.039 0.980 0.980 <0.001 64
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.014 0.243 [0.954 - -0.463] 0.140 0.954 0.968 77.542 69
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.021 0.122 [0.863 - -0.218] 0.264 0.863 0.950 <0.001 70
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.034 0.119 [0.777 - -0.2] 0.452 0.777 0.892 <0.001 70
Left fusiform gyrus 0.037 0.121 [0.76 - -0.201] 0.365 0.760 0.892 <0.001 70
Left precuneus 0.040 0.120 [0.74 - -0.196] 0.382 0.740 0.892 <0.001 70
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.042 0.123 [0.735 - -0.2] 0.499 0.735 0.892 <0.001 68
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.054 0.121 [0.654 - -0.183] 1.214 0.654 0.817 <0.001 70
Right superior parietal cortex 0.063 0.125 [0.616 - -0.182] 0.627 0.616 0.785 11.441 70
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.065 0.121 [0.589 - -0.171] 0.702 0.589 0.785 <0.001 70
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.066 0.121 [0.588 - -0.171] 1.279 0.588 0.785 <0.001 70
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.071 0.121 [0.554 - -0.165] 1.152 0.554 0.785 <0.001 70
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.072 0.121 [0.552 - -0.165] 1.117 0.552 0.785 <0.001 70
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.080 0.134 [0.549 - -0.183] 0.942 0.549 0.785 22.134 70
Right pars orbitalis 0.089 0.127 [0.484 - -0.16] 1.283 0.484 0.770 8.678 68
Left cuneus 0.089 0.120 [0.457 - -0.146] 1.104 0.457 0.770 <0.001 70
Left lingual gyrus 0.103 0.119 [0.387 - -0.13] 1.197 0.387 0.770 <0.001 70
Right hemisphere average thickness 0.103 0.116 [0.373 - -0.124] 0.757 0.373 0.770 <0.001 70
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.103 0.119 [0.385 - -0.13] 1.061 0.385 0.770 <0.001 70
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.107 0.127 [0.401 - -0.143] 1.576 0.401 0.770 <0.001 63
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.118 0.144 [0.414 - -0.165] 1.684 0.414 0.770 26.461 66
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.118 0.117 [0.312 - -0.111] 1.328 0.312 0.770 <0.001 70
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.124 0.119 [0.3 - -0.11] 1.816 0.300 0.770 <0.001 69
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.124 0.147 [0.399 - -0.164] 1.209 0.399 0.770 33.403 70
Left pars triangularis 0.124 0.236 [0.6 - -0.338] 1.519 0.600 0.785 77.615 70
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.124 0.120 [0.301 - -0.111] 2.103 0.301 0.770 <0.001 70
Left superior parietal cortex 0.125 0.176 [0.476 - -0.219] 1.236 0.476 0.770 54.902 70
Left temporal pole 0.134 0.120 [0.265 - -0.101] 2.726 0.265 0.770 3.098 70
Left hempisphere average thickness 0.154 0.117 [0.191 - -0.076] 1.142 0.191 0.770 <0.001 70
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.154 0.118 [0.191 - -0.077] 1.515 0.191 0.770 <0.001 70
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.155 0.116 [0.182 - -0.073] 1.889 0.182 0.770 <0.001 70
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.156 0.121 [0.2 - -0.082] 1.926 0.200 0.770 <0.001 65
Right paracentral gyrus 0.165 0.119 [0.166 - -0.068] 1.895 0.166 0.770 <0.001 70
Right cuneus 0.184 0.251 [0.465 - -0.309] 2.296 0.465 0.770 82.267 70
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.185 0.148 [0.211 - -0.105] 1.983 0.211 0.770 37.705 70
Right pars triangularis 0.186 0.146 [0.205 - -0.101] 2.178 0.205 0.770 36.474 70
Right precentral gyrus 0.191 0.116 [0.098 - -0.035] 2.314 0.098 0.770 <0.001 70
Left paracentral gyrus 0.192 0.116 [0.098 - -0.036] 2.231 0.098 0.770 <0.001 69
Right fusiform gyrus 0.196 0.118 [0.097 - -0.036] 1.948 0.097 0.770 5.713 68
Left precentral gyrus 0.200 0.115 [0.081 - -0.025] 2.339 0.081 0.770 <0.001 69
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.201 0.115 [0.081 - -0.025] 2.883 0.081 0.770 <0.001 70
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.206 0.148 [0.164 - -0.084] 2.430 0.164 0.770 39.608 70
Right lingual gyrus 0.213 0.115 [0.064 - -0.013] 2.528 0.064 0.770 <0.001 70
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.236 0.221 [0.286 - -0.197] 4.920 0.286 0.770 76.313 69
Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.241 0.113 [0.033 - 0.02] 2.694 0.033 0.770 <0.001 70
Right pars opercularis 0.256 0.114 [0.024 - 0.034] 2.659 0.024 0.770 <0.001 70a Included Samples: Melbourne, Muenster Cohort, Sydney.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder.
Supplementary Table S41: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients taking antidepressants at time of scanning versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(AD MDD vs CTL)
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.440 0.164 [-0.762 - -0.118] -3.385 0.007 0.429 <0.001 141 82
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.411 0.164 [-0.733 - -0.089] -2.482 0.012 0.429 <0.001 142 82
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.356 0.277 [-0.899 - 0.188] -3.463 0.200 0.989 64.146 142 82
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.351 0.188 [-0.719 - 0.018] -2.063 0.062 0.891 22.000 142 81
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.310 0.164 [-0.631 - 0.01] -3.865 0.058 0.891 <0.001 142 82
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.297 0.171 [-0.632 - 0.037] -2.303 0.082 0.954 7.628 142 82
Right entorhinal cortex -0.277 0.168 [-0.606 - 0.052] -3.294 0.099 0.989 <0.001 139 81
Left frontal pole -0.268 0.410 [-1.072 - 0.536] -2.825 0.513 0.989 83.438 142 82
Left insula -0.216 0.164 [-0.537 - 0.105] -1.128 0.187 0.989 <0.001 140 82
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.200 0.242 [-0.674 - 0.273] -2.273 0.407 0.989 53.210 140 82
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.195 0.163 [-0.515 - 0.125] -1.979 0.232 0.989 <0.001 141 82
Right pars opercularis -0.182 0.163 [-0.502 - 0.138] -0.913 0.265 0.989 <0.001 141 82
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.163 0.163 [-0.483 - 0.157] -1.369 0.319 0.989 <0.001 141 82
Left fusiform gyrus -0.152 0.163 [-0.472 - 0.168] -0.746 0.353 0.989 <0.001 141 82
Right cuneus -0.151 0.163 [-0.471 - 0.17] -0.924 0.357 0.989 <0.001 140 82
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.150 0.236 [-0.612 - 0.312] -1.634 0.525 0.989 50.297 142 81
Left temporal pole -0.145 0.203 [-0.543 - 0.253] -1.463 0.476 0.989 34.394 142 82
Right pericalcarine cortex -0.143 0.164 [-0.465 - 0.179] -1.042 0.385 0.989 <0.001 142 81
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.127 0.163 [-0.447 - 0.193] -0.689 0.437 0.989 <0.001 142 82
Right fusiform gyrus -0.125 0.385 [-0.879 - 0.629] -0.610 0.745 0.989 81.312 142 82
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.119 0.164 [-0.44 - 0.202] -0.664 0.467 0.989 0.005 142 79
Left precentral gyrus -0.118 0.196 [-0.503 - 0.267] -0.678 0.547 0.989 28.738 139 81
Right insula -0.116 0.163 [-0.436 - 0.204] -0.630 0.479 0.989 <0.001 139 82
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.090 0.163 [-0.41 - 0.231] -0.536 0.584 0.989 0.006 142 81
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.086 0.282 [-0.639 - 0.468] -0.485 0.762 0.989 65.696 141 82
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.084 0.163 [-0.404 - 0.235] -0.668 0.605 0.989 <0.001 141 82
Left pars orbitalis -0.080 0.273 [-0.614 - 0.455] -0.582 0.771 0.989 63.318 140 82
Right precuneus -0.077 0.333 [-0.729 - 0.576] -0.381 0.818 0.989 75.260 142 82
Right precentral gyrus -0.075 0.259 [-0.582 - 0.433] -0.443 0.773 0.989 59.307 141 82
Right pars triangularis -0.065 0.267 [-0.589 - 0.459] -0.375 0.808 0.989 61.927 142 82
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.065 0.281 [-0.617 - 0.487] -0.396 0.818 0.989 64.101 141 77
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.064 0.163 [-0.384 - 0.256] -0.502 0.696 0.989 0.006 142 82
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.062 0.168 [-0.392 - 0.267] -0.371 0.710 0.989 0.003 138 75
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.059 0.195 [-0.44 - 0.323] -0.368 0.763 0.989 28.873 141 82
Left hempisphere average thickness -0.053 0.289 [-0.619 - 0.514] -0.194 0.855 0.989 67.353 142 82
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.049 0.326 [-0.687 - 0.589] -0.178 0.881 0.989 74.141 142 82
Right postcentral gyrus -0.048 0.222 [-0.483 - 0.386] -0.273 0.828 0.989 44.099 140 81
Right temporal pole -0.033 0.240 [-0.504 - 0.439] -0.358 0.892 0.989 53.039 142 82
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.018 0.254 [-0.515 - 0.48] -0.125 0.945 0.989 56.861 141 77
Right frontal pole -0.011 0.163 [-0.33 - 0.308] -0.113 0.947 0.989 <0.001 142 82
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.006 0.164 [-0.327 - 0.315] -0.032 0.972 0.989 0.405 141 82
Left precuneus 0.002 0.444 [-0.868 - 0.872] 0.011 0.996 0.996 85.898 142 82
Right pars orbitalis 0.006 0.183 [-0.352 - 0.364] 0.044 0.973 0.989 18.206 142 81
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.009 0.273 [-0.527 - 0.544] 0.044 0.974 0.989 63.479 141 82
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.012 0.354 [-0.683 - 0.706] 0.086 0.974 0.989 76.481 138 74
Right paracentral gyrus 0.025 0.163 [-0.295 - 0.346] 0.143 0.877 0.989 <0.001 139 82
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.030 0.163 [-0.289 - 0.35] 0.147 0.852 0.989 <0.001 142 82
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.039 0.227 [-0.406 - 0.485] 0.212 0.862 0.989 47.474 139 82
Left postcentral gyrus 0.042 0.233 [-0.414 - 0.498] 0.230 0.857 0.989 49.959 142 82
Left pars triangularis 0.045 0.163 [-0.274 - 0.365] 0.276 0.781 0.989 <0.001 141 82
Left superior parietal cortex 0.048 0.182 [-0.308 - 0.405] 0.237 0.790 0.989 18.754 142 82
Left paracentral gyrus 0.056 0.163 [-0.264 - 0.376] 0.318 0.732 0.989 <0.001 142 82
Left lingual gyrus 0.073 0.163 [-0.247 - 0.392] 0.421 0.655 0.989 <0.001 142 82
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.089 0.163 [-0.231 - 0.409] 0.627 0.585 0.989 <0.001 142 82
Left pars opercularis 0.090 0.166 [-0.235 - 0.415] 0.427 0.589 0.989 <0.001 141 80
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.093 0.219 [-0.335 - 0.522] 0.536 0.670 0.989 42.526 142 81
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.095 0.163 [-0.225 - 0.415] 0.486 0.562 0.989 <0.001 139 82
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.096 0.339 [-0.568 - 0.76] 0.561 0.777 0.989 76.085 142 82
Right lingual gyrus 0.103 0.163 [-0.217 - 0.422] 0.595 0.529 0.989 <0.001 142 82
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.106 0.230 [-0.345 - 0.557] 1.177 0.646 0.989 48.823 142 82
Left inferior parietal cortex 0.106 0.221 [-0.327 - 0.54] 0.605 0.630 0.989 44.652 142 82
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.107 0.163 [-0.212 - 0.427] 0.548 0.510 0.989 <0.001 142 82
Right superior parietal cortex 0.107 0.290 [-0.461 - 0.675] 0.537 0.711 0.989 67.445 141 82
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.109 0.194 [-0.271 - 0.488] 0.727 0.575 0.989 28.162 142 82
Left entorhinal cortex 0.137 0.227 [-0.308 - 0.582] 1.579 0.545 0.989 46.640 142 80
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.154 0.234 [-0.305 - 0.612] 0.745 0.512 0.989 50.416 142 82
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.180 0.218 [-0.248 - 0.608] 0.948 0.410 0.989 43.126 142 82
Left cuneus 0.213 0.196 [-0.171 - 0.596] 1.313 0.277 0.989 29.319 141 82
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.289 0.262 [-0.224 - 0.801] 1.392 0.270 0.989 59.971 141 82
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.304 0.164 [-0.017 - 0.625] 2.443 0.064 0.891 <0.001 142 82a Included Samples: Melbourne, Muenster Cohort, Sydney.AD: antidepressant using; MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S42: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients not taking antidepressants at time of scanning versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(noAD MDD vs CTL)
Right pars opercularis -0.338 0.130 [-0.592 - -0.084] -1.695 0.009 0.328 <0.00
1 232 119
Left paracentral gyrus -0.322 0.130 [-0.576 - -0.067] -1.831 0.013 0.328 <0.00
1 234 118
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.317 0.129 [-0.57 - -0.064] -1.914 0.014 0.328 <0.00
1 234 119
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.309 0.157 [-0.617 - 0] -2.593 0.050 0.580 23.459 222 117
Left precentral gyrus -0.288 0.130 [-0.542 - -0.033] -1.649 0.027 0.380 0.005 231 119
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.286 0.130 [-0.54 - -0.032] -1.684 0.027 0.380 <0.00
1 234 118
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.254 0.234 [-0.712 - 0.205] -1.966 0.279 0.826 62.916 223 116
Left frontal pole -0.253 0.254 [-0.751 - 0.246] -2.660 0.320 0.826 69.822 234 119
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.217 0.129 [-0.47 - 0.036] -1.716 0.093 0.826 <0.00
1 233 119
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.216 0.134 [-0.48 - 0.047] -2.194 0.108 0.826 5.120 233 118
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.204 0.129 [-0.456 - 0.049] -0.987 0.114 0.826 <0.00
1 234 119
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.190 0.170 [-0.524 - 0.144] -1.849 0.265 0.826 35.580 234 119
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.186 0.167 [-0.515 - 0.142] -1.167 0.265 0.826 33.633 233 119
Right precentral gyrus -0.186 0.129 [-0.439 - 0.067] -1.105 0.150 0.826 <0.00
1 230 119
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.182 0.144 [-0.465 - 0.1] -2.071 0.206 0.826 14.726 231 119
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.180 0.251 [-0.672 - 0.312] -1.038 0.473 0.866 68.873 234 119
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.174 0.135 [-0.439 - 0.091] -1.276 0.198 0.826 <0.00
1 219 104
Right fusiform gyrus -0.173 0.130 [-0.428 - 0.082] -0.845 0.183 0.826 0.012 234 117
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.166 0.173 [-0.504 - 0.173] -0.938 0.338 0.826 36.975 233 119
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.162 0.13 [-0.416 - 0.091] -0.822 0.210 0.826 <0.00 233 118
0 1
Left fusiform gyrus -0.157 0.165 [-0.48 - 0.165] -0.773 0.339 0.826 31.688 233 119
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.150 0.130 [-0.405 - 0.104] -1.873 0.247 0.826 0.004 234 117
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.149 0.129 [-0.402 - 0.103] -0.809 0.247 0.826 <0.00
1 231 119
Left hempisphere average thickness -0.145 0.138 [-0.416 - 0.126] -0.534 0.293 0.826 9.454 234 119
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.140 0.129 [-0.393 - 0.113] -0.512 0.277 0.826 <0.00
1 234 119
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.131 0.133 [-0.391 - 0.129] -0.800 0.324 0.826 <0.00
1 223 109
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.129 0.129 [-0.383 - 0.124] -0.774 0.318 0.826 0.002 232 115
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.118 0.129 [-0.37 - 0.134] -0.601 0.359 0.826 <0.00
1 234 119
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.118 0.129 [-0.372 - 0.136] -0.905 0.363 0.826 <0.00
1 233 118
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.117 0.129 [-0.37 - 0.135] -0.566 0.362 0.826 <0.00
1 232 119
Left precuneus -0.098 0.266 [-0.62 - 0.424] -0.469 0.713 0.928 72.500 234 119
Left insula -0.098 0.177 [-0.445 - 0.25] -0.510 0.582 0.880 40.165 231 119
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.098 0.129 [-0.35 - 0.155] -0.571 0.448 0.866 <0.00
1 234 119
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.096 0.129 [-0.349 - 0.156] -0.466 0.455 0.866 0.004 234 119
Right superior parietal cortex -0.092 0.129 [-0.345 - 0.161] -0.459 0.476 0.866 <0.00
1 233 119
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.091 0.129 [-0.344 - 0.162] -0.515 0.482 0.866 0.002 234 119
Right postcentral gyrus -0.081 0.129 [-0.334 - 0.173] -0.456 0.533 0.866 <0.00
1 229 119
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.080 0.129 [-0.334 - 0.173] -0.433 0.534 0.866 <0.00
1 231 119
Left pars orbitalis -0.079 0.243 [-0.556 - 0.398] -0.578 0.745 0.928 67.181 232 119
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.078 0.129 [-0.331 - 0.174] -0.631 0.542 0.866 <0.00
1 234 119
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.075 0.149 [-0.368 - 0.218] -0.532 0.617 0.882 19.136 233 114
Right pars orbitalis -0.074 0.237 [-0.54 - 0.391] -0.534 0.755 0.928 65.477 234 117
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.071 0.13 [-0.328 - 0.187] -0.363 0.591 0.880 1.567 228 117
1
Left postcentral gyrus -0.064 0.129 [-0.318 - 0.189] -0.356 0.618 0.882 <0.00
1 234 118
Right cuneus -0.055 0.139 [-0.327 - 0.216] -0.341 0.689 0.927 9.094 232 119
Left cuneus -0.050 0.222 [-0.485 - 0.386] -0.306 0.824 0.928 60.604 233 119
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.047 0.180 [-0.4 - 0.306] -0.279 0.794 0.928 37.647 224 109
Right precuneus -0.040 0.195 [-0.422 - 0.342] -0.198 0.838 0.928 49.732 234 119
Left pars triangularis -0.037 0.212 [-0.454 - 0.379] -0.228 0.860 0.928 57.519 233 119
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.035 0.129 [-0.287 - 0.218] -0.244 0.787 0.928 <0.00
1 234 119
Right entorhinal cortex -0.031 0.131 [-0.288 - 0.226] -0.373 0.811 0.928 <0.00
1 231 117
Right paracentral gyrus -0.028 0.129 [-0.281 - 0.226] -0.157 0.830 0.928 <0.00
1 231 119
Left superior parietal cortex -0.020 0.129 [-0.272 - 0.232] -0.098 0.877 0.928 <0.00
1 234 119
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.016 0.155 [-0.32 - 0.287] -0.110 0.915 0.928 24.490 233 119
Right insula -0.016 0.129 [-0.269 - 0.237] -0.086 0.902 0.928 <0.00
1 231 119
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.011 0.208 [-0.418 - 0.396] -0.063 0.957 0.957 55.348 233 115
Left lingual gyrus 0.016 0.129 [-0.236 - 0.269] 0.094 0.900 0.928 <0.00
1 234 119
Right frontal pole 0.033 0.204 [-0.368 - 0.433] 0.342 0.873 0.928 54.258 234 119
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.035 0.130 [-0.22 - 0.289] 0.194 0.790 0.928 <0.00
1 231 118
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.046 0.134 [-0.218 - 0.309] 0.510 0.734 0.928 5.832 233 119
Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.059 0.129 [-0.194 - 0.311] 0.641 0.648 0.890 <0.00
1 234 119
Left pars opercularis 0.062 0.129 [-0.191 - 0.315] 0.295 0.632 0.884 <0.00
1 233 119
Right pars triangularis 0.076 0.129 [-0.177 - 0.329] 0.437 0.557 0.866 <0.00
1 233 119
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.079 0.129 [-0.174 - 0.332] 0.575 0.541 0.866 <0.00
1 234 119
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.081 0.130 [-0.174 - 0.335] 0.425 0.535 0.866 0.002 234 117
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.088 0.14 [-0.197 - 0.374] 0.695 0.545 0.866 16.610 234 119
6
Right lingual gyrus 0.112 0.129 [-0.14 - 0.365] 0.651 0.383 0.838 <0.00
1 234 119
Left temporal pole 0.117 0.129 [-0.136 - 0.37] 1.181 0.366 0.826 0.006 234 119
Left entorhinal cortex 0.121 0.129 [-0.133 - 0.375] 1.394 0.349 0.826 <0.00
1 232 118
Right temporal pole 0.163 0.209 [-0.247 - 0.572] 1.789 0.437 0.866 55.363 234 119
a Included Samples: MMDP 3T, Melbourne, QTIM, Sydney.noAD: antidepressant free; MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S43: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure for MDD patients taking antidepressants MDD patients not taking antidepressants at time of scanning comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 # AD MDD # noAD
MDD(AD MDD vs noAD MDD)
Left insula -0.292 0.168 [-0.621 - 0.038] -1.522 0.083 0.570 <0.001 66 88
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.259 0.177 [-0.605 - 0.087] -1.990 0.143 0.588 8.305 66 87
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.250 0.292 [-0.821 - 0.322] -1.392 0.392 0.811 63.288 63 84
Right pericalcarine cortex -0.118 0.177 [-0.465 - 0.229] -0.863 0.504 0.818 8.027 65 88
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.117 0.167 [-0.445 - 0.211] -1.188 0.484 0.818 <0.001 66 87
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.111 0.167 [-0.439 - 0.217] -0.874 0.507 0.818 <0.001 66 88
Left pars opercularis -0.111 0.170 [-0.443 - 0.222] -0.527 0.515 0.818 <0.001 64 88
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.105 0.177 [-0.452 - 0.242] -0.625 0.552 0.818 <0.001 59 80
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.100 0.167 [-0.427 - 0.228] -0.556 0.552 0.818 <0.001 66 88
Left temporal pole -0.094 0.167 [-0.422 - 0.234] -0.951 0.574 0.818 <0.001 66 88
Right cuneus -0.076 0.167 [-0.403 - 0.252] -0.464 0.651 0.826 <0.001 66 88
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.068 0.167 [-0.396 - 0.26] -0.369 0.685 0.826 <0.001 66 88
Left pars triangularis -0.034 0.173 [-0.374 - 0.306] -0.206 0.845 0.954 6.098 66 88
Right entorhinal cortex -0.023 0.173 [-0.363 - 0.316] -0.276 0.893 0.961 5.432 66 86
Right temporal pole -0.022 0.167 [-0.35 - 0.305] -0.247 0.893 0.961 <0.001 66 88
Right lingual gyrus -0.009 0.167 [-0.336 - 0.319] -0.050 0.959 0.987 <0.001 66 88
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.005 0.180 [-0.358 - 0.347] -0.038 0.977 0.989 <0.001 58 76
Right pars triangularis -0.003 0.212 [-0.419 - 0.413] -0.018 0.989 0.989 35.142 66 88
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.017 0.167 [-0.311 - 0.344] 0.187 0.920 0.961 <0.001 66 88
Right pars orbitalis 0.021 0.196 [-0.363 - 0.405] 0.151 0.915 0.961 23.090 65 86
Left cuneus 0.021 0.167 [-0.307 - 0.349] 0.130 0.900 0.961 <0.001 66 88
Left frontal pole 0.046 0.167 [-0.281 - 0.374] 0.486 0.783 0.913 <0.001 66 88
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.056 0.168 [-0.274 - 0.386] 0.324 0.739 0.876 <0.001 65 88
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.065 0.255 [-0.434 - 0.564] 0.351 0.798 0.916 54.207 66 88
Left precuneus 0.068 0.167 [-0.26 - 0.396] 0.325 0.684 0.826 <0.001 66 88
Left pars orbitalis 0.069 0.167 [-0.259 - 0.397] 0.504 0.680 0.826 <0.001 66 88
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.070 0.167 [-0.258 - 0.398] 0.796 0.675 0.826 <0.001 66 88
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.074 0.167 [-0.253 - 0.402] 0.725 0.656 0.826 <0.001 66 88
Right insula 0.088 0.167 [-0.24 - 0.416] 0.480 0.598 0.821 <0.001 66 88
Left fusiform gyrus 0.092 0.167 [-0.237 - 0.42] 0.450 0.585 0.818 <0.001 66 88
Right precuneus 0.094 0.167 [-0.234 - 0.421] 0.466 0.575 0.818 <0.001 66 88
Right paracentral gyrus 0.100 0.167 [-0.228 - 0.428] 0.567 0.550 0.818 <0.001 66 88
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.104 0.174 [-0.238 - 0.445] 0.737 0.553 0.818 <0.001 61 83
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.112 0.167 [-0.216 - 0.44] 0.785 0.504 0.818 <0.001 66 88
Left precentral gyrus 0.120 0.169 [-0.212 - 0.452] 0.689 0.478 0.818 0.605 65 88
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.136 0.211 [-0.277 - 0.549] 0.911 0.519 0.818 34.264 66 88
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.139 0.171 [-0.196 - 0.473] 0.830 0.417 0.811 <0.001 65 84
Right superior parietal cortex 0.139 0.167 [-0.189 - 0.467] 0.693 0.407 0.811 <0.001 66 88
Right precentral gyrus 0.141 0.301 [-0.45 - 0.732] 0.837 0.641 0.826 66.902 66 88
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.143 0.169 [-0.188 - 0.474] 0.841 0.397 0.811 <0.001 65 87
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.158 0.168 [-0.17 - 0.487] 0.926 0.345 0.797 <0.001 66 88
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.162 0.168 [-0.167 - 0.49] 0.976 0.334 0.797 <0.001 66 88
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.163 0.176 [-0.181 - 0.508] 0.998 0.353 0.797 <0.001 61 81
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.170 0.174 [-0.171 - 0.511] 1.317 0.329 0.797 6.007 66 87
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.183 0.168 [-0.146 - 0.512] 0.964 0.275 0.725 <0.001 66 86
Right frontal pole 0.191 0.168 [-0.137 - 0.52] 1.997 0.253 0.725 <0.001 66 88
Left superior parietal cortex 0.200 0.168 [-0.129 - 0.528] 0.978 0.233 0.725 <0.001 66 88
Left inferior parietal cortex 0.200 0.168 [-0.129 - 0.528] 1.134 0.233 0.725 <0.001 66 88
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.209 0.168 [-0.119 - 0.538] 1.757 0.212 0.725 <0.001 66 88
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.216 0.184 [-0.144 - 0.577] 1.741 0.240 0.725 15.236 66 88
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.221 0.168 [-0.108 - 0.55] 1.384 0.188 0.691 <0.001 66 88
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.227 0.168 [-0.101 - 0.556] 1.800 0.175 0.682 <0.001 66 88
Left postcentral gyrus 0.235 0.218 [-0.191 - 0.662] 1.298 0.280 0.725 37.466 66 87
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.247 0.280 [-0.301 - 0.795] 1.267 0.378 0.811 61.328 66 86
Left hempisphere average thickness 0.248 0.168 [-0.081 - 0.577] 0.912 0.139 0.588 <0.001 66 88
Right inferior parietal cortex 0.260 0.168 [-0.07 - 0.589] 1.472 0.122 0.570 <0.001 66 88
Left entorhinal cortex 0.268 0.170 [-0.065 - 0.601] 3.079 0.115 0.570 <0.001 64 87
Right hemisphere average thickness 0.271 0.168 [-0.058 - 0.6] 0.990 0.107 0.570 <0.001 66 88
Left lingual gyrus 0.273 0.168 [-0.057 - 0.602] 1.577 0.105 0.570 <0.001 66 88
Right fusiform gyrus 0.282 0.168 [-0.048 - 0.612] 1.377 0.094 0.570 <0.001 66 86
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.292 0.168 [-0.038 - 0.621] 1.487 0.083 0.570 <0.001 66 88
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.305 0.278 [-0.239 - 0.85] 3.800 0.272 0.725 60.780 66 86
Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.313 0.168 [-0.017 - 0.643] 3.415 0.063 0.570 <0.001 66 88
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.342 0.168 [0.012 - 0.672] 1.656 0.042 0.493 <0.001 66 88
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.348 0.213 [-0.07 - 0.766] 1.678 0.103 0.570 34.886 66 88
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.355 0.169 [0.025 - 0.686] 1.797 0.035 0.491 <0.001 66 87
Right pars opercularis 0.368 0.169 [0.037 - 0.698] 1.843 0.029 0.491 <0.001 66 88
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.378 0.169 [0.047 - 0.708] 1.831 0.025 0.491 <0.001 66 88
Right postcentral gyrus 0.386 0.170 [0.053 - 0.719] 2.184 0.023 0.491 <0.001 65 88
Left paracentral gyrus 0.433 0.169 [0.101 - 0.765] 2.466 0.010 0.491 <0.001 66 87a Included Samples: Melbourne, Sydney.AD: antidepressant using; noAD: antidepressant free; MDD: Major Depressive Disorder.
Supplementary Table S44: Full meta-analytic results for thickness of each structure associated with severity of symptoms at study inclusion measured by the HDRS-17 controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Pearson's r a Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Patients(HDRS-17)Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.282 0.139 [0.042 - -0.554] -7.320 0.042 0.543 62.161 134
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.276 0.165 [0.094 - -0.599] -3.593 0.094 0.550 80.961 134
Left fusiform gyrus -0.273 0.116 [0.019 - -0.501] -2.789 0.019 0.543 42.996 134
Left postcentral gyrus -0.273 0.147 [0.063 - -0.561] -3.131 0.063 0.543 68.772 134
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.272 0.182 [0.136 - -0.629] -2.882 0.136 0.678 85.625 134
Right insula -0.261 0.139 [0.061 - -0.533] -2.940 0.061 0.543 63.936 134
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.246 0.183 [0.179 - -0.604] -2.831 0.179 0.782 78.818 134
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.240 0.136 [0.078 - -0.507] -3.900 0.078 0.543 58.447 134
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.215 0.128 [0.094 - -0.466] -2.574 0.094 0.550 49.934 134
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.203 0.131 [0.121 - -0.46] -2.234 0.121 0.653 51.123 134
Left pars triangularis -0.195 0.157 [0.214 - -0.504] -2.425 0.214 0.818 69.279 134
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.188 0.084 [0.025 - -0.352] -3.084 0.025 0.543 <0.001 134
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.183 0.156 [0.24 - -0.488] -2.648 0.240 0.839 64.199 125
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.179 0.125 [0.15 - -0.423] -2.182 0.150 0.701 42.030 129
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.165 0.085 [0.052 - -0.332] -1.931 0.052 0.543 1.775 134
Left hempisphere average thickness -0.151 0.170 [0.376 - -0.485] -1.122 0.376 0.878 72.733 134
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.150 0.083 [0.071 - -0.314] -2.338 0.071 0.543 <0.001 134
Left insula -0.147 0.171 [0.388 - -0.482] -1.557 0.388 0.878 75.662 134
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.140 0.130 [0.279 - -0.394] -1.683 0.279 0.847 46.096 122
Right precuneus -0.131 0.115 [0.252 - -0.356] -1.317 0.252 0.840 32.651 134
Right cuneus -0.128 0.125 [0.305 - -0.373] -1.587 0.305 0.847 44.156 134
Right pars opercularis -0.127 0.162 [0.431 - -0.444] -1.288 0.431 0.878 67.341 134
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.126 0.122 [0.304 - -0.366] -1.697 0.304 0.847 41.140 134
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.117 0.092 [0.204 - -0.297] -1.206 0.204 0.818 7.957 133
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.114 0.136 [0.402 - -0.38] -1.399 0.402 0.878 50.494 124
Right postcentral gyrus -0.113 0.220 [0.608 - -0.545] -1.288 0.608 0.893 89.727 134
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.102 0.200 [0.61 - -0.494] -0.749 0.610 0.893 81.576 134
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.097 0.139 [0.489 - -0.37] -2.203 0.489 0.878 52.573 134
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.089 0.117 [0.445 - -0.319] -0.974 0.445 0.878 31.114 134
Left precentral gyrus -0.088 0.219 [0.687 - -0.518] -1.017 0.687 0.895 87.483 134
Left precuneus -0.088 0.085 [0.299 - -0.254] -0.843 0.299 0.847 <0.001 134
Right fusiform gyrus -0.085 0.085 [0.315 - -0.251] -0.834 0.315 0.847 0.741 134
Left entorhinal cortex -0.078 0.119 [0.514 - -0.311] -1.796 0.514 0.878 33.658 133
Right pericalcarine cortex -0.077 0.109 [0.48 - -0.289] -1.121 0.480 0.878 22.983 134
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.075 0.183 [0.68 - -0.433] -1.646 0.680 0.895 74.902 133
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.072 0.205 [0.725 - -0.474] -1.609 0.725 0.895 81.806 134
Left paracentral gyrus -0.061 0.086 [0.479 - -0.229] -0.693 0.479 0.878 <0.001 134
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.059 0.091 [0.514 - -0.238] -0.871 0.514 0.878 <0.001 119
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.058 0.087 [0.506 - -0.227] -0.914 0.506 0.878 <0.001 134
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.057 0.170 [0.738 - -0.391] -0.645 0.738 0.895 71.132 134
Right precentral gyrus -0.056 0.214 [0.792 - -0.476] -0.672 0.792 0.895 85.225 134
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.049 0.186 [0.79 - -0.413] -1.004 0.790 0.895 75.611 134
Left pars opercularis -0.049 0.095 [0.607 - -0.236] -0.467 0.607 0.893 10.108 134
Left cuneus -0.039 0.127 [0.761 - -0.288] -0.478 0.761 0.895 40.612 134
Left superior parietal cortex -0.037 0.136 [0.786 - -0.303] -0.362 0.786 0.895 50.090 134
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.030 0.164 [0.857 - -0.351] -0.336 0.857 0.909 66.820 134
Left temporal pole -0.029 0.095 [0.757 - -0.216] -0.596 0.757 0.895 8.668 134
Right paracentral gyrus -0.018 0.194 [0.927 - -0.398] -0.203 0.927 0.940 79.144 134
Right pars triangularis -0.017 0.087 [0.846 - -0.187] -0.194 0.846 0.909 <0.001 134
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.012 0.092 [0.898 - -0.192] -0.131 0.898 0.925 3.375 127
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 3.42E-04 0.207 [0.999 - -0.406] 0.004 0.999 0.999 82.209 134
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.017 0.087 [0.843 - -0.153] 0.268 0.843 0.909 <0.001 134
Right superior parietal cortex 0.030 0.122 [0.806 - -0.209] 0.299 0.806 0.896 37.055 134
Left lingual gyrus 0.033 0.087 [0.706 - -0.138] 0.380 0.706 0.895 <0.001 134
Left frontal pole 0.035 0.228 [0.877 - -0.412] 0.746 0.877 0.916 88.200 134
Left pars orbitalis 0.040 0.087 [0.644 - -0.13] 0.586 0.644 0.893 <0.001 134
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.044 0.123 [0.722 - -0.197] 0.423 0.722 0.895 35.809 134
Right temporal pole 0.056 0.093 [0.548 - -0.127] 1.233 0.548 0.893 7.379 134
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.063 0.086 [0.464 - -0.105] 0.884 0.464 0.878 <0.001 134
Right pars orbitalis 0.064 0.086 [0.457 - -0.105] 0.925 0.457 0.878 <0.001 134
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.067 0.087 [0.442 - -0.104] 1.308 0.442 0.878 <0.001 134
Right lingual gyrus 0.078 0.167 [0.642 - -0.25] 0.904 0.642 0.893 70.391 134
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.087 0.171 [0.61 - -0.249] 0.847 0.610 0.893 71.886 134
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.092 0.197 [0.639 - -0.293] 0.938 0.639 0.893 79.597 134
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.093 0.198 [0.638 - -0.295] 1.097 0.638 0.893 81.143 134
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.099 0.220 [0.651 - -0.331] 0.969 0.651 0.893 85.055 134
Right entorhinal cortex 0.139 0.114 [0.222 - -0.084] 3.349 0.222 0.818 29.303 133
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.141 0.201 [0.481 - -0.252] 2.397 0.481 0.878 87.310 134
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.155 0.085 [0.07 - -0.012] 1.890 0.070 0.543 <0.001 134
Right frontal pole 0.177 0.091 [0.05 - 0] 3.763 0.050 0.543 9.214 134a Included Samples: Houston, MMDP 3T, Muenster Cohort, DepOx, Sydney.HDRS-17: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale with 17 items.
Adolescent meta-analyses results for cortical surface area
Supplementary Table S45: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for the Diagnosis by Sex interaction controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(Dx by Sex)Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.185 0.194 [-0.566 - 0.195] -3.069 0.339 0.625 65.451 294 213
Right frontal pole -0.168 0.235 [-0.629 - 0.293] -2.584 0.475 0.711 76.117 294 213
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.075 0.107 [-0.285 - 0.136] -1.696 0.488 0.711 <0.001 292 212
Right pars orbitalis -0.056 0.107 [-0.266 - 0.154] -0.844 0.602 0.766 <0.001 294 211
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.041 0.167 [-0.368 - 0.286] -0.511 0.806 0.881 51.253 283 198
Left pars orbitalis -0.032 0.107 [-0.242 - 0.178] -0.483 0.766 0.864 <0.001 292 213
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.011 0.221 [-0.445 - 0.422] -0.189 0.960 0.988 73.203 293 212
Right lingual gyrus 0.003 0.143 [-0.276 - 0.283] 0.043 0.983 0.988 37.815 294 213
Left lingual gyrus 0.004 0.259 [-0.504 - 0.511] 0.054 0.988 0.988 80.479 294 213
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.021 0.107 [-0.189 - 0.231] 0.305 0.847 0.898 <0.001 293 213
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.022 0.269 [-0.506 - 0.549] 0.350 0.936 0.978 81.867 293 213
Left fusiform gyrus 0.027 0.107 [-0.183 - 0.237] 0.395 0.799 0.881 <0.001 293 213
Right paracentral gyrus 0.030 0.155 [-0.274 - 0.335] 0.426 0.845 0.898 46.223 291 213
Left temporal pole 0.033 0.107 [-0.176 - 0.242] 0.526 0.758 0.864 <0.001 294 213
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.046 0.137 [-0.223 - 0.315] 0.771 0.737 0.864 33.129 293 212
Left paracentral gyrus 0.060 0.107 [-0.15 - 0.27] 0.836 0.577 0.749 <0.001 294 212
Left frontal pole 0.060 0.107 [-0.15 - 0.27] 0.936 0.574 0.749 <0.001 294 213
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.060 0.175 [-0.283 - 0.404] 0.741 0.730 0.864 57.529 293 212
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.062 0.191 [-0.313 - 0.437] 0.949 0.747 0.864 64.487 293 213
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.063 0.107 [-0.147 - 0.272] 1.380 0.559 0.749 <0.001 293 213
Left precuneus 0.069 0.177 [-0.277 - 0.415] 0.875 0.697 0.856 58.294 294 213
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.070 0.107 [-0.14 - 0.279] 1.037 0.515 0.736 <0.001 294 213
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.076 0.122 [-0.164 - 0.315] 1.614 0.535 0.749 18.046 294 211
Right precuneus 0.079 0.166 [-0.246 - 0.405] 1.030 0.633 0.791 53.112 294 213
Right superior parietal cortex 0.083 0.107 [-0.127 - 0.293] 0.969 0.439 0.699 0.004 293 213
Left pars triangularis 0.084 0.107 [-0.126 - 0.294] 1.297 0.433 0.699 0.003 293 213
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.085 0.117 [-0.145 - 0.314] 1.404 0.470 0.711 12.836 294 213
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.085 0.143 [-0.196 - 0.366] 1.000 0.553 0.749 38.297 292 208
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.089 0.107 [-0.121 - 0.3] 1.611 0.405 0.675 <0.001 294 211
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.095 0.107 [-0.114 - 0.305] 1.259 0.373 0.652 <0.001 294 213
Left pars opercularis 0.099 0.107 [-0.112 - 0.309] 1.594 0.357 0.640 <0.001 293 211
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.102 0.107 [-0.108 - 0.313] 1.932 0.339 0.625 <0.001 291 213
Right pars opercularis 0.105 0.107 [-0.105 - 0.315] 1.688 0.326 0.625 <0.001 292 213
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.111 0.107 [-0.099 - 0.321] 1.574 0.299 0.625 <0.001 292 213
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.112 0.107 [-0.097 - 0.322] 2.180 0.293 0.625 <0.001 293 213
Right insula 0.118 0.107 [-0.093 - 0.328] 1.607 0.274 0.618 0.001 292 213
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.120 0.108 [-0.091 - 0.331] 1.689 0.264 0.617 0.159 294 211
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.120 0.171 [-0.215 - 0.456] 1.885 0.483 0.711 55.118 283 210
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.121 0.124 [-0.122 - 0.363] 1.793 0.331 0.625 16.729 283 196
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.122 0.123 [-0.119 - 0.363] 2.106 0.322 0.625 14.943 279 190
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.126 0.107 [-0.085 - 0.336] 2.172 0.241 0.603 <0.001 294 213
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.140 0.107 [-0.07 - 0.35] 2.302 0.192 0.517 0.004 294 213
Left entorhinal cortex 0.150 0.108 [-0.061 - 0.361] 3.343 0.163 0.476 0.001 292 209
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.151 0.107 [-0.059 - 0.361] 2.202 0.159 0.476 <0.001 292 213
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.151 0.134 [-0.111 - 0.413] 1.950 0.258 0.617 29.962 294 212
Left superior parietal cortex 0.162 0.107 [-0.048 - 0.372] 1.951 0.131 0.444 0.008 294 213
Right cuneus 0.166 0.107 [-0.045 - 0.377] 2.375 0.123 0.444 0.003 292 212
Right fusiform gyrus 0.173 0.107 [-0.037 - 0.384] 2.583 0.107 0.444 <0.001 294 211
Right pars triangularis 0.176 0.107 [-0.034 - 0.386] 2.858 0.100 0.444 0.001 293 213
Right temporal pole 0.180 0.136 [-0.086 - 0.447] 2.931 0.185 0.517 32.156 294 213
Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.188 0.123 [-0.054 - 0.429] 3.068 0.128 0.444 19.133 294 212
Left insula 0.191 0.109 [-0.023 - 0.406] 2.157 0.081 0.403 2.598 291 213
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.193 0.108 [-0.019 - 0.404] 3.180 0.074 0.398 <0.001 290 212
Left hemisphere total surface area 0.214 0.135 [-0.049 - 0.478] 2.230 0.111 0.444 30.649 294 213
Right postcentral gyrus 0.217 0.255 [-0.282 - 0.716] 2.597 0.394 0.673 79.683 289 212
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.233 0.107 [0.022 - 0.443] 2.984 0.030 0.236 0.004 294 213
Right hemisphere total surface area 0.234 0.120 [-0.001 - 0.469] 2.440 0.051 0.355 15.556 294 213
Left cuneus 0.235 0.186 [-0.13 - 0.6] 3.519 0.207 0.538 62.504 294 213
Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.245 0.107 [0.035 - 0.455] 4.142 0.022 0.226 0.010 291 213
Right inferior parietal cortex 0.257 0.107 [0.047 - 0.468] 3.561 0.017 0.226 <0.001 293 213
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.267 0.108 [0.055 - 0.48] 4.116 0.014 0.226 <0.001 282 211
Left postcentral gyrus 0.275 0.148 [-0.016 - 0.566] 3.204 0.064 0.398 41.770 293 212
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.284 0.107 [0.074 - 0.494] 3.999 0.008 0.188 <0.001 294 213
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.285 0.199 [-0.106 - 0.676] 4.472 0.153 0.476 67.045 293 203
Right precentral gyrus 0.288 0.132 [0.029 - 0.546] 3.270 0.029 0.236 27.849 290 213
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.296 0.107 [0.085 - 0.506] 4.207 0.006 0.188 <0.001 293 206
Left inferior parietal cortex 0.308 0.107 [0.097 - 0.518] 4.414 0.004 0.188 0.009 294 213
Left precentral gyrus 0.313 0.172 [-0.025 - 0.65] 3.448 0.069 0.398 55.965 291 212
Right entorhinal cortex 0.332 0.221 [-0.101 - 0.766] 7.321 0.133 0.444 72.179 291 209
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.345 0.151 [0.048 - 0.641] 4.932 0.023 0.226 43.283 288 211a Included Samples: MMDP 3T, Melbourne, Muenster Cohort, QTIM, Sydney.Dx: Diagnosis.
Supplementary Table S46: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for the Diagnosis by Age interaction controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(Dx by Age)Left frontal pole -0.286 0.229 [-0.734 - 0.163] -4.444 0.212 0.982 74.737 294 213
Right postcentral gyrus -0.285 0.115 [-0.509 - -0.06] -3.404 0.013 0.458 8.535 289 212
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.283 0.108 [-0.494 - -0.071] -3.735 0.009 0.458 0.378 294 213
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.256 0.181 [-0.61 - 0.099] -3.665 0.158 0.982 59.937 294 213
Right fusiform gyrus -0.250 0.148 [-0.541 - 0.041] -3.731 0.092 0.982 40.942 294 211
Left paracentral gyrus -0.247 0.174 [-0.588 - 0.093] -3.469 0.155 0.982 56.922 294 212
Left cuneus -0.220 0.107 [-0.43 - -0.01] -3.295 0.040 0.938 <0.001 294 213
Left lingual gyrus -0.187 0.177 [-0.534 - 0.161] -2.625 0.293 0.982 58.566 294 213
Left precentral gyrus -0.186 0.212 [-0.602 - 0.23] -2.054 0.380 0.982 70.725 291 212
Right entorhinal cortex -0.171 0.109 [-0.385 - 0.042] -3.776 0.116 0.982 <0.001 291 209
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.171 0.205 [-0.573 - 0.23] -2.548 0.403 0.982 67.198 283 196
Left pars orbitalis -0.170 0.108 [-0.381 - 0.04] -2.572 0.113 0.982 0.014 292 213
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.168 0.116 [-0.396 - 0.06] -2.747 0.149 0.982 11.157 294 212
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.141 0.112 [-0.361 - 0.078] -2.083 0.207 0.982 6.501 293 213
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.141 0.147 [-0.43 - 0.148] -2.009 0.338 0.982 41.224 293 206
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.135 0.143 [-0.416 - 0.146] -1.589 0.346 0.982 38.097 292 208
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.131 0.158 [-0.441 - 0.179] -2.263 0.408 0.982 45.298 279 190
Right hemisphere total surface area -0.130 0.135 [-0.395 - 0.134] -1.360 0.334 0.982 31.202 294 213
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.129 0.107 [-0.339 - 0.081] -2.084 0.228 0.982 <0.001 293 213
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.121 0.107 [-0.331 - 0.089] -1.554 0.258 0.982 <0.001 294 213
Left hemisphere total surface area -0.119 0.137 [-0.387 - 0.15] -1.235 0.387 0.982 32.987 294 213
Left entorhinal cortex -0.116 0.108 [-0.327 - 0.095] -2.590 0.280 0.982 <0.001 292 209
Right precentral gyrus -0.116 0.107 [-0.327 - 0.094] -1.323 0.278 0.982 <0.001 290 213
Left postcentral gyrus -0.115 0.134 [-0.378 - 0.148] -1.336 0.392 0.982 30.221 293 212
Right frontal pole -0.105 0.107 [-0.315 - 0.104] -1.615 0.326 0.982 <0.001 294 213
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.104 0.107 [-0.315 - 0.106] -1.970 0.330 0.982 <0.001 291 213
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.099 0.107 [-0.309 - 0.111] -1.709 0.356 0.982 <0.001 294 213
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.097 0.107 [-0.307 - 0.113] -1.641 0.365 0.982 <0.001 293 212
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.097 0.188 [-0.465 - 0.272] -1.361 0.607 0.982 63.263 294 211
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.087 0.188 [-0.456 - 0.281] -1.445 0.642 0.982 62.994 290 212
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.086 0.108 [-0.298 - 0.126] -1.325 0.426 0.982 <0.001 282 211
Right precuneus -0.078 0.107 [-0.288 - 0.131] -1.016 0.463 0.982 <0.001 294 213
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.077 0.131 [-0.335 - 0.18] -1.089 0.556 0.982 27.562 294 213
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.077 0.142 [-0.355 - 0.201] -1.270 0.589 0.982 37.052 294 213
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.065 0.109 [-0.279 - 0.149] -0.815 0.550 0.982 <0.001 283 198
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.064 0.107 [-0.273 - 0.146] -1.403 0.552 0.982 <0.001 293 213
Left pars triangularis -0.059 0.107 [-0.269 - 0.15] -0.917 0.579 0.982 <0.001 293 213
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.058 0.107 [-0.268 - 0.152] -0.822 0.588 0.982 <0.001 292 213
Right paracentral gyrus -0.057 0.107 [-0.267 - 0.154] -0.794 0.598 0.982 <0.001 291 213
Left fusiform gyrus -0.053 0.107 [-0.264 - 0.157] -0.773 0.620 0.982 0.003 293 213
Right temporal pole -0.051 0.154 [-0.354 - 0.251] -0.835 0.740 0.982 46.182 294 213
Right superior parietal cortex -0.050 0.148 [-0.339 - 0.24] -0.580 0.737 0.982 41.451 293 213
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.047 0.108 [-0.259 - 0.165] -0.739 0.663 0.982 <0.001 283 210
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.044 0.142 [-0.323 - 0.235] -0.653 0.758 0.982 37.423 294 213
Left precuneus -0.043 0.107 [-0.253 - 0.166] -0.553 0.684 0.982 <0.001 294 213
Left temporal pole -0.042 0.146 [-0.327 - 0.243] -0.669 0.773 0.982 40.170 294 213
Right cuneus -0.035 0.121 [-0.273 - 0.203] -0.503 0.772 0.982 17.286 292 212
Right lingual gyrus -0.031 0.107 [-0.241 - 0.178] -0.436 0.770 0.982 <0.001 294 213
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.030 0.159 [-0.342 - 0.282] -0.418 0.850 0.982 49.377 293 213
Right pars orbitalis -0.022 0.111 [-0.24 - 0.196] -0.336 0.841 0.982 4.974 294 211
Right pars triangularis -0.019 0.107 [-0.228 - 0.191] -0.301 0.862 0.982 <0.001 293 213
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.015 0.107 [-0.226 - 0.195] -0.223 0.886 0.982 0.002 292 213
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.014 0.107 [-0.224 - 0.196] -0.166 0.899 0.982 <0.001 293 212
Left superior parietal cortex 0.002 0.107 [-0.207 - 0.212] 0.028 0.982 0.982 <0.001 294 213
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.003 0.121 [-0.234 - 0.24] 0.045 0.981 0.982 16.994 293 213
Right insula 0.003 0.107 [-0.207 - 0.213] 0.047 0.974 0.982 <0.001 292 213
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.004 0.107 [-0.206 - 0.214] 0.075 0.969 0.982 <0.001 294 211
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.004 0.180 [-0.349 - 0.357] 0.071 0.981 0.982 59.805 293 212
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.011 0.159 [-0.302 - 0.323] 0.204 0.947 0.982 49.451 293 213
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.012 0.108 [-0.199 - 0.224] 0.179 0.908 0.982 0.007 288 211
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.022 0.153 [-0.278 - 0.321] 0.360 0.887 0.982 44.826 294 213
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.024 0.107 [-0.186 - 0.234] 0.390 0.825 0.982 0.004 294 213
Left pars opercularis 0.024 0.107 [-0.186 - 0.235] 0.392 0.821 0.982 <0.001 293 211
Left insula 0.034 0.107 [-0.176 - 0.244] 0.386 0.750 0.982 <0.001 291 213
Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.063 0.135 [-0.202 - 0.329] 1.069 0.640 0.982 31.817 291 213
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.063 0.107 [-0.147 - 0.273] 0.817 0.554 0.982 0.011 294 212
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.065 0.107 [-0.145 - 0.276] 1.023 0.544 0.982 <0.001 293 203
Right pars opercularis 0.083 0.184 [-0.279 - 0.444] 1.324 0.654 0.982 61.764 292 213
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.083 0.113 [-0.138 - 0.305] 1.896 0.461 0.982 7.373 292 212
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.126 0.142 [-0.153 - 0.405] 2.682 0.377 0.982 37.409 294 211a Included Samples: MMDP 3T, Melbourne, Muenster Cohort, QTIM, Sydney.Dx: Diagnosis.
Supplementary Table S47: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for first episode MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(First episode MDD vs CTL)
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.446 0.153 [-0.746 - -0.145] -7.289 0.004 0.250 <0.001 154 80
Left cuneus -0.405 0.154 [-0.706 - -0.104] -6.066 0.008 0.250 <0.001 154 80
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.392 0.153 [-0.693 - -0.091] -7.387 0.011 0.250 <0.001 152 80
Right cuneus -0.357 0.154 [-0.659 - -0.055] -5.113 0.020 0.322 <0.001 152 79
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.348 0.153 [-0.648 - -0.048] -6.019 0.023 0.322 <0.001 154 80
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.321 0.165 [-0.644 - 0.002] -5.311 0.051 0.344 9.910 154 80
Right pars orbitalis -0.319 0.153 [-0.618 - -0.019] -4.804 0.037 0.344 <0.001 154 80
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.316 0.153 [-0.616 - -0.016] -4.470 0.039 0.344 <0.001 153 80
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.299 0.153 [-0.598 - 0.001] -4.597 0.051 0.344 <0.001 153 80
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.298 0.153 [-0.598 - 0.002] -4.128 0.051 0.344 <0.001 153 80
Left precentral gyrus -0.291 0.154 [-0.593 - 0.011] -3.207 0.059 0.344 0.005 151 80
Left lingual gyrus -0.281 0.153 [-0.58 - 0.019] -3.953 0.066 0.344 <0.001 154 80
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.275 0.152 [-0.574 - 0.024] -4.640 0.072 0.344 <0.001 154 80
Left temporal pole -0.273 0.153 [-0.572 - 0.026] -4.359 0.074 0.344 <0.001 154 80
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.269 0.152 [-0.568 - 0.03] -3.790 0.077 0.344 <0.001 154 80
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.266 0.153 [-0.565 - 0.033] -3.431 0.081 0.344 <0.001 154 80
Right pericalcarine cortex -0.258 0.153 [-0.558 - 0.041] -4.322 0.091 0.344 <0.001 153 80
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.257 0.153 [-0.558 - 0.043] -4.637 0.093 0.344 <0.001 154 79
Right hemisphere total surface area -0.247 0.153 [-0.546 - 0.052] -2.578 0.105 0.368 <0.001 154 80
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.242 0.203 [-0.64 - 0.156] -3.104 0.233 0.544 37.425 154 80
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.241 0.180 [-0.593 - 0.111] -5.138 0.180 0.466 22.505 154 79
Right postcentral gyrus -0.231 0.153 [-0.531 - 0.07] -2.758 0.133 0.410 <0.001 152 79
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.230 0.154 [-0.532 - 0.071] -2.874 0.135 0.410 <0.001 153 77
Left hemisphere total surface area -0.221 0.152 [-0.52 - 0.078] -2.298 0.147 0.430 <0.001 154 80
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.217 0.204 [-0.618 - 0.184] -4.784 0.288 0.550 38.838 153 80
Left frontal pole -0.210 0.210 [-0.622 - 0.202] -3.266 0.318 0.579 42.123 154 80
Right temporal pole -0.207 0.153 [-0.506 - 0.092] -3.368 0.174 0.466 <0.001 154 80
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.204 0.152 [-0.503 - 0.095] -3.364 0.180 0.466 <0.001 154 80
Right precuneus -0.201 0.152 [-0.5 - 0.097] -2.611 0.186 0.466 <0.001 154 80
Left precuneus -0.198 0.152 [-0.496 - 0.101] -2.519 0.194 0.468 <0.001 154 80
Left paracentral gyrus -0.189 0.172 [-0.525 - 0.148] -2.643 0.272 0.550 16.605 154 80
Left pars orbitalis -0.175 0.153 [-0.474 - 0.124] -2.648 0.250 0.550 <0.001 152 80
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.170 0.153 [-0.47 - 0.13] -2.667 0.267 0.550 <0.001 154 79
Left entorhinal cortex -0.165 0.154 [-0.467 - 0.136] -3.675 0.283 0.550 0.003 154 79
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.165 0.153 [-0.464 - 0.135] -2.586 0.281 0.550 <0.001 153 78
Left superior parietal cortex -0.154 0.187 [-0.52 - 0.212] -1.856 0.409 0.659 28.118 154 80
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.151 0.152 [-0.449 - 0.148] -2.321 0.323 0.579 <0.001 154 80
Right lingual gyrus -0.143 0.175 [-0.486 - 0.2] -1.990 0.413 0.659 19.566 154 80
Left postcentral gyrus -0.140 0.154 [-0.44 - 0.161] -1.623 0.364 0.636 <0.001 153 79
Right superior parietal cortex -0.137 0.217 [-0.563 - 0.289] -1.602 0.528 0.771 45.566 153 80
Right precentral gyrus -0.136 0.152 [-0.434 - 0.163] -1.541 0.373 0.637 <0.001 153 80
Left insula -0.124 0.217 [-0.55 - 0.301] -1.404 0.566 0.777 45.397 152 80
Right fusiform gyrus -0.124 0.152 [-0.423 - 0.174] -1.855 0.414 0.659 <0.001 154 80
Right pars triangularis -0.119 0.152 [-0.418 - 0.179] -1.934 0.433 0.664 <0.001 154 80
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.119 0.152 [-0.417 - 0.18] -2.300 0.436 0.664 <0.001 154 80
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.114 0.152 [-0.412 - 0.185] -1.337 0.455 0.678 <0.001 154 79
Left pars triangularis -0.096 0.174 [-0.437 - 0.244] -1.482 0.580 0.781 18.036 153 80
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.094 0.158 [-0.403 - 0.215] -1.346 0.552 0.777 5.139 154 80
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.092 0.157 [-0.399 - 0.216] -1.585 0.559 0.777 <0.001 150 74
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.084 0.214 [-0.504 - 0.336] -1.236 0.695 0.811 44.274 153 80
Right insula -0.072 0.184 [-0.432 - 0.288] -0.984 0.695 0.811 25.823 152 80
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.070 0.152 [-0.369 - 0.228] -1.000 0.644 0.811 <0.001 154 79
Left fusiform gyrus -0.066 0.211 [-0.48 - 0.347] -0.961 0.754 0.824 42.162 153 80
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.064 0.153 [-0.364 - 0.235] -0.850 0.674 0.811 0.002 154 80
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.060 0.152 [-0.359 - 0.239] -0.737 0.693 0.811 <0.001 153 80
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.060 0.201 [-0.454 - 0.334] -0.894 0.765 0.824 37.157 154 80
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.050 0.152 [-0.348 - 0.248] -0.828 0.743 0.824 <0.001 154 80
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.049 0.152 [-0.347 - 0.249] -0.694 0.746 0.824 <0.001 154 80
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.016 0.172 [-0.354 - 0.322] -0.261 0.925 0.967 17.680 153 80
Left pars opercularis -0.006 0.153 [-0.306 - 0.294] -0.103 0.967 0.975 <0.001 153 79
Right paracentral gyrus 0.005 0.153 [-0.294 - 0.304] 0.067 0.975 0.975 <0.001 151 80
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.012 0.155 [-0.292 - 0.316] 0.176 0.939 0.967 <0.001 149 77
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.060 0.152 [-0.239 - 0.358] 0.871 0.695 0.811 <0.001 152 80
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.062 0.179 [-0.29 - 0.414] 1.411 0.730 0.824 22.969 152 80
Right entorhinal cortex 0.067 0.160 [-0.247 - 0.382] 1.480 0.675 0.811 4.481 151 79
Right frontal pole 0.072 0.279 [-0.475 - 0.619] 1.108 0.796 0.844 65.864 154 80
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.103 0.227 [-0.342 - 0.548] 1.743 0.650 0.811 49.619 153 79
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.161 0.153 [-0.138 - 0.461] 2.666 0.291 0.550 <0.001 152 80
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.235 0.153 [-0.065 - 0.535] 3.363 0.124 0.410 <0.001 151 80
Right pars opercularis 0.262 0.153 [-0.037 - 0.561] 4.205 0.086 0.344 <0.001 153 80a Included Samples: MMDP 3T, Melbourne, Muenster Cohort, QTIM, Sydney.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S48: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for recurrent episode MDD patients versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(Recurrent MDD vs CTL)
Left superior parietal cortex -0.572 0.156 [-0.877 - -0.267] -6.895 2.36E-04 0.017 <0.001 142 104
Right lingual gyrus -0.513 0.155 [-0.817 - -0.21] -7.137 9.18E-04 0.021 <0.001 142 104
Right hemisphere total surface area -0.493 0.155 [-0.796 - -0.19] -5.141 0.001 0.021 <0.001 142 104
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.485 0.154 [-0.787 - -0.182] -7.597 0.002 0.021 <0.001 142 104
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.481 0.155 [-0.785 - -0.177] -8.670 0.002 0.021 <0.001 142 103
Left hemisphere total surface area -0.473 0.154 [-0.775 - -0.17] -4.916 0.002 0.021 <0.001 142 104
Right pericalcarine cortex -0.472 0.156 [-0.777 - -0.167] -7.891 0.002 0.021 <0.001 141 103
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.471 0.154 [-0.774 - -0.169] -7.765 0.002 0.021 <0.001 142 104
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.440 0.155 [-0.744 - -0.136] -5.680 0.005 0.034 <0.001 142 103
Right postcentral gyrus -0.435 0.155 [-0.739 - -0.132] -5.207 0.005 0.034 <0.001 140 104
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.434 0.156 [-0.739 - -0.129] -6.812 0.005 0.034 <0.001 141 96
Left fusiform gyrus -0.420 0.155 [-0.723 - -0.117] -6.097 0.007 0.038 <0.001 141 104
Left precuneus -0.413 0.154 [-0.715 - -0.111] -5.263 0.007 0.039 <0.001 142 104
Right cuneus -0.413 0.380 [-1.159 - 0.332] -5.912 0.277 0.356 80.933 140 104
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.410 0.154 [-0.711 - -0.108] -5.872 0.008 0.039 <0.001 142 104
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.396 0.154 [-0.698 - -0.094] -5.490 0.010 0.047 <0.001 141 104
Right superior parietal cortex -0.396 0.196 [-0.779 - -0.012] -4.623 0.043 0.107 32.219 141 104
Left precentral gyrus -0.392 0.156 [-0.699 - -0.086] -4.328 0.012 0.052 0.810 139 103
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.381 0.154 [-0.683 - -0.08] -4.892 0.013 0.052 <0.001 142 104
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.380 0.154 [-0.682 - -0.079] -5.354 0.013 0.052 <0.001 142 104
Right paracentral gyrus -0.375 0.155 [-0.678 - -0.072] -5.264 0.015 0.057 <0.001 139 104
Left cuneus -0.374 0.387 [-1.132 - 0.384] -5.602 0.333 0.374 81.627 142 104
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.370 0.212 [-0.786 - 0.046] -5.240 0.081 0.168 41.506 141 104
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.365 0.181 [-0.72 - -0.01] -8.041 0.044 0.107 22.579 141 104
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.358 0.155 [-0.661 - -0.055] -4.387 0.021 0.070 <0.001 141 103
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.357 0.155 [-0.661 - -0.053] -8.128 0.021 0.070 <0.001 140 103
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.353 0.154 [-0.654 - -0.051] -4.145 0.022 0.070 <0.001 142 100
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.343 0.154 [-0.645 - -0.042] -4.540 0.026 0.078 <0.001 142 104
Right precuneus -0.340 0.154 [-0.642 - -0.039] -4.411 0.027 0.079 <0.001 142 104
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.332 0.154 [-0.634 - -0.031] -5.119 0.031 0.086 <0.001 142 104
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.330 0.154 [-0.632 - -0.028] -4.697 0.032 0.086 <0.001 142 98
Left postcentral gyrus -0.312 0.154 [-0.614 - -0.01] -3.633 0.043 0.107 <0.001 141 104
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.299 0.154 [-0.6 - 0.002] -4.822 0.052 0.121 <0.001 141 104
Left pars triangularis -0.297 0.276 [-0.839 - 0.245] -4.579 0.283 0.356 64.692 141 104
Right precentral gyrus -0.294 0.154 [-0.596 - 0.007] -3.348 0.055 0.125 <0.001 141 104
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.294 0.195 [-0.676 - 0.088] -5.088 0.131 0.224 32.107 142 104
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.285 0.155 [-0.589 - 0.019] -4.075 0.066 0.144 <0.001 139 102
Left lingual gyrus -0.274 0.153 [-0.575 - 0.027] -3.858 0.074 0.157 <0.001 142 104
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.267 0.190 [-0.639 - 0.106] -4.104 0.161 0.235 29.023 141 104
Right insula -0.263 0.154 [-0.564 - 0.039] -3.588 0.088 0.174 <0.001 140 104
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.261 0.154 [-0.563 - 0.04] -4.929 0.089 0.174 <0.001 140 104
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.257 0.159 [-0.568 - 0.054] -4.449 0.105 0.193 <0.001 138 91
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.255 0.239 [-0.724 - 0.214] -3.758 0.287 0.356 53.511 141 104
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.250 0.153 [-0.551 - 0.05] -4.855 0.103 0.193 <0.001 142 104
Right pars triangularis -0.236 0.153 [-0.536 - 0.064] -3.829 0.123 0.218 <0.001 142 104
Left frontal pole -0.236 0.153 [-0.537 - 0.065] -3.665 0.125 0.218 <0.001 142 104
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.229 0.155 [-0.532 - 0.075] -3.219 0.140 0.232 <0.001 142 102
Right pars orbitalis -0.227 0.155 [-0.53 - 0.076] -3.424 0.143 0.232 <0.001 142 102
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.226 0.159 [-0.537 - 0.085] -3.364 0.154 0.235 <0.001 137 93
Right entorhinal cortex -0.223 0.159 [-0.535 - 0.089] -4.918 0.160 0.235 <0.001 139 101
Left paracentral gyrus -0.220 0.154 [-0.522 - 0.082] -3.082 0.153 0.235 <0.001 142 103
Left pars orbitalis -0.217 0.154 [-0.518 - 0.085] -3.272 0.159 0.235 <0.001 140 104
Right pars opercularis -0.215 0.160 [-0.528 - 0.098] -3.450 0.178 0.254 5.635 141 104
Left entorhinal cortex -0.200 0.154 [-0.502 - 0.102] -4.444 0.195 0.273 <0.001 142 102
Right temporal pole -0.183 0.175 [-0.525 - 0.16] -2.969 0.295 0.356 18.319 142 104
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.177 0.154 [-0.478 - 0.124] -2.584 0.248 0.341 <0.001 140 104
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.174 0.153 [-0.475 - 0.126] -2.885 0.256 0.345 <0.001 142 104
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.165 0.153 [-0.466 - 0.135] -2.732 0.281 0.356 <0.001 140 104
Right fusiform gyrus -0.160 0.155 [-0.464 - 0.143] -2.393 0.300 0.356 <0.001 142 102
Left pars opercularis -0.160 0.154 [-0.462 - 0.142] -2.579 0.298 0.356 <0.001 141 103
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.151 0.156 [-0.456 - 0.154] -1.884 0.332 0.374 <0.001 141 96
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.148 0.153 [-0.448 - 0.152] -2.202 0.334 0.374 <0.001 142 104
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.147 0.153 [-0.448 - 0.153] -2.492 0.336 0.374 <0.001 141 104
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.095 0.153 [-0.395 - 0.205] -1.607 0.534 0.584 <0.001 142 104
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.083 0.154 [-0.385 - 0.218] -1.779 0.588 0.633 <0.001 142 103
Left insula -0.057 0.320 [-0.684 - 0.57] -0.639 0.859 0.881 73.674 140 104
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.044 0.154 [-0.345 - 0.257] -0.727 0.775 0.822 0.617 142 104
Left temporal pole -0.031 0.153 [-0.33 - 0.269] -0.490 0.841 0.879 <0.001 142 104
Right frontal pole -0.010 0.286 [-0.57 - 0.55] -0.148 0.973 0.973 67.286 142 104
Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.068 0.409 [-0.735 - 0.87] 1.109 0.868 0.881 83.307 142 103a Included Samples: Melbourne, Muenster Cohort, Sydney.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S49: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for first episode MDD versus recurrent episode MDD patients comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 # First
episode#
Recurrent episode
(First episode MDD vs
Recurrent MDD)
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.738 0.259 [-1.246 - -0.23] -11.911 0.004 0.100 52.629 67 102
Right pars opercularis -0.558 0.435 [-1.41 - 0.294] -8.957 0.199 0.431 83.242 67 102
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.532 0.162 [-0.849 - -0.214] -8.991 0.001 0.072 <0.001 66 102
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.492 0.183 [-0.851 - -0.134] -7.057 0.007 0.100 17.777 67 102
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.468 0.166 [-0.794 - -0.142] -6.968 0.005 0.100 <0.001 64 91
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.449 0.164 [-0.771 - -0.127] -7.051 0.006 0.100 <0.001 65 94
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.415 0.229 [-0.864 - 0.034] -5.903 0.070 0.321 43.608 66 96
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.409 0.160 [-0.723 - -0.095] -9.296 0.011 0.126 <0.001 67 101
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.370 0.161 [-0.685 - -0.054] -6.660 0.022 0.216 <0.001 66 101
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.365 0.337 [-1.026 - 0.296] -6.047 0.279 0.468 72.955 67 102
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.364 0.338 [-1.026 - 0.298] -5.204 0.281 0.468 73.276 67 100
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.357 0.307 [-0.958 - 0.245] -5.590 0.245 0.464 67.286 66 102
Right hemisphere total surface area -0.353 0.178 [-0.703 - -0.004] -3.682 0.048 0.281 15.519 67 102
Left paracentral gyrus -0.346 0.160 [-0.66 - -0.032] -4.847 0.031 0.248 <0.001 67 101
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.340 0.186 [-0.704 - 0.025] -3.991 0.068 0.321 19.352 66 98
Left hemisphere total surface area -0.339 0.160 [-0.652 - -0.027] -3.530 0.033 0.248 <0.001 67 102
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.336 0.160 [-0.65 - -0.023] -4.119 0.035 0.248 <0.001 67 101
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.329 0.183 [-0.688 - 0.031] -4.215 0.073 0.321 19.349 67 102
Left precentral gyrus -0.317 0.160 [-0.631 - -0.003] -3.492 0.048 0.281 0.002 67 101
Right lingual gyrus -0.303 0.231 [-0.755 - 0.149] -4.210 0.189 0.431 45.569 67 102
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.302 0.212 [-0.716 - 0.113] -4.245 0.154 0.385 36.773 67 102
Right paracentral gyrus -0.291 0.159 [-0.603 - 0.021] -4.084 0.068 0.321 <0.001 67 102
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.276 0.160 [-0.59 - 0.038] -3.886 0.085 0.349 <0.001 67 100
Left superior parietal cortex -0.256 0.159 [-0.568 - 0.056] -3.083 0.108 0.375 <0.001 67 102
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.253 0.159 [-0.565 - 0.059] -4.165 0.112 0.375 <0.001 67 102
Right precuneus -0.252 0.159 [-0.564 - 0.059] -3.270 0.113 0.375 <0.001 67 102
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.250 0.159 [-0.562 - 0.061] -3.310 0.115 0.375 <0.001 67 102
Left precuneus -0.245 0.159 [-0.556 - 0.066] -3.120 0.123 0.375 <0.001 67 102
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.243 0.168 [-0.572 - 0.087] -4.192 0.149 0.385 <0.001 61 89
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.241 0.159 [-0.552 - 0.071] -3.709 0.130 0.379 <0.001 67 102
Left postcentral gyrus -0.236 0.263 [-0.751 - 0.278] -2.751 0.368 0.526 57.264 66 102
Right entorhinal cortex -0.233 0.161 [-0.549 - 0.083] -5.126 0.149 0.385 <0.001 66 99
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.232 0.159 [-0.543 - 0.08] -3.415 0.144 0.385 <0.001 67 102
Right precentral gyrus -0.218 0.159 [-0.529 - 0.093] -2.477 0.170 0.410 <0.001 67 102
Right temporal pole -0.202 0.159 [-0.513 - 0.109] -3.281 0.204 0.431 <0.001 67 102
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.201 0.160 [-0.514 - 0.112] -2.936 0.207 0.431 0.650 67 102
Left pars triangularis -0.201 0.304 [-0.796 - 0.394] -3.099 0.508 0.671 67.888 67 102
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.199 0.159 [-0.511 - 0.112] -3.294 0.209 0.431 <0.001 67 102
Left pars opercularis -0.190 0.160 [-0.503 - 0.123] -3.059 0.234 0.464 <0.001 66 101
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.185 0.159 [-0.496 - 0.126] -4.077 0.244 0.464 <0.001 67 102
Right cuneus -0.178 0.302 [-0.771 - 0.415] -2.546 0.556 0.671 67.175 66 102
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.174 0.159 [-0.485 - 0.137] -3.374 0.273 0.468 <0.001 67 102
Left lingual gyrus -0.172 0.159 [-0.483 - 0.139] -2.426 0.277 0.468 <0.001 67 102
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.172 0.159 [-0.484 - 0.14] -2.647 0.280 0.468 <0.001 67 102
Right postcentral gyrus -0.170 0.159 [-0.482 - 0.143] -2.027 0.287 0.468 <0.001 66 102
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.165 0.159 [-0.477 - 0.146] -2.287 0.299 0.475 <0.001 67 102
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.159 0.159 [-0.47 - 0.153] -2.360 0.318 0.495 <0.001 67 102
Left fusiform gyrus -0.153 0.159 [-0.464 - 0.158] -2.222 0.335 0.509 <0.001 67 102
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.149 0.159 [-0.461 - 0.163] -2.515 0.349 0.518 <0.001 67 102
Right insula -0.147 0.159 [-0.458 - 0.164] -2.006 0.355 0.518 <0.001 67 102
Right pericalcarine cortex -0.133 0.206 [-0.536 - 0.271] -2.217 0.520 0.671 33.822 67 101
Left temporal pole -0.118 0.184 [-0.48 - 0.243] -1.890 0.521 0.671 20.658 67 102
Right pars orbitalis -0.113 0.159 [-0.426 - 0.199] -1.708 0.477 0.668 <0.001 67 100
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.101 0.197 [-0.486 - 0.284] -1.300 0.608 0.721 28.350 67 101
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.097 0.163 [-0.417 - 0.223] -1.208 0.553 0.671 <0.001 64 94
Right pars triangularis -0.095 0.203 [-0.493 - 0.303] -1.547 0.639 0.733 32.532 67 102
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.091 0.340 [-0.758 - 0.576] -1.290 0.789 0.850 74.232 67 102
Right superior parietal cortex -0.072 0.227 [-0.517 - 0.373] -0.843 0.751 0.821 44.543 67 102
Right fusiform gyrus -0.072 0.159 [-0.384 - 0.24] -1.075 0.651 0.735 <0.001 67 100
Right frontal pole -0.043 0.307 [-0.644 - 0.558] -0.661 0.889 0.901 68.181 67 102
Left pars orbitalis -0.034 0.159 [-0.345 - 0.277] -0.510 0.831 0.882 <0.001 67 102
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.031 0.159 [-0.342 - 0.28] -0.533 0.846 0.884 0.002 67 102
Left frontal pole 0.023 0.207 [-0.383 - 0.429] 0.358 0.911 0.911 34.867 67 102
Left insula 0.063 0.372 [-0.665 - 0.792] 0.715 0.864 0.890 78.111 67 102
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.079 0.158 [-0.232 - 0.389] 1.489 0.618 0.721 <0.001 67 102
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.097 0.158 [-0.214 - 0.407] 1.598 0.542 0.671 <0.001 67 102
Left cuneus 0.118 0.302 [-0.474 - 0.709] 1.763 0.696 0.774 67.476 67 102
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.150 0.253 [-0.347 - 0.646] 3.191 0.555 0.671 53.426 66 101
Left entorhinal cortex 0.248 0.160 [-0.066 - 0.562] 5.523 0.121 0.375 <0.001 66 100
Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.373 0.562 [-0.728 - 1.474] 6.098 0.507 0.671 89.895 67 101
a Included Samples: Melbourne, Muenster Cohort, Sydney.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder.
Supplementary Table S50: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for the association with number of episodes in recurrent episode MDD patients controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Pearson's r a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Patients(#Episodes in Recurrent MDD)
Right lingual gyrus -0.221 0.112 [-0.44 - -0.002] -6.295 0.048 0.950 <0.001 70
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.190 0.123 [-0.431 - 0.051] -6.699 0.122 0.950 <0.001 63
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.159 0.124 [-0.403 - 0.085] -4.793 0.201 0.950 <0.001 64
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.153 0.121 [-0.39 - 0.085] -4.394 0.208 0.950 <0.001 66
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.126 0.119 [-0.359 - 0.107] -4.931 0.289 0.950 <0.001 70
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.121 0.125 [-0.366 - 0.124] -3.047 0.333 0.950 <0.001 64
Left pars triangularis -0.113 0.167 [-0.441 - 0.215] -3.517 0.499 0.950 49.415 70
Right temporal pole -0.112 0.255 [-0.612 - 0.389] -3.658 0.661 0.950 81.668 70
Right fusiform gyrus -0.111 0.120 [-0.347 - 0.124] -3.345 0.354 0.950 <0.001 68
Left cuneus -0.082 0.120 [-0.317 - 0.153] -2.452 0.496 0.950 <0.001 70
Right frontal pole -0.067 0.133 [-0.327 - 0.193] -2.074 0.612 0.950 17.799 70
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.064 0.122 [-0.304 - 0.176] -1.572 0.601 0.950 <0.001 69
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.054 0.119 [-0.288 - 0.18] -1.867 0.651 0.950 <0.001 70
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.054 0.126 [-0.301 - 0.193] -1.686 0.670 0.950 <0.001 65
Right precentral gyrus -0.043 0.122 [-0.282 - 0.196] -0.978 0.725 0.950 <0.001 70
Left paracentral gyrus -0.042 0.122 [-0.28 - 0.197] -1.168 0.732 0.950 <0.001 69
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.041 0.121 [-0.279 - 0.196] -1.190 0.732 0.950 <0.001 70
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.038 0.125 [-0.283 - 0.207] -1.427 0.762 0.950 7.355 70
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.032 0.177 [-0.379 - 0.315] -1.054 0.857 0.950 53.461 70
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.029 0.120 [-0.264 - 0.205] -0.857 0.806 0.950 <0.001 70
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.029 0.176 [-0.374 - 0.316] -0.965 0.869 0.950 52.736 70
Right entorhinal cortex -0.028 0.121 [-0.266 - 0.21] -1.224 0.819 0.950 <0.001 68
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.025 0.121 [-0.263 - 0.213] -0.585 0.838 0.950 <0.001 68
Left superior parietal cortex -0.023 0.120 [-0.258 - 0.212] -0.548 0.850 0.950 <0.001 70
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.023 0.121 [-0.26 - 0.215] -0.766 0.852 0.950 <0.001 70
Right cuneus -0.020 0.121 [-0.256 - 0.217] -0.559 0.872 0.950 <0.001 70
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.018 0.122 [-0.257 - 0.221] -0.512 0.882 0.950 <0.001 70
Left entorhinal cortex -0.013 0.122 [-0.252 - 0.225] -0.592 0.913 0.968 <0.001 68
Right postcentral gyrus -0.007 0.134 [-0.269 - 0.255] -0.158 0.961 0.982 17.692 70
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.003 0.145 [-0.282 - 0.288] 0.092 0.982 0.982 29.946 70
Left lingual gyrus 0.004 0.122 [-0.234 - 0.243] 0.125 0.971 0.982 <0.001 70
Right inferior parietal cortex 0.010 0.126 [-0.237 - 0.256] 0.270 0.938 0.980 9.133 70
Right superior parietal cortex 0.025 0.120 [-0.211 - 0.261] 0.582 0.836 0.950 <0.001 70
Right hemisphere total surface area 0.027 0.121 [-0.21 - 0.264] 0.565 0.823 0.950 <0.001 70
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.028 0.119 [-0.206 - 0.261] 0.714 0.817 0.950 <0.001 70
Right pars opercularis 0.030 0.117 [-0.2 - 0.26] 0.975 0.796 0.950 0.824 70
Left hemisphere total surface area 0.031 0.122 [-0.207 - 0.27] 0.651 0.797 0.950 <0.001 70
Left frontal pole 0.033 0.118 [-0.199 - 0.264] 1.016 0.782 0.950 <0.001 70
Right pars triangularis 0.041 0.148 [-0.25 - 0.332] 1.329 0.782 0.950 33.792 70
Left precuneus 0.050 0.121 [-0.188 - 0.288] 1.272 0.681 0.950 <0.001 70
Left postcentral gyrus 0.056 0.121 [-0.182 - 0.294] 1.299 0.646 0.950 <0.001 70
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.061 0.121 [-0.175 - 0.298] 2.037 0.610 0.950 <0.001 70
Left precentral gyrus 0.063 0.122 [-0.176 - 0.301] 1.388 0.606 0.950 <0.001 69
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.065 0.197 [-0.322 - 0.451] 1.712 0.743 0.950 63.839 70
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.065 0.122 [-0.173 - 0.304] 2.015 0.591 0.950 <0.001 70
Left temporal pole 0.071 0.120 [-0.164 - 0.306] 2.280 0.552 0.950 <0.001 70
Right precuneus 0.073 0.124 [-0.169 - 0.315] 1.889 0.556 0.950 6.199 70
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.073 0.120 [-0.163 - 0.308] 2.440 0.545 0.950 <0.001 69
Left fusiform gyrus 0.073 0.121 [-0.164 - 0.31] 2.127 0.545 0.950 <0.001 70
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.081 0.150 [-0.212 - 0.374] 3.701 0.588 0.950 33.707 69
Right insula 0.082 0.119 [-0.151 - 0.316] 2.257 0.490 0.950 <0.001 70
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.085 0.119 [-0.149 - 0.319] 2.619 0.478 0.950 <0.001 70
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.088 0.121 [-0.149 - 0.324] 2.258 0.468 0.950 <0.001 70
Left pars opercularis 0.088 0.134 [-0.174 - 0.35] 2.844 0.511 0.950 17.842 69
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.098 0.121 [-0.138 - 0.335] 4.358 0.415 0.950 <0.001 70
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.117 0.121 [-0.12 - 0.355] 5.041 0.333 0.950 <0.001 69
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.119 0.121 [-0.118 - 0.356] 3.418 0.326 0.950 <0.001 69
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.125 0.118 [-0.106 - 0.355] 4.051 0.289 0.950 <0.001 70
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.127 0.119 [-0.106 - 0.359] 4.326 0.285 0.950 <0.001 70
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.135 0.120 [-0.1 - 0.369] 4.892 0.262 0.950 <0.001 69
Right paracentral gyrus 0.156 0.118 [-0.074 - 0.387] 4.448 0.184 0.950 <0.001 70
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.170 0.117 [-0.059 - 0.4] 5.143 0.146 0.950 <0.001 70
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.177 0.120 [-0.057 - 0.411] 5.065 0.139 0.950 <0.001 68
Right pars orbitalis 0.179 0.118 [-0.052 - 0.41] 5.484 0.129 0.950 <0.001 68
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.200 0.132 [-0.059 - 0.459] 6.724 0.131 0.950 22.290 70
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.208 0.146 [-0.077 - 0.494] 6.278 0.153 0.950 37.291 70
Left pars orbitalis 0.224 0.116 [-0.003 - 0.45] 6.929 0.053 0.950 <0.001 70
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.250 0.213 [-0.169 - 0.668] 8.089 0.242 0.950 73.899 70
Left insula 0.293 0.110 [0.078 - 0.508] 6.924 0.008 0.525 <0.001 70
Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.295 0.192 [-0.081 - 0.67] 10.088 0.124 0.950 68.269 69a Included Samples: Melbourne, Muenster Cohort, Sydney.MDD: Major Depressive Disorder.
Supplementary Table S51: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients taking antidepressants at time of scanning versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(AD MDD vs CTL)
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.495 0.165 [-0.818 - -0.171] -7.002 0.003 0.190 <0.00
1 141 82
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.424 0.164 [-0.746 - -0.103] -5.974 0.010 0.220 <0.00
1 142 82
Right lingual gyrus -0.417 0.164 [-0.738 - -0.095] -5.798 0.011 0.220 <0.00
1 142 82
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.410 0.165 [-0.734 - -0.086] -5.289 0.013 0.220 <0.00
1 142 81
Right pericalcarine cortex -0.396 0.166 [-0.721 - -0.072] -6.628 0.017 0.220 <0.00
1 141 81
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.386 0.164 [-0.708 - -0.064] -5.342 0.019 0.220 <0.00
1 141 82
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.372 0.165 [-0.696 - -0.048] -6.696 0.025 0.231 <0.00
1 142 81
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.364 0.164 [-0.686 - -0.043] -6.296 0.026 0.231 <0.00
1 142 82
Left cuneus -0.344 0.322 [-0.976 - 0.287] -5.158 0.285 0.578 73.313 142 82
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.337 0.164 [-0.658 - -0.016] -5.280 0.040 0.301 <0.00
1 142 82
Right hemisphere total surface area -0.331 0.164 [-0.652 - -0.01] -3.452 0.043 0.301 <0.00
1 142 82
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.322 0.189 [-0.692 - 0.048] -7.104 0.088 0.321 23.912 141 82
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.321 0.164 [-0.642 - 0] -4.122 0.050 0.313 <0.00
1 142 82
Left hemisphere total surface area -0.316 0.164 [-0.636 - 0.005] -3.284 0.054 0.313 <0.00
1 142 82
Right cuneus -0.315 0.303 [-0.909 - 0.278] -4.514 0.297 0.578 69.830 140 82
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.308 0.164 [-0.629 - 0.013] -5.081 0.060 0.321 <0.00
1 142 82
Right postcentral gyrus -0.295 0.165 [-0.618 - 0.029] -3.525 0.074 0.321 <0.00
1 140 81
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.290 0.164 [-0.611 - 0.031] -5.467 0.077 0.321 <0.00
1 140 82
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.287 0.165 [-0.612 - 0.037] -4.508 0.082 0.321 <0.00
1 141 77
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.281 0.16 [-0.601 - 0.04] -4.027 0.086 0.321 <0.00 142 82
4 1
Left precentral gyrus -0.279 0.181 [-0.633 - 0.075] -3.078 0.122 0.389 15.706 139 81
Right pars orbitalis -0.278 0.165 [-0.601 - 0.045] -4.194 0.092 0.321 <0.00
1 142 81
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.276 0.164 [-0.597 - 0.044] -3.387 0.091 0.321 <0.00
1 141 82
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.253 0.164 [-0.575 - 0.068] -4.090 0.122 0.389 0.003 141 82
Left lingual gyrus -0.228 0.163 [-0.548 - 0.092] -3.210 0.163 0.495 <0.00
1 142 82
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.218 0.189 [-0.589 - 0.153] -2.563 0.249 0.578 24.542 142 81
Left precuneus -0.210 0.163 [-0.53 - 0.111] -2.673 0.199 0.578 <0.00
1 142 82
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.191 0.163 [-0.511 - 0.129] -2.946 0.241 0.578 <0.00
1 142 82
Left superior parietal cortex -0.191 0.163 [-0.511 - 0.129] -2.299 0.243 0.578 <0.00
1 142 82
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.190 0.164 [-0.51 - 0.131] -2.701 0.246 0.578 <0.00
1 142 79
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.183 0.176 [-0.528 - 0.161] -3.169 0.297 0.578 7.545 138 74
Left fusiform gyrus -0.181 0.163 [-0.501 - 0.139] -2.632 0.266 0.578 <0.00
1 141 82
Right insula -0.174 0.163 [-0.494 - 0.146] -2.378 0.287 0.578 <0.00
1 140 82
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.174 0.163 [-0.494 - 0.146] -2.679 0.286 0.578 <0.00
1 141 82
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.169 0.163 [-0.49 - 0.151] -3.855 0.300 0.578 <0.00
1 140 82
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.169 0.163 [-0.488 - 0.151] -2.231 0.301 0.578 <0.00
1 142 82
Right superior parietal cortex -0.167 0.163 [-0.487 - 0.153] -1.955 0.305 0.578 <0.00
1 141 82
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.156 0.163 [-0.476 - 0.163] -3.029 0.338 0.623 <0.00
1 142 82
Right paracentral gyrus -0.146 0.163 [-0.466 - 0.174] -2.051 0.371 0.667 <0.00
1 139 82
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.144 0.186 [-0.509 - 0.221] -2.145 0.439 0.715 22.446 142 82
Left postcentral gyrus -0.141 0.164 [-0.464 - 0.181] -1.643 0.391 0.683 <0.00
1 141 81
Left entorhinal cortex -0.137 0.165 [-0.46 - 0.185] -3.060 0.404 0.689 <0.00
1 142 80
Left paracentral gyrus -0.136 0.17 [-0.47 - 0.199] -1.900 0.427 0.712 8.037 142 82
1
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.135 0.197 [-0.522 - 0.252] -2.202 0.495 0.788 29.517 142 81
Right precentral gyrus -0.130 0.231 [-0.583 - 0.324] -1.473 0.575 0.823 49.294 141 82
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.121 0.278 [-0.666 - 0.424] -1.784 0.663 0.829 64.664 141 82
Left pars triangularis -0.103 0.163 [-0.423 - 0.217] -1.584 0.530 0.823 0.007 141 82
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.096 0.163 [-0.415 - 0.224] -2.041 0.557 0.823 <0.00
1 142 82
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.093 0.170 [-0.427 - 0.241] -1.536 0.586 0.823 7.897 142 82
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.091 0.163 [-0.41 - 0.229] -1.535 0.578 0.823 <0.00
1 141 82
Right precuneus -0.085 0.163 [-0.404 - 0.235] -1.099 0.603 0.823 <0.00
1 142 82
Left pars orbitalis -0.083 0.163 [-0.403 - 0.237] -1.257 0.610 0.823 <0.00
1 140 82
Right temporal pole -0.083 0.163 [-0.403 - 0.237] -1.347 0.611 0.823 <0.00
1 142 82
Right pars triangularis -0.078 0.163 [-0.397 - 0.242] -1.257 0.635 0.828 <0.00
1 142 82
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.077 0.163 [-0.396 - 0.243] -1.293 0.638 0.828 <0.00
1 142 82
Right entorhinal cortex -0.074 0.167 [-0.402 - 0.254] -1.628 0.659 0.829 <0.00
1 139 81
Right frontal pole -0.072 0.240 [-0.542 - 0.398] -1.106 0.764 0.878 52.895 142 82
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.064 0.200 [-0.456 - 0.328] -0.901 0.749 0.878 31.706 142 81
Left frontal pole -0.046 0.163 [-0.365 - 0.274] -0.712 0.779 0.878 <0.00
1 142 82
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.043 0.163 [-0.363 - 0.277] -0.632 0.791 0.878 <0.00
1 140 82
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.037 0.309 [-0.642 - 0.568] -0.611 0.905 0.945 71.292 140 82
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.029 0.168 [-0.358 - 0.301] -0.426 0.865 0.917 <0.00
1 137 75
Right fusiform gyrus -0.028 0.163 [-0.348 - 0.291] -0.420 0.863 0.917 <0.00
1 142 82
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.006 0.170 [-0.339 - 0.327] -0.079 0.970 0.983 4.007 141 77
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.003 0.163 [-0.323 - 0.316] -0.057 0.983 0.983 <0.00
1 142 82
Left temporal pole 0.005 0.16 [-0.315 - 0.324] 0.075 0.977 0.983 <0.00 142 82
3 1
Left pars opercularis 0.041 0.166 [-0.284 - 0.366] 0.656 0.806 0.881 <0.00
1 141 80
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.044 0.163 [-0.276 - 0.365] 0.634 0.786 0.878 <0.00
1 139 82
Left insula 0.065 0.179 [-0.285 - 0.416] 0.738 0.715 0.863 16.169 140 82
Right pars opercularis 0.096 0.234 [-0.363 - 0.556] 1.544 0.681 0.837 50.636 141 82
a Included Samples: Melbourne, Muenster Cohort, Sydney.AD: antidepressant using; MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S52: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients not taking antidepressants at time of scanning versus Controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Controls#
Patients(noAD MDD vs CTL)
Left cuneus -0.502 0.199 [-0.892 - -0.112] -7.512 0.012 0.075 50.587 234 119
Left precentral gyrus -0.480 0.140 [-0.755 - -0.205] -5.298 6.17E-
04 0.040 9.081 231 119
Right lingual gyrus -0.423 0.130 [-0.678 - -0.168] -5.887 0.001 0.040 0.003 234 119
Right cuneus -0.419 0.230 [-0.87 - 0.032] -5.994 0.069 0.190 62.599 232 118
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.413 0.132 [-0.672 - -0.153] -6.469 0.002 0.042 <0.00
1 223 116
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.410 0.229 [-0.858 - 0.038] -5.417 0.073 0.190 62.176 234 119
Right postcentral gyrus -0.379 0.130 [-0.635 - -0.124] -4.538 0.004 0.046 <0.00
1 229 119
Left superior parietal cortex -0.379 0.241 [-0.852 - 0.093] -4.573 0.116 0.270 66.254 234 119
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.374 0.130 [-0.628 - -0.119] -4.823 0.004 0.046 0.002 234 119
Right hemisphere total surface area -0.370 0.187 [-0.738 - -0.003] -3.862 0.048 0.153 45.443 234 119
Left hemisphere total surface area -0.370 0.176 [-0.715 - -0.024] -3.844 0.036 0.148 38.907 234 119
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.369 0.130 [-0.623 - -0.114] -5.109 0.004 0.046 <0.00
1 233 119
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.367 0.130 [-0.621 - -0.113] -6.349 0.005 0.046 0.005 234 119
Left lingual gyrus -0.356 0.130 [-0.61 - -0.102] -5.014 0.006 0.052 <0.00
1 234 119
Left postcentral gyrus -0.352 0.130 [-0.606 - -0.097] -4.092 0.007 0.053 <0.00
1 233 119
Right pericalcarine cortex -0.339 0.130 [-0.594 - -0.084] -5.667 0.009 0.064 0.002 233 119
Left frontal pole -0.330 0.184 [-0.691 - 0.031] -5.136 0.073 0.190 43.835 234 119
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.322 0.160 [-0.635 - -0.009] -4.955 0.044 0.153 25.837 222 117
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.313 0.217 [-0.739 - 0.112] -5.165 0.149 0.298 58.862 234 119
Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.309 0.12 [-0.562 - -0.055] -5.215 0.017 0.099 <0.00 231 119
9 1
Right precentral gyrus -0.305 0.130 [-0.559 - -0.05] -3.465 0.019 0.102 <0.00
1 230 119
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.302 0.133 [-0.564 - -0.041] -3.775 0.023 0.109 <0.00
1 223 109
Right superior frontal gyrus -0.297 0.130 [-0.551 - -0.043] -3.806 0.022 0.109 <0.00
1 234 119
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.288 0.136 [-0.554 - -0.021] -4.978 0.034 0.148 0.002 219 104
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.286 0.201 [-0.68 - 0.107] -5.161 0.154 0.299 52.201 234 118
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.280 0.160 [-0.594 - 0.035] -4.309 0.081 0.203 28.232 233 119
Left precuneus -0.279 0.190 [-0.651 - 0.092] -3.559 0.141 0.298 46.983 234 119
Right precuneus -0.274 0.232 [-0.729 - 0.181] -3.553 0.238 0.362 63.999 234 119
Right superior parietal cortex -0.264 0.240 [-0.734 - 0.206] -3.085 0.271 0.397 66.082 233 119
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.261 0.129 [-0.514 - -0.008] -4.265 0.044 0.153 <0.00
1 234 119
Right middle temporal gyrus -0.259 0.130 [-0.513 - -0.005] -3.685 0.046 0.153 <0.00
1 233 115
Left pars triangularis -0.258 0.199 [-0.647 - 0.132] -3.974 0.195 0.317 51.089 233 119
Right temporal pole -0.256 0.129 [-0.509 - -0.003] -4.165 0.047 0.153 <0.00
1 234 119
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.256 0.134 [-0.518 - 0.007] -3.805 0.056 0.164 <0.00
1 223 109
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.255 0.196 [-0.639 - 0.129] -4.001 0.193 0.317 49.328 233 114
Right fusiform gyrus -0.253 0.130 [-0.508 - 0.001] -3.780 0.051 0.156 <0.00
1 234 117
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.239 0.176 [-0.583 - 0.106] -3.426 0.174 0.313 39.116 234 119
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.232 0.167 [-0.56 - 0.097] -3.259 0.167 0.307 33.496 234 119
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.223 0.215 [-0.644 - 0.199] -3.152 0.301 0.421 58.248 232 119
Left temporal pole -0.222 0.129 [-0.475 - 0.031] -3.546 0.085 0.206 <0.00
1 234 119
Left paracentral gyrus -0.219 0.173 [-0.558 - 0.121] -3.066 0.207 0.322 37.266 234 118
Left fusiform gyrus -0.209 0.234 [-0.666 - 0.249] -3.029 0.372 0.473 64.149 233 119
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.204 0.15 [-0.508 - 0.101] -4.631 0.190 0.317 24.120 232 118
5
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.202 0.193 [-0.579 - 0.176] -2.369 0.295 0.421 48.261 232 115
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.197 0.130 [-0.452 - 0.058] -3.256 0.130 0.293 <0.00
1 230 118
Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.193 0.213 [-0.611 - 0.225] -2.847 0.365 0.473 57.648 233 119
Right pars orbitalis -0.188 0.129 [-0.442 - 0.065] -2.840 0.146 0.298 <0.00
1 234 118
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.188 0.129 [-0.442 - 0.066] -2.742 0.146 0.298 0.008 232 119
Left insula -0.184 0.220 [-0.616 - 0.248] -2.076 0.404 0.487 60.243 231 119
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.181 0.130 [-0.435 - 0.073] -2.216 0.163 0.307 <0.00
1 233 118
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.179 0.163 [-0.499 - 0.141] -3.478 0.272 0.397 30.610 233 119
Left entorhinal cortex -0.174 0.130 [-0.429 - 0.081] -3.876 0.180 0.316 0.006 232 117
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.171 0.219 [-0.601 - 0.258] -3.777 0.435 0.516 59.902 233 119
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.164 0.130 [-0.419 - 0.09] -3.506 0.205 0.322 <0.00
1 234 117
Right paracentral gyrus -0.155 0.180 [-0.509 - 0.199] -2.175 0.391 0.487 41.968 231 119
Right insula -0.154 0.172 [-0.492 - 0.183] -2.108 0.370 0.473 36.629 232 119
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.153 0.214 [-0.572 - 0.266] -2.885 0.474 0.553 57.773 231 119
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.119 0.129 [-0.373 - 0.135] -1.970 0.358 0.473 0.002 234 119
Right pars triangularis -0.118 0.129 [-0.371 - 0.135] -1.912 0.361 0.473 <0.00
1 233 119
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.110 0.130 [-0.364 - 0.145] -1.771 0.398 0.487 0.845 233 119
Left pars orbitalis -0.106 0.209 [-0.516 - 0.303] -1.604 0.611 0.683 55.963 232 119
Right supramarginal gyrus -0.089 0.163 [-0.408 - 0.23] -1.272 0.585 0.671 29.647 228 117
Left pars opercularis -0.080 0.175 [-0.423 - 0.262] -1.295 0.645 0.685 38.828 233 119
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.074 0.148 [-0.364 - 0.216] -1.224 0.617 0.683 18.676 234 119
Right entorhinal cortex -0.069 0.141 [-0.345 - 0.207] -1.521 0.624 0.683 9.003 231 116
Right frontal pole -0.066 0.30 [-0.661 - 0.529] -1.014 0.828 0.852 78.614 234 119
4
Right pars opercularis -0.061 0.129 [-0.314 - 0.192] -0.979 0.636 0.685 <0.00
1 232 119
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.041 0.218 [-0.468 - 0.386] -0.574 0.851 0.864 59.541 234 118
Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.019 0.197 [-0.405 - 0.368] -0.316 0.925 0.925 50.739 233 118
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.091 0.216 [-0.332 - 0.514] 1.360 0.672 0.702 58.897 234 119
a Included Samples: MMDP 3T, Melbourne, QTIM, Sydney.noAD: antidepressant free; MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; CTL: Controls.
Supplementary Table S53: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for MDD patients taking antidepressants MDD patients not taking antidepressants at time of scanning comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 # AD MDD # noAD
MDD(AD MDD vs noAD MDD)
Right precentral gyrus 0.608 0.171 [0.273 - 0.943] 6.915 3.69E-04 0.026 <0.001 66 88
Right precuneus 0.552 0.170 [0.218 - 0.885] 7.156 0.001 0.041 <0.001 66 88
Left superior parietal cortex 0.501 0.192 [0.124 - 0.878] 6.044 0.009 0.122 19.865 66 88
Right superior temporal gyrus 0.482 0.211 [0.069 - 0.895] 5.667 0.022 0.124 30.921 65 84
Left precuneus 0.469 0.169 [0.138 - 0.801] 5.978 0.006 0.122 <0.001 66 88
Right superior parietal cortex 0.456 0.185 [0.092 - 0.819] 5.326 0.014 0.122 14.830 66 88
Left hemisphere total surface area 0.445 0.169 [0.113 - 0.776] 4.626 0.009 0.122 <0.001 66 88
Left middle temporal gyrus 0.443 0.179 [0.092 - 0.794] 6.590 0.013 0.122 <0.001 59 80
Right hemisphere total surface area 0.424 0.169 [0.093 - 0.755] 4.424 0.012 0.122 <0.001 66 88
Left superior temporal gyrus 0.421 0.394 [-0.351 - 1.194] 5.260 0.285 0.391 78.649 61 81
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.408 0.170 [0.076 - 0.741] 5.838 0.016 0.124 <0.001 66 86
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.404 0.178 [0.055 - 0.754] 5.753 0.023 0.124 4.871 63 84
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.401 0.181 [0.045 - 0.756] 6.926 0.027 0.127 <0.001 58 76
Left inferior parietal cortex 0.386 0.169 [0.056 - 0.717] 5.541 0.022 0.124 <0.001 66 88
Left pars opercularis 0.385 0.171 [0.05 - 0.72] 6.197 0.024 0.124 <0.001 64 88
Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.378 0.169 [0.048 - 0.708] 5.824 0.025 0.124 <0.001 66 88
Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.374 0.319 [-0.252 - 0.999] 6.172 0.242 0.353 69.901 66 88
Left supramarginal gyrus 0.364 0.555 [-0.724 - 1.451] 5.301 0.512 0.578 89.900 66 88
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.359 0.168 [0.029 - 0.689] 5.526 0.033 0.129 <0.001 66 88
Left paracentral gyrus 0.358 0.169 [0.028 - 0.689] 5.024 0.034 0.129 <0.001 66 87
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.356 0.169 [0.026 - 0.687] 5.587 0.035 0.129 <0.001 66 87
Left frontal pole 0.355 0.168 [0.025 - 0.685] 5.523 0.035 0.129 <0.001 66 88
Left insula 0.351 0.168 [0.021 - 0.681] 3.964 0.037 0.129 <0.001 66 88
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.348 0.168 [0.018 - 0.678] 5.131 0.039 0.129 <0.001 66 88
Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.339 0.175 [-0.005 - 0.683] 5.319 0.053 0.149 <0.001 61 83
Left fusiform gyrus 0.339 0.168 [0.009 - 0.669] 4.920 0.044 0.140 <0.001 66 88
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.335 0.168 [0.005 - 0.665] 5.519 0.046 0.140 <0.001 66 88
Right pars opercularis 0.333 0.168 [0.003 - 0.663] 5.341 0.048 0.140 <0.001 66 88
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.330 0.259 [-0.178 - 0.837] 4.357 0.203 0.316 55.301 66 88
Right fusiform gyrus 0.329 0.179 [-0.022 - 0.679] 4.904 0.066 0.165 9.496 66 86
Left precentral gyrus 0.322 0.169 [-0.01 - 0.654] 3.549 0.057 0.154 <0.001 65 88
Left temporal pole 0.316 0.168 [-0.013 - 0.646] 5.049 0.060 0.155 <0.001 66 88
Right frontal pole 0.304 0.376 [-0.432 - 1.04] 4.668 0.419 0.514 78.438 66 88
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.303 0.221 [-0.13 - 0.737] 4.267 0.171 0.291 37.912 65 87
Right inferior parietal cortex 0.300 0.168 [-0.03 - 0.629] 4.153 0.075 0.180 <0.001 66 88
Left cuneus 0.293 0.168 [-0.036 - 0.622] 4.389 0.081 0.189 <0.001 66 88
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.289 0.168 [-0.04 - 0.619] 4.311 0.085 0.192 <0.001 66 88
Left pars orbitalis 0.287 0.168 [-0.043 - 0.616] 4.328 0.088 0.193 <0.001 66 88
Right entorhinal cortex 0.279 0.169 [-0.052 - 0.609] 6.136 0.098 0.208 <0.001 66 85
Right paracentral gyrus 0.249 0.168 [-0.08 - 0.578] 3.500 0.138 0.283 <0.001 66 88
Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.245 0.168 [-0.084 - 0.573] 4.057 0.144 0.285 <0.001 66 88
Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.241 0.168 [-0.087 - 0.57] 4.077 0.150 0.285 <0.001 66 88
Left postcentral gyrus 0.241 0.169 [-0.091 - 0.572] 2.798 0.155 0.285 <0.001 65 88
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.239 0.168 [-0.09 - 0.567] 4.627 0.155 0.285 <0.001 66 88
Right cuneus 0.236 0.168 [-0.093 - 0.565] 3.376 0.160 0.287 <0.001 66 87
Left pars triangularis 0.230 0.168 [-0.099 - 0.558] 3.543 0.171 0.291 <0.001 66 88
Left lingual gyrus 0.218 0.168 [-0.111 - 0.547] 3.070 0.194 0.315 <0.001 66 88
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.216 0.168 [-0.113 - 0.545] 4.918 0.198 0.315 <0.001 66 87
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.216 0.168 [-0.113 - 0.545] 2.773 0.198 0.315 <0.001 66 88
Right postcentral gyrus 0.202 0.169 [-0.129 - 0.533] 2.416 0.231 0.346 <0.001 65 88
Left superior frontal gyrus 0.201 0.168 [-0.128 - 0.53] 2.457 0.232 0.346 <0.001 66 87
Right pars triangularis 0.189 0.167 [-0.139 - 0.517] 3.068 0.259 0.364 <0.001 66 88
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.189 0.167 [-0.14 - 0.517] 3.558 0.260 0.364 <0.001 66 88
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.179 0.229 [-0.269 - 0.628] 2.315 0.433 0.514 42.650 65 88
Right insula 0.165 0.217 [-0.26 - 0.59] 2.250 0.448 0.521 37.654 66 88
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.164 0.219 [-0.265 - 0.592] 2.306 0.454 0.521 38.631 66 88
Right lingual gyrus 0.161 0.167 [-0.167 - 0.489] 2.238 0.336 0.453 <0.001 66 88
Left pericalcarine cortex 0.155 0.167 [-0.174 - 0.483] 2.672 0.356 0.470 <0.001 66 88
Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.152 0.167 [-0.176 - 0.48] 2.487 0.363 0.471 <0.001 66 88
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.149 0.169 [-0.181 - 0.48] 2.496 0.376 0.476 <0.001 65 88
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.147 0.168 [-0.182 - 0.475] 2.483 0.381 0.476 <0.001 66 87
Right pars orbitalis 0.134 0.169 [-0.197 - 0.464] 2.018 0.428 0.514 <0.001 65 87
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.133 0.359 [-0.571 - 0.837] 1.882 0.711 0.754 76.582 66 88
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.107 0.169 [-0.223 - 0.438] 1.935 0.524 0.583 <0.001 65 87
Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.089 0.259 [-0.419 - 0.596] 1.466 0.732 0.765 55.716 66 88
Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.082 0.168 [-0.246 - 0.411] 1.751 0.624 0.672 <0.001 66 86
Right temporal pole 0.045 0.167 [-0.282 - 0.373] 0.737 0.786 0.803 <0.001 66 88
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.044 0.167 [-0.283 - 0.372] 0.975 0.791 0.803 <0.001 66 88
Left entorhinal cortex 0.023 0.169 [-0.309 - 0.355] 0.515 0.891 0.891 <0.001 64 86
Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.088 0.167 [-0.416 - 0.24] -1.422 0.598 0.654 <0.001 66 88a Included Samples: Melbourne, Sydney.AD: antidepressant using; noAD: antidepressant free; MDD: Major Depressive Disorder.
Supplementary Table S54: Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure associated with severity of symptoms at study inclusion measured by the HDRS-17 controlling for age, sex and scan center. Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.
Pearson's r a Std. Err. 95% CI %
Difference P-value FDR P-value I2 #
Patients(HDRS-17)Right precentral gyrus -0.262 0.141 [-0.539 - 0.015] -6.174 0.064 0.828 63.917 134
Right fusiform gyrus -0.239 0.130 [-0.494 - 0.016] -7.342 0.066 0.828 52.000 134
Right frontal pole -0.224 0.183 [-0.583 - 0.135] -7.069 0.221 0.985 84.620 134
Right pars orbitalis -0.223 0.181 [-0.577 - 0.131] -6.899 0.217 0.985 82.278 134
Left superior temporal gyrus -0.223 0.211 [-0.636 - 0.19] -5.703 0.290 0.985 88.127 124
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.222 0.123 [-0.463 - 0.019] -7.879 0.071 0.828 43.315 119
Left precentral gyrus -0.212 0.197 [-0.599 - 0.175] -4.779 0.283 0.985 84.426 134
Left temporal pole -0.199 0.082 [-0.36 - -0.038] -6.478 0.015 0.727 <0.001 134
Right superior temporal gyrus -0.193 0.126 [-0.439 - 0.054] -4.613 0.127 0.985 47.054 129
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.188 0.109 [-0.401 - 0.026] -8.144 0.086 0.855 26.741 134
Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.188 0.164 [-0.509 - 0.134] -6.243 0.252 0.985 69.770 133
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.178 0.219 [-0.606 - 0.251] -5.377 0.416 0.985 90.815 134
Left supramarginal gyrus -0.161 0.173 [-0.5 - 0.177] -4.761 0.351 0.985 76.287 134
Right pars triangularis -0.155 0.162 [-0.473 - 0.163] -5.079 0.340 0.985 71.700 134
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.141 0.168 [-0.47 - 0.187] -4.018 0.399 0.985 70.266 134
Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.133 0.185 [-0.496 - 0.229] -4.447 0.471 0.985 79.984 134
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.130 0.193 [-0.509 - 0.248] -3.635 0.500 0.985 79.924 134
Left frontal pole -0.112 0.087 [-0.282 - 0.058] -3.499 0.197 0.985 <0.001 134
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.110 0.224 [-0.548 - 0.328] -4.873 0.623 0.985 86.850 134
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.107 0.183 [-0.466 - 0.251] -3.562 0.557 0.985 75.867 134
Right lingual gyrus -0.106 0.156 [-0.411 - 0.199] -2.959 0.497 0.985 63.101 134
Left fusiform gyrus -0.102 0.165 [-0.425 - 0.221] -2.984 0.535 0.985 67.262 134
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.102 0.157 [-0.411 - 0.206] -2.717 0.516 0.985 65.023 134
Left entorhinal cortex -0.099 0.091 [-0.279 - 0.08] -4.451 0.277 0.985 5.692 133
Left insula -0.098 0.155 [-0.401 - 0.206] -2.212 0.529 0.985 64.062 134
Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.097 0.178 [-0.446 - 0.253] -3.206 0.588 0.985 75.326 134
Left middle temporal gyrus -0.093 0.155 [-0.397 - 0.211] -2.783 0.549 0.985 61.034 122
Left hemisphere total surface area -0.089 0.227 [-0.533 - 0.355] -1.853 0.695 0.985 86.723 134
Left lingual gyrus -0.083 0.117 [-0.312 - 0.145] -2.352 0.475 0.985 32.366 134
Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.079 0.128 [-0.331 - 0.172] -2.501 0.536 0.985 42.988 125
Left superior frontal gyrus -0.078 0.214 [-0.498 - 0.343] -1.906 0.718 0.985 83.954 134
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.057 0.086 [-0.225 - 0.111] -1.639 0.505 0.985 <0.001 134
Right paracentral gyrus -0.052 0.206 [-0.456 - 0.352] -1.458 0.801 0.985 83.698 134
Right superior parietal cortex -0.048 0.231 [-0.502 - 0.405] -1.134 0.834 0.985 87.470 134
Right hemisphere total surface area -0.038 0.206 [-0.443 - 0.366] -0.795 0.853 0.985 81.794 134
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.036 0.129 [-0.288 - 0.217] -1.013 0.781 0.985 41.528 134
Left pars opercularis -0.032 0.171 [-0.368 - 0.305] -1.017 0.854 0.985 70.457 134
Right entorhinal cortex -0.018 0.087 [-0.189 - 0.153] -0.788 0.837 0.985 <0.001 133
Left pericalcarine cortex -0.017 0.176 [-0.362 - 0.328] -0.588 0.923 0.985 71.844 134
Right pars opercularis -0.009 0.165 [-0.334 - 0.315] -0.303 0.955 0.985 68.106 134
Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.007 0.105 [-0.214 - 0.2] -0.230 0.948 0.985 20.442 134
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.004 0.141 [-0.282 - 0.273] -0.167 0.975 0.985 52.585 134
Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.002 0.086 [-0.17 - 0.167] -0.050 0.985 0.985 <0.001 134
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.011 0.236 [-0.451 - 0.472] 0.327 0.964 0.985 88.840 134
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.011 0.193 [-0.367 - 0.389] 0.348 0.954 0.985 78.839 134
Right temporal pole 0.012 0.099 [-0.183 - 0.206] 0.380 0.906 0.985 13.113 134
Left postcentral gyrus 0.013 0.215 [-0.41 - 0.435] 0.298 0.953 0.985 85.528 134
Right superior frontal gyrus 0.019 0.209 [-0.39 - 0.428] 0.487 0.927 0.985 82.902 134
Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.020 0.152 [-0.278 - 0.318] 0.682 0.895 0.985 60.048 134
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.030 0.171 [-0.305 - 0.365] 1.370 0.860 0.985 70.090 134
Left superior parietal cortex 0.032 0.134 [-0.23 - 0.295] 0.774 0.811 0.985 45.691 134
Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.032 0.097 [-0.158 - 0.223] 1.095 0.739 0.985 11.434 134
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.036 0.176 [-0.309 - 0.382] 0.940 0.836 0.985 71.836 134
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.038 0.170 [-0.296 - 0.372] 1.066 0.824 0.985 70.108 134
Right middle temporal gyrus 0.044 0.190 [-0.329 - 0.417] 1.266 0.815 0.985 78.191 127
Right supramarginal gyrus 0.051 0.203 [-0.346 - 0.448] 1.457 0.802 0.985 80.897 133
Right postcentral gyrus 0.056 0.195 [-0.325 - 0.438] 1.351 0.772 0.985 79.962 134
Left precuneus 0.059 0.212 [-0.356 - 0.475] 1.514 0.780 0.985 85.009 134
Right pericalcarine cortex 0.061 0.179 [-0.289 - 0.411] 2.034 0.734 0.985 73.101 134
Left pars triangularis 0.063 0.086 [-0.106 - 0.231] 1.938 0.466 0.985 <0.001 134
Left cuneus 0.067 0.250 [-0.424 - 0.558] 2.005 0.790 0.985 91.009 134
Left paracentral gyrus 0.072 0.175 [-0.272 - 0.415] 2.016 0.682 0.985 72.370 134
Right insula 0.073 0.087 [-0.097 - 0.243] 2.005 0.398 0.985 <0.001 134
Left pars orbitalis 0.076 0.209 [-0.334 - 0.485] 2.289 0.718 0.985 84.005 134
Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.082 0.113 [-0.138 - 0.303] 2.434 0.465 0.985 26.834 134
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.099 0.124 [-0.144 - 0.342] 3.877 0.422 0.985 38.358 134
Right cuneus 0.111 0.228 [-0.336 - 0.558] 3.192 0.627 0.985 87.143 134
Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.180 0.084 [0.016 - 0.344] 5.908 0.031 0.727 0.352 134
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.181 0.083 [0.017 - 0.344] 6.628 0.030 0.727 <0.001 134
Right precuneus 0.205 0.166 [-0.12 - 0.53] 5.438 0.216 0.985 72.256 134a Included Samples: Houston, MMDP 3T, Muenster Cohort, DepOx, Sydney.HDRS-17: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale with 17 items.
Moderator analyses
Supplementary Table S55: Full results from the moderator analyses of field strength of scanner, FreeSurfer version used for processing, voxel size, percent of acute patients (percAcute), percent of patients with anxiety (percAnxiety), percent of patients taking antipsychotics (percAP), and type of patient in cortical thickness measures of adults. The table is split into four parts for easier comparison. Effect sizes for the meta-regression models were available from all 20 sites, except for percent of acute patients (not available for Bipolar Family Study, QTIM, SHIP and SHIP-trend), percent of patients with anxiety (not available for SHIP-trend), percent of patients taking antipsychotics (not available in MMDP 3T). Table is split into four parts to fit on a single page for easier comparison.
Cohen's d a Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
valueCohen's d a Std.
Err. P-value FDR P-value(FieldStrength) (FSVersion)
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.054 0.063 0.496 0.720 -0.004 0.002 0.039 0.997Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.093 0.081 0.504 0.720 -0.003 0.002 0.175 0.997Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.150 0.062 0.007 0.079 -1.31E-04 0.002 0.949 0.997Left cuneus -0.025 0.064 0.452 0.691 -0.001 0.002 0.485 0.997Left entorhinal cortex 0.048 0.079 0.825 0.929 0.002 0.002 0.383 0.997Left fusiform gyrus -0.056 0.062 0.638 0.843 -0.002 0.002 0.354 0.997Left inferior parietal cortex -0.129 0.068 0.155 0.391 -0.001 0.002 0.493 0.997Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.020 0.073 0.823 0.929 2.41E-04 0.002 0.891 0.997Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.119 0.062 0.005 0.073 -0.001 0.002 0.594 0.997Left lateral occipital cortex -0.054 0.091 0.802 0.929 -0.003 0.002 0.224 0.997Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.044 0.078 0.849 0.929 -0.001 0.002 0.486 0.997Left lingual gyrus -0.019 0.071 0.905 0.946 -0.002 0.002 0.180 0.997Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.064 0.077 0.420 0.683 9.73E-04 0.002 0.644 0.997Left middle temporal gyrus -0.035 0.064 0.658 0.853 -0.002 0.002 0.394 0.997Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.043 0.072 0.831 0.929 -7.20E-04 0.002 0.712 0.997Left paracentral gyrus -0.085 0.062 0.055 0.239 6.01E-04 0.002 0.716 0.997Left pars opercularis -0.099 0.062 0.083 0.304 2.08E-04 0.002 0.910 0.997Left pars orbitalis -0.124 0.087 0.104 0.330 -0.001 0.002 0.555 0.997Left pars triangularis -0.077 0.062 0.459 0.691 -0.002 0.002 0.283 0.997Left pericalcarine cortex 0.149 0.096 0.273 0.545 4.22E-04 0.003 0.871 0.997Left postcentral gyrus 7.25E-04 0.062 0.464 0.691 -7.60E-04 0.002 0.645 0.997Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.128 0.062 0.056 0.239 -0.003 0.002 0.118 0.997
Left precentral gyrus -0.109 0.062 7.94E-04 0.019 0.000 0.002 0.997 0.997Left precuneus -0.126 0.062 0.058 0.239 -5.36E-04 0.002 0.785 0.997Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.095 0.093 0.216 0.472 0.001 0.002 0.596 0.997Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.094 0.066 0.205 0.463 2.90E-04 0.002 0.861 0.997Left superior frontal gyrus -0.102 0.062 0.034 0.214 3.50E-05 0.002 0.983 0.997Left superior parietal cortex -0.027 0.093 0.928 0.951 -0.002 0.002 0.490 0.997Left superior temporal gyrus 0.017 0.063 0.448 0.691 -0.003 0.002 0.100 0.997Left supramarginal gyrus -0.138 0.062 0.023 0.161 -0.001 0.002 0.472 0.997Left frontal pole -0.038 0.082 0.896 0.946 -7.70E-04 0.002 0.715 0.997Left temporal pole 0.041 0.074 0.314 0.580 -1.21E-04 0.002 0.947 0.997Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.045 0.062 0.710 0.888 -1.14E-04 0.002 0.945 0.997Left insula 0.014 0.069 0.116 0.352 3.81E-04 0.002 0.842 0.997Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.093 0.062 0.049 0.239 -8.13E-04 0.002 0.633 0.997Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.055 0.077 0.612 0.823 -7.83E-04 0.002 0.704 0.997Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.167 0.062 4.52E-04 0.019 -0.002 0.002 0.227 0.997Right cuneus 0.017 0.062 0.938 0.951 -3.38E-04 0.002 0.838 0.997Right entorhinal cortex -0.008 0.064 0.756 0.928 0.002 0.002 0.244 0.997Right fusiform gyrus -0.074 0.062 0.267 0.545 5.06E-04 0.002 0.803 0.997Right inferior parietal cortex -0.108 0.088 0.402 0.669 -1.20E-04 0.002 0.960 0.997Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.039 0.077 0.807 0.929 0.001 0.002 0.457 0.997Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.083 0.062 0.012 0.102 -0.002 0.002 0.221 0.997Right lateral occipital cortex -0.062 0.062 0.581 0.798 -7.35E-04 0.002 0.669 0.997Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.061 0.095 0.693 0.882 -0.003 0.002 0.295 0.997Right lingual gyrus -0.006 0.062 0.845 0.929 -0.001 0.002 0.455 0.997Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.096 0.104 0.387 0.660 8.05E-04 0.003 0.757 0.997Right middle temporal gyrus -0.045 0.076 0.123 0.358 9.01E-04 0.002 0.589 0.997Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.021 0.062 0.574 0.798 -2.39E-04 0.002 0.885 0.997Right paracentral gyrus -0.107 0.062 0.019 0.149 0.001 0.002 0.536 0.997Right pars opercularis -0.132 0.069 0.038 0.221 -9.33E-04 0.003 0.711 0.997Right pars orbitalis -0.139 0.077 0.138 0.376 4.53E-04 0.002 0.807 0.997Right pars triangularis -0.123 0.074 0.173 0.418 -6.37E-04 0.002 0.775 0.997Right pericalcarine cortex 0.034 0.128 0.952 0.952 1.10E-04 0.003 0.973 0.997Right postcentral gyrus 0.026 0.062 0.309 0.580 -0.002 0.002 0.181 0.997Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.130 0.083 0.140 0.376 -0.002 0.002 0.403 0.997
Right precentral gyrus -0.152 0.062 8.19E-04 0.019 1.09E-05 0.002 0.995 0.997Right precuneus -0.052 0.076 0.156 0.391 -1.26E-04 0.002 0.952 0.997Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.068 0.079 0.377 0.659 0.001 0.002 0.524 0.997Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.108 0.094 0.315 0.580 -0.002 0.002 0.494 0.997Right superior frontal gyrus -0.160 0.062 0.003 0.054 0.000 0.002 0.996 0.997Right superior parietal cortex -0.044 0.081 0.345 0.619 5.28E-05 0.002 0.980 0.997Right superior temporal gyrus -0.044 0.065 0.061 0.239 2.19E-04 0.002 0.898 0.997Right supramarginal gyrus -0.177 0.062 0.009 0.092 5.06E-04 0.002 0.830 0.997Right frontal pole -0.133 0.084 0.246 0.523 -8.33E-04 0.002 0.649 0.997Right temporal pole -0.030 0.084 0.892 0.946 9.77E-05 0.002 0.961 0.997Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.055 0.062 0.087 0.304 4.37E-04 0.002 0.792 0.997Right insula -0.099 0.095 0.198 0.462 6.77E-04 0.002 0.784 0.997Left hemisphere average thickness -0.081 0.062 0.092 0.307 -0.001 0.002 0.572 0.997
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.084 0.066 0.060 0.239 0.000 0.002 0.891 0.997
Supplementary Table 55 Continued:
Cohen's d a Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
valueCohen's d a Std.
Err. P-value FDR P-value(VoxelSize) (percAcute)
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.003 0.004 0.353 0.988 -0.081 0.094 0.541 0.810Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.004 0.004 0.305 0.988 -0.138 0.096 0.245 0.715Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.003 0.004 0.486 0.988 -0.154 0.121 0.289 0.724Left cuneus 0.006 0.004 0.088 0.988 -0.092 0.093 0.463 0.790Left entorhinal cortex -8.74E-04 0.004 0.842 0.988 -0.002 0.102 0.999 0.999Left fusiform gyrus 0.002 0.004 0.609 0.988 0.023 0.105 0.933 0.980Left inferior parietal cortex 6.62E-05 0.004 0.988 0.988 -0.063 0.107 0.733 0.900Left inferior temporal gyrus -6.24E-04 0.004 0.880 0.988 0.004 0.093 0.163 0.650Left isthmus cingulate cortex 5.82E-04 0.006 0.916 0.988 -0.169 0.102 0.172 0.650Left lateral occipital cortex 0.007 0.005 0.143 0.988 -0.125 0.128 0.616 0.845Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.005 0.004 0.226 0.988 -0.159 0.095 0.241 0.715Left lingual gyrus 0.005 0.004 0.218 0.988 -0.095 0.097 0.606 0.845Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.005 0.004 0.261 0.988 -0.058 0.118 0.591 0.845Left middle temporal gyrus -9.83E-05 0.004 0.979 0.988 -0.016 0.095 0.676 0.866
Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.004 0.004 0.236 0.988 0.079 0.114 0.401 0.739Left paracentral gyrus -0.006 0.004 0.101 0.988 -0.078 0.093 0.100 0.650Left pars opercularis 0.002 0.004 0.641 0.988 -0.106 0.093 0.388 0.739Left pars orbitalis 0.005 0.005 0.318 0.988 -0.058 0.099 0.775 0.931Left pars triangularis 9.73E-04 0.004 0.782 0.988 -0.021 0.093 0.952 0.980Left pericalcarine cortex 0.003 0.006 0.650 0.988 -0.019 0.095 0.536 0.810Left postcentral gyrus 0.003 0.004 0.361 0.988 -0.039 0.093 0.882 0.965Left posterior cingulate cortex 4.85E-04 0.004 0.890 0.988 -0.103 0.093 0.341 0.724Left precentral gyrus -0.002 0.004 0.501 0.988 -0.078 0.098 0.515 0.810Left precuneus -8.26E-04 0.004 0.836 0.988 -0.026 0.109 0.784 0.931Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.003 0.005 0.613 0.988 -0.203 0.117 0.218 0.693Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -6.50E-04 0.004 0.860 0.988 -0.097 0.093 0.363 0.728Left superior frontal gyrus -6.12E-04 0.004 0.862 0.988 -0.097 0.093 0.276 0.724Left superior parietal cortex 0.001 0.005 0.842 0.988 0.053 0.118 0.827 0.965Left superior temporal gyrus 0.003 0.004 0.351 0.988 0.032 0.100 0.875 0.965Left supramarginal gyrus 0.002 0.004 0.673 0.988 -0.091 0.095 0.272 0.724Left frontal pole -6.76E-04 0.004 0.880 0.988 0.013 0.105 0.166 0.650Left temporal pole 0.005 0.004 0.205 0.988 0.034 0.093 0.039 0.543Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.003 0.004 0.459 0.988 -0.077 0.093 0.693 0.866Left insula 0.006 0.004 0.115 0.988 -0.063 0.108 0.642 0.853Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.003 0.004 0.467 0.988 -0.036 0.093 0.307 0.724Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.006 0.004 0.095 0.988 -0.148 0.105 0.208 0.693Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -6.78E-04 0.005 0.896 0.988 -0.102 0.128 0.341 0.724Right cuneus 0.003 0.004 0.409 0.988 0.029 0.093 0.947 0.980Right entorhinal cortex -0.003 0.004 0.480 0.988 0.022 0.093 0.418 0.750Right fusiform gyrus -0.002 0.004 0.619 0.988 6.35E-04 0.093 0.364 0.728Right inferior parietal cortex 5.30E-04 0.005 0.919 0.988 0.006 0.123 0.863 0.965Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.002 0.004 0.676 0.988 -0.028 0.102 0.181 0.650Right isthmus cingulate cortex 4.46E-04 0.005 0.928 0.988 -0.057 0.119 0.456 0.790Right lateral occipital cortex 0.004 0.004 0.323 0.988 -0.056 0.101 0.610 0.845Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.010 0.004 0.005 0.382 -0.119 0.123 0.512 0.810Right lingual gyrus 0.004 0.004 0.202 0.988 -0.073 0.093 0.531 0.810Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.004 0.005 0.457 0.988 -0.172 0.126 0.148 0.650Right middle temporal gyrus -0.002 0.004 0.604 0.988 -0.107 0.103 0.154 0.650
Right parahippocampal gyrus 2.31E-04 0.004 0.948 0.988 0.043 0.099 0.911 0.980Right paracentral gyrus -0.005 0.004 0.195 0.988 -0.093 0.093 0.298 0.724Right pars opercularis 0.004 0.005 0.437 0.988 -0.170 0.121 0.108 0.650Right pars orbitalis 0.002 0.005 0.632 0.988 -0.114 0.108 0.181 0.650Right pars triangularis 0.005 0.005 0.314 0.988 -0.203 0.093 0.020 0.543Right pericalcarine cortex 0.010 0.007 0.146 0.988 -0.173 0.093 0.065 0.650Right postcentral gyrus 0.005 0.004 0.146 0.988 -0.014 0.093 0.689 0.866Right posterior cingulate cortex -9.11E-04 0.005 0.847 0.988 -0.039 0.095 0.325 0.724Right precentral gyrus 2.91E-04 0.005 0.952 0.988 -0.201 0.114 0.089 0.650Right precuneus 0.001 0.005 0.818 0.988 7.27E-04 0.115 0.983 0.998Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.002 0.004 0.574 0.988 -0.140 0.101 0.332 0.724Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.003 0.005 0.530 0.988 -0.136 0.126 0.186 0.650Right superior frontal gyrus -0.002 0.004 0.588 0.988 -0.155 0.093 0.060 0.650Right superior parietal cortex -0.002 0.005 0.615 0.988 0.075 0.111 0.646 0.853Right superior temporal gyrus 5.14E-04 0.004 0.892 0.988 0.009 0.101 0.544 0.810Right supramarginal gyrus -0.003 0.005 0.508 0.988 -0.094 0.116 0.090 0.650Right frontal pole 0.002 0.005 0.681 0.988 -0.155 0.094 0.024 0.543Right temporal pole 0.004 0.004 0.314 0.988 -0.003 0.093 0.012 0.543Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.003 0.004 0.386 0.988 0.022 0.093 0.874 0.965Right insula 0.001 0.005 0.822 0.988 -0.055 0.128 0.401 0.739Left hemisphere average thickness 0.002 0.004 0.691 0.988 -0.116 0.093 0.125 0.650
Right hemisphere average thickness 0.000 0.004 0.978 0.988 -0.060 0.093 0.038 0.543
Supplementary Table 55 Continued:
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
value
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
value(percAnxiety) (percAP)
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.066 0.095 0.487 0.655 -0.001 0.084 0.988 0.988Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.006 0.112 0.956 0.956 -0.075 0.112 0.505 0.869Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.166 0.115 0.150 0.376 0.123 0.084 0.145 0.659Left cuneus -0.164 0.095 0.083 0.306 -0.123 0.089 0.169 0.659Left entorhinal cortex 0.175 0.100 0.080 0.306 -0.158 0.109 0.146 0.659Left fusiform gyrus -0.082 0.098 0.403 0.613 0.045 0.085 0.600 0.934
Left inferior parietal cortex -0.171 0.108 0.114 0.346 0.201 0.084 0.017 0.224Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.014 0.104 0.891 0.917 0.042 0.104 0.688 0.963Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.114 0.131 0.384 0.598 -0.169 0.125 0.176 0.659Left lateral occipital cortex -0.133 0.122 0.272 0.517 0.021 0.124 0.866 0.988Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.025 0.105 0.811 0.902 -0.084 0.084 0.320 0.829Left lingual gyrus -0.183 0.097 0.058 0.306 -0.017 0.097 0.861 0.988Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.076 0.113 0.503 0.664 -0.258 0.084 0.002 0.153Left middle temporal gyrus 0.020 0.096 0.837 0.902 0.018 0.091 0.846 0.988Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.139 0.095 0.142 0.375 0.059 0.084 0.486 0.869Left paracentral gyrus -0.176 0.101 0.081 0.306 0.151 0.084 0.071 0.547Left pars opercularis -0.146 0.095 0.123 0.360 -0.079 0.084 0.347 0.867Left pars orbitalis 0.113 0.123 0.359 0.576 -0.124 0.122 0.310 0.829Left pars triangularis 0.031 0.095 0.743 0.856 -0.021 0.087 0.806 0.988Left pericalcarine cortex -0.247 0.127 0.053 0.306 0.031 0.167 0.852 0.988Left postcentral gyrus -0.105 0.095 0.266 0.517 -0.076 0.084 0.367 0.869Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.040 0.095 0.671 0.832 0.021 0.084 0.807 0.988Left precentral gyrus -0.127 0.100 0.203 0.452 0.051 0.084 0.542 0.869Left precuneus -0.182 0.101 0.071 0.306 0.064 0.097 0.510 0.869Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.027 0.127 0.832 0.902 -0.223 0.084 0.008 0.161Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.050 0.098 0.612 0.794 0.004 0.085 0.965 0.988Left superior frontal gyrus -0.140 0.095 0.140 0.375 0.022 0.084 0.790 0.988Left superior parietal cortex -0.146 0.124 0.238 0.504 0.107 0.131 0.415 0.869Left superior temporal gyrus 0.039 0.095 0.680 0.832 -0.104 0.085 0.219 0.728Left supramarginal gyrus -0.170 0.103 0.100 0.327 0.059 0.093 0.528 0.869Left frontal pole -0.051 0.109 0.641 0.816 -0.003 0.099 0.976 0.988Left temporal pole -0.035 0.108 0.746 0.856 -0.198 0.084 0.019 0.224Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.074 0.095 0.434 0.643 -0.034 0.084 0.682 0.963Left insula -0.127 0.100 0.204 0.452 -0.232 0.084 0.006 0.161Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.212 0.098 0.030 0.306 0.141 0.084 0.093 0.576Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.093 0.102 0.362 0.576 -0.170 0.084 0.043 0.379Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.244 0.112 0.030 0.306 0.118 0.114 0.304 0.829Right cuneus -0.167 0.095 0.078 0.306 0.009 0.087 0.920 0.988Right entorhinal cortex 0.100 0.095 0.291 0.517 -0.064 0.084 0.445 0.869Right fusiform gyrus -0.072 0.098 0.464 0.655 0.026 0.084 0.759 0.988
Right inferior parietal cortex -0.242 0.119 0.043 0.306 0.136 0.119 0.253 0.805Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.102 0.107 0.342 0.576 -0.070 0.116 0.543 0.869Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.169 0.097 0.083 0.306 -0.013 0.113 0.907 0.988Right lateral occipital cortex -0.109 0.096 0.254 0.517 0.055 0.084 0.511 0.869Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.026 0.124 0.837 0.902 -0.260 0.100 0.009 0.161Right lingual gyrus -0.087 0.095 0.358 0.576 0.005 0.084 0.954 0.988Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.143 0.134 0.284 0.517 -0.183 0.089 0.040 0.379Right middle temporal gyrus -0.143 0.109 0.189 0.452 0.076 0.110 0.493 0.869Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.038 0.095 0.690 0.832 -0.071 0.084 0.399 0.869Right paracentral gyrus -0.171 0.095 0.072 0.306 0.120 0.084 0.152 0.659Right pars opercularis -0.194 0.095 0.041 0.306 -0.126 0.126 0.317 0.829Right pars orbitalis -0.019 0.121 0.876 0.915 -0.059 0.123 0.635 0.946Right pars triangularis -0.208 0.102 0.041 0.306 -0.042 0.099 0.675 0.963Right pericalcarine cortex -0.325 0.143 0.023 0.306 0.035 0.185 0.849 0.988Right postcentral gyrus -0.073 0.095 0.441 0.643 -0.116 0.084 0.166 0.659Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.018 0.112 0.874 0.915 -0.068 0.112 0.546 0.869Right precentral gyrus -0.321 0.102 0.002 0.121 0.026 0.114 0.820 0.988Right precuneus -0.256 0.104 0.014 0.306 0.013 0.119 0.915 0.988Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.006 0.106 0.953 0.956 -0.148 0.084 0.078 0.547Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.196 0.120 0.103 0.327 -0.015 0.123 0.900 0.988Right superior frontal gyrus -0.130 0.103 0.206 0.452 0.060 0.084 0.479 0.869Right superior parietal cortex -0.221 0.112 0.048 0.306 0.119 0.112 0.288 0.829Right superior temporal gyrus -0.100 0.096 0.296 0.517 -0.074 0.087 0.393 0.869Right supramarginal gyrus -0.168 0.115 0.144 0.375 0.113 0.084 0.179 0.659Right frontal pole -0.085 0.119 0.476 0.655 0.057 0.116 0.625 0.946Right temporal pole 0.038 0.112 0.736 0.856 -0.158 0.096 0.099 0.576Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.066 0.095 0.484 0.655 0.057 0.084 0.495 0.869Right insula -0.137 0.126 0.278 0.517 -0.143 0.110 0.191 0.670Left hemisphere average thickness -0.163 0.098 0.098 0.327 -0.002 0.086 0.981 0.988
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.226 0.099 0.022 0.306 -0.006 0.103 0.954 0.988
Supplementary Table 55 Continued:
Cohen's d a Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
value(TypePatients)Left banks superior temporal sulcus -8.07E-04 0.002 0.682 0.966Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -8.22E-04 0.002 0.737 0.966Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.001 0.002 0.568 0.966Left cuneus 0.001 0.002 0.536 0.966Left entorhinal cortex 0.002 0.002 0.400 0.966Left fusiform gyrus -0.003 0.002 0.097 0.681Left inferior parietal cortex -0.005 0.002 0.007 0.244Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.001 0.002 0.480 0.966Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.001 0.003 0.729 0.966Left lateral occipital cortex -0.006 0.002 0.001 0.093Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -2.76E-05 0.002 0.991 0.991Left lingual gyrus -0.003 0.002 0.085 0.663Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.003 0.002 0.172 0.861Left middle temporal gyrus -9.54E-04 0.002 0.627 0.966Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.003 0.002 0.166 0.861Left paracentral gyrus 8.84E-04 0.002 0.694 0.966Left pars opercularis -3.25E-04 0.002 0.867 0.966Left pars orbitalis 2.33E-04 0.003 0.933 0.975Left pars triangularis -5.73E-04 0.002 0.773 0.966Left pericalcarine cortex 0.001 0.003 0.647 0.966Left postcentral gyrus 9.47E-04 0.002 0.626 0.966Left posterior cingulate cortex 6.68E-05 0.002 0.973 0.987Left precentral gyrus -0.001 0.002 0.534 0.966Left precuneus -0.002 0.002 0.346 0.966Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -4.48E-04 0.003 0.872 0.966Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -3.81E-04 0.002 0.845 0.966Left superior frontal gyrus -4.52E-04 0.002 0.817 0.966Left superior parietal cortex 5.91E-04 0.003 0.827 0.966Left superior temporal gyrus -6.46E-04 0.002 0.764 0.966Left supramarginal gyrus -0.002 0.002 0.283 0.966
Left frontal pole -0.002 0.002 0.438 0.966Left temporal pole -8.41E-04 0.002 0.706 0.966Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.002 0.002 0.275 0.966Left insula 3.02E-04 0.002 0.895 0.966Right banks superior temporal sulcus -1.06E-04 0.002 0.959 0.987Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.001 0.002 0.557 0.966Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.001 0.003 0.675 0.966Right cuneus -0.002 0.002 0.246 0.966Right entorhinal cortex 0.001 0.002 0.595 0.966Right fusiform gyrus -0.004 0.002 0.063 0.631Right inferior parietal cortex -0.005 0.002 0.028 0.497Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.002 0.002 0.261 0.966Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.002 0.002 0.439 0.966Right lateral occipital cortex -0.004 0.002 0.050 0.631Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.001 0.003 0.599 0.966Right lingual gyrus -0.003 0.002 0.085 0.663Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.002 0.003 0.614 0.966Right middle temporal gyrus -8.79E-04 0.002 0.653 0.966Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.001 0.002 0.474 0.966Right paracentral gyrus -4.33E-04 0.002 0.824 0.966Right pars opercularis -0.001 0.003 0.660 0.966Right pars orbitalis -0.002 0.002 0.260 0.966Right pars triangularis -0.001 0.002 0.600 0.966Right pericalcarine cortex -0.003 0.003 0.311 0.966Right postcentral gyrus -2.51E-04 0.002 0.897 0.966Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.001 0.002 0.626 0.966Right precentral gyrus -0.004 0.002 0.063 0.631Right precuneus -5.05E-04 0.002 0.838 0.966Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.003 0.002 0.116 0.741Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 2.72E-04 0.003 0.922 0.975Right superior frontal gyrus -9.90E-04 0.002 0.612 0.966Right superior parietal cortex -0.002 0.002 0.361 0.966Right superior temporal gyrus -0.001 0.002 0.520 0.966Right supramarginal gyrus -0.005 0.002 0.021 0.488
Right frontal pole -4.60E-04 0.002 0.843 0.966Right temporal pole -0.002 0.002 0.509 0.966Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.003 0.002 0.172 0.861Right insula -0.002 0.003 0.582 0.966Left hemisphere average thickness -9.81E-04 0.002 0.615 0.966
Right hemisphere average thickness -7.84E-04 0.002 0.687 0.966
Supplementary Table S56: Full results from the moderator analyses of field strength of scanner, FreeSurfer version used for processing, voxel size, percent of acute patients (percAcute), percent of patients with anxiety (percAnxiety), percent of patients taking antipsychotics (percAP), and type of patient in cortical surface area measures of adults. The table is split into four parts for easier comparison. Effect sizes for the meta-regression models were available from all 20 sites, except for percent of acute patients (not available for Bipolar Family Study, QTIM, SHIP and SHIP-trend), percent of patients with anxiety (not available for SHIP-trend), percent of patients taking antipsychotics (not available in MMDP 3T). Table is split into four parts to fit on a single page for easier comparison.
Cohen's d a Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
valueCohen's d a Std.
Err. P-value FDR P-value(FieldStrength) (FSVersion)
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.087 0.098 0.581 0.874 -0.003 0.003 0.321 0.959Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.016 0.062 0.493 0.821 5.75E-04 0.002 0.728 0.959Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.044 0.113 0.864 0.947 -8.21E-04 0.002 0.737 0.959Left cuneus -0.004 0.062 0.675 0.902 -0.002 0.002 0.162 0.959Left entorhinal cortex -0.046 0.092 0.803 0.921 -0.003 0.002 0.179 0.959Left fusiform gyrus -0.013 0.062 0.254 0.651 -3.55E-04 0.002 0.830 0.959Left inferior parietal cortex 0.077 0.062 0.316 0.651 3.84E-04 0.002 0.817 0.959Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.045 0.086 0.173 0.651 0.001 0.002 0.518 0.959Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.009 0.112 0.201 0.651 -0.001 0.003 0.587 0.959Left lateral occipital cortex -0.012 0.109 0.304 0.651 -0.003 0.002 0.128 0.959Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.010 0.065 0.246 0.651 0.002 0.002 0.331 0.959Left lingual gyrus -0.107 0.118 0.597 0.874 -0.003 0.003 0.329 0.959Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.027 0.125 0.757 0.914 -0.004 0.003 0.127 0.959Left middle temporal gyrus 0.113 0.104 0.203 0.651 -0.004 0.002 0.041 0.920Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.058 0.094 0.232 0.651 8.59E-04 0.002 0.729 0.959Left paracentral gyrus -0.089 0.142 0.754 0.914 -5.84E-04 0.002 0.813 0.959Left pars opercularis -0.002 0.062 0.725 0.911 -3.87E-04 0.002 0.820 0.959Left pars orbitalis 0.006 0.093 0.079 0.651 0.002 0.002 0.347 0.959Left pars triangularis 0.075 0.062 0.200 0.651 -2.97E-04 0.002 0.857 0.959Left pericalcarine cortex -0.045 0.131 0.672 0.902 -0.003 0.002 0.219 0.959Left postcentral gyrus 0.017 0.069 0.297 0.651 -0.002 0.002 0.253 0.959Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.019 0.062 0.692 0.902 2.86E-04 0.002 0.862 0.959Left precentral gyrus -0.027 0.148 0.472 0.807 -0.004 0.003 0.233 0.959Left precuneus 0.015 0.097 0.984 0.984 -0.001 0.002 0.651 0.959Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.075 0.062 0.316 0.651 -9.00E-04 0.002 0.610 0.959
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.058 0.062 0.035 0.651 -0.001 0.002 0.481 0.959Left superior frontal gyrus 0.054 0.062 0.605 0.874 -3.64E-04 0.002 0.826 0.959Left superior parietal cortex 0.065 0.062 0.409 0.754 -0.002 0.002 0.261 0.959Left superior temporal gyrus 0.178 0.101 0.125 0.651 -0.001 0.002 0.576 0.959Left supramarginal gyrus 0.059 0.087 0.229 0.651 -2.20E-04 0.002 0.916 0.959Left frontal pole -0.048 0.062 0.729 0.911 3.67E-04 0.002 0.824 0.959Left temporal pole -0.086 0.062 0.358 0.693 2.35E-04 0.002 0.887 0.959Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.050 0.124 0.906 0.957 3.48E-04 0.002 0.883 0.959Left insula 0.084 0.089 0.100 0.651 -0.001 0.002 0.529 0.959Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.059 0.062 0.147 0.651 -5.11E-04 0.002 0.775 0.959Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.009 0.062 0.612 0.874 -0.002 0.002 0.199 0.959Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.023 0.062 0.916 0.957 -2.30E-04 0.002 0.889 0.959Right cuneus -0.028 0.065 0.366 0.693 -0.001 0.002 0.543 0.959Right entorhinal cortex 0.044 0.063 0.443 0.796 4.51E-04 0.002 0.790 0.959Right fusiform gyrus -1.93E-04 0.075 0.271 0.651 -7.45E-04 0.002 0.716 0.959Right inferior parietal cortex 0.110 0.098 0.126 0.651 3.23E-04 0.002 0.876 0.959Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.085 0.062 0.062 0.651 0.001 0.002 0.370 0.959Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.060 0.103 0.662 0.902 -0.003 0.002 0.118 0.959Right lateral occipital cortex -0.015 0.062 0.057 0.651 -0.003 0.002 0.100 0.959Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.006 0.107 0.237 0.651 5.19E-04 0.003 0.849 0.959Right lingual gyrus -0.127 0.124 0.585 0.874 -0.004 0.002 0.028 0.920Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.062 0.062 0.154 0.651 -8.46E-04 0.002 0.608 0.959Right middle temporal gyrus 0.086 0.062 0.070 0.651 -0.002 0.002 0.192 0.959Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.085 0.062 0.355 0.693 -3.65E-04 0.002 0.826 0.959Right paracentral gyrus 0.074 0.079 0.568 0.874 1.79E-04 0.002 0.914 0.959Right pars opercularis 0.065 0.100 0.796 0.921 -0.002 0.002 0.360 0.959Right pars orbitalis 0.055 0.071 0.133 0.651 8.11E-04 0.002 0.710 0.959Right pars triangularis 0.098 0.062 0.181 0.651 -0.002 0.002 0.363 0.959Right pericalcarine cortex -0.030 0.073 0.866 0.947 -0.001 0.002 0.543 0.959Right postcentral gyrus 0.017 0.062 0.571 0.874 -0.001 0.002 0.468 0.959Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.037 0.130 0.831 0.939 -1.50E-04 0.003 0.953 0.960Right precentral gyrus -0.028 0.118 0.459 0.803 -0.002 0.002 0.535 0.959Right precuneus 0.074 0.063 0.277 0.651 -9.80E-05 0.002 0.960 0.960Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.021 0.062 0.079 0.651 -0.004 0.002 0.019 0.920
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.008 0.062 0.017 0.651 -4.47E-04 0.002 0.786 0.959Right superior frontal gyrus 0.071 0.062 0.309 0.651 -3.70E-04 0.002 0.823 0.959Right superior parietal cortex 0.027 0.086 0.884 0.952 -0.003 0.002 0.053 0.920Right superior temporal gyrus 0.007 0.134 0.940 0.968 -0.003 0.002 0.098 0.959Right supramarginal gyrus -0.015 0.062 0.970 0.984 -6.24E-04 0.002 0.731 0.959Right frontal pole -0.027 0.094 0.696 0.902 2.07E-04 0.002 0.932 0.959Right temporal pole 0.031 0.093 0.076 0.651 -2.37E-04 0.002 0.918 0.959Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.011 0.090 0.787 0.921 0.001 0.002 0.480 0.959Right insula 0.122 0.103 0.244 0.651 -6.93E-04 0.003 0.791 0.959Left hemisphere average thickness 0.032 0.085 0.187 0.651 -0.002 0.002 0.303 0.959
Right hemisphere average thickness 0.023 0.082 0.189 0.651 -0.002 0.002 0.337 0.959
Supplementary Table S56 Continued:
Cohen's d a Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
valueCohen's d a Std.
Err. P-value FDR P-value(VoxelSize) (percAcute)
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.003 0.005 0.541 0.992 -0.011 0.116 0.712 0.831Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.001 0.004 0.740 0.992 -0.088 0.093 0.568 0.831Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.007 0.005 0.163 0.992 0.162 0.139 0.385 0.808Left cuneus -0.001 0.004 0.671 0.992 0.140 0.093 0.322 0.808Left entorhinal cortex -0.001 0.005 0.816 0.992 0.066 0.097 0.261 0.808Left fusiform gyrus -0.002 0.004 0.480 0.992 0.084 0.094 0.654 0.831Left inferior parietal cortex -0.004 0.004 0.314 0.992 0.065 0.093 0.767 0.852Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.002 0.005 0.642 0.992 0.117 0.119 0.437 0.808Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.004 0.006 0.569 0.992 0.056 0.141 0.152 0.808Left lateral occipital cortex 0.003 0.006 0.594 0.992 0.093 0.125 0.146 0.808Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -6.80E-04 0.005 0.882 0.992 0.185 0.093 0.072 0.808Left lingual gyrus 0.002 0.007 0.817 0.992 0.135 0.145 0.459 0.808Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.006 0.006 0.283 0.992 0.218 0.145 0.190 0.808Left middle temporal gyrus 0.006 0.006 0.346 0.992 0.029 0.136 0.359 0.808Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.005 0.006 0.393 0.992 0.195 0.124 0.215 0.808Left paracentral gyrus 6.73E-04 0.007 0.922 0.992 0.301 0.158 0.097 0.808Left pars opercularis 4.06E-04 0.004 0.908 0.992 0.105 0.093 0.068 0.808
Left pars orbitalis 0.000 0.004 0.999 0.999 0.154 0.105 0.251 0.808Left pars triangularis -7.34E-04 0.004 0.835 0.992 0.003 0.093 0.559 0.831Left pericalcarine cortex 0.003 0.007 0.686 0.992 0.062 0.172 0.732 0.831Left postcentral gyrus 0.001 0.004 0.717 0.992 0.035 0.093 0.598 0.831Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.002 0.004 0.638 0.992 -0.078 0.093 0.310 0.808Left precentral gyrus 0.010 0.007 0.126 0.992 0.169 0.197 0.540 0.831Left precuneus 0.002 0.004 0.692 0.992 0.014 0.093 0.208 0.808Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 5.32E-04 0.004 0.880 0.992 -0.028 0.093 0.932 0.959Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.002 0.004 0.632 0.992 0.191 0.093 0.087 0.808Left superior frontal gyrus -0.001 0.004 0.774 0.992 0.011 0.093 0.990 0.995Left superior parietal cortex -8.99E-04 0.004 0.799 0.992 0.042 0.093 0.596 0.831Left superior temporal gyrus 0.003 0.006 0.563 0.992 -0.030 0.137 0.678 0.831Left supramarginal gyrus -0.002 0.005 0.707 0.992 0.039 0.094 0.104 0.808Left frontal pole 0.001 0.004 0.692 0.992 0.007 0.093 0.346 0.808Left temporal pole 5.48E-04 0.004 0.877 0.992 0.115 0.093 0.425 0.808Left transverse temporal gyrus -8.10E-04 0.007 0.904 0.992 0.085 0.137 0.643 0.831Left insula 0.003 0.006 0.582 0.992 -0.044 0.123 0.440 0.808Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.002 0.004 0.574 0.992 0.126 0.094 0.367 0.808Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.001 0.004 0.744 0.992 -0.046 0.093 0.736 0.831Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.002 0.004 0.629 0.992 0.037 0.093 0.555 0.831Right cuneus 1.48E-04 0.004 0.972 0.999 0.089 0.093 0.441 0.808Right entorhinal cortex 0.004 0.004 0.251 0.992 -0.080 0.094 0.424 0.808Right fusiform gyrus -0.001 0.005 0.822 0.992 0.085 0.110 0.726 0.831Right inferior parietal cortex 0.003 0.006 0.660 0.992 0.045 0.103 0.269 0.808Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.003 0.004 0.333 0.992 0.096 0.093 0.512 0.831Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.003 0.005 0.508 0.992 0.047 0.109 0.074 0.808Right lateral occipital cortex 0.002 0.004 0.564 0.992 0.069 0.093 0.461 0.808Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.002 0.007 0.757 0.992 0.186 0.130 0.262 0.808Right lingual gyrus 0.003 0.007 0.657 0.992 0.107 0.162 0.373 0.808Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.003 0.004 0.418 0.992 0.189 0.093 0.107 0.808Right middle temporal gyrus -0.002 0.004 0.568 0.992 0.067 0.093 0.473 0.808Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.002 0.004 0.497 0.992 0.041 0.093 0.821 0.870Right paracentral gyrus -0.002 0.004 0.640 0.992 0.070 0.098 0.724 0.831Right pars opercularis -0.002 0.006 0.775 0.992 0.115 0.121 0.631 0.831
Right pars orbitalis 0.002 0.005 0.697 0.992 0.009 0.119 0.995 0.995Right pars triangularis -0.004 0.004 0.220 0.992 -0.020 0.093 0.786 0.859Right pericalcarine cortex -0.002 0.004 0.605 0.992 0.038 0.099 0.898 0.938Right postcentral gyrus -8.36E-04 0.004 0.812 0.992 0.037 0.093 0.571 0.831Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.001 0.007 0.849 0.992 0.122 0.148 0.322 0.808Right precentral gyrus 0.007 0.005 0.206 0.992 0.194 0.137 0.166 0.808Right precuneus -0.002 0.004 0.650 0.992 -0.005 0.093 0.324 0.808Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.006 0.004 0.081 0.992 -0.085 0.093 0.425 0.808Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.002 0.004 0.572 0.992 0.151 0.093 0.241 0.808Right superior frontal gyrus -8.18E-05 0.004 0.981 0.999 0.055 0.093 0.463 0.808Right superior parietal cortex 0.001 0.004 0.775 0.992 0.030 0.093 0.528 0.831Right superior temporal gyrus 0.004 0.007 0.518 0.992 0.102 0.162 0.683 0.831Right supramarginal gyrus -6.91E-05 0.004 0.984 0.999 -0.005 0.094 0.336 0.808Right frontal pole -2.96E-04 0.005 0.957 0.999 0.050 0.093 0.132 0.808Right temporal pole 0.005 0.006 0.434 0.992 0.010 0.133 0.686 0.831Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.002 0.005 0.752 0.992 -0.082 0.128 0.815 0.870Right insula -0.002 0.006 0.685 0.992 0.015 0.130 0.667 0.831Left hemisphere average thickness 0.002 0.005 0.677 0.992 0.101 0.093 0.106 0.808
Right hemisphere average thickness 0.002 0.005 0.606 0.992 0.126 0.093 0.046 0.808
Supplementary Table S56 Continued:
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
value
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
value(percAnxiety) (percAP)
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.131 0.124 0.289 0.589 0.021 0.144 0.885 0.993Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.081 0.095 0.390 0.699 0.014 0.084 0.868 0.993Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.016 0.148 0.915 0.931 -0.143 0.167 0.391 0.993Left cuneus 0.051 0.095 0.591 0.780 0.082 0.084 0.329 0.993Left entorhinal cortex 0.155 0.116 0.181 0.489 0.189 0.122 0.119 0.993Left fusiform gyrus 0.188 0.095 0.047 0.469 0.025 0.084 0.771 0.993Left inferior parietal cortex 0.179 0.095 0.059 0.489 0.060 0.084 0.479 0.993Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.195 0.118 0.099 0.489 0.044 0.144 0.758 0.993Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.228 0.148 0.122 0.489 0.186 0.174 0.287 0.993
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.194 0.147 0.188 0.489 0.030 0.180 0.866 0.993Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.026 0.108 0.813 0.918 0.014 0.118 0.903 0.993Left lingual gyrus 0.098 0.162 0.546 0.760 0.100 0.191 0.601 0.993Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.079 0.161 0.626 0.797 -0.005 0.189 0.979 0.993Left middle temporal gyrus 0.192 0.137 0.162 0.489 -0.014 0.164 0.931 0.993Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.194 0.126 0.124 0.489 0.065 0.126 0.603 0.993Left paracentral gyrus 0.138 0.187 0.460 0.744 -0.121 0.217 0.579 0.993Left pars opercularis 0.128 0.095 0.175 0.489 -0.005 0.084 0.954 0.993Left pars orbitalis 0.117 0.142 0.407 0.699 -0.096 0.161 0.552 0.993Left pars triangularis 0.108 0.095 0.254 0.589 0.008 0.084 0.922 0.993Left pericalcarine cortex -0.044 0.172 0.799 0.917 0.117 0.202 0.562 0.993Left postcentral gyrus 0.102 0.103 0.321 0.625 0.023 0.112 0.840 0.993Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.013 0.095 0.888 0.931 9.30E-04 0.084 0.991 0.993Left precentral gyrus 0.114 0.196 0.562 0.760 -0.122 0.231 0.597 0.993Left precuneus 0.064 0.123 0.602 0.781 0.023 0.139 0.866 0.993Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.012 0.095 0.897 0.931 0.103 0.084 0.220 0.993Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.203 0.095 0.032 0.434 -0.080 0.084 0.342 0.993Left superior frontal gyrus -0.025 0.095 0.793 0.917 0.053 0.084 0.532 0.993Left superior parietal cortex 0.099 0.095 0.294 0.589 0.088 0.084 0.296 0.993Left superior temporal gyrus 0.098 0.138 0.478 0.744 0.001 0.162 0.993 0.993Left supramarginal gyrus 0.226 0.108 0.037 0.434 0.154 0.123 0.211 0.993Left frontal pole 0.102 0.095 0.279 0.589 -0.053 0.084 0.524 0.993Left temporal pole 0.015 0.095 0.873 0.931 -0.049 0.084 0.565 0.993Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.034 0.157 0.828 0.920 0.073 0.185 0.693 0.993Left insula 0.125 0.131 0.339 0.630 0.106 0.150 0.482 0.993Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.148 0.095 0.120 0.489 0.032 0.093 0.733 0.993Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.043 0.095 0.651 0.800 0.069 0.084 0.410 0.993Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.036 0.095 0.701 0.845 -0.031 0.084 0.715 0.993Right cuneus -0.011 0.109 0.917 0.931 0.124 0.109 0.255 0.993Right entorhinal cortex 0.090 0.095 0.342 0.630 -0.124 0.085 0.145 0.993Right fusiform gyrus 0.154 0.106 0.148 0.489 0.053 0.129 0.680 0.993Right inferior parietal cortex 0.210 0.129 0.105 0.489 -0.085 0.158 0.590 0.993Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.127 0.095 0.181 0.489 0.057 0.084 0.497 0.993Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.211 0.124 0.089 0.489 0.078 0.147 0.596 0.993
Right lateral occipital cortex 0.128 0.095 0.175 0.489 -0.013 0.084 0.878 0.993Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.001 0.152 0.994 0.994 0.038 0.176 0.829 0.993Right lingual gyrus 0.142 0.172 0.409 0.699 0.125 0.205 0.542 0.993Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.061 0.095 0.518 0.760 0.130 0.084 0.123 0.993Right middle temporal gyrus 0.217 0.095 0.023 0.434 0.081 0.084 0.336 0.993Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.104 0.095 0.271 0.589 0.021 0.084 0.805 0.993Right paracentral gyrus 0.048 0.104 0.643 0.800 0.024 0.086 0.783 0.993Right pars opercularis 0.141 0.126 0.262 0.589 0.015 0.143 0.917 0.993Right pars orbitalis 0.070 0.115 0.542 0.760 -0.046 0.127 0.719 0.993Right pars triangularis 0.132 0.095 0.164 0.489 0.091 0.084 0.280 0.993Right pericalcarine cortex -0.037 0.103 0.722 0.857 0.143 0.101 0.155 0.993Right postcentral gyrus 0.124 0.095 0.189 0.489 0.066 0.084 0.435 0.993Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.177 0.165 0.286 0.589 0.197 0.198 0.321 0.993Right precentral gyrus 0.092 0.159 0.561 0.760 -0.132 0.180 0.466 0.993Right precuneus 0.203 0.095 0.032 0.434 0.054 0.091 0.552 0.993Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.068 0.095 0.473 0.744 -0.013 0.084 0.875 0.993Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.217 0.095 0.022 0.434 0.044 0.084 0.597 0.993Right superior frontal gyrus 0.055 0.095 0.564 0.760 0.024 0.084 0.775 0.993Right superior parietal cortex 0.069 0.111 0.531 0.760 0.143 0.121 0.235 0.993Right superior temporal gyrus 0.133 0.169 0.430 0.717 -0.049 0.199 0.806 0.993Right supramarginal gyrus 0.138 0.095 0.148 0.489 0.003 0.091 0.971 0.993Right frontal pole 0.151 0.113 0.183 0.489 0.010 0.135 0.942 0.993Right temporal pole 0.144 0.138 0.295 0.589 -0.063 0.170 0.709 0.993Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.015 0.125 0.902 0.931 0.024 0.142 0.865 0.993Right insula 0.283 0.123 0.022 0.434 0.142 0.154 0.359 0.993Left hemisphere average thickness 0.189 0.117 0.104 0.489 0.032 0.145 0.824 0.993
Right hemisphere average thickness 0.190 0.112 0.089 0.489 0.021 0.140 0.883 0.993
Supplementary Table S56 Continued:
Cohen's d a Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
value(TypePatients)Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.002 0.002 0.270 0.996Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.001 0.002 0.558 0.996Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 3.01E-04 0.003 0.922 0.996Left cuneus -0.003 0.002 0.192 0.996Left entorhinal cortex -0.002 0.002 0.294 0.996Left fusiform gyrus 0.001 0.002 0.533 0.996Left inferior parietal cortex 7.08E-04 0.002 0.716 0.996Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.002 0.003 0.361 0.996Left isthmus cingulate cortex -3.79E-04 0.003 0.910 0.996Left lateral occipital cortex 5.85E-04 0.003 0.856 0.996Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.001 0.002 0.568 0.996Left lingual gyrus -8.04E-04 0.003 0.814 0.996Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.001 0.003 0.765 0.996Left middle temporal gyrus 0.004 0.003 0.182 0.996Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.001 0.003 0.684 0.996Left paracentral gyrus 0.003 0.004 0.467 0.996Left pars opercularis -4.59E-05 0.002 0.981 0.996Left pars orbitalis 0.002 0.003 0.585 0.996Left pars triangularis -0.002 0.002 0.422 0.996Left pericalcarine cortex -4.25E-04 0.004 0.905 0.996Left postcentral gyrus 6.30E-04 0.002 0.772 0.996Left posterior cingulate cortex -8.93E-05 0.002 0.963 0.996Left precentral gyrus 1.33E-04 0.004 0.974 0.996Left precuneus -0.002 0.002 0.508 0.996Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.002 0.002 0.282 0.996Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.001 0.002 0.570 0.996Left superior frontal gyrus -1.12E-04 0.002 0.954 0.996Left superior parietal cortex -0.002 0.002 0.227 0.996Left superior temporal gyrus 0.002 0.003 0.438 0.996Left supramarginal gyrus 6.93E-04 0.003 0.792 0.996
Left frontal pole 9.62E-04 0.002 0.621 0.996Left temporal pole 0.002 0.002 0.256 0.996Left transverse temporal gyrus -5.12E-04 0.003 0.877 0.996Left insula -0.001 0.003 0.645 0.996Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.001 0.002 0.538 0.996Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 4.45E-04 0.002 0.819 0.996Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.001 0.002 0.450 0.996Right cuneus -5.31E-04 0.002 0.819 0.996Right entorhinal cortex 4.61E-04 0.002 0.814 0.996Right fusiform gyrus 2.38E-04 0.003 0.925 0.996Right inferior parietal cortex 0.002 0.003 0.461 0.996Right inferior temporal gyrus 1.97E-04 0.002 0.919 0.996Right isthmus cingulate cortex -8.31E-04 0.003 0.770 0.996Right lateral occipital cortex 0.003 0.002 0.179 0.996Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -1.08E-04 0.003 0.973 0.996Right lingual gyrus 9.81E-04 0.004 0.785 0.996Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.003 0.002 0.138 0.996Right middle temporal gyrus -5.94E-05 0.002 0.976 0.996Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.002 0.002 0.292 0.996Right paracentral gyrus 8.40E-04 0.002 0.705 0.996Right pars opercularis 0.003 0.002 0.210 0.996Right pars orbitalis -2.47E-04 0.002 0.914 0.996Right pars triangularis 4.49E-05 0.002 0.982 0.996Right pericalcarine cortex -7.65E-05 0.002 0.973 0.996Right postcentral gyrus -4.86E-04 0.002 0.803 0.996Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.001 0.004 0.716 0.996Right precentral gyrus 7.05E-04 0.003 0.834 0.996Right precuneus -0.001 0.002 0.528 0.996Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -5.95E-04 0.002 0.760 0.996Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 7.21E-04 0.002 0.721 0.996Right superior frontal gyrus -2.33E-04 0.002 0.905 0.996Right superior parietal cortex 4.17E-04 0.002 0.861 0.996Right superior temporal gyrus 7.58E-04 0.004 0.831 0.996Right supramarginal gyrus 0.002 0.002 0.333 0.996
Right frontal pole -0.004 0.002 0.116 0.996Right temporal pole -0.001 0.003 0.658 0.996Right transverse temporal gyrus 8.56E-04 0.003 0.749 0.996Right insula -4.18E-04 0.003 0.885 0.996Left hemisphere average thickness 0.000 0.003 0.999 0.999
Right hemisphere average thickness -2.46E-04 0.003 0.927 0.996
Supplementary Table S57: Full results from the moderator analyses of field strength of scanner, FreeSurfer version used for processing, voxel size, percent of acute patients (percAcute), percent of patients with anxiety (percAnxiety), percent of patients taking antipsychotics (percAP), and type of patient in cortical thickness measures of adolecents. The table is split into four parts for easier comparison. Effect sizes for the meta-regression models were available from all 5 sites, except for percent of acute patients (not available for QTIM), percent of patients taking antipsychotics (not available in MMDP 3T). Table is split into four parts to fit on a single page for easier comparison.
Cohen's d a Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
valueCohen's d a Std.
Err. P-value FDR P-value(FieldStrength) (FSVersion)
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.159 0.514 0.757 0.984 0.796 2.568 0.757 0.984Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.041 0.335 0.902 0.984 -0.205 1.673 0.902 0.984Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.012 0.247 0.963 0.984 0.058 1.233 0.963 0.984Left cuneus -0.129 0.576 0.824 0.984 0.643 2.882 0.824 0.984Left entorhinal cortex 0.102 0.307 0.741 0.984 -0.509 1.536 0.741 0.984Left fusiform gyrus 0.066 0.280 0.813 0.984 -0.331 1.400 0.813 0.984Left inferior parietal cortex -0.121 0.289 0.677 0.984 0.603 1.445 0.677 0.984Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.014 0.268 0.959 0.984 0.069 1.338 0.959 0.984Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.052 0.247 0.834 0.984 0.260 1.237 0.834 0.984Left lateral occipital cortex 0.217 0.560 0.698 0.984 -1.086 2.798 0.698 0.984Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.013 0.247 0.958 0.984 -0.065 1.237 0.958 0.984Left lingual gyrus -0.127 0.247 0.607 0.984 0.635 1.233 0.607 0.984Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.377 0.349 0.280 0.984 -1.886 1.747 0.280 0.984Left middle temporal gyrus -0.034 0.299 0.910 0.984 0.169 1.496 0.910 0.984Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.087 0.247 0.724 0.984 -0.437 1.235 0.724 0.984Left paracentral gyrus -0.102 0.247 0.681 0.984 0.508 1.236 0.681 0.984Left pars opercularis -0.109 0.247 0.658 0.984 0.547 1.236 0.658 0.984Left pars orbitalis 0.459 0.473 0.331 0.984 -2.297 2.364 0.331 0.984Left pars triangularis -0.465 0.247 0.060 0.984 2.323 1.236 0.060 0.984Left pericalcarine cortex -0.020 0.247 0.935 0.984 0.100 1.233 0.935 0.984Left postcentral gyrus 0.028 0.247 0.909 0.984 -0.142 1.234 0.909 0.984Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.198 0.247 0.424 0.984 0.988 1.235 0.424 0.984Left precentral gyrus -0.190 0.248 0.443 0.984 0.951 1.239 0.443 0.984Left precuneus 0.105 0.592 0.860 0.984 -0.524 2.959 0.860 0.984Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.238 0.409 0.561 0.984 -1.189 2.043 0.561 0.984
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.049 0.247 0.843 0.984 -0.244 1.233 0.843 0.984Left superior frontal gyrus 0.135 0.258 0.602 0.984 -0.674 1.292 0.602 0.984Left superior parietal cortex 0.186 0.247 0.450 0.984 -0.932 1.235 0.450 0.984Left superior temporal gyrus 0.051 0.347 0.883 0.984 -0.254 1.734 0.883 0.984Left supramarginal gyrus -0.044 0.247 0.859 0.984 0.220 1.235 0.859 0.984Left frontal pole 0.155 0.684 0.821 0.984 -0.775 3.420 0.821 0.984Left temporal pole -0.037 0.306 0.903 0.984 0.186 1.528 0.903 0.984Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.308 0.247 0.213 0.984 1.539 1.235 0.213 0.984Left insula -0.305 0.289 0.292 0.984 1.525 1.446 0.292 0.984Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.091 0.445 0.838 0.984 0.454 2.223 0.838 0.984Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.267 0.299 0.372 0.984 1.335 1.495 0.372 0.984Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.259 0.345 0.454 0.984 1.293 1.725 0.454 0.984Right cuneus 0.169 0.253 0.504 0.984 -0.844 1.263 0.504 0.984Right entorhinal cortex -0.026 0.248 0.917 0.984 0.130 1.241 0.917 0.984Right fusiform gyrus 0.237 0.463 0.608 0.984 -1.187 2.315 0.608 0.984Right inferior parietal cortex 0.009 0.467 0.984 0.984 -0.046 2.336 0.984 0.984Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.105 0.247 0.672 0.984 -0.523 1.235 0.672 0.984Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.082 0.247 0.740 0.984 0.410 1.235 0.740 0.984Right lateral occipital cortex -0.173 0.384 0.653 0.984 0.863 1.920 0.653 0.984Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.006 0.247 0.981 0.984 0.029 1.237 0.981 0.984Right lingual gyrus 0.029 0.247 0.908 0.984 -0.143 1.234 0.908 0.984Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.025 0.322 0.937 0.984 0.127 1.609 0.937 0.984Right middle temporal gyrus -0.343 0.286 0.230 0.984 1.716 1.429 0.230 0.984Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.187 0.307 0.541 0.984 -0.937 1.533 0.541 0.984Right paracentral gyrus -0.006 0.247 0.980 0.984 0.031 1.235 0.980 0.984Right pars opercularis -0.030 0.336 0.928 0.984 0.152 1.679 0.928 0.984Right pars orbitalis -0.207 0.418 0.621 0.984 1.033 2.090 0.621 0.984Right pars triangularis 0.058 0.295 0.843 0.984 -0.292 1.476 0.843 0.984Right pericalcarine cortex 0.147 0.247 0.552 0.984 -0.734 1.235 0.552 0.984Right postcentral gyrus -0.009 0.247 0.970 0.984 0.046 1.237 0.970 0.984Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.134 0.303 0.659 0.984 0.668 1.515 0.659 0.984Right precentral gyrus 0.095 0.247 0.701 0.984 -0.475 1.236 0.701 0.984Right precuneus 0.012 0.444 0.978 0.984 -0.062 2.220 0.978 0.984Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.221 0.248 0.372 0.984 1.104 1.238 0.372 0.984
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.377 0.275 0.171 0.984 1.885 1.377 0.171 0.984Right superior frontal gyrus -0.295 0.247 0.233 0.984 1.473 1.236 0.233 0.984Right superior parietal cortex -0.073 0.406 0.858 0.984 0.363 2.028 0.858 0.984Right superior temporal gyrus 0.074 0.279 0.791 0.984 -0.368 1.393 0.791 0.984Right supramarginal gyrus -0.115 0.247 0.641 0.984 0.577 1.237 0.641 0.984Right frontal pole 0.463 0.247 0.061 0.984 -2.316 1.237 0.061 0.984Right temporal pole 0.113 0.519 0.827 0.984 -0.566 2.593 0.827 0.984Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.311 0.247 0.207 0.984 1.556 1.234 0.207 0.984Right insula 0.207 0.247 0.401 0.984 -1.036 1.235 0.401 0.984Left hemisphere average thickness 0.024 0.342 0.943 0.984 -0.122 1.711 0.943 0.984
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.073 0.388 0.851 0.984 0.364 1.939 0.851 0.984
Supplementary Table S57 Continued:
Cohen's d a Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
valueCohen's d a Std.
Err. P-value FDR P-value(VoxelSize) (percAcute)
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.004 0.013 0.763 0.902 0.839 0.299 0.010 0.223Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.011 0.006 0.075 0.437 -0.249 0.292 0.163 0.549Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 3.85E-04 0.006 0.950 0.964 0.103 0.291 0.938 0.951Left cuneus 0.016 0.010 0.123 0.453 0.448 0.369 0.296 0.678Left entorhinal cortex 0.010 0.006 0.101 0.437 -0.326 0.292 0.365 0.690Left fusiform gyrus 0.008 0.006 0.167 0.548 -0.053 0.291 0.196 0.549Left inferior parietal cortex 0.010 0.006 0.097 0.437 0.177 0.292 0.528 0.787Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.007 0.006 0.285 0.654 0.174 0.293 0.179 0.549Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.006 0.006 0.307 0.654 -0.153 0.293 0.799 0.909Left lateral occipital cortex 0.016 0.009 0.069 0.437 0.184 0.293 0.123 0.549Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.002 0.006 0.776 0.902 -0.070 0.293 0.857 0.909Left lingual gyrus 0.002 0.006 0.804 0.902 0.146 0.292 0.788 0.909Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.011 0.008 0.171 0.548 -0.258 0.293 0.341 0.690Left middle temporal gyrus 0.010 0.006 0.112 0.437 0.051 0.293 0.204 0.549Left parahippocampal gyrus 3.98E-04 0.006 0.948 0.964 -0.238 0.293 0.579 0.828Left paracentral gyrus 0.007 0.006 0.267 0.654 0.101 0.291 0.844 0.909Left pars opercularis -0.003 0.006 0.639 0.845 0.164 0.292 0.854 0.909
Left pars orbitalis 0.016 0.009 0.066 0.437 -0.391 0.292 0.008 0.223Left pars triangularis 0.005 0.007 0.455 0.776 0.196 0.472 0.917 0.951Left pericalcarine cortex -0.006 0.006 0.363 0.669 0.261 0.292 0.410 0.724Left postcentral gyrus -0.002 0.006 0.698 0.889 -0.111 0.291 0.853 0.909Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.010 0.006 0.110 0.437 -0.011 0.346 0.818 0.909Left precentral gyrus 0.003 0.006 0.604 0.845 0.098 0.292 0.665 0.886Left precuneus 0.022 0.006 4.84E-04 0.034 -0.136 0.425 0.105 0.524Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.014 0.006 0.026 0.437 -0.446 0.293 0.049 0.524Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.001 0.006 0.809 0.902 -0.002 0.291 0.639 0.886Left superior frontal gyrus 0.006 0.006 0.327 0.654 0.109 0.292 0.166 0.549Left superior parietal cortex 0.006 0.006 0.336 0.654 0.046 0.292 0.486 0.773Left superior temporal gyrus 0.008 0.006 0.216 0.604 0.055 0.293 0.101 0.524Left supramarginal gyrus 0.007 0.006 0.229 0.607 -0.071 0.292 0.709 0.899Left frontal pole 0.020 0.011 0.070 0.437 0.209 0.292 7.99E-04 0.056Left temporal pole 0.004 0.006 0.527 0.820 -0.217 0.291 0.363 0.690Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.006 0.007 0.384 0.689 0.221 0.347 0.434 0.724Left insula 0.012 0.006 0.043 0.437 -0.076 0.497 0.927 0.951Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.002 0.011 0.825 0.902 0.354 0.293 0.081 0.524Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.010 0.006 0.095 0.437 0.319 0.372 0.322 0.690Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.003 0.009 0.720 0.889 0.512 0.295 0.092 0.524Right cuneus 0.008 0.006 0.186 0.567 -0.070 0.292 0.512 0.779Right entorhinal cortex -0.004 0.006 0.564 0.823 -0.215 0.297 0.669 0.886Right fusiform gyrus 0.006 0.011 0.621 0.845 0.288 0.293 0.026 0.396Right inferior parietal cortex 0.005 0.011 0.640 0.845 0.454 0.293 0.028 0.396Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.004 0.006 0.561 0.823 0.088 0.291 0.358 0.690Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.001 0.006 0.822 0.902 0.303 0.292 0.579 0.828Right lateral occipital cortex 0.010 0.008 0.234 0.607 0.427 0.294 0.070 0.524Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.008 0.006 0.206 0.600 0.103 0.292 0.300 0.678Right lingual gyrus 0.001 0.006 0.810 0.902 0.055 0.292 0.817 0.909Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.011 0.006 0.078 0.437 0.098 0.292 0.373 0.690Right middle temporal gyrus 0.010 0.006 0.087 0.437 0.060 0.469 0.677 0.886Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.005 0.007 0.514 0.818 -0.562 0.298 0.144 0.549Right paracentral gyrus 0.006 0.006 0.319 0.654 -0.156 0.292 0.811 0.909Right pars opercularis -0.003 0.008 0.724 0.889 0.464 0.292 0.180 0.549
Right pars orbitalis 0.018 0.006 0.004 0.148 -0.181 0.571 0.729 0.899Right pars triangularis 0.006 0.006 0.352 0.666 -0.108 0.291 0.192 0.549Right pericalcarine cortex 0.005 0.006 0.454 0.776 -0.021 0.292 0.732 0.899Right postcentral gyrus 0.004 0.006 0.480 0.781 -0.275 0.292 0.503 0.779Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.010 0.006 0.094 0.437 0.230 0.293 0.265 0.640Right precentral gyrus -1.96E-04 0.006 0.974 0.974 0.269 0.292 0.433 0.724Right precuneus 0.016 0.006 0.009 0.220 -0.009 0.348 0.202 0.549Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.006 0.006 0.317 0.654 0.311 0.292 0.459 0.747Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.006 0.009 0.475 0.781 0.535 0.359 0.215 0.558Right superior frontal gyrus 0.007 0.007 0.307 0.654 0.419 0.323 0.233 0.581Right superior parietal cortex 0.009 0.009 0.291 0.654 0.486 0.294 0.084 0.524Right superior temporal gyrus 0.004 0.007 0.618 0.845 0.245 0.292 0.153 0.549Right supramarginal gyrus 0.004 0.006 0.547 0.823 -0.017 0.292 0.992 0.992Right frontal pole 0.004 0.008 0.672 0.871 -0.390 0.340 0.428 0.724Right temporal pole -0.001 0.013 0.907 0.948 0.309 0.294 0.080 0.524Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.001 0.007 0.847 0.912 0.410 0.293 0.375 0.690Right insula 8.78E-04 0.006 0.886 0.940 -0.154 0.292 0.683 0.886Left hemisphere average thickness 0.011 0.006 0.076 0.437 0.064 0.292 0.141 0.549
Right hemisphere average thickness 0.010 0.007 0.172 0.548 0.283 0.292 0.068 0.524
Supplementary Table 57 Continued:
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
value
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
value(percAnxiety) (percAP)
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.009 0.035 0.792 0.992 0.190 0.255 0.456 0.943Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.034 0.018 0.059 0.860 -0.155 0.168 0.356 0.943Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.004 0.018 0.836 0.992 0.031 0.144 0.831 0.943Left cuneus 0.013 0.040 0.738 0.992 0.179 0.295 0.544 0.943Left entorhinal cortex -0.020 0.018 0.271 0.874 -0.128 0.153 0.403 0.943Left fusiform gyrus -0.024 0.018 0.184 0.860 -0.120 0.145 0.406 0.943Left inferior parietal cortex -0.006 0.021 0.796 0.992 0.068 0.170 0.689 0.943Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.018 0.018 0.324 0.874 -0.044 0.146 0.765 0.943Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.013 0.018 0.460 0.904 -0.032 0.145 0.824 0.943
Left lateral occipital cortex 0.004 0.039 0.921 0.997 -0.033 0.305 0.913 0.943Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.010 0.018 0.574 0.921 -0.053 0.145 0.713 0.943Left lingual gyrus -0.008 0.018 0.665 0.992 0.047 0.144 0.742 0.943Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.001 0.030 0.969 0.997 -0.197 0.147 0.181 0.943Left middle temporal gyrus -0.024 0.019 0.209 0.861 -0.058 0.168 0.731 0.943Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.018 0.018 0.321 0.874 -0.141 0.145 0.329 0.943Left paracentral gyrus -0.004 0.018 0.830 0.992 0.055 0.144 0.701 0.943Left pars opercularis -0.001 0.018 0.949 0.997 0.061 0.144 0.672 0.943Left pars orbitalis -0.035 0.030 0.236 0.874 -0.349 0.197 0.077 0.943Left pars triangularis -0.018 0.020 0.382 0.904 0.187 0.147 0.203 0.943Left pericalcarine cortex 0.025 0.018 0.166 0.860 0.130 0.144 0.369 0.943Left postcentral gyrus 0.001 0.018 0.934 0.997 -0.021 0.144 0.885 0.943Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.019 0.018 0.289 0.874 0.033 0.156 0.834 0.943Left precentral gyrus -0.020 0.018 0.279 0.874 0.029 0.145 0.840 0.943Left precuneus -0.041 0.029 0.164 0.860 -0.169 0.304 0.578 0.943Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.037 0.018 0.045 0.860 -0.254 0.183 0.165 0.943Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.012 0.018 0.491 0.917 -0.077 0.144 0.593 0.943Left superior frontal gyrus -0.014 0.018 0.454 0.904 -0.109 0.145 0.450 0.943Left superior parietal cortex -0.001 0.018 0.934 0.997 -0.092 0.144 0.523 0.943Left superior temporal gyrus -0.027 0.019 0.152 0.860 -0.124 0.175 0.481 0.943Left supramarginal gyrus -0.014 0.018 0.429 0.904 -0.032 0.144 0.825 0.943Left frontal pole -0.042 0.039 0.288 0.874 -0.186 0.355 0.600 0.943Left temporal pole -0.033 0.018 0.073 0.860 -0.129 0.148 0.385 0.943Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.027 0.018 0.132 0.860 0.053 0.181 0.771 0.943Left insula -0.029 0.018 0.108 0.860 0.050 0.192 0.795 0.943Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.028 0.028 0.324 0.874 -0.046 0.243 0.849 0.943Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.020 0.022 0.357 0.904 0.086 0.191 0.653 0.943Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.016 0.027 0.558 0.921 0.111 0.192 0.563 0.943Right cuneus -0.006 0.018 0.741 0.992 -0.106 0.144 0.465 0.943Right entorhinal cortex -0.007 0.019 0.720 0.992 -0.036 0.148 0.806 0.943Right fusiform gyrus -0.024 0.032 0.465 0.904 -0.173 0.246 0.483 0.943Right inferior parietal cortex -0.021 0.031 0.498 0.917 -0.047 0.253 0.852 0.943Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.010 0.018 0.567 0.921 -0.088 0.145 0.545 0.943Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.007 0.018 0.695 0.992 0.095 0.144 0.510 0.943
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.016 0.027 0.547 0.921 0.068 0.216 0.752 0.943Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.015 0.018 0.405 0.904 -0.041 0.145 0.776 0.943Right lingual gyrus -0.005 0.018 0.790 0.992 -0.029 0.144 0.839 0.943Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.014 0.018 0.447 0.904 -0.004 0.177 0.982 0.982Right middle temporal gyrus -0.038 0.018 0.039 0.860 0.021 0.204 0.918 0.943Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.023 0.018 0.197 0.860 -0.223 0.145 0.125 0.943Right paracentral gyrus -0.010 0.018 0.592 0.921 -0.041 0.144 0.777 0.943Right pars opercularis -0.001 0.024 0.958 0.997 0.043 0.179 0.812 0.943Right pars orbitalis -0.043 0.018 0.018 0.860 -0.032 0.241 0.896 0.943Right pars triangularis -0.029 0.018 0.106 0.860 -0.149 0.144 0.301 0.943Right pericalcarine cortex -0.001 0.018 0.935 0.997 -0.078 0.144 0.587 0.943Right postcentral gyrus -0.024 0.018 0.192 0.860 -0.111 0.145 0.443 0.943Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.015 0.020 0.453 0.904 0.046 0.178 0.796 0.943Right precentral gyrus 0.004 0.018 0.829 0.992 -0.013 0.145 0.929 0.943Right precuneus -0.030 0.021 0.147 0.860 -0.074 0.237 0.755 0.943Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.005 0.018 0.802 0.992 0.131 0.145 0.365 0.943Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.011 0.027 0.673 0.992 0.192 0.167 0.250 0.943Right superior frontal gyrus -0.013 0.023 0.587 0.921 0.137 0.161 0.394 0.943Right superior parietal cortex -2.04E-04 0.029 0.994 0.997 0.090 0.214 0.674 0.943Right superior temporal gyrus -0.013 0.021 0.527 0.921 -0.062 0.148 0.675 0.943Right supramarginal gyrus -0.003 0.018 0.858 0.997 0.051 0.144 0.722 0.943Right frontal pole 8.06E-05 0.025 0.997 0.997 -0.272 0.145 0.060 0.943Right temporal pole -0.029 0.035 0.398 0.904 -0.152 0.271 0.575 0.943Right transverse temporal gyrus 9.32E-04 0.019 0.962 0.997 0.202 0.145 0.163 0.943Right insula -0.006 0.018 0.738 0.992 -0.146 0.144 0.312 0.943Left hemisphere average thickness -0.024 0.018 0.191 0.860 -0.079 0.182 0.664 0.943
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.024 0.023 0.309 0.874 -0.023 0.215 0.915 0.943
Supplementary Table S57 Continued:
Cohen's d a Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
value(TypePatients)Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.005 0.009 0.614 0.782Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.009 0.005 0.055 0.404Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -2.06E-04 0.005 0.964 0.978Left cuneus 8.14E-04 0.011 0.943 0.978Left entorhinal cortex 0.003 0.005 0.541 0.770Left fusiform gyrus 0.008 0.005 0.075 0.404Left inferior parietal cortex 0.003 0.006 0.671 0.824Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.008 0.005 0.095 0.404Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.002 0.005 0.598 0.775Left lateral occipital cortex 0.004 0.010 0.731 0.847Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.003 0.005 0.550 0.770Left lingual gyrus 0.003 0.005 0.561 0.770Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.001 0.007 0.867 0.950Left middle temporal gyrus 0.008 0.005 0.081 0.404Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.004 0.005 0.359 0.651Left paracentral gyrus 0.002 0.005 0.734 0.847Left pars opercularis 6.70E-04 0.005 0.883 0.950Left pars orbitalis 0.012 0.005 0.010 0.348Left pars triangularis 0.003 0.005 0.568 0.770Left pericalcarine cortex -0.006 0.005 0.209 0.515Left postcentral gyrus -0.001 0.005 0.750 0.847Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.004 0.005 0.362 0.651Left precentral gyrus 0.005 0.005 0.251 0.532Left precuneus 0.012 0.007 0.086 0.404Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.008 0.005 0.116 0.404Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.005 0.005 0.319 0.603Left superior frontal gyrus 0.007 0.005 0.110 0.404Left superior parietal cortex 0.003 0.005 0.452 0.737Left superior temporal gyrus 0.010 0.005 0.034 0.404Left supramarginal gyrus 0.004 0.005 0.416 0.727
Left frontal pole 0.016 0.006 0.005 0.319Left temporal pole 0.008 0.005 0.093 0.404Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.008 0.005 0.094 0.404Left insula 0.005 0.005 0.279 0.574Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.010 0.006 0.098 0.404Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.007 0.005 0.119 0.404Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.007 0.006 0.226 0.515Right cuneus 0.003 0.005 0.442 0.737Right entorhinal cortex -7.64E-04 0.005 0.874 0.950Right fusiform gyrus 0.011 0.006 0.072 0.404Right inferior parietal cortex 0.010 0.006 0.121 0.404Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.006 0.005 0.219 0.515Right isthmus cingulate cortex -6.51E-05 0.005 0.989 0.989Right lateral occipital cortex 0.008 0.005 0.147 0.438Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.006 0.005 0.170 0.475Right lingual gyrus 0.002 0.005 0.583 0.770Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.005 0.005 0.242 0.529Right middle temporal gyrus 0.009 0.005 0.060 0.404Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.003 0.006 0.572 0.770Right paracentral gyrus 0.002 0.005 0.707 0.847Right pars opercularis 0.005 0.007 0.452 0.737Right pars orbitalis 0.007 0.006 0.210 0.515Right pars triangularis 0.009 0.005 0.049 0.404Right pericalcarine cortex 0.002 0.005 0.631 0.789Right postcentral gyrus 0.005 0.005 0.303 0.588Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.006 0.005 0.189 0.508Right precentral gyrus 0.003 0.005 0.560 0.770Right precuneus 0.009 0.005 0.062 0.404Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.003 0.005 0.572 0.770Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.005 0.005 0.300 0.588Right superior frontal gyrus 0.005 0.005 0.228 0.515Right superior parietal cortex 0.005 0.007 0.504 0.770Right superior temporal gyrus 0.007 0.005 0.129 0.410Right supramarginal gyrus -2.33E-04 0.005 0.959 0.978
Right frontal pole 0.001 0.005 0.749 0.847Right temporal pole 0.011 0.007 0.150 0.438Right transverse temporal gyrus 5.91E-04 0.005 0.896 0.950Right insula 0.003 0.005 0.556 0.770Left hemisphere average thickness 0.009 0.005 0.061 0.404
Right hemisphere average thickness 0.009 0.005 0.043 0.404
Supplementary Table S58: Full results from the moderator analyses of field strength of scanner, FreeSurfer version used for processing, voxel size, percent of acute patients (percAcute), percent of patients with anxiety (percAnxiety), percent of patients taking antipsychotics (percAP), and type of patient in cortical surface area measures of adolecents. The table is split into four parts for easier comparison. Effect sizes for the meta-regression models were available from all 5 sites, except for percent of acute patients (not available for QTIM), percent of patients taking antipsychotics (not available in MMDP 3T). Table is split into four parts to fit on a single page for easier comparison.
Cohen's d a Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
valueCohen's d a Std.
Err. P-value FDR P-value(FieldStrength) (FSVersion)
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.191 0.452 0.673 0.940 0.008 0.005 0.135 0.990Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.581 0.248 0.019 0.364 -0.005 0.005 0.281 0.990Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.337 0.247 0.172 0.816 0.006 0.005 0.224 0.990Left cuneus 0.130 0.522 0.804 0.970 0.010 0.006 0.115 0.990Left entorhinal cortex -0.131 0.359 0.715 0.944 0.005 0.006 0.412 0.990Left fusiform gyrus -0.093 0.585 0.874 0.972 0.003 0.011 0.744 0.990Left inferior parietal cortex 0.314 0.262 0.232 0.831 0.003 0.005 0.474 0.990Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.220 0.251 0.380 0.850 0.004 0.005 0.424 0.990Left isthmus cingulate cortex 0.276 0.331 0.403 0.855 0.004 0.005 0.397 0.990Left lateral occipital cortex 0.014 0.378 0.972 0.972 0.005 0.006 0.379 0.990Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.657 0.273 0.016 0.364 0.002 0.006 0.778 0.990Left lingual gyrus -0.400 0.250 0.109 0.693 -9.84E-04 0.005 0.832 0.990Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.128 0.255 0.617 0.899 -2.62E-04 0.005 0.954 0.990Left middle temporal gyrus 0.028 0.255 0.912 0.972 9.45E-04 0.005 0.846 0.990Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.256 0.247 0.300 0.831 -0.002 0.005 0.712 0.990Left paracentral gyrus 0.335 0.247 0.175 0.816 -0.005 0.005 0.295 0.990Left pars opercularis 0.355 0.247 0.151 0.814 -0.001 0.005 0.808 0.990Left pars orbitalis 0.573 0.248 0.021 0.364 -0.001 0.005 0.784 0.990Left pars triangularis 0.203 0.284 0.475 0.855 0.005 0.006 0.442 0.990Left pericalcarine cortex -0.191 0.327 0.558 0.869 0.004 0.005 0.458 0.990Left postcentral gyrus 0.110 0.247 0.656 0.938 -0.002 0.005 0.737 0.990Left posterior cingulate cortex 0.298 0.423 0.481 0.855 0.006 0.007 0.361 0.990Left precentral gyrus 0.093 0.302 0.758 0.970 0.004 0.006 0.565 0.990Left precuneus 0.323 0.247 0.192 0.822 -4.23E-04 0.005 0.926 0.990Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.519 0.248 0.036 0.422 -0.007 0.005 0.148 0.990
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.413 0.247 0.094 0.660 0.004 0.005 0.356 0.990Left superior frontal gyrus 0.146 0.247 0.555 0.869 -3.69E-04 0.005 0.935 0.990Left superior parietal cortex 0.305 0.442 0.489 0.855 0.003 0.008 0.687 0.990Left superior temporal gyrus -0.069 0.259 0.790 0.970 -4.22E-04 0.005 0.928 0.990Left supramarginal gyrus -0.153 0.247 0.536 0.869 0.003 0.005 0.579 0.990Left frontal pole 0.179 0.247 0.469 0.855 -4.68E-04 0.005 0.929 0.990Left temporal pole 0.146 0.247 0.553 0.869 -0.003 0.005 0.572 0.990Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.298 0.443 0.501 0.855 -0.006 0.007 0.338 0.990Left insula 0.423 0.248 0.088 0.660 -8.46E-04 0.005 0.871 0.990Right banks superior temporal sulcus 0.052 0.499 0.917 0.972 0.007 0.007 0.335 0.990Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex 0.034 0.415 0.935 0.972 0.005 0.007 0.492 0.990Right caudal middle frontal gyrus 0.539 0.247 0.029 0.412 0.003 0.005 0.532 0.990Right cuneus 0.368 0.381 0.334 0.831 0.011 0.005 0.017 0.990Right entorhinal cortex 0.283 0.306 0.356 0.831 0.003 0.006 0.677 0.990Right fusiform gyrus -0.029 0.247 0.908 0.972 -0.001 0.005 0.744 0.990Right inferior parietal cortex 0.038 0.302 0.901 0.972 0.005 0.005 0.378 0.990Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.063 0.247 0.798 0.970 -4.81E-04 0.005 0.915 0.990Right isthmus cingulate cortex 0.300 0.278 0.281 0.831 0.004 0.005 0.333 0.990Right lateral occipital cortex 0.267 0.247 0.279 0.831 0.003 0.005 0.517 0.990Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex 0.484 0.248 0.050 0.505 0.001 0.005 0.791 0.990Right lingual gyrus -0.284 0.250 0.255 0.831 3.24E-04 0.005 0.948 0.990Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.253 0.255 0.320 0.831 -0.001 0.005 0.784 0.990Right middle temporal gyrus 0.026 0.247 0.917 0.972 -1.04E-05 0.005 0.998 0.998Right parahippocampal gyrus 0.101 0.249 0.685 0.940 0.005 0.005 0.239 0.990Right paracentral gyrus 0.381 0.247 0.123 0.719 0.001 0.005 0.810 0.990Right pars opercularis -0.011 0.247 0.965 0.972 0.003 0.005 0.545 0.990Right pars orbitalis 0.284 0.247 0.250 0.831 0.004 0.005 0.369 0.990Right pars triangularis 0.181 0.247 0.462 0.855 0.003 0.005 0.467 0.990Right pericalcarine cortex -0.091 0.463 0.843 0.972 0.008 0.006 0.190 0.990Right postcentral gyrus 0.214 0.248 0.389 0.850 -0.001 0.005 0.785 0.990Right posterior cingulate cortex 0.167 0.446 0.708 0.944 0.004 0.008 0.583 0.990Right precentral gyrus 0.127 0.247 0.608 0.899 0.003 0.005 0.566 0.990Right precuneus 0.465 0.247 0.060 0.525 -3.92E-05 0.005 0.993 0.998Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.166 0.311 0.593 0.899 0.001 0.006 0.850 0.990
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.577 0.248 0.020 0.364 4.78E-04 0.005 0.917 0.990Right superior frontal gyrus 0.262 0.247 0.289 0.831 -0.002 0.005 0.595 0.990Right superior parietal cortex 0.128 0.439 0.770 0.970 0.002 0.008 0.821 0.990Right superior temporal gyrus 0.286 0.303 0.345 0.831 5.25E-04 0.006 0.935 0.990Right supramarginal gyrus 0.025 0.350 0.942 0.972 0.005 0.005 0.286 0.990Right frontal pole -0.521 0.773 0.500 0.855 0.005 0.014 0.689 0.990Right temporal pole -0.014 0.247 0.956 0.972 -2.20E-04 0.005 0.961 0.990Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.178 0.247 0.470 0.855 -0.003 0.005 0.510 0.990Right insula 0.232 0.247 0.348 0.831 0.002 0.005 0.693 0.990Left hemisphere average thickness 0.252 0.247 0.308 0.831 0.002 0.005 0.660 0.990
Right hemisphere average thickness 0.317 0.247 0.200 0.822 0.001 0.005 0.767 0.990
Supplementary Table S58 Continued:
Cohen's d a Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
valueCohen's d a Std.
Err. P-value FDR P-value(VoxelSize) (percAcute)
Left banks superior temporal sulcus -0.004 0.014 0.779 0.951 0.345 0.492 0.691 0.973Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.003 0.017 0.839 0.959 -0.650 0.268 0.051 0.857Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.012 0.011 0.283 0.951 -0.277 0.267 0.330 0.973Left cuneus -0.008 0.025 0.742 0.951 -0.077 0.713 0.966 0.980Left entorhinal cortex -2.84E-04 0.011 0.979 0.995 0.229 0.404 0.801 0.973Left fusiform gyrus 0.007 0.011 0.529 0.951 0.237 0.745 0.910 0.973Left inferior parietal cortex -0.006 0.011 0.560 0.951 -0.269 0.322 0.561 0.973Left inferior temporal gyrus -0.005 0.011 0.664 0.951 0.328 0.271 0.387 0.973Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.006 0.013 0.647 0.951 -0.212 0.424 0.753 0.973Left lateral occipital cortex -0.005 0.011 0.625 0.951 0.104 0.387 0.755 0.973Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.022 0.016 0.182 0.951 -0.528 0.268 0.014 0.857Left lingual gyrus 0.015 0.011 0.163 0.951 0.348 0.284 0.256 0.973Left medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.004 0.011 0.725 0.951 -0.181 0.275 0.773 0.973Left middle temporal gyrus 0.004 0.011 0.717 0.951 -0.075 0.275 0.894 0.973Left parahippocampal gyrus 0.005 0.011 0.664 0.951 -0.340 0.268 0.420 0.973Left paracentral gyrus 5.38E-04 0.011 0.960 0.995 -0.407 0.268 0.312 0.973Left pars opercularis -0.005 0.011 0.669 0.951 -0.378 0.268 0.348 0.973
Left pars orbitalis -0.008 0.014 0.577 0.951 -0.620 0.268 0.062 0.857Left pars triangularis -0.010 0.011 0.358 0.951 -0.233 0.417 0.821 0.973Left pericalcarine cortex 0.005 0.011 0.646 0.951 0.247 0.428 0.847 0.973Left postcentral gyrus 0.006 0.011 0.595 0.951 -0.207 0.268 0.585 0.973Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.004 0.022 0.866 0.959 -0.314 0.597 0.863 0.973Left precentral gyrus -0.009 0.011 0.418 0.951 -0.124 0.438 0.949 0.980Left precuneus -0.007 0.011 0.515 0.951 -0.288 0.267 0.402 0.973Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.007 0.018 0.679 0.951 -0.698 0.269 0.026 0.857Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.016 0.011 0.125 0.951 -0.322 0.267 0.163 0.973Left superior frontal gyrus -0.003 0.011 0.788 0.951 -0.131 0.267 0.831 0.973Left superior parietal cortex 2.26E-04 0.016 0.989 0.995 -0.262 0.606 0.871 0.973Left superior temporal gyrus 0.009 0.011 0.390 0.951 -0.022 0.278 0.643 0.973Left supramarginal gyrus 0.002 0.011 0.876 0.959 0.167 0.267 0.818 0.973Left frontal pole 0.008 0.011 0.475 0.951 -0.245 0.341 0.694 0.973Left temporal pole 0.004 0.011 0.728 0.951 -0.219 0.267 0.647 0.973Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.001 0.011 0.920 0.991 -0.455 0.449 0.542 0.973Left insula 0.004 0.017 0.837 0.959 -0.579 0.268 0.073 0.857Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.010 0.011 0.369 0.951 0.149 0.477 0.581 0.973Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -8.25E-04 0.011 0.938 0.995 0.078 0.500 0.889 0.973Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.013 0.013 0.318 0.951 -0.525 0.268 0.092 0.925Right cuneus -0.024 0.015 0.105 0.951 -0.193 0.440 0.413 0.973Right entorhinal cortex -0.010 0.011 0.372 0.951 -0.212 0.279 0.394 0.973Right fusiform gyrus 0.009 0.011 0.373 0.951 -0.065 0.268 0.656 0.973Right inferior parietal cortex -0.012 0.011 0.266 0.951 0.107 0.268 0.377 0.973Right inferior temporal gyrus 0.005 0.011 0.649 0.951 -0.132 0.267 0.770 0.973Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.007 0.014 0.597 0.951 -0.257 0.374 0.681 0.973Right lateral occipital cortex -0.006 0.011 0.618 0.951 -0.294 0.267 0.538 0.973Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.013 0.011 0.228 0.951 -0.425 0.268 0.125 0.973Right lingual gyrus 0.011 0.011 0.307 0.951 0.278 0.323 0.568 0.973Right medial orbitofrontal cortex 0.004 0.011 0.689 0.951 -0.331 0.275 0.458 0.973Right middle temporal gyrus 7.04E-05 0.011 0.995 0.995 0.001 0.268 0.961 0.980Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.006 0.013 0.671 0.951 -0.058 0.339 0.917 0.973Right paracentral gyrus -0.006 0.011 0.568 0.951 -0.395 0.268 0.302 0.973Right pars opercularis -0.010 0.011 0.323 0.951 0.119 0.267 0.566 0.973
Right pars orbitalis -0.017 0.011 0.106 0.951 -0.156 0.267 0.233 0.973Right pars triangularis -0.012 0.011 0.255 0.951 -0.108 0.267 0.586 0.973Right pericalcarine cortex -0.006 0.011 0.578 0.951 0.267 0.477 0.668 0.973Right postcentral gyrus 0.002 0.011 0.877 0.959 -0.270 0.269 0.596 0.973Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.004 0.011 0.728 0.951 -0.034 0.522 0.803 0.973Right precentral gyrus -0.010 0.011 0.369 0.951 -0.048 0.267 0.648 0.973Right precuneus -0.005 0.013 0.727 0.951 -0.502 0.267 0.160 0.973Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex 0.007 0.013 0.613 0.951 -0.200 0.456 0.895 0.973Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.007 0.017 0.675 0.951 -0.638 0.268 0.055 0.857Right superior frontal gyrus -0.003 0.011 0.806 0.957 -0.288 0.267 0.552 0.973Right superior parietal cortex 0.006 0.012 0.588 0.951 -0.089 0.605 0.980 0.980Right superior temporal gyrus -0.007 0.011 0.512 0.951 -0.206 0.334 0.544 0.973Right supramarginal gyrus -0.006 0.011 0.552 0.951 0.080 0.346 0.744 0.973Right frontal pole 0.021 0.011 0.051 0.951 0.656 1.021 0.813 0.973Right temporal pole 0.009 0.011 0.409 0.951 -0.089 0.267 0.600 0.973Right transverse temporal gyrus 0.003 0.011 0.783 0.951 -0.219 0.267 0.711 0.973Right insula -0.003 0.011 0.777 0.951 -0.229 0.267 0.644 0.973Left hemisphere average thickness -0.003 0.011 0.755 0.951 -0.252 0.268 0.595 0.973
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.004 0.011 0.682 0.951 -0.314 0.268 0.439 0.973
Supplementary Table S58 Continued:
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
value
Cohen's d a
Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
value(percAnxiety) (percAP)
Left banks superior temporal sulcus 0.191 0.452 0.673 0.940 -0.461 0.417 0.269 0.849Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.581 0.248 0.019 0.364 0.177 0.339 0.601 0.872Left caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.337 0.247 0.172 0.816 -0.083 0.378 0.826 0.931Left cuneus -0.130 0.522 0.804 0.970 -0.618 0.500 0.216 0.849Left entorhinal cortex 0.131 0.359 0.715 0.944 -0.354 0.342 0.301 0.849Left fusiform gyrus 0.093 0.585 0.874 0.972 -0.623 0.558 0.265 0.849Left inferior parietal cortex -0.314 0.262 0.232 0.831 -0.202 0.343 0.556 0.849Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.220 0.251 0.380 0.850 -0.025 0.327 0.939 0.955Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.276 0.331 0.403 0.855 -0.318 0.367 0.387 0.849
Left lateral occipital cortex -0.014 0.378 0.972 0.972 -0.259 0.403 0.520 0.849Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.657 0.273 0.016 0.364 0.469 0.504 0.352 0.849Left lingual gyrus 0.400 0.250 0.109 0.693 -0.543 0.319 0.089 0.849Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.128 0.255 0.617 0.899 -0.287 0.320 0.370 0.849Left middle temporal gyrus -0.028 0.255 0.912 0.972 -0.294 0.320 0.359 0.849Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.256 0.247 0.300 0.831 -0.307 0.319 0.335 0.849Left paracentral gyrus -0.335 0.247 0.175 0.816 0.211 0.320 0.510 0.849Left pars opercularis -0.355 0.247 0.151 0.814 0.147 0.319 0.646 0.872Left pars orbitalis -0.573 0.248 0.021 0.364 0.133 0.323 0.681 0.883Left pars triangularis -0.203 0.284 0.475 0.855 0.132 0.414 0.750 0.921Left pericalcarine cortex 0.191 0.327 0.558 0.869 -0.504 0.319 0.114 0.849Left postcentral gyrus -0.110 0.247 0.656 0.938 -0.187 0.319 0.558 0.849Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.298 0.423 0.481 0.855 -0.596 0.411 0.147 0.849Left precentral gyrus -0.093 0.302 0.758 0.970 0.172 0.392 0.660 0.872Left precuneus -0.323 0.247 0.192 0.822 0.141 0.320 0.659 0.872Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.519 0.248 0.036 0.422 -0.251 0.388 0.518 0.849Left rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.413 0.247 0.094 0.660 0.263 0.320 0.411 0.849Left superior frontal gyrus -0.146 0.247 0.555 0.869 0.060 0.319 0.852 0.931Left superior parietal cortex -0.305 0.442 0.489 0.855 -0.526 0.437 0.229 0.849Left superior temporal gyrus 0.069 0.259 0.790 0.970 -0.389 0.319 0.223 0.849Left supramarginal gyrus 0.153 0.247 0.536 0.869 -0.239 0.318 0.453 0.849Left frontal pole -0.179 0.247 0.469 0.855 -0.502 0.319 0.115 0.849Left temporal pole -0.146 0.247 0.553 0.869 -0.030 0.318 0.924 0.955Left transverse temporal gyrus -0.298 0.443 0.501 0.855 0.440 0.473 0.352 0.849Left insula -0.423 0.248 0.088 0.660 -0.465 0.319 0.145 0.849Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.052 0.499 0.917 0.972 -0.281 0.552 0.610 0.872Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.034 0.415 0.935 0.972 -0.401 0.395 0.310 0.849Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.539 0.247 0.029 0.412 0.092 0.356 0.796 0.931Right cuneus -0.368 0.381 0.334 0.831 0.101 0.550 0.855 0.931Right entorhinal cortex -0.283 0.306 0.356 0.831 0.031 0.421 0.941 0.955Right fusiform gyrus 0.029 0.247 0.908 0.972 -0.371 0.319 0.245 0.849Right inferior parietal cortex -0.038 0.302 0.901 0.972 0.093 0.392 0.813 0.931Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.063 0.247 0.798 0.970 -0.238 0.318 0.454 0.849Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.300 0.278 0.281 0.831 -0.280 0.342 0.412 0.849
Right lateral occipital cortex -0.267 0.247 0.279 0.831 -0.024 0.339 0.944 0.955Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.484 0.248 0.050 0.505 0.256 0.319 0.422 0.849Right lingual gyrus 0.284 0.250 0.255 0.831 -0.489 0.319 0.126 0.849Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.253 0.255 0.320 0.831 -0.308 0.320 0.335 0.849Right middle temporal gyrus -0.026 0.247 0.917 0.972 -0.096 0.319 0.763 0.921Right parahippocampal gyrus -0.101 0.249 0.685 0.940 -0.279 0.321 0.385 0.849Right paracentral gyrus -0.381 0.247 0.123 0.719 0.018 0.319 0.955 0.955Right pars opercularis 0.011 0.247 0.965 0.972 0.343 0.318 0.281 0.849Right pars orbitalis -0.284 0.247 0.250 0.831 0.394 0.320 0.218 0.849Right pars triangularis -0.181 0.247 0.462 0.855 0.320 0.319 0.315 0.849Right pericalcarine cortex 0.091 0.463 0.843 0.972 -0.407 0.464 0.381 0.849Right postcentral gyrus -0.214 0.248 0.389 0.850 -0.120 0.320 0.708 0.886Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.167 0.446 0.708 0.944 -0.315 0.485 0.516 0.849Right precentral gyrus -0.127 0.247 0.608 0.899 0.199 0.319 0.534 0.849Right precuneus -0.465 0.247 0.060 0.525 -0.153 0.319 0.630 0.872Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.166 0.311 0.593 0.899 -0.568 0.320 0.076 0.849Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.577 0.248 0.020 0.364 -0.145 0.382 0.704 0.886Right superior frontal gyrus -0.262 0.247 0.289 0.831 0.224 0.321 0.485 0.849Right superior parietal cortex -0.128 0.439 0.770 0.970 -0.550 0.384 0.152 0.849Right superior temporal gyrus -0.286 0.303 0.345 0.831 0.071 0.418 0.865 0.931Right supramarginal gyrus -0.025 0.350 0.942 0.972 -0.225 0.375 0.548 0.849Right frontal pole 0.521 0.773 0.500 0.855 -1.206 0.601 0.045 0.849Right temporal pole 0.014 0.247 0.956 0.972 -0.408 0.318 0.200 0.849Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.178 0.247 0.470 0.855 -0.076 0.318 0.811 0.931Right insula -0.232 0.247 0.348 0.831 -0.195 0.319 0.541 0.849Left hemisphere average thickness -0.252 0.247 0.308 0.831 -0.202 0.319 0.527 0.849
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.317 0.247 0.200 0.822 -0.141 0.320 0.659 0.872
Supplementary Table S58 Continued:
Cohen's d a Std. Err. P-value FDR P-
value(TypePatients)Left banks superior temporal sulcus 3.23E-04 0.012 0.978 0.992Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.010 0.006 0.130 0.917Left caudal middle frontal gyrus 6.09E-05 0.008 0.994 0.994Left cuneus 0.005 0.013 0.719 0.917Left entorhinal cortex -0.003 0.009 0.733 0.917Left fusiform gyrus -0.014 0.011 0.200 0.917Left inferior parietal cortex -0.004 0.007 0.566 0.917Left inferior temporal gyrus 0.002 0.007 0.768 0.932Left isthmus cingulate cortex -0.004 0.009 0.626 0.917Left lateral occipital cortex -0.003 0.009 0.729 0.917Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.004 0.011 0.716 0.917Left lingual gyrus -0.005 0.007 0.489 0.917Left medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.005 0.006 0.381 0.917Left middle temporal gyrus -0.003 0.006 0.670 0.917Left parahippocampal gyrus -0.009 0.006 0.165 0.917Left paracentral gyrus -0.004 0.007 0.536 0.917Left pars opercularis -0.003 0.006 0.674 0.917Left pars orbitalis -0.004 0.007 0.561 0.917Left pars triangularis 0.007 0.006 0.231 0.917Left pericalcarine cortex -0.003 0.009 0.709 0.917Left postcentral gyrus -0.003 0.006 0.684 0.917Left posterior cingulate cortex -0.002 0.011 0.824 0.932Left precentral gyrus 0.009 0.006 0.148 0.917Left precuneus -0.005 0.006 0.442 0.917Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.016 0.006 0.012 0.817Left rostral middle frontal gyrus 0.001 0.006 0.839 0.932Left superior frontal gyrus -0.002 0.006 0.687 0.917Left superior parietal cortex -0.012 0.009 0.215 0.917Left superior temporal gyrus -0.003 0.006 0.664 0.917Left supramarginal gyrus 5.86E-04 0.006 0.924 0.954
Left frontal pole -0.009 0.006 0.131 0.917Left temporal pole -0.003 0.006 0.649 0.917Left transverse temporal gyrus 0.003 0.012 0.810 0.932Left insula -0.009 0.007 0.201 0.917Right banks superior temporal sulcus -0.004 0.012 0.723 0.917Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex -0.006 0.009 0.508 0.917Right caudal middle frontal gyrus -0.001 0.007 0.839 0.932Right cuneus 0.011 0.009 0.206 0.917Right entorhinal cortex -0.005 0.007 0.473 0.917Right fusiform gyrus -0.005 0.006 0.449 0.917Right inferior parietal cortex 6.96E-04 0.008 0.927 0.954Right inferior temporal gyrus -0.003 0.006 0.653 0.917Right isthmus cingulate cortex -0.002 0.008 0.786 0.932Right lateral occipital cortex 0.002 0.006 0.712 0.917Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex -0.003 0.006 0.607 0.917Right lingual gyrus -0.005 0.007 0.476 0.917Right medial orbitofrontal cortex -0.008 0.006 0.201 0.917Right middle temporal gyrus -0.005 0.006 0.413 0.917Right parahippocampal gyrus 7.33E-04 0.006 0.910 0.954Right paracentral gyrus -0.003 0.006 0.683 0.917Right pars opercularis 0.006 0.006 0.340 0.917Right pars orbitalis 0.004 0.006 0.552 0.917Right pars triangularis 0.006 0.006 0.357 0.917Right pericalcarine cortex -0.001 0.011 0.904 0.954Right postcentral gyrus -0.005 0.006 0.451 0.917Right posterior cingulate cortex -0.008 0.009 0.393 0.917Right precentral gyrus 0.002 0.006 0.726 0.917Right precuneus -0.008 0.006 0.183 0.917Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex -0.010 0.006 0.101 0.917Right rostral middle frontal gyrus -0.007 0.007 0.361 0.917Right superior frontal gyrus -0.002 0.006 0.787 0.932Right superior parietal cortex -0.013 0.007 0.092 0.917Right superior temporal gyrus -0.007 0.006 0.278 0.917Right supramarginal gyrus -0.001 0.009 0.876 0.954
Right frontal pole -0.019 0.016 0.255 0.917Right temporal pole -0.003 0.006 0.650 0.917Right transverse temporal gyrus -0.007 0.006 0.241 0.917Right insula -0.005 0.006 0.431 0.917Left hemisphere average thickness -0.005 0.006 0.438 0.917
Right hemisphere average thickness -0.006 0.006 0.350 0.917