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cases of diphtheria were 7 in excess of the corrected average number;the greatest proportional mortality from this disease occurred inStoke Newington, Hackney. Finsbury, Shoreditch, aouthwark, andGreenutch. The 47 deaths from whooping-cough were 18 in excessof the corrected average number; this disease was proportionallymost fatal in St. Pancras, Shoreditch, Poplar, Battersea, Camberwell,Deptford, and Greenwich. The 6 deaths from enteric fever were

equal to half the corrected average number, and included 1 eachin Kensington, Islingtorf, Poplar, Battersea, Camberwell, andLewisham. The 236 deaths from diarrhoea and enteritis among childrenunder 2 years of age were less than two-thirds of the correctedaverage number; the greatest proportional mortality from this causewas recorded in Finsbury, Shoreditch, Bethual Green, Stepney,Southwark, and Bermon,isey. In conolusion, it may be stated thatthe aggregate mortality in London in October from these principalinfectious diseases was more than 40 per cent. below the average.

Obituary.FRANKLIN PAINE MALL, M.D. MicH.,

PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AT THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY,BALTIMORE.

THE death of Dr. Franklin Mall at the comparatively earlyage of 55 (after an operation for gall-stones) is a sad loss toanatomical science. He performed two great works for theprofession in the United States-he introduced new methodsof teaching anatomy, and he created a school which hashad, through its pupils, a widespread influence. The openingof his laboratory at the Johns Hopkins University in1893 marks the beginning of an era for the subject inthe medical schools of America. Bowditch in Boston,and Newell Martin in Baltimore, with well-equipped labora-tories and new methods, had laid the foundation of themodern and flourishing American school of physiology, butanatomy was still a handmaid of surgery and of medicine,and taught in old-time dissecting rooms and in the old way.Mall changed this and made the anatomical laboratory ofthe medical school a workshop for teaching, training, andinvestigation. With the true Hunterian spirit he had littlefaith in lectures, but immense faith in steady, continuousconcentration in practical work. " The aim," as he said,’’ is to make the course one continuous problem for eachstudent to investigate, aiding each one with good material,and teaching him how to study." More stress was laidon origin and function than on the acquisition of the

dry details of anatomy. The experimental investigatingspirit was too strong in the laboratory to allow anybut the weakest men to worry over the minutias, and aman’s examination was largely the weekly report on thecharacter of his work. Inferior students were mercilesslyasked to go elsewhere. The best men in the school wereattracted to Mall by the quiet helpful way in which theywere taught how to work. His own investigations cover awide field, and with an unequalled technique for modellingand reconstruction his papers were works of art. TheAmerican Journal of Anatomy, the Anatomical Record, andthe Journal of Morphology testify to the zeal and ability ofhis pupils. To few men is it given to revolutionise com-pletely the method of teaching and investigating a subject.This Mall did for anatomy in the United States. W. 0.

EDWARD BURD, M.D., M.C.CAMB.,CONSULTING PHYSICIAN TO THE ROYAL SALOP INFIRMARY.

WITH tne cleatli ot fr. Edward Burct, ot snrewsoury,in his ninety-first year, thpre has passed away a typicalrepresentative of the ’Victorian era. Born in Shrewsbury,educated at Shrewsbury School, serving his medical appren4ticeship at the Salop Infirmary, with the exception of thefew years at Cambridge University and at St. Bartholomew’sHospital, his whole life was spent in Shrewsbury, where hewas for long among the most notable figures. For nearly60 years he was on the staff of the Salop Infirmary, and hismemory went back to the famous Erasmus Darwin, Charles iDarwin’s father, to Dr. Clements, his own immediate pre-decessor, a great surgeon who was Member of Parliamentfor the borough. No wonder that Dr. Burd loved to tell ofmedical ways and customs now appearing almost mythical;for instance, how he and his fellow-students at the infirmaryused to toss up each morning to decide who should do thebleedings and who should do the cuppings. He was a reallink between Thackerayean and Listerian medicine.

Dr. Burd’s success in practice as a young man seems tohave been immediate, and for nearly 50 years he did one of

the Orgeat and muat.mopunsittiH practices in Great Britain.Of iron constitution he seems during this long period of hisOF iron constitution he seems during this long period of hisactive life never to have been ill, nor to have knuwn whatfatigue meant, although he worked for 30 years without asingle day’s holiday. A masterful man, virile, direct,and dominant, he inspired the confidence of his patients,who found his intuition and insight wonderful, and his

judgment hardly ever at fault. Perhaps the secret of hissuccess lay in the intense personal interest he took in everyman, woman, or child with whom he came in contact. Hecollected people as other men collect pictures, books, orbeetles. The practice of his profession was his hobby, andhe loved general practice, not so much for any scientificpleasure it gave him as for its personal and human side. Asa consultant, his advice was always honestly and fearlesslygiven ; and it must be recollected that complete candour ismuch more difficult for the local consultant, the friend,perhaps, alike of the patient and the general practitioner,than for the consultant living elsewhere, and called in torepresent abstract science at its keenest.After being obliged through illness to relinquish practice,

the special joy of his life had departed, but he continued totake vivid interest in the world around him, and especiallyin. its people and their doings, remaining to the end of hislife a Dower in the countv of ShroDshire and one whose

advice was sought in many capacities. H. W. G.

TIMOTHY HENRY MARTIN, M.R.C.S.ENG., L.S.A.THE death occurred at his residence at Crawley, on

Nov. 5th, of Mr. T. H. Martin, who, until a few years agowhen he retired, was a well-known practitioner in NorthSussex. Born at Merthyr Tydvil on May 25th, 1837, hereceived his medical education at St. Thomas’s Hospital.He qualified in 1859 and for a short period was surgeon atthe Dowlais Ironworks. In 1862 he settled at Crawley,where he quickly gained a wide practice, obtained a numberof public appointments, and took an active interest in localafEairs. He retired in 1908. Mr. Martin, who was greatlyesteemed, married Alice, the eldest daughter of Mark Lemon,the first editor of Punch, by whom he had one son andseven daughters. He was a j justice of the peace forSussex.

Medical News.SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES OF LONDON.—At

examinations held recently the following candidates weresuccessful :-Surgery.-C. W. Bower (Section II.), Cambridge and St. Bartholo-mew’s Hospital ; R. H. Chadwick (Sections I. and II.), Leeds;1. Harding (Sections I. and 11.). Royal Free Hospital; S. Mikhail(Sections 1. and II). Middlesex Hospital ; D. Mintzman(Section I.), King’s College Hospital ; S. G. Mohamed (Section I I.),Liverpool ; and K. S. Vine (Sections I. and II.), Royal FreeHospital.

Merdicine.-J. Behesnilian (SAction II.), Charing Cross HospitalC. W. Bower (Section II.), Cambridge and St. Bartholomew’s Hos-pital ; C. G. Bunn (Section 11.), Charing Cross Hospital; D. A.Dyer (Section I.). St. George’s Hospital ; I. Harding (Sections

i I. and II.), Royal Free Hospital ; S. C. Ho (Section 11.),j Cambridge and London Hospital; D. Mintzman (Sections I.

and II.), King’s College Hospital ; T. F. Reason (Sections I.and II.), St. Mary’s Hospital; andK. S. Vine (Sections I. and II.),

’ Royal Fi ee Hospital.Forensic Medicine.-J. Behesnilian. Charing Cross Hospital; l.

Harding, Royal Free Hospital ; M. Ibrahim and S. Mikhail.Middlesex Hospital ; J. B. Nicole, Westminster Hospital; T, F.Reason. St. Mary’s Hospital; G. E. Spero, London Hospital; andK. S. Vme, Royal Free Hospital.

Midwifery.-L. E. Lewis, Glasgow; D. Mintzman, King’s CollegeH spital ; J. E. Nicole, Westminster Hospital; and K. S. Vine,Roval Free Hospital.

The diploma of the Society was granted to the following candidates,entitling them to practibe medicine, surgery, and midwifery: C. W.Bower. R. H. Chadwick, S. Mikhail, S. G. Mohamed, T. F. Reason, andK. S. Vine.

MEDICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.-The next meetingof this society will be held on Monday, Dec. 3rd, at 8.30 P.M.,at 11, Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W. 1, when a dis-cussion on the Surgical and Dental Treatment of SevereFacial Injuries will be introduced by Major H. D. Gillies,R.A.M.C., Captain Kelsey Fry, R.A.M.C. (T.), and Mr.Percival Cole. Colonial and other R.A.M.C. officers areinvited to attend.

Professor B. Eronig, Director of the Gynmeo-logical Clinic at Freiburg, died on Oct. 29th at the age of55 years.

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HuNTERiAN SOCIETY.-A meeting will be heldon Thursday, Dec. 6th, at 5 P.M., at the Royal Society ofMedicine, 1, Wimpole-Street, W., when a discussion on theMedical Classification of Recruits will be opened by CaptainHaldin Davis, R.A.M.C.

HARVEIAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.-A meeting ofthis society will be held in the library of the St. Mary’sHospital Medical School on Dec. 15th, at 5.30 P.M., when adiscussion on " Neurasthenia " will be opened by Dr. F. W.Mott, F.R.S.

SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF INEBRIETY.-Thenext meeting of this society will be held in the rooms of theMedical Society of London, 11, Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W., on Tuesday, Jan. 8th, 1918, at 4 P.M., when SirRobert Armstrong-Jones will open a discussion on " Alcoholand Mental States."

CENTENARIAN.-Mrs. Ann Vickery Ritchie passedaway recently at Brighton, at the age of 100. Her hundredthbirthday was in August last. She enjoyed good health andremarkable vigour until October, when she fell and broke athigh.CENTRAL MIDWIVES BOARD.-Special meetings

of the Central Midwives Board were held at Queen Anne’sGate Buildings, Westminster, on Nov. 14th and 15th, withSir Francis H. Champneys in the chair. Certain midwiveswere struck off the Roll, the following charges amongstothers having been brought forward :-A midwife being in attendance at a confinement and the patient

suffering from persistently offensive lochia, she did not explain thatthe case was one in which the attendance of a registered medical practi-tioner was required, as provided by Rule E. 21 (4). This midwifeneglected to take and record the pulse and temperature of the patientat each visit, as required by Rule E. 14, and to enter her record ofpulse and temperature in a notebook or on a chart carefully preserved,as required by Rule E. 14. A case being one of abortion, the midwifeneglected to explain that it was one in which the attendance of a regis-tered medical practitioner was required, as provided by Rule E. 21 (2);she did not carry with her to a confinement the appliances and anti-septics prescribed by Rule E. 3, and did not keep her register of cases asrequired by Rule E.24. Being in attendance at a confinement, and theplacenta and membranes not having been completely expelled withintwo hours after the birth of the child, a midwife neglected to handto the husband or the nearest relative or friend present the form ofsending for medical help, properly filled up and signed by her, in orderthat this might immediately be forwarded to a medical practitioneror to an approved institution, as required by Rales B. 20 and 21 (3). Theadvice of a registered medical practitioner having been sought underRule E. 20, she neglected to notify the local supervising authoritythereof, as required by Rule E.22(1)a). Being in attendance previousto and at a confinement and the patient suffering from excessive bleed-ing, a midwife did not explain that the case was one in whichthe attendance of a registered medical practitioner was required, asprovided by Rule E. 21 (3) ; she neglected to disinfect her hands andforearms on each occasion before touching the generative organs of thepatient or their neighbourhood, as required by Rule E.4; and sheneglected to wash the patient’s external parts with soap andwater and to swab them with an efficient antiseptic solution beforemaking the first internal examination, as required by Rule E. 8. Themidwife did not on each occasion when attending the patient wear aclean dress of washable material that could be boiled, as required byRule E. 2.At the meeting held on Nov. 15th a letter was considered

from the general secretary of the Medical Defence Unionasking the Board to deal with a complaint made against acertified midwife by a registered medical practitioner. TheBoard directed that the general secretary of the Medical De-fence Union be informed that where a complaint for which anappropriate remedy is provided by due course of law is madeagainst a midwife it is contrary to the practice of the Boardto deal with the midwife until the complainant has exhaustedhis remedy at law. A letter was considered from the clerkof the London County Council asking the Board to take intoconsideration the opinion expressed by a London coronerthat the form of sending for medical help, as prescribedby Rule E. 23 (a), should not specify the name of anyparticular doctor. The Board decided that the clerk of theLondon County Council be informed that the Board will take ithe coroner’s suggestion into consideration on the next ’irevision of the rules. A letter was considered from themedical officer of health for Brighton enclosing a draft circularletter which he proposes to send to all midwives practisingwithin his jurisdiction, and asking whether, in the Iopinion of the Board, he would be acting within his powers Iby preventing midwives from attending patients sufferingfrom gonorrhoea.1 conjunctivitis while in attendance onother cases. The Board directed that with referenceto the circular letter drafted by the medical officer ofhealth for Brighton the reply be : (1) Ophthalmia. TheBoard agrees that in severe cases of ophthalmia it isvery undesirable that the midwife sliould continue in chargeof the eyes, as the disease is highly contagious. Butit thinks that special arrangements, under the generalsupervision of an expert, should always be carried out withthe consent of the patient (mother), who has the right tochoose the medical practitioner called in accordance to

Rule E. 6, and that the case should be visited and the reasonsfor such special arrangements explained to the mother andmidwife by the inspector of midwives or by the medicalpractitioner called in consultation. (2) Stillbirths. TheBoard quite approves of the proposed arrangements for theexamination of a piece of the placenta in such cases. Itthinks, however, that the information as to the presence ofsyphilis should not be left to the midwife to convey to theparents.THE King has sanctioned the following appoint-ments to the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem

in England :-Surgeon-General Thomas Martin Corker, C.B.,K.H.P., A.M.S.; Lieut.-Col. Reginald James Cope Cottell,R.A.M.C.; Lieut.-Col. ClaudeKyd Morgan, C.M.G., R.A.M.C.;and Major James Fitzgerald Martin, C.M.G., R.A.M.C., to beKnights of Grace.

Parliamentary Intelligence.NOTES ON CURRENT TOPICS.

The National Health Insurance Bill.THIS Bill has been read a second time in the House of

Commons. It deals with questions of finance and thesimplification of administration. In the course of his speech,Sir E. CORNWALL, who represents the Insurance Commis-sioners, stated that during the year 1916 the employers andemployed contributed jE18,500,000 and the State £ 5,000,000 toNational Insurance. That sum was disbursed as follows:Sickness and disablement benefit, .f:6,OOO,OOO; medicalservices, £ 4,800,000 ; maternity benefit, .El,250,000; sana.

torium benefit, £ 750,000 ; administration expenses, £ 2,250,000;balance invested, £ 8,500,000. A great part of the discussionturned on the relation of solvent to insolvent ApprovedSocieties. ---

HOUSE OF COMMONS.

THURSDAY, NOV. 22ND.Review of Exceptions Act.

Mr. MONTAGUE BARLOW asked the Minister of NationalService whether, in view of the fact that the Review ofExceptions Act was passed with the definite object ofreviewing the cases of some 6000 men, the cases of these menhad now all been considered; and whether he could holdout a prospect of introducing a Bill with a view to eitherrestricting or repealing the provisions of this Act.-SirAUCKLAND GEDDES answered: I am not aware that theReview of Exceptions Act was passed with the objectstated in the question. When the Bill was introduced itwas stated in this House that it would enable the militaryauthorities to deal with 1,000,000 men, and that it was esti-mated that 100,000 recruits would be so obtained. At a laterstage in the debate certain classes of men were withdrawnfrom the operation of the Bill and a substituted estimate wasgiven that the number of men available for re-examina-tion would exceed 500,000, and the number to be obtainedfor military service would be from 50,000 to 60,000. Themen liable for re-examination under the Act have infact not yet been examined. The operation of the Act hasbeen restricted by the concession under which its provisionsare not enforced where a man to whom notice has been sentshows that he is a man who has served overseas in thearmed forces of the Crown and has been discharged ongrounds of health. Moreover, there has been organisedrefusal to furnish particulars or to attend for medicalexamination as required by the Act by certain men to whomnotices have been sent. I have been in communication withthe Public Prosecutor on this question and proceedings areabout to be taken to deal with such resistance to the Act.In other respects the Act remains a necessary part of themilitary service machinery and it is not proposed tointroduce a Bill to repeal it or restrict its operation.

Medical Students in the Royal Navy.Mr. COCHRANE asked the Secretary to the Admiralty

whether medical students who were at present acting assurgeon probationers or sick-berth attendants in HisMajesty’s Navy could not obtain their discharge in orderto resume their studies unless they were able to qualify asmedical practitioners within nine months, whereas similarstudents in His Majesty’s Army could obtain their dis-charge for this purpose if they could qualify within threeyears; and, if so, whether, in view of the shortage ofmedical practitioners, he would grant equal facilities tomedical students in His Majesty’s Navy.-Mr. MACNAMARAreplied: Medical students who are serving in the Navyas surgeon probationers or sick-berth attendants andwho apply for demobilisation for the purpose of sitting fortheir final examination are granted that permission if theycan sit for their final examination within 18 months from