Medical psychology:definition, subject and it’s tasks.

Lyudmyla T. Snovyda

Health Psychology Study of social, behavioural,

cognitive, and emotional factors that influence the: Maintenance of health Development of illness and disease Course of illness or disease Patient’s and family’s response to

illness and disease

What is health, illness, and disease?

World Health Definition of Health (1948)

“A complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease

and infirmity.”

Health Psychologist Scientists who research the area Health promotion – intervene at the social

(e.g., government policy, community) or individual level to promote health and prevent illness and disease.

Clinical health psychologist – intervene at the individual level to treat illness, slow or prevent disease progression, and reduce disability.

Health Psychology Development or progression of

illness and disease Etiology

Individual’s and family’s response to illness and disease Outcomes

Relation of health psychology to other health-related fields

HealthEducationNutrition

MedicinePsychosomatic

CardiologyOncology, etc.

Behaviouralhealth

Behaviouralmedicine

HealthPsychology

SociologyNutritionExercise Phys.

Physiology

Psychology

Treatments Confession and appeasing of the

gods. Magical sucking to remove the

intrusive object. Drive out evil spirits by using vile

concoctions such as animal excrement or even torture.

Trephination

Greeks – Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) Origin of the view that disease is a

natural process. Humoral theory

View that disease occurs when the four fluids of the body are out of balance

Four fluids are blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm.

Personality types

Hippocrates - TreatmentsTemperament

Humor Disease Treatment

Phlegmatic Phlegm Cold, headaches

Hot baths, warm food

Sanguine Blood Angina, epilepsy

Blood letting

Melancholic Black bile

Hepatitis, ulcers

Hot baths

Choleric Yellow bile

Stomach, jaundice

Blood letting, liquid diet

Evolving view of diseases Anatomical pathology

Belief that disease was localized in anatomy (16th to 18th Centuries)

Tissue pathology Specific tissues could become diseased

while others remain healthy (Late 1800s) Cellular pathology

Belief that life resided in cells and so cells must be the place to look for disease (19th century)

Evolving view of diseases Germ theory

Discovery that particles in the air that could not seen (e.g., bacteria) could cause disease.

Magic bullet A specific cure could be found for every

ailment that restore the person to perfect health.

Biopsychosocial model Mind, body, and environment interact in

causing disease.

History of MedicineStone-age

Body____Mind

Spirit

Ancient Greeks

Body Mind

Middle-Ages

Body____Mind

Spirit

Contemporary View

Body Mind

Socio-behavioural

Biopsychosocial Model of Disease

Biology•Genetic variability•Anatomy•Physiology

Pathogens•Germs•Toxins

Behavioural risk factors•Diet•Exercise•Smoking•Safe sex•Wearing seat belts in the car, etc.

Social•Family•Society•Friends, etc.

Biopsychosocial Model Psychological component

Behaviour (adoption and maintenance)

Emotional (feelings) Cognition (thoughts, beliefs, and

attitudes) Personality – characteristic ways of

thinking and feelingget_video(2).flv

Important Contributions of Psychology to Health

Has provided techniques useful in changing behaviours that affect health and illness.

Is committed to keeping people healthy rather than waiting to only treat them when they become ill.

Long history of developing reliable and valid measures for assessing health-related factors.

Has contributed a solid foundation of scientific methods for studying such behaviours.

DefinitionDefinition

Behaviour is defined as observable or Behaviour is defined as observable or potentially observable activities of potentially observable activities of people or animals. It is anything a people or animals. It is anything a human being or animal does, that can human being or animal does, that can be observed.be observed.

It is expressed through actions, gestures, It is expressed through actions, gestures, movements or even through speech. It movements or even through speech. It can be observed unlike feeling or thoughts can be observed unlike feeling or thoughts of mind, so behaviour is an objective of mind, so behaviour is an objective phenomena.phenomena.

Relation with MindsRelation with Minds

From what is said or done, psychologists can From what is said or done, psychologists can make inferences about feelings, emotions or make inferences about feelings, emotions or thoughts or other normal or abnormal mental thoughts or other normal or abnormal mental process of a person. Behaviour can be process of a person. Behaviour can be considered to a large extend as a reflection of considered to a large extend as a reflection of internal mental phenomena. So by studying internal mental phenomena. So by studying behaviour, we are studying the outward behaviour, we are studying the outward expression and manifestation of human expression and manifestation of human beings plus the internal mental eventsbeings plus the internal mental events

Significance of study of Significance of study of behaviour in different behaviour in different school of psychologyschool of psychology Structuralism, functionalism and Structuralism, functionalism and

gestalts school of psychology are gestalts school of psychology are relating mind to psychology. They relating mind to psychology. They are making little reference to are making little reference to behaviour in psychology. Psycho-behaviour in psychology. Psycho-analytic school of psychology of analytic school of psychology of Sigmund Freud is telling about Sigmund Freud is telling about unconscious mind. He is saying unconscious mind. He is saying that unconscious mind plays a that unconscious mind plays a major role in shaping the major role in shaping the behaviour.behaviour.

The Behaviouristic school originated with John The Behaviouristic school originated with John B.Watson rejected mind as a subject of study B.Watson rejected mind as a subject of study of psychology. Watson believed that of psychology. Watson believed that psychology is the study of behaviour or psychology is the study of behaviour or observable or potentially observable activities observable or potentially observable activities of people and animals. But the draw back of of people and animals. But the draw back of behaviourism is that it pays little attention to behaviourism is that it pays little attention to reasoning, personality, motives, etc.reasoning, personality, motives, etc.

The modern psychologists think that The modern psychologists think that psychology is the science of human and animal psychology is the science of human and animal behaviour, it includes the application of its behaviour, it includes the application of its science to human problemsscience to human problems

Branches of knowledge Branches of knowledge using behaviour for their using behaviour for their studies:studies:

Social Psychology: Social Psychology: is the scientific is the scientific field that seeks to understand the nature field that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behaviour and and causes of individual behaviour and thoughts in social situations.thoughts in social situations.

Sociology: Sociology: is concerned about group is concerned about group behaviourbehaviour

Sociobiology: Sociobiology: The role of genetic or The role of genetic or biological factors affecting social biological factors affecting social behaviour has been stated in the field of behaviour has been stated in the field of sociobiology.sociobiology.

Attribution: Attribution: We are interested in getting We are interested in getting an accurate knowledge about others an accurate knowledge about others mood, feelings, characteristics etc. Not mood, feelings, characteristics etc. Not merely we want to know how others merely we want to know how others acted and also have to understand why acted and also have to understand why they have behaved in that way. The they have behaved in that way. The process through which we seek to get process through which we seek to get such information is attribution.such information is attribution.

Anthropology: Anthropology: Compares behaviour in Compares behaviour in different cultures.different cultures.

Faculties that influence Faculties that influence BehaviourBehaviour

Learning and BehaviourLearning and BehaviourLearning is defined as any relatively Learning is defined as any relatively

permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of practice or experience.result of practice or experience.

There are different types of learningThere are different types of learning Classical conditioningClassical conditioning Instrumental conditioningInstrumental conditioning Cognitive learningCognitive learning Prepared behaviourPrepared behaviour Unprepared and contra prepared Behaviour Unprepared and contra prepared Behaviour

These types of learning helps in framing These types of learning helps in framing behaviour and the techniques related with these behaviour and the techniques related with these learning can be effectively used to correct certain learning can be effectively used to correct certain behavioral aromatics.behavioral aromatics.

Personality and BehaviourPersonality and BehaviourWhen Psychologists define personality, they tend to When Psychologists define personality, they tend to

refer to the qualities with in the person or the behavioral refer to the qualities with in the person or the behavioral characteristics of a person or both. In to this psychologists characteristics of a person or both. In to this psychologists like Gordon Alliport gives more emphasis on inner qualities like Gordon Alliport gives more emphasis on inner qualities where as Walter Michel gives preference to behavioral where as Walter Michel gives preference to behavioral characteristics.characteristics.

There are various theories to study personality.There are various theories to study personality. Type and Trait theoryType and Trait theory Dynamic approachDynamic approach Humanistic approachHumanistic approach Learning and behavioral approachLearning and behavioral approach

The first three concepts focuses on the person in The first three concepts focuses on the person in personality rather than behaviour, on the contrary the last personality rather than behaviour, on the contrary the last one takes out the person in personality and gives one takes out the person in personality and gives importance to behaviour, based on different types of importance to behaviour, based on different types of learning.learning.

Memory & Behaviour: Memory & Behaviour: Memory is a part of cognitive Memory is a part of cognitive learning. Memory helps to keep in store the past learning. Memory helps to keep in store the past experiences. So it indirectly helps in molding behaviour.experiences. So it indirectly helps in molding behaviour.

Motives & Behaviour:Motives & Behaviour: Motivation is defined as Motivation is defined as conditions within the organism that arouse, maintain conditions within the organism that arouse, maintain and direct behaviour to a specific goal. We can set and direct behaviour to a specific goal. We can set information about the motives of a person from his information about the motives of a person from his behaviour. Motives of a person, if known, in turn helps behaviour. Motives of a person, if known, in turn helps us to make predictions of his behaviour. So they are us to make predictions of his behaviour. So they are inter-related.inter-related.

Attitude & Behaviour: Attitude & Behaviour: Attitudes are developed based Attitudes are developed based on firm beliefs or convictions after proper evaluation of on firm beliefs or convictions after proper evaluation of some objects and they will guide behaviour. But we some objects and they will guide behaviour. But we cannot expect that attitude will always influence cannot expect that attitude will always influence behaviour. behaviour.

Emotion & Behaviour: Emotion & Behaviour: Emotion is Emotion is subjective. Behaviour is perceived by subjective. Behaviour is perceived by external manifestation. There are a number external manifestation. There are a number of theories showing emotion – motivation-of theories showing emotion – motivation-behaviour relationship. For a number of behaviour relationship. For a number of emotions, different patterns of bodily activity emotions, different patterns of bodily activity can be detected. Body language will can be detected. Body language will definitely tell whether we are relaxed, tensed, definitely tell whether we are relaxed, tensed, aggressive or passive.aggressive or passive.

Genetic factors & heredity & Behaviour: Genetic factors & heredity & Behaviour: Study of mono-zygotic twins shows identical Study of mono-zygotic twins shows identical behaviour pattern even when they are behaviour pattern even when they are brought up into two environmental situations. brought up into two environmental situations.

Behaviour & Endocrine system: Behaviour & Endocrine system: Studies Studies on aggressive behaviour has shown that on aggressive behaviour has shown that endocrine system has a role in molding endocrine system has a role in molding behaviour. behaviour.

Behaviour & Environment Life situation Behaviour & Environment Life situation culture: culture: They have a definite role on They have a definite role on molding behaviour. These, in turn, are molding behaviour. These, in turn, are related with learning cognition, etc. related with learning cognition, etc.

Behaviour & Stress:Behaviour & Stress: There is a major There is a major study on frustration-aggression. Definitely study on frustration-aggression. Definitely it will influence behaviour. it will influence behaviour.

Major types of BehaviourMajor types of Behaviour Pro-social behaviourPro-social behaviour AggressionAggression Species typical behaviourSpecies typical behaviour Behaviour in groupsBehaviour in groups Social behaviourSocial behaviour

Pro-social behaviour refers to action that Pro-social behaviour refers to action that provides benefit to others but this will not have provides benefit to others but this will not have no obvious benefit for person who carries them no obvious benefit for person who carries them out. This is also known as helping behaviour, out. This is also known as helping behaviour, charitable behaviour and ALTRUISM.charitable behaviour and ALTRUISM.

This is more seen in persons who are This is more seen in persons who are giving a helping hand in emergency, like giving a helping hand in emergency, like accidents etc. Studies are showing that accidents etc. Studies are showing that external factors will influence pro-social external factors will influence pro-social behaviour and also the motivational role behaviour and also the motivational role of the person will also influence the pro of the person will also influence the pro social behaviour. Out of this both these social behaviour. Out of this both these factors will be badly influencing when a factors will be badly influencing when a large group by standers assemble in the large group by standers assemble in the accident area etc. That will reduce the accident area etc. That will reduce the capacity to take the responsibility.capacity to take the responsibility.

When comparing with the personality When comparing with the personality thoughts we cannot pinpoint one thoughts we cannot pinpoint one personality trait have shown pro=social personality trait have shown pro=social behaviour. But a personality which has behaviour. But a personality which has the following qualities has shown a pro-the following qualities has shown a pro-social behaviour - Altruistic personalitysocial behaviour - Altruistic personality Empathy for the suffering of othersEmpathy for the suffering of others Believing in a strong just worldBelieving in a strong just world Felt more socially responsibleFelt more socially responsible Less ego centric.Less ego centric.

AggressionAggression

Aggression is a behaviour Aggression is a behaviour directed towards the goal of directed towards the goal of harming another living being. This harming another living being. This is an intentional infliction of some is an intentional infliction of some form of harm on others. This exact form of harm on others. This exact opposite of pro social behaviour.opposite of pro social behaviour.

There are various theories related with the There are various theories related with the study why persons behave in this manner.study why persons behave in this manner. Instinct theory - Aggression as an innate Instinct theory - Aggression as an innate

behaviourbehaviour The basic nature of this theory is that it is an The basic nature of this theory is that it is an

essential nature of human being. Sigmond Freud essential nature of human being. Sigmond Freud was the strong supporter of this theory. But was the strong supporter of this theory. But psychologists as a whole rejected this concept psychologists as a whole rejected this concept because aggression type behaviour is influenced by because aggression type behaviour is influenced by social, environmental, cultural, living habits and social, environmental, cultural, living habits and standards etc.standards etc.

Biological theories - Psychologists are saying Biological theories - Psychologists are saying that certain hormones, serotonins, testosterone that certain hormones, serotonins, testosterone etc will influence aggressive behaviour, it cannot etc will influence aggressive behaviour, it cannot be considered as the final word.be considered as the final word.

Drive theories are saying that external factors Drive theories are saying that external factors which make frustration in us will arouse our which make frustration in us will arouse our motives to harm others. This is frustration- motives to harm others. This is frustration- aggression theory.aggression theory.

Social – learning theorySocial – learning theory Learning theory suggests that aggressive Learning theory suggests that aggressive

behaviour is learnt through observation or past behaviour is learnt through observation or past experiences.experiences.

Cognitive theories – Cognitive theories of Cognitive theories – Cognitive theories of aggression suggests that aggression starts aggression suggests that aggression starts from complex interplay from cognitive from complex interplay from cognitive factors, emotion past experiences and factors, emotion past experiences and current moods etc. Emotions cognition has current moods etc. Emotions cognition has a control over the other.a control over the other.

It is said that Type A personality people It is said that Type A personality people are more aggressive than Type Bare more aggressive than Type B

Social Implications of aggressionSocial Implications of aggression Child abuse and work place violence.Child abuse and work place violence.

Behaviour in groupsBehaviour in groupsWe will restrict our negative behaviors when in We will restrict our negative behaviors when in

group being the notion than others are watching, group being the notion than others are watching, analyzing and evaluating. But when small groups are analyzing and evaluating. But when small groups are moving out of place, they will have a different moving out of place, they will have a different behaviour of audacity also, e.g. when we are alone, we behaviour of audacity also, e.g. when we are alone, we will not make comments on others etc. But when in will not make comments on others etc. But when in group we will audacious to ridicule others.group we will audacious to ridicule others.

Species Typical Behaviour.Species Typical Behaviour.This is more common in lower animals. E.g. this This is more common in lower animals. E.g. this

is species specific. In human beings, we cannot see is species specific. In human beings, we cannot see such species typical behaviour prominently the such species typical behaviour prominently the behaviour of small infants, certain emotions are behaviour of small infants, certain emotions are considered as species typical although.considered as species typical although.

Social Behaviour.Social Behaviour. It is learnt through constant It is learnt through constant

interaction with others. This term interaction with others. This term is with reference to the socially is with reference to the socially acceptable and adapted pattern of acceptable and adapted pattern of behaviourbehaviour

Methods of studying behaviourMethods of studying behaviour

Scientific study of behaviour Scientific study of behaviour consists of making observations, consists of making observations, analysis and classification of the analysis and classification of the observed facts, drawing general observed facts, drawing general principles by induction and principles by induction and verifying the principles by verifying the principles by deductions.deductions.

Introspection Introspection - It is purely a subjective method. It is - It is purely a subjective method. It is destined to study behaviour with reference to the inner destined to study behaviour with reference to the inner feelings and attitude. It has the advantage that less feelings and attitude. It has the advantage that less time is required. But the disadvantage is that false time is required. But the disadvantage is that false information will be obtained because most of the information will be obtained because most of the person will be reluctant to reveal their irrational motives person will be reluctant to reveal their irrational motives behind the behaviour. To introspect means to look behind the behaviour. To introspect means to look within. It is internal perception or self observation. The within. It is internal perception or self observation. The individual himself observes his internal activities and individual himself observes his internal activities and processes whenever and wherever he likes to do so. It processes whenever and wherever he likes to do so. It is indispensable for the study of internal behaviour. For is indispensable for the study of internal behaviour. For example, a patient after an operation may be asked to example, a patient after an operation may be asked to report how he feels. The patient will try to look within report how he feels. The patient will try to look within and recall what happened and how he is feeling no. and recall what happened and how he is feeling no.

Introspection does not involve any Introspection does not involve any expenditure as it does not need any expenditure as it does not need any laboratory or apparatus. We get a laboratory or apparatus. We get a direct knowledge of the mental direct knowledge of the mental experience of the individual. But the experience of the individual. But the method cannot be used by children or method cannot be used by children or mental defectives. It is a purely mental defectives. It is a purely private affair and cannot be verified private affair and cannot be verified by other observers.by other observers.

Observation methodObservation method – Direct – Direct observation of behaviour. Here we can observation of behaviour. Here we can observe behaviour e.g. book carrying observe behaviour e.g. book carrying difference in males and females. The difference in males and females. The males will carry books away from the males will carry books away from the trunk and holding with fingers and hand. trunk and holding with fingers and hand. Females are carrying book place it close Females are carrying book place it close the body and supporting it with arms. the body and supporting it with arms. Here we can make an observation. But Here we can make an observation. But why that behaviour cannot be why that behaviour cannot be substantiated clearly.substantiated clearly.

This objective observations are also done in lab This objective observations are also done in lab in controlled situations. It consists of collection in controlled situations. It consists of collection of data by means of observing behaviour by of data by means of observing behaviour by somebody other than that persons. For E.g. somebody other than that persons. For E.g. when a nurse is asked to make an observational when a nurse is asked to make an observational report on a patient with an undiagnosed illness, report on a patient with an undiagnosed illness, she reports her observations such as the she reports her observations such as the patient’s temperature, pulse, color, facial patient’s temperature, pulse, color, facial expression, restlessness etc. Observation the expression, restlessness etc. Observation the patient is very important in clinical medicine. patient is very important in clinical medicine. The method is widely used also in studying the The method is widely used also in studying the behaviour of children and animals.behaviour of children and animals.

Case History or Clinical Case History or Clinical MethodMethod – It is used regularly in the – It is used regularly in the medical and nursing setting. It aims at medical and nursing setting. It aims at studying the causes and basis of studying the causes and basis of peoples anxieties, fears and personal peoples anxieties, fears and personal maladjustments. It makes use of case maladjustments. It makes use of case histories, interviews, home visits and histories, interviews, home visits and psychological tests for that purpose. It psychological tests for that purpose. It gathers information from what the gathers information from what the subject can recall.subject can recall.

Genetic MethodGenetic Method – Psychologists will – Psychologists will closely follow the development of the person closely follow the development of the person from child hood to the present stage and from child hood to the present stage and identify some behavioral changes like thumb identify some behavioral changes like thumb sucking, nail biting, bed wetting, aggression, sucking, nail biting, bed wetting, aggression, conduct defect, hyper kinetic state, attention conduct defect, hyper kinetic state, attention deficit etc.deficit etc.

Anecdotal Method-Anecdotal Method- Personal artistic work Personal artistic work and literature biography, contents of creative and literature biography, contents of creative work often reflects the inner conflicts, work often reflects the inner conflicts, problems and attitudes.problems and attitudes.

Psychometric method\Test method-Psychometric method\Test method- Abilities, interests, attitudes and intelligence are Abilities, interests, attitudes and intelligence are measured by this method by making use of carefully measured by this method by making use of carefully devised and standardized tests. The test can be devised and standardized tests. The test can be administered to a large number of personnel at the administered to a large number of personnel at the same time saving a lot of time, energy and same time saving a lot of time, energy and dislocation of routine work.dislocation of routine work.

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis – Psychoanalyst is a person – Psychoanalyst is a person either psychologist or psychiatrist who uses the either psychologist or psychiatrist who uses the particular psychotherapeutic techniques developed particular psychotherapeutic techniques developed by Sigmund Freud. This is a method of free by Sigmund Freud. This is a method of free association dreams analysis etc, so that our association dreams analysis etc, so that our repressed feelings are identified which causes repressed feelings are identified which causes anxiety, personality disturbances etc.anxiety, personality disturbances etc.

Experimental Method-Experimental Method- In this method, made popular In this method, made popular by Wundt, the psychologist studies, under controlled by Wundt, the psychologist studies, under controlled conditions, the effects of a dependent variable of changes in conditions, the effects of a dependent variable of changes in an independent variable. Many experiments are being an independent variable. Many experiments are being conducted on people and animals dealing with learning, conducted on people and animals dealing with learning, forgetting and many other mental activities. The forgetting and many other mental activities. The tremendous progress of psychology during the twentieth tremendous progress of psychology during the twentieth century is mainly due to this method. For example, the century is mainly due to this method. For example, the famous Hawthorne experiment (1927-34) conducted in famous Hawthorne experiment (1927-34) conducted in Western Electric Company, USA, by Elton Mayo, to find out Western Electric Company, USA, by Elton Mayo, to find out in what circumstances production could be improved. Five in what circumstances production could be improved. Five girls participated. One by one factory conditions were girls participated. One by one factory conditions were altered eg: illumination, seating arrangements, rest pauses altered eg: illumination, seating arrangements, rest pauses etc. Every single alteration in environment resulted in etc. Every single alteration in environment resulted in increased output. The output rose because of the interest increased output. The output rose because of the interest which was being taken in the girls progress, showing the which was being taken in the girls progress, showing the importance of workers morale in industrial production. The importance of workers morale in industrial production. The experimental method controls all variables.experimental method controls all variables.

The following are the steps in an experiment.The following are the steps in an experiment. Identifying a problemIdentifying a problem Formulation of the hypothesisFormulation of the hypothesis Distinction between independent and dependent variablesDistinction between independent and dependent variables Arranging the environmentArranging the environment Analysis of the resultAnalysis of the result Testing of the hypothesis by the result by the result of the Testing of the hypothesis by the result by the result of the

experiment.experiment.

The advantage of this method is that experiments The advantage of this method is that experiments can be repeated and results confirmed. Limitations can be repeated and results confirmed. Limitations are that it cannot always be used, especially if the are that it cannot always be used, especially if the experiment might be dangerous to the subjects experiment might be dangerous to the subjects and are obtained in artificial situations.and are obtained in artificial situations.

Biology of BehaviourBiology of Behaviour

The hypothalamus is concerned with certain The hypothalamus is concerned with certain types of motivated behaviour such as hunger, thirst types of motivated behaviour such as hunger, thirst and sexual behaviour etc. Emotional expressions are and sexual behaviour etc. Emotional expressions are made through the limbic system which consists of made through the limbic system which consists of structures in the thalamus, hypothalamus and structures in the thalamus, hypothalamus and cerebrum. When pre frontal cortex is damaged either cerebrum. When pre frontal cortex is damaged either increased impulsiveness immaturity in social increased impulsiveness immaturity in social behaviour can occur or increased apathy, loss of behaviour can occur or increased apathy, loss of initial drive and reduction in emotional expression initial drive and reduction in emotional expression can occur. When the frontal lobe cerebral cortex is can occur. When the frontal lobe cerebral cortex is affected, movement of particular body structures will affected, movement of particular body structures will be affected which results in physical abnormalities of be affected which results in physical abnormalities of behaviour.behaviour.

Behavioral Disorders.Behavioral Disorders.

Mental health and mental illness are Mental health and mental illness are relative terms. They are closely related to one relative terms. They are closely related to one another. Imagine healthy and unhealthy another. Imagine healthy and unhealthy behaviour as part of a continuum or scale. behaviour as part of a continuum or scale. Mental health or very definite healthy behaviour Mental health or very definite healthy behaviour is at one end of the scale and mental illness or is at one end of the scale and mental illness or very definite unhealthy behaviour is at the very definite unhealthy behaviour is at the other end of the scale. Borderline behaviour is other end of the scale. Borderline behaviour is in the middle of the scale or approximately in the middle of the scale or approximately halfway between the two ends as shown below.halfway between the two ends as shown below.MentalMental BorderlineBorderline MentalMental

HealthHealth BehaviourBehaviour IllnessIllness

Unhealthy behaviour can be identified when it Unhealthy behaviour can be identified when it becomes extreme for prolonged periods of time becomes extreme for prolonged periods of time and prevent adjustment in society. Solitude is a and prevent adjustment in society. Solitude is a healthy withdrawal by paranoia is unhealthy; a healthy withdrawal by paranoia is unhealthy; a minor annoyance which is quickly forgotten is minor annoyance which is quickly forgotten is healthy anger but rage is unhealthy. Anxiety healthy anger but rage is unhealthy. Anxiety before an interview, is healthy behaviour but before an interview, is healthy behaviour but euphoria is unhealthy. Being excited about a euphoria is unhealthy. Being excited about a promotion is a healthy behaviour but panic is promotion is a healthy behaviour but panic is unhealthy. Other unhealthy behaviour includes unhealthy. Other unhealthy behaviour includes delusions, hallucinations, flight of ideas, delusions, hallucinations, flight of ideas, compulsive actions or ideas and phobias.compulsive actions or ideas and phobias.

The major behavioral disorders seen in children areThe major behavioral disorders seen in children are Attention deficit hyper kinetic disorders- The major Attention deficit hyper kinetic disorders- The major

symptoms include, hyper activity, impulsivity, inattention symptoms include, hyper activity, impulsivity, inattention and emotional abilityand emotional ability

Conduct disorders- The basic rights of other children are Conduct disorders- The basic rights of other children are violated and usual rules and dictums of society are not violated and usual rules and dictums of society are not properly followed.properly followed.

Autism Autism II Eating disorders associated with behavioral II Eating disorders associated with behavioral

syndromessyndromes Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa BulimiaBulimia ObesityObesity

III Exposure to substance – Use III Exposure to substance – Use disorders eg: coffin tobacco dependence disorders eg: coffin tobacco dependence Heroine and alcohol dependence.Heroine and alcohol dependence.

IV. Disorders associated with mental IV. Disorders associated with mental faculties showing behavioral changes.faculties showing behavioral changes.

All most all diseases affecting the All most all diseases affecting the personality, mood, affect, thinking personality, mood, affect, thinking emotion etc can cause behavioral emotion etc can cause behavioral disturbances.disturbances.

Important types of Important types of behavioral therapybehavioral therapy

Behaviour therapy is based on learning Behaviour therapy is based on learning principle. Its aim is to change the mal adaptive principle. Its aim is to change the mal adaptive behaviour to adaptive behaviour. The behaviour to adaptive behaviour. The procedures are used according to the procedures are used according to the environment and problems. Not all the environment and problems. Not all the procedures are used for all the problem.procedures are used for all the problem.

I Classical conditioning learning techniqueI Classical conditioning learning technique Systematic de sensitizationSystematic de sensitization

Useful in cases fear, anxiety to appear examination, Useful in cases fear, anxiety to appear examination, apprehensions etc.apprehensions etc.

b. Flooding – for to get rid of fear of heights etc.b. Flooding – for to get rid of fear of heights etc.