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Megan Sparks
Bevon Flansburg
Steph Hyde
Annie Brandjord
Cristen McLean
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(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ethanol-3D-vdW.png)
I’m cute!
E10: 10% ethanol
90% gasoline.
E85: 85% ethanol
15% gasoline.
E85 can be used in flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs).
(http://www.ethanol.org)
“Ethanol” generally means grain alcohol.
Sources:
corn (primary source in U.S.)
other grains
potatoes
sugarcane (e.g. Brazil)
(http://www.ethanol.org)
Cellulosic ethanol is made from cellulose (surprise!)
Cellulose provides structure to plants.
Sources: corn stover, sugar cane bagasse, sawdust, paper pulp, and switchgrass.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cellulose-3D-balls.png)
(Brekke 2005)
(http://www.ethanol.org)
1) Milling (grind it up!)
2) Liquification (mixed with H2O and heated)
3) Saccharification (starch fermentable sugars)
4) Fermentation (yeast + sugars = ethanol + CO2)
5) Distillation (ethanol is separated from the solids)
6) Dehydration (remove last bit of H2O)
7) Denaturing (made unfit for human consumption)
8) Co-products (distiller’s grain livestock feed
CO2 compressed)
Bacteria…?
Lonnie Ingram (University of Florida)
E. coli + cellulose ethanol
90 – 95 % efficiency
(Brekke 2005) www.fuga.ru/tok/2003/11/e-coli-small.jpg
1) Treat with heat and acid to break it apart
2) Treat with enzymes to turn the sugars into fermentable glucose
Enzymes now 10-18 cents / gallon in laboratory trials.
Yields 25 % more energy than is used to grow, harvest and distill it into ethanol.
Energy output:input ratio = 1.6(http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/altfuel/eth_energy_bal.html)
Gasoline E85 Ethanol
Octane Number 86 to 94 100
Main Fuel Source Crude Oil Corn, Grains, or agricultural waste
Energy Content / Gallon
109,000 - 125,000 Btu
~ 80,000 Btu
Energy Ratio Compared to Gasoline
70%
Physical State Liquid Liquid
(http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/fuel_compare.cgi)
Emissions and Air Quality
• Ethanol contains 35% oxygen. Adding oxygen to fuel results in more complete fuel combustion
• Gasoline containing a 10% ethanol blend reduces smog emissions– carbon monoxide 25-30%– particulate matter 50%– volatile organic compounds
7%.
http://www.greenfuels.org/ethanol/envbenefits.htm
Emissions from Ethanol PlantsMost ethanol plants emit
< 100 tons of pollutants
as compared to
>20,000 tons
produced by an average-sized power plant each year
http://www.ethanol.org/talkingpoints.html
‘Recycling’ CO2
• -CO2 co-product is compressed and sold to carbonate beverages, manufacture dry ice, and flash freeze meat.
• Miscible CO2 flooding.
http://www.ethanolrfa.org/resource/facts/environment/; http://www.ethanol.org/carbondioxide.html
Feasibility
• Since 1999, an increasing number of FFVs manufactured.
• Increasing economic feasibility.
http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/altfuel/ethanol.html
Benefits: Internal Economic
• USDA estimates 2012 corn demand= 2 billion Bushels
• Plant construction creates 370 local jobs ($60-130M income)
• Plant operation creates 4,000 local jobs ($47-100M income)
Benefits: More Internal
• Necessary to continue to meet rising EPA standards
• 95% of gas already has 6% ethanol
Benefits: External Economic
• Self-sufficiency!
• Potential 1/3 reduction of foreign oil dependence
• W/o E10, immediate 3% need increase
So, Who’s Buying It?• 2003- Global Summit including
representatives from China, India, Thailand, and Brazil
• “In poor countries, production of ethanol and biodiesel can have an extremely positive impact. It assists in dealing with the energy deficit, influencing internal consumption and exports. It can also generate a vast number of jobs.”
- President da Silva, Brazil
E3 Biofuels (Mead, NE)
• Grow Corn• Produce Ethanol• Feed Cattle• Harvest the
manure• Produce methane• Methane fuels
boilers• Remains-Fertlize
soil
Domestic Production
• American Made Fuel2006– 105 plants in operation-
1/2 locally owned=5 billion gal/year
48 New or Improved on line=7.9 billion gal/year
http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-10-01-ethanol_x.htm
Annual Projections forCellulosic Ethanol
50 billion gallons Waste (Agricultural, Industrial, MSW)
40%-50%
USDA&EEstimate 80 billion gal. potential1/3 transportation energy
By 2050 Switchgrass on 114 million acres
165 billion gal. ethanol=108 billion gal. gasoline
http://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/biofuels/contents.asp, www.energy.ca.gov/reportshttp://www.harvestcleanenergy.org
Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC)Growing Energy
Improve conversion efficiencies50 to 117 gal. ethanol / 1dry ton of biomass
Produce animal proteins from switchgrass(capable of producing I billion tons of sustainable biomass/year)
http://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/biofuels/contents.asp, http://www.harvestcleanenergy.orghttp://www.ethanolrfa.org/resource/cellulose
Goals and Future Usage
…Yes, they really are out there.
Implementation of Waste Processing
• Industrial waste/municipal solid waste as definite source of energy.– Dartmouth project (paper
sludge to ethanol).– Masada Oxynol,
Middletown, NY (MSW to ethanol).
• Reduces or eliminates capacity problems at wastewater plants and the need for landfills.
http://www.zerowasteamerica.org/Landfills.htm
Landfill Use
• 1990: 247 million tons of non-hazardous waste.
• 2001: 409 million tons.
• Use of MSW opens new framework of raw materials, minimizes land charted for feedstock cultivation.
http://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/pump/contents.asp
Current proposals
• Natural Resource Defense Council: – Invest in research, development, general
demonstration ($1.1 billion).– Invest in deployment ($1 billion 2006-2015;
prices to approach diesel/regular gasoline).– Adopt policies to establish infrastructure
and a market (RF standards, FFV req’s)
Incentives/Laws
• State and federal-level tax/loan benefits to encourage the use of alternative fuels.
• Mandates require purchase of AFVs whenever economically or logistically possible.
www.irs.gov/publications/p378/ar01.html. Table: http://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/rep/chap1.asp