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,METALLIC CARTRIDGES,(RELGULAI ON AND EX1Iq1APIMElNTALI.)

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MANUFACTUREI) AND) T'ESTIEI) AT TI'lE FRANKF'ORI1)ARSENAL, PHILAI)ELI'H IA, PA.

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FRANKFORI) ARSENAJL,PIHILADELPIIA, PA.,

Aplril 22 1873.SrnR:

The following notes on the performance of metallic cartridges manufacturedand offered at this Arsenal for service, comparative trial, and experiment, have been pre-pared with a view of presenting the subject in a brief comprehensive manler for theinformation of the Department, and are submitted with the hope that they may notprove uninteresting.

As the investigation of the whole subject of metallic aItlnunition for small-armswould open up a field of research far beyond the limits of the present I'nrpose, it hasbeen deemed best to confine its treatmentin a general descriptive mannerto the develop.ment of the question, based upon trials made by the Ordnance )cepartment, particularlyat this Arsenal.

Most of the prominent varieties of cartridges herein referred to having bccell tlhesubject of extended trials, the results of which have beenl given in full and specialreports to the Bureau, the details of their performance have not beenl attempted in thisplace.

I am indebted to Mr. Jabez IT. Gill, foreman of machine-shlop at this Arsenal, forthe preparation of the very creditable drawings accon)allnying thils mcmlnoral;lduln, aswell as for valuable suggestions of forms and combinations used in the purely expieri-mental cartridges herein described, and for assistance in the comparative and extraorldi-nary tests that have been applied to determine the relative value and strengtll of car.trildge cases as developed by hydrostatic pressure, test elroulvette, .&c.

The mode of application of the pressure-gauge, as (lescribed in the accompanayilngdrawing, was devised by Lieutenant William Prince, Ordnance ])epal'tmenlt, andladapted to the Springfield breech-loading rifle, with most satisfactory results.

I have thle hlonor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,T. J. TRIADTI)WI'IWEL,

Mjl(jo1r of Ordnance, Commanding.To the CIHIE OF ORDNANCE, U. S. A.,

Washington, . .C.

SERVICE AND EXPERIMENTAL METALLIC CARTRIDGES, AS MANUFACTUREDAND TESTED AT FRANKFORD ARSENAL.

The following notes on metallic ammunition are prepared and submitted to theOrdnance Bureau, not with a view of discussing the whole question or chronologicalprogress made iu the preparation of this kind of ammunition, but, more particularly, togive.information as to the results of experience in manufacture and experimental trialsof metallic cartridges, as fabricated and tested at the Fralnkford Arsenal.

In this connection it is not deemed out of place to touch briefly upon breech-load-ing small-arms, and the great advance made in their mechanical ingenuity and perfec-tion, which, combined with the introduction of metallic self-primed ammunition in theiruse, overcame the prejudice against their general adoption into military service whichprevailed, to a very decided extent, only a brief half-score of years since.

Considerable attention was given to the subject and production of breech-loadilgsmall-arms in this country some twenty years ago, and their invention was stimulatedby legislative enactment and appropriation. It was at that time designed, however,and for some years later, to produce a suitable arm for mounted troops; one that wassafe and more readily manipulated in the saddle than the muzzle-loading rifle or Inus-ketoon with swiveled or separate ramrods, and provided w itll a cartridge not requirilngso great a number of motions in loading and firing.

Breech-loalding small-arms had been known and experimented with many yearsbefore this. It is not within the scope of this article to treat this branch of the subliecthistorically, but simply to briefly state by what rapid growth, of late years, breech-loading small-arms, from very indifferent models giving more indifferent results in prac-tice, have advancedl in general and universal use in all arms of service, among almostall civilized nations, and to what a surprising d(egree of perfection they have beenbrought.

No branch of invention has been more rapidly; or beautifully developed and il-proved in the past ten years. especially in the United States, than that under considera-tion; and it is believed that it may be fearlessly asserted that the use of expalndingmetallic self-primed ammunition, acting as a perfect gas-check to breech mcuchanlism,has been the chief cause of rendering effective the very many existing breechi-]oadingsystems now claiming attention in this country and abroad, which wouldl otherwise beuseless and worthless.

In the earlier stages of the solution of the probleml of the production of an efflicientbreech-loading rifle, paper and linen ammunition was used, but the perfect ferSe-ture of the joint between the breech mechanism and barrel was never successfully accoln-plished until the adoption of expanding cartridges, although some of thle earlier arlmswere very ingenious, and found to give good results in practice. Among them may benamed the justly celebrated, and perhaps most prominent and popular, Sharps' ri fle and

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carbine, which, as is well-known, has given an excellent record of its performance inthe field and on the experimental ground. These arms were most excellently well-madeweapons, and believed by many military authorities to be the very best breech-loaderproduced for the use of paper or linen cartridges. The gas-check in this arm was anexpanding metallic ring in the breech-block, which did its work well. Other meritori-ons systems, with ingenious means of closing the breech-joint, were in use, with fairresults, but by far the most numerous varieties were not effective systems, and, in fact,were only tolerated and used in consequence of the dire emergency of immediate war-fare, and the necessities of the armies.

For a long time the idea of the general adoption of breech-loading arms for troopsof all services met with almost no encouragement among military men, and it was notuntil as late as after the battle of Gettysburgh that it became popular and prevailed inthe service. This prejudice once overcome, by what may be fairly termed an entirerevolution of the character of the arms and ammunition, the new breech-loaders be-came rapidly popular, and gained many advocates throughout the Army, where theirgreat superiority to the old muzzle-loaders is now universally recognized and assured.The use of some effective breech-loaders and magazine-arms had, for some time, popu-larized them for cavalry, but many of the best infantry and artillery officers were ad-verse to their employment by foot-soldiers. A marked contrast of the two systems wasfurnished the Department.by the recovery of upwards of 25,000 stands of muzzle-loadingarms from the battle-field of Gettysburgih. These were sent to the Washington Arsenal,and there overhauled and examined, and were found to be nearly all loaded; some withone, two, three, four, six, and even as many as twenty rounds of cartridges in thebarrel. This fact gave an active im pulse to the necessity for an arm which, by itsconstruction and cartridge, could never produce such a result as the above, and which,by materially reducing the motions for loading and firing, was capable of greatlyenhancing the power of the individual soldier.

Ac an advancing-step in the right direction, various systems of breech-loading armshad been devised, using, instead of paper or linen, metal cases holding the powder andbullet, but not as yet self-primed. Among ingenious samples of these may be namedthe Burnside, Maynard, &c., &c. Still further progress developed more perfect systemsusing self-primed ammunition, including magazine-arms, as Spencer, HIenry, &c., andthe speedy adaptation of all then known systems of any pretension to the use of suchammunition. InI the past few years, in this country at least, only such breech-loadingarms as were so adapted or originally devised, stood the least chance of success in themany contests that have been had for supremacy.

The various steps in the invention and perfection of ammunition suited to breech-loading arms had, in the meantime, been as numerous and progressive as those for theperfection of the arms themselves.

In the earlier varieties of the metal cartridge, the primer or cap by which it wasfired was detached from the cartridge, as in the Burnside, and Maynard, &c., the capbeing applied to a cone, as in muzzle-loaders, and the flame of it having to penetratethrough the devious channel of the vent of the arm to the vent in the rear end of thecartridge, causing a considerable percentage of failures to ignite, due to fouling therents, &c.

A great step in improvement and advance was the combination of the primer and

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cartridge. This was variously efected by introducing the lriming composition into thefolded rim of the head, where it was distributed by swiveling, as in the Spencer andother well-known varieties of so-called rim-primed ammunition; by introducing a primedcap into the cartridge, connecting this with a wire projecting fmn the case, or othermeans by which to strike the primer, as the Lefiaucheux, &c. Still another step wqasthe introduction of center-primed metallic cartridges, either primed internally, as inthe present Service, the Martin, and many others, or, externally, by use of a primed capand anvil, inserted in a suitable pocket in the head, as the Berdan of the BridgeportCompany's manufacture, the Millbank, and many others; in fact, the varieties andinventions of these center-primed cartridges are very numerous, both methods ofpriming having been largely and successfully adopted, both by national works andprivate companies.

A very excellent wrapped-metal cartridge has been successfully experimented uponand produced in large numbers in this country, where this very ingenious invention andapplication was originated, and where it is believed to have been produced in its greatestperfection; and in England, where it has been very extensively used a:l( tested experi-mentally, improved, and finally adopted under the name of the Boxer cartridge foruse in their latest model Martini-Henry breech-loading rifle, also adopted by that gov-ernment, and now acknowledged to be a modification of the American invention, underthe name of the Peabody system. A wrapped-metal cartridge somewhat similar wasalso used with the English Snider rifle.

The combination of primer and cartridge still further reduced the number ofmotions necessary to manipulate the arm, and greatly increased its efficiellcy.

The machinery for production of metallic ammunition, both in the (Ioverlllent andprivate factories, has been brougllt to a high degree of perfection, its very beautifrlland almost automatic character and performance, uniform ad l accurlate production,making it the admiration of the beholder. As these machines have been developed andimproved in the Government shops, many ingenious devices alnd comblillltions hlavebeen invented and perfected, under the direction of the officers of the Ordnance l)epart-mlent, aided by the high skill of the ingenious mechanics in its emnlloy.* In tle privatecartridge factories of the country, also, many skilled workers and illnventors hve grow nup contemporaneously. A very generous and free interchange of thought an(d design7,and unselfish exchange of information oll the sulbject generally, has llad the effi(ct ofspurring to combined exertion and improvement, being fiuitful of new ideas, and telld-ing greatly to advance the work to its present very satisfactory state, while tlhe almostdaily list of new inventions demonstrates that tile problem is by no mleans used up orexhausted. The very rapid advance ..nd excellence of material now produced may h;ereferred to with just pride, in view of the fact that it is perfectly sale to assert that tlhebest of metallic ammunition now in use in foreign countries, as well as our own, is tileresult of American (United States) invention and genius.

Having touched thus generally on the subject of breech-loading silall-arms andll

Mr. R. Bolton, the master armorer, and Mr. Jabez Il. Gill, the forcmallln of the c:rtridgo factory :t

Frankford Arsenal, may, without invidious distinction, be namled as havilg broulght to the' work, froml itsinception, the highest order of mechanical skill, ingenuity, invention, and adaptation ; anld to their zeal,efficiency, and untiring effort the acknowledged degree of perfection of our present service metallic cartl-ridge is largely due.

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their ammunition, it is now proposed to submit, briefly, with suitable illustrations, theresults of such experiments and tests with self-primed metallic ammunition as havebeen developed and carried out at this Arsenal, as well as the tests of such other varie-ties of metal cartridts as have been offered by other makers for comparative trial.

For the purpose of a clearer understanding of the several forms of metallic car-tridges experimented upon and in use, they are classified as follows:

First. Those in which the shells are made of continuous metal, combined with asuitable primed-anvil, but not re-enforced in the head; e. g., the service folded-head cup-anvil cartridge.

Second. Those in which the shells are made of continuous metal, or of combina-tions of pieces of metal, combined with a primer, with and without a separate anvil, andare also re-enforced in the head ; e. g., the Berdan.

Third. Those in which the body of the case is of continuous metal or several parts,and have a solid or other suitable attached head, properly primed; e. g., the Boxer.

Fourth. Those made with a solid head of metal, continuous with the case, and suit-ably primed; e. g., the Hotchkiss, and United States Cartridge Company, (Farrington.)

These several classes, that have been tested here, are given with illustrations, show-ing their combination and parts, and with brief explanations as to their fabrication, theresults of their trial, and sufficient details of their parts and manner of assembling togive a general idea of their construction.

That the present degree of perfection in the manufacture of these several classes ofmetal cartridges has been the result of gradual and careful development, is evident froma cursory examination and comparison of the earlier, intermediate, and more recentbest forms.

Among the first of metal cartridges of American invention is the Morse, whichwas brought out a short time before the war of the rebellion, but not thoroughly experi-mented with at the time or introduced into service. Its objectionable features areapparent in the light of progress made. Its merits over paper or similar ammunitionare apparent, the chief, perhaps, being that it was designed as a self-primed cartridge,had a fianged-head for extracting the case, and that it reduced the operations of loading.

About the same time the Burnside, Maynard, and a few others, were' produced,some of which were good in their day, and for the arms for which they were designed,but were fired by means of a cap, through a vent, at some distance from the cartridge,and were extracted by the fingers. With them there was not that necessary nicety offit to the chamber of the gun, the joint was not absolutely closed, and the failures toexplode were as frequent as with the old-fashioned paper cartridge and percussion-cap.Such failures would, now-a-days, be considered a most unwarranted percentage in anymetallic ammunition laying claim to excellence, and, in the best known varieties, do notoccur to the extent of one in one thousand rounds; in fact, many attain a much higherstandard of surety than indicated by this figure. The records of the testing-groundsshow long-continued firing and consumption of thousands of rounds without failure atall from any cause, and the summation of a year's practice and test, in proof of manu-facture, exhibits but an exceedingly small percentage of such failures.

For some time the idea of combining the primer and cartridge did not assert itself,but some inventions were pushed in this direction, and the rim-primed cartridge wasproduced. In this the fulminate compositon was placed in the folded head of the case.

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This mode of priming requires a large charge of the priming composition, which, beingthrown into the fold by swiveling, the entire circumference of the head was not alwaysprimed thoroughly, and as the cartridge is exploded by striking the rim at a part of thehead under the hammer, it not infrequently happened that it failed from the point strucknot having any priming. The large charge required, also, (about 5 grains against Agrain for the center-fire,) was a further objection to rim-priming; the exploding of solarge a quantity of quick-powder in the folded-head, the weak part of the cartridge, tend-ing to strain and open the fold to bursting, as it frequently did. Another objection torim-primed cartridges is that they are more liable to accident in handling, and in shocksof transportation, and those incident to service; in fact, a number of instances of explo-sion in the magazine of repeating-arms, and in patent cartridge-boxes for service of such,have been reported, by which serious injury resulted to the soldier.

Hence, efforts to produce a still more reliable and satisfactory cartridge, and thedevelopment, production, and general adoption for service of what is now so well-knownas center-primed metallic ammunition, its advantages being sure explosion when struckby the point of the firing-pin; less of fulminate and less strain on the head of the car-tridge; greater security in handling and using under all exigencies of service. Thesecartridges have been subjected to the severest tests to demonstrate their capability toresist all accidents, such as mashing up boxes of ammunition, and even firing into themwith bullets. Only the cartridges actually impinged upon exploded under such tests,their neighbors being only blackened and not otherwise damaged. The safety of hland-ling and transporting this ammunition in comparison with that of the old-fasllionedkind is vastly in its favor, and the risk attending its carriage is almost nothing. Itsgreatly superior quality to resist exposure of climate, moisture, &c., has also been provenby such severe tests that it may be asserted to be practically water-proof, A centraland direct blow on the point primed is an essential and highly important feature of thecenter-primed cartridge; its general adoption, and the adaptation of all breech-loadingservice small-arms to its use is the best proof of its acknowledged superiority. Simplemodifications of the form of the head adapt it to safe use in magazine arms, even thoughthe front of one bullet rests on the head of the preceding cartridge, while with all varie-ties of repriming ammunition the central fire is a sine qua non. Other reasons in itsfavor might be given, but it is believed sufficient have already been adduced to warrantthe statement that whatever may be claimed as the I)articular merit of any one varietyof metallic ammunition, by ardent inventors or admirers of special forms, all are agreedthat, for military purposes at least, the palm to center.priming must be yielded.

The service-cartridge, made of a copper case with a folded-head and copper fulllti-nate primed cup-anvil, crimped in position, has been so long used andl tested on theexperimental ground and in the fieldl, and by various boards of experts on small-arms,and its excellence in all these fields of trial so well demonstrated, that no particulardescription of its construction and performance is here necessary. Some of the vary-ing modifications of the folded-flange cartridge are noted in the drawings.

It is of rare occurrence that the fold is sometimes slightly opened or burst in fiiring,probably from a defect or thinness of metal, but this is not attended with the least in-convenience or risk to the person or arm, and, in most cases, would escape noticealtogether outside the carefully scrutinized cases used at the experimental and testinggrounds.

2 aI C

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So far, this has not been deemed of any consequence in the service, and none ofthe best model breech-loading arms take the least notice of it. If necessary, however,the folded-head cartridge is abundantly susceptible of improvement, in an easy andpracticable manner, as is evident from an examination of the various forms of re-en-forcement of cartridges of this construction, experimentally tested and herein described.

*Of class second, one of the best and most extensively made and experimentedwith is the Berdan, as made by the Union Metallic Cartridge Company, of Bridgeport,Connecticut, in large numbers, for the Russian governmnent, for use in the Berdan breech-loa(ling rifle. This cartridge has been most strictly'and severely tested during theirmanufacture, and has proved of great excellence. It is exceedingly ingenious; its re-en-forcement simple and effective; its capacity as a reloader fully tested and demonstratedby prolonged and repeated trial, daily, during production of millions of rounds; a num-ber of the shells being reloaded, primed, and fired ten times, and much more extendedtrials have been had for special test of the endurance of the cases in this particular. ItSchief distinguishing feature is that its anvil is of the same continuous piece of metalas that of which the case is made. Herein there is no possible displacement or mis-placement of the anvil, and it has a fixed position with respect to the primer. The car-tridge is singular in this respect, and superior to its rivals that require a separate anvil.In it was a very happy idea hit upon by the inventor of making his anvil by a simplereturn of the metal of the pocket for the primer. All other anvils are its inferiors inthat they have to be handled in assembling the parts of the shell. Another advantageis, it presents a point to the primer inside, rendering it sensitive to the blow of the ham-mer. The use of the special Hobbs' primer is most excellent in this combination. Other\varieties of an excellent re-enforcement may be referred to, as exhibited in the drawingsntld notes under this class.

These re-enforcements may be accomplished in various ways, as by a ring of expand-ilg metal, a ring of solder, felt orpapier-mach' wads, &c. When the ring of this metalis used as a re-enforcement it is best applied, and perhaps only effectually, in those car-tridges having a pocket or return of the head for the primin. In these cases it shouldbe so formed as to act by expansion against the walls of the case and of thepocket, to cut off the escape of gas to the folded head in both directions.t The solderring has been found to be a good re-enforce also, and in the wrapped-metat and someother varieties of cartridges it serves also to attach the flanged-head to the body of thecase. It was first used here for this purpose, and th:at it acted also as a re-enlforce wasa resulting discovery. The felt orpapier-mach wad is not believed to be as good or tohold the head as securely, although it is extensively used in the various forms of Boxer,mnmunition. It is not believed that a simple ring of any soft metal of any shape, aslead or its alloys, forced into the case at the head, will act as a re-enforce, as has beenclaimed. No matter how closely the metallic surfaces are in contact, if the re-enlforcementdoes not expand more promptly and as fully as the case itself under the pressure of the

The object of a re-enforcement to the head of a folded metal cartridge is, to guard against defects inmetal undeveloped in the process of manufacture, and not eliminated in the inspection of cases. As it ishardly likely that a defective case and defective re-enforcement will be assembled in the same cartridge, itis effective.

t Some cartridge-cases were made of brass, re-enforced with plumbago and bees-sax, and tested. There-enforcing material seemed to flow under the gas pressure, affording but little protection to the case.

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gas, it does not strengthen or re-enforce the point to which it is applied. A re-enforcillgring works well, applied to a Martin cartridge, as well, in fact, as to a Berdan, and inthe same manner. An objection to the Martin is its small anvil for small-headed car-tridges, and their liability to burn the priming composition inclosing the pocket on theanvil, a difficulty met with in their manufacture here, with the bar-anvil, and whichcan only be wholly eliminated by careful inspection of primed cases.

The Martin, as made by the inventor's first patent, without the re-entrant fohl, is agood cartridge, and has given good results. The Martin, with the re-entrant fold, whichfor some time was believed to be a most admirable feature, was, on more extended trials,found to be liable to burst through the re entrant fold, leaving the body of the case inthe chamber of the gun, or shearing the case and tearing off the head by the extractorin opening the breech, temporarily paralyzing the arm. This peculiar accident (lid notdevelop in the firing of a large number of rounds, even when it was reported to haveoccurred in service. Thousands of rounds were fired before it was met with here, but itis of such a dangerous and fatal character to the arm when it occurs as to render it themost formidable of all causes of failure, and led to the abandonment of their mnanufac-ture. An inspection of the drawings showing the construction of these cartridges, withthose of tests with the eprouvette, will fully explain the cause and manner of the failurein question. When the metal was thoroughly sound and not demoralized in mnanuflc-ture, the re-entirant fold gave great additional strength to the head, and, as will be seenfrom the tests, enabled it to stand excessive charges and strains, but it would not answerto risk the manufacture of cartridges by the million that were liable to the defect abovenoted, even to the extent of 1 in 50,000. Defects which other cartridges have, render-ing them liable to fail from any cause whatever, (to a very small fraction of per cent. inmost good varieties,) involve only the loss of a single shot or charge, but leave tile arnin perfect working condition; but tearing off the head, the body of the ease is carriedforward by the bullet andl wedged so tightly in the chamber as to require extraction bymechanical means; the arm is consequently useless until the obstruction is remlovedl.

Perfection in metallic ammunition can hardly be expected, but the perchntage offailures is already so small that we may reasonably hope to reduce them to such adegree that, considering the rapidity of fire of breech-loading armns, they may be re-garded as next to nothing.

With regard to such wrapped-metal cartridges as come under this class, it nmay beadded that they are easily re enforced, are cheap, require little plant, less skilled laibor'than other varieties, could be produced at various points in number in an elergency,and by suitable packing can be protected from moisture and shocks of transportation,except, perhaps, that incident to their use on the person of the soldier. They extractwith ease, and in the tests have given good account of themselves. Those that havebeen made at this Arsenal are intended to be referred to in these remarks. Some ofthese cartridges were exposed for six months to an atmosphere saturated with moisture,and five of them fired for velocities without drying. They gave a mean average of1,125.1 feet; loss of about 10 per cent. Another lot exposed in the same way for a year,and thoroughly dried before testing, gave a mean average velocity of 1,256 feet, whi(chis a fair average mean. Service cup anvil cartridges similarly exposed showed no (ldete-rioration at either trial.

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Of class third perhaps the most notable and most extensively made is the Boxer,as made at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, for the Snider and Martini-EHenry rifles; notthat it is believed to be the best, but from the fact of its adoption by the English Gov-ernment, and from the very large numbers made and expended in their trials and ser-vice. A perusal of the English reports of their small-arm ordnance board will showthe most casual reader that the failures of these cartridges, from all causes, have beenwhat would be considered in our trials of the best American cartridges as a very largepercentage-sufficient to warrant the abandonment of a cartridge that failed so often.Unlike its American prototype, from which it was originally taken, without, however,giving any credit or compensation to its inventors, its parts are more numerous, andthe steps of operations in its production more than double those in that simple cartridge.Its cost, hence,is also large, considering the low prices of labor and materials, and thevery large numbers fabricated in the country of its adoption; a cost very much inexcess, it is believed, of that of any other of the most approved American varieties ofmetal cartridges fabricated under similar advantages of cheap labor, low-priced mate-rial, and large production. It does not appear to be well adapted to stand the shocksof transportation or exigencies of service, is easily indented and disfigured, so much soas seriously to interfere, sometimes, with ease of loading. Per contra, it is beautifullyexpanded and brought into shape of the exact walls of the chamber in firing, and ex-tracts readily if the head holds, which, from the reports, seems not always to be thecase. It is not suitable in its present state and form for use as a reloader, whatevermay be claimed for it in this respect, and it is doubtful if it could be made so. Theidea of such a use does not seem to receive encouragement from recent reports. Itsattachable heads, from the peculiar and awkward mode of fixing them, are not exact oreven, and may not always be firmly put on. Made of iron, it is believed they nevershould be for cartridges subjected to all varieties of climate. The use of this metal fora cartridge, otherwise so costly, is the poorest kind of economy.

Several varieties of this class have been tested at this Arsenal, as shown, but nonehave developed any remarkable excellence as compared with the best of the otherclasses. One variety, believed to be novel, and which may perhaps be hereafter thesubject of more successful experiment and production, is the cast-head.

Class fourth, solid heads. There are several varieties of these, as the Hotchkiss,the ])utch, the United States Cartridge Company's, &c. The head, here, is re-enforcedby using a thick sheet metal strip to form the case, and leaving sufficient stock in thelhead, in drawing the case, to flow out and form the flange solidly. That this is effectivein making a very strong case is unquestionable; its manufacture requires some heavierplant for special operations; its cost in metal and production is somewhat greater; a:ndit is believed that the head is unnecessarily strong for the present work required by wellconstructed breech-loading small-arms.

Experience, it is believed, has fully demonstrated that, in order to insure the bestresults in service, our small Army should be furnished with the most approved armsand material practicable. To effect this, the careful selection of an excellent (the bestif it can be determined upon, for the chief trouble of such a selection seems to be fromembarras de ric]esse in this branch of invention) system of breech-loading rifle small-arm, and suitably working efficient ammunition for the service of the same, is pre-eminently desirable. Supposing the first part of the proposition accomplished, andsuch a breech-loading system selected, approved, and adopted, their production in such

13

numbers as may be required by the Government for the Army, the uniform equipmentof the militia, and the necessary reserve-stores for future emergencies, can unquestion-ably be accomplished at the National Armory, and no danger need be apprehended ofany serious difficulty in the way of adaptation of its present machinery and plant, tothe manufacture of any breech-loading system of small-arms, perfectly interchangeable,in these days of advanced scientific manufacture, when the production of the most com-plete and intricate machinery, interchanging in all their parts, is a problem of easy, sure,and daily accomplishment.

If, from the abundance of good things to be chosen from, the difficulty of selectioncan be overcome, the rest, with adequate appropriations, is comparatively easy. Aprime essential of such manufacture should be the institution of a rigorous standardfrom which there should not be the slightest departure, except by competent authority.Especially should this apply to the chamber of the gen or seat of the cartridge, the dimen-sions of which should be invariably fixed, and the greatest nicety of finish and adjust-ment of breech mechanism insisted upon. In other words, the chambers should, withinthe limits of mechanical construction, be of the same dimensions, to the thousandth ofan inch, both for the body of the cartridge and its flange or head. The seat of the ex-tractor should not occupy any part whatever of the body of the chamber, and its surfaceshould be as smooth as it is possible to make it. The depth of the flange recess of thechamber should only be enough deeper than the thickness of the head of the cartridgeto be used in it, to allow for the easy closing of the breech block, the small variationsof thickness of metal from which the case is made, and of necessary manufacture. Adifference of 0."01 is believed to be ample for all purposes; its diameter may be at least0."03 larger than that of the cartridge head, which should itself be great enough toallow a secure hold to the extractor. All the angles of the chamber sl8ould be slightlyrounded. The length of the chamber should be but a few hundredths of an inch longerthan that of the case of the cartridge, and its throat, or seat of the projecting part ofthe bullet, should be accurately attended to, so that, with the cartridge in situ, the breech-block being closed, it should always occupy the same relative position with respectto its bearings in the chamber, and the bullet have the smallest necessary distanceto move before engaging the grooves of the barrel, which engagement should be welladvanced before the bullet is free from the case, to insure that it shall start with its axisin the direction of the axis of the barrel. The expansion of the case in firing shouldimmediately shut off escape of gas around its body to the rear-the only limits in dif-ference of diameter of chamber and case allowable being those necessary to insure therequired ease in loading, and there should be no fouling of the cllamber in firing ball-cartridges.

A little reflection will convince all that an invarialble chamber is the prime essential tothe proper performance of the cartridge, assuming, of course, that the latter is also as care-fully made. This once obtained, let us insist on the case of the cartridge fittinigas closelyas practicable; the limit of variation allowable being only the very small unavoidablerange of thickness in metal strips, and a reasonable life or wear of dies and punIleienecessary to the production of ammunition by the quantity. These degrees of perfec-tion can be obtained only by the adoption and preservation of exact standard garages,by frequent and every day careful inspection of material and work, and keeping theattention of mechanics directed to the necessity of constant watchfulness over, and

14

frequent verification of, their tools, dies, and punches in current use to insure thedesired nicety. Without this constant care in keeping up to the standard, work, how-ever satisfactorily and successfully inaugurated, will soon become indifferent.

I am satisfied that the difference in dimensions between the present chamber of theSpringfield rifle and other trial arms, and the cartridges used in them, is unnecessarilygreat, and that it can be reduced to advantage, to the better performance of the armsand cartridges; and as these matters will be of great importance in the event of theadoption of a standard arm and caliber, to insure a correct beginning they should bestrictly determined by competent authority. In this connection it may be added thata standard musket powder should also be determined upon.

The copper cartridge case, from its expansion and comparatively small elasticity,does not return to its shape after firing, and could not be used as a reloader withoutreduction.

The brass case expands sufficiently to act as a perfect gas-check, and by its superiorelasticity regains sufficiently its shape to be used as a reloader without reducing, ifproperly made. For the same reason the brass case extracts more easily than the cop-per. The wrapped-metal case expands by unfolding, and from its somewhat yieldingnature extracts easily and can also be reloaded and used without reduction.

All experience shows that the fulminate composition for priming should not be ilcontact with any easily corroding metal, or so deposited in the primer or in assemblingthe parts as to render any galvanic action possible for its deterioration and eventualdestruction. It is not believed that the service fulminate composition for priming incontact with pure copper undergoes any such deleterious change, as our percussion-caps of twenty years ago are now prompt and perfectly reliable.* It should not be inlimmediate contact with brass, however, where brass is used in construction. This is notnecessary, as in the Hobbs' primer, for instance, it is efficiently protected by beingbetween two coats of varnish, one applied to the bottom of the cap before the primingis dropped in, the other to one side of a tin-foil varnished disk pressed over the priming,which also holds it securely in place. Similar means of protection are used in otherprimers, or an equivalent. The United States Cartridge Company's primers, the Millbank,&c., are well protected from moisture, deterioration, and injury.

Competent authority should settle whether outside or inside priming should be

'Exposure of fiulminate composition upon copper-plates.-Small quantities of priming composition conm-posed as follows: 35 fulminate of mercury, 15 chlorate of potash, 45 glass-dust, 4 gummed water; 35fulminate of mercury, 15 niter, 45 glass-dust, 4 gummed water, were spread on clean sheet copper, andexposed to an atmosphere saturated with moisture for ten days. It was found, on examination, that inthe composition in which niter entered, the niter had effloresced to a considerable extent and crystalizedin needles, while that with the chlorate was apparently unchanged. In each case there was a slight dis-coloration at the seat of contact of the composition and metal. Portions of each were removed fromthe plates, dried, and tested. The chlorate compound was unchanged and exploded by a blow with theusual quick, strong intensity as before the exposure. The niter compound was quick to explode, but ofless intensity of explosion. The former composition is that in use with service primers, and is used at themachine in a wet state; the latter is the old percussion-cap composition, (except that no glass-dust wasused,) and was used in a dry state when priming, and protected in the cap by shellac varnish. It wouldappear that the chlorate composition is preferable for priming metallic ammunition. In some casesmealed powder is used, and makes a good priming, better for the same uses than refined niter. Chloratecomposition that had been exposed for five years, on plates in a dry office, was removed and tested, andseemed to have lost none of its promptness or intensity.

15

adopted. Either mode, it is believed, can be readily and satisfactorily employed. Whichis the best is perhaps now a question of preference, and probably small differences ofcost of production. Outside the question of reloading shells, either mode can be andhas been made sure and-reliable, and may be selected with safety. As far as this ques.tion of reloading shells is concerned no one has even thought of applying it except atgarrison or fort practice. The expense and trouble of collecting and reloading shells isconsiderable. The practical results, wherever it has been attempted, it is believed, havenot been satisfactory. In this country, where the posts and garrisons are numerous,small, and scattered over vast territories, it would be neither profitable nor practicable.To collect the shells and transport them to an Arsenal for reloading, as has been pro-posed in some countries, would be absurd, when one reflects on what they are and whatthe condition of the fired shells would be after such treatment. To supply the manyposts with lead and material for bullets, cups, lubricant, and necessary paraphernalia forreloading shells would not stand the test of more than one trial.

It has been observed in the experiments here, that any method of construction ofthe folded case, leaving a small surplus of metal at the head to draw from in the ex-panding of the shell at this point, adds largely to its strength. This was prominentlyshown in the Martin re-entrant-fold cartridge, and also in the concave-headed cup-anvilcartridge shells, &c.

It is proposed to make a number of the service cup-anvil, the concave cup-anvil,the brass shell with service cup-anvil and re-enforcing-cup of copper, open at the headfor the firing-pin to strike through but one thickness of metal, of .45 caliber,. to test witha Springfield rifle of the latest model, caliber .45. These cartridges to be made with abullet of one-twelfth tin, of 400 grains weight, which, with 70 grains of musket powder,gave the best results in the recent trials of the Small-Arm Caliber 3Board.

Since December 6, 1871, a test of the daily manufacture has been made, under thedirection of Captain Phipps, Ordnance Department, of the service copper cup-anvilcartridges at this Arsenal, using alternately a Springfield and Remington rifle-musket,caliber .50. Twenty-five rounds with each arm, daily, have been fire(l, with the followilngresults:

From the Springfield rifle have been fired 9,794 rounds, from the Remington riflehave been fired 9,794 rounds, with the following failures: Burst at crimp 9, defectivemetal; burst in rim 1, defective metal; burst in body of case 7, defective metal; occa-sioning no harm, and only noticeable on careful examination of cases. Failed to ex-plode, 4. Cause of failures to explode, 3 fulminate spoiled by oil; 1 cup not vented.

The new parts supplied to the arms during the time have been as follows:Springfield, 3 new firing-pins'and 2 ejector-springs, to replace broken ones.Remington, 1 firing-pin, and 1 firing-pin spring.After the 4747th round, the extractor had to have its face repaired by brazing on

a piece.In the same interval there has been fired 1,363 rounds of Remington pistol, caliber

.50; 1 case burst in body, defective metal. Remington, Colt, and Smith & Wessoinpistol, 534. Blank cartridges, 439; 1 case split, defective metal.

All these cartridges (except 480 Remington pistol, caliber .50, which were Martin)are of the folded-head variety, known as the service cup-anvil. Those for daily test aretaken at random from the day's work. A large number of these cartridges have been

16

exposed for different periods, from one month to upwards of one year, to an atmospheresaturated with moisture. They were of all kinds, musket, carbine, pistol, and revolver.They were packed in paper boxes varnished with shellac. These boxes were reduced to apulpy mass, and hanging in shreds. Two hundred and fourteen of these cartridgeswere taken from the vault in which they were exposed, and fired in their respectivearms, dirty and dripping with water as they were. All exploded promptly at the firstblow, no hanging fires or failures of any kind, and extracted readily. Two cartridgesof each box were opened, and the powder found to be in good condition and primingcomposition unchanged. Two hundred and ten of the same were placed in the drying-room, over the boilers, for a similar period of time, exposed to a temperature of 1200to 1300° F. All exploded promptly at first blow except one cartridge in the Remingtonpistol, which required two blows. In no case had the lubricant escaped from the case,being undoubtedly retained by the crimp of case on the bullet.

DRAWINGS- OF METALLJIC (AR 'I'I1I)(lES,ANK ) AS ADE AT TIE18

FRANKF()RD ARSEN ALJ IX60TO ) 18739,

THE MILITARY SERVICE AND FOR EXiE!I'lMFN'I'.

PLATE 1.

MORSK ESCAF T R1D G E

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,/ J111'a Ita,17 ag1 · ~t~ no" X/lb tivotj, eJ-It" I'jt-6

N iPET PHOTO.LITHOGIAPHER. WSHINTWON. D C

i

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PLATE I1.

BU:NS I ::' '

[BALL

.t,.pwn22ljf Avo9z,,Ze fO)"t~t (it

e ' (es'* Xt. f

£ It ac 1;

1_A -,F F[ I31N E'

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~, 3

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&iule> r/i2wfl/ft s Tf~ ,a~I~.

"zt AY Af f-'<it, f N/bf

W. PETE W POWU" OTO U"RA5". -AUS4TO D C

PLATE III.

VA1, N I D S

Ii'

I.I !

1,

'

lia

I

PC)WDE FA4o. c, ,.

\ ~~~I

\ I

\I I

x, II

U/\RAB I N E

CA\RT RID Ll

.47, v4, ,ac ct,,'/y iqrsut%/U rse Av A'etd of can./ims&- IfI,

r,, 77Letbat& OfC 5~liJ~S, 'llL~totostot.~CCI;U e. A&6, real ,@ 'J//ttg ?.Wg9' t,/ g.84 Qlrieot,-e wiae of ZSh at - e, A, "B d I/ & nt ,.

N .PTU, TOAT,400A#.IRMU . Wave8Qa O C

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i

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PLATE IV.

Rlvi PRIMEDO

PowDEr:40 c';

b? P EN C E R SC ARbF 1 N E

CAPRTRK I DGKE

) 450\ LL.,

:.1.. O K:= -

' , nlalc7A,- - /6w ( 56'6'( I/ vgi( ts f'eCr C~f4-t/t bl7 /AMZ' cti /11¾5 A/,f(t (( ' {t

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tI.;I Cu X/id e 1Ii, (ymaiAg J f/ CLt/ttWf 4y/ 3j o// ,!?6j

HItM . PHOTC-UTHOOAPM, WASUIOTON. 0 C

__

PLATE V.

PRIMITIVE

1 --F AN KFUR

FRANKF OROIAR5- NALIELI 1BL5

N.MT S, PDTDO-UTHO4>Ac et, WrASIMtrO D C

_ __ ____ _�I

r

PLATE VI.

ra 1;l- wbaes ( e ½s ?6 )?qa (> Fr /?SCRUt ' t 4' ' ?I//ow/ J ( V a

>t Pk a'/ e?'/Ct /w/&t 6 0 146., 6g ;Ira] c/i;cb#, // >/w e7y ' '

'4ryt ,7r 4u t/ 1' / / /7/ (,yc~)s, 16a,. ' '£/ z v4m)e-th-t / C/ '(. -te

CLe wA j)@ 1r .a tiV e i / X Jah , e s Cle,(4 /? ./ ,; j /' t .'

6Ae, tL cL 4'faeS u.7?o Intv bcVzg

utc 2/.<7,/tt4<, w {2S r;:tt t f~z22 Tt-t''f t wzi X$/C&4~i~a C/L',G' f bt f tey Zt4?,J 13/2{tiYL/f~ , g~ Gi. 2

Mz/zzctrvCW tg2 G 74-i/Xa ito{,({/ tf}>t

.ft tTU PPF)TDUrCtGAtAPMt WAIUNIGTOI. D C

PLATE VII.

COL LAIOLEY'SPATENT

1865.

/ *

/ L/,,'

EXPERIMENTAL.

N, lPvTL[,, P4OTC O Ell,. WASHmTO". D C.

PLATE VIII.

,we aj ?L C 'j, I1. , I C c/Z/dt ,&elj4Va.9 (' Y 4L') L -, £-

'?d: a, a,4' t~ g( f,4t .t fef S Z A!,? bI'. '

czta~- Conr144,/wft an (1'tlJ .;f 4r a P, ajr (',61' 1*Y 6'

lta7e ne aat/t a ,i'd ie9/ P17/ ezzf/ii 41? (/- , 1, /)11, r! * /

CX' CLdwu?7- ( ,6 (4' a, etut; ,ryi' ''/t~ (14MJ 4, C o Ie (41d,,ioo'A', (0' u/. d

~eei i7`~4J7- / 4

J ~~/?,~~~~U/t~~iI (t/ '9 t// o.J 8>( pngiJ

/l . tz2ktJi 04 cvbwS cA/., Al a wt, O9? 7vf4 4t4st, UJ t/ t11 /t, ,21ui,,4 ,Yffvil, ca7.llw , an& uy. Wat ail. rv..? t4t-

O' , t a dll./ A, ea X . fa /^

101n -ft> /> /d I6w

I.PEIER& POTO.LgUTH"R PHR, W.5^SGION D C

I _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _

NOVE LTYlEENTRE PRIMEDIF

I I

I - - ': -:--'

Iv =

PL ATE IX.

EXPERIFMENTAL

.'t/t catClt aiea at d a ui 'd a-· Adr . w"

~qrhlz,, 40, ,,, , . a v• tZa 0f t'/,, c',t4.+ , ,88 .. ~2,, ./ C

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+7w dFla~~t6, d jco XE t dzg a ^

.PfEERS, pIOTO. T0,OOdAPl*. Wai.3TON 0 C

-�, I -�,�

GAT L INGCA- R F- FCT;L PLATE Xl.

GUN.

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1

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I IN

c ALI LfEE-

Ai/.L L'--3 1 17 '-

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i Lt L 74, 77M+/.t, ('tCC U/00 t' a.,t vatCda/O/'t &47ed- tMM 12U1"Uedlf-6 Ott 1av2t't )6I f&" a' onf .,u",inkW

G7a wef ri7 c CO/.l /lW ao& 4

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N.PEUt. POtTO-LTOU.PH, WAItNQN, 0 C

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CANISTERGATLINGC

ic

aly,

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POW ER,

PLATE xn.

LG L i

HIAL L 5

330 GR. I IN. CAILI BRfE.

cakeikt .- fdc'/t-; cz de/k, Nae 1'Wv v/ coc %//, c

~is4otWd C +11 aud _ A Co/ Itsetd4c ; _T QOfu& ( 4,f.& / I'4rna O kgal17-eotmtato "aiwa .7,ey1

.PETSM. PWTOUTO.WAPHOg WASI*NGO,. 0 C

I

I

I

1

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rii

I �I�ra;

i, . "." -

PLATE xm.

BENTON'5 TIBBAL"S

CU P-REIPNFORCEf PATENRTU.S. ARMORY, 69n

SPRINGFIELD. MASS.

RRANKFORD ARSENAL,PA.

18676

/6> fa.l z.di l /Yb . -, / t teY ;u /V. i4/w. -/6 t4. ... .- 2( La //Fa fd

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co/rk le Ca.rC Aa,,' A 4N/ a f-n (// id & e411 'A' 4/,, aif//( f, 4 t I// f

-t#/ /, 'tJ2(2II /( t! /i / /1/' z(+-'A czz Ir .J ///f /// /ti h

iu(/t6' i.{ YZU?(i/Z/t/U ct,!pj 6,4'(ic, CA 1 / (?. ' ."T :/,

1§(6i*' r f. Ž6i /7 6 1 A<t 6'77/ ~/7Y'f ? 'v 7 t1IWI' ( I47Zf. C 6,!W7/? (i/z/MYr (C; .( t .1~rf/

aj a -9i4 (/i- K'0 -(/ 2f/' ,Jt/6/2-t ( /, ridJ

lt a?.C ,.' w / .i/;,///./41'5( ( ,iL

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" PfTEMS, Pl$OtUOaLOItOf, WIS~W!tO" 0C

__

PLATE XIV.

CIUPBENET'S

ANVIL

// /

70 ORPO)WDLR,.

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.PETERS. P)YO LCH5ri4RAAPHiE. W,SINS1OH N C

Il

I

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PLATE XV.

SERVICEBLANK CARTR I DIC

a

70 GRFS.7DWGEI LJ1 V) 0L

A~~~~~~~~~nrrWX, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Ar nl, "~-, e,44 L~( capsLC ecff Ad,,, ,?z,,a7.T N,,, {(c~ri~,yz WMJbes>/3f /.J~d J cii/ g/

./L(L41. 01 a-Z/~vcg (ir4u , 41x, Ct..u/tr'fd.7 /J5/4r (/fil(4&z, /I>A 44/e /jl/R1

/ 9 0d6m ?,A. efM46iai .L6O fid& /tyd/.Nif; tin 4o '(*t- q

/tl/ J (I;jJ. / c1 ,, i/ t't (&iid 6/4 '

//h91-w 1/046 4 pW qi4?( (&wt, lt vaw 4 .22 I .le 6.r9c

N PEfTERW P$OfO-Utmooft#NE WAS.rNOTON 0 C

C

--- �

sommumov

PLATE XVI.

CENTRE

F R, ANK FORD

8ENETDS.

E X P ERMENTA...,,I, _ _ . , . ._ .. _ I.

6;/t C( / 4/.l/1a /r,,//zav C'/ iat /C'ii;,,/ (7 /!/e/llMt( (

dze t6? ' , tfe a ot d( ' /,t ' ' " e ,J l e i , r4. " t

·,, yr , .tcf 'l0ll " X IIt, fFYa//7 / //er ('a2/1(1( A eCt'tr wt. / .iAG 5 d k)i//Z (4d U t/W. i,/'4(lUm 6Ka z,&/"4~~~C/L 6 6n6' *"!I~~~~~~~.

M PEtEnI PoWTO.LTwOGRAP, WA SOICf. D C

PF MED.

i-:\ fI . L N/\ L,

� �

- - --

PL ATE XVII.

COL CRISPI NS

CEOMBINATI AN.PAPER

ANEI

METAL.WFRAFPE O. LA 5 E.

It~$ee gn a e t l47t V a &'as el' ' 'lt ' ,

62/irt w., J/%u . c tjtc r, 4e ax. em oWel , d -u r , t t (/ / 1 d, o "r mre1

/i262f CLvhd ,. Gd tsu sz , fit emie, rrieaeg 7 ,,4@ .-h twwy 4 i*/IftY , a B t",f C '', 6 Vtifff N~e /Will

. PET. P4OTO4TkQUP1t1R. WASLIGTOT O0 C

PLATE XVI! .

* EXPERIMENTALCARTRI DGE

' - . . _ _ .

... . I -I-s -4 /

tctd(\' IU /tllY~'L I dd 2 I I i?; c .1/p01et 6olhm / 2gwh-f pez /Z'r; t iv(> eff ' t i. Ftet . , ,g

mode eeq/l tru 4WC, ( , J i;iitf,.et 4r, c Aw.4e./tzJ

.erfl/Ce 7Ia 4 t .Z/t a, t2f f.'f /I/I /J I ..c /. cC w~~~(.'

nIcr -, PKo4JTHOGWIU. WASIWGON. D C

__

PLATE XIX.

MART I N95 CARTR I [D E,I ST PATENT. 1869.

I K:1__(.XI,)

"v~ ~v'

7/

[I ETAI LS.

M. PETRS, PHOTO.UTHOG PHE. WAS"iN.rD1, D C

�

_____B____. _. __. _-,

iII i I

i III r �ji

i I1 , i 1

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I /

ii

PLATE XX.

6*?~>4f JoJrr. &/d/"i''2ta- ew-Al .'R>/uu /4i (,

$ /72 r .'b( . k•e> 7 /1 - (•$v & - /wi 7l, t/1/C; Ae '/C{ .11etrc11 /i/uc{ G/

J~l,)' /fl~ Xt ,Aa4d/wt (1;u'( 61/b/4" e/,1(4t ((a t.i't t4t. (/t / /,ead t '*I/.4 ½Q~ztzI 2;rt d 4fcva.' t: ju. .' ')6,d / // C > MW f

1aat v4?& (igz, atdd / 1 .e A td791 /671 e/1..1'6 rlt Abrd ('t64'ded. C24fd/1/($i1/1

(Cau«t 4eld4'Yw S JI??ft itv .Itiid6 (4•t /atl>2ta'1t 1/ 6tz? ( de (i//l r

liaI/ /67C ei1z( e-tddite /4Uui( $ X ,/tt. om&ta (wa1d -J $o'aL (>1 4,I y 'lwl Ccr~/{7oze /,4 .g'11ht/t rt/C~.fWt~f4fd ,/Z"f/x+

dt M10 4,1,i 46'/' v 4 fZrtt //' tlfZi !./'!/.~

(C4cg 4t'dfz7 ,?^6'cfmW fgv' zz .. .).//V TG, a0 4/ &tl meegt i d 7m /-11 4.'1at e-~L~~ /jY~ (VZ, L~iGL~lt~~~n L ~~e JL'1 fLIel d fi;(,e I f w/' , 4~n,

c . g'i lal-erie. e dS fktfls -/',/ / H -. .','

N. PETES. FPOTO LITW *AHWER, W& GTON. 0 C

_�

PLATE XXI.

MARTIN 9'S CARTRIUGESERVICE,

2 ND PATENT 1870.

MANUFAETWRE£fFRANKFFR[I ARSENAL

1t 71.

I I-

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,,2vArr rS j L ts

_1

h twte 1 6c'/t, -/ r 7& - (( J/m -li /tw f M tneCt lluel a'd /2 -if //1te /8 Ž/ei (diiae, waeyz, a.&te AtiS/d j d24 1C A61 ta4ai6 Afatetd 2,ar tb Co&c li t4 IL(Z /Wt4VW i /4Art/ .

AGeo Vted 2- c7, v64;wttgLe /ee , 4uctd>>t, (

Cost44ue& t aa kyt~ 6 t7 t doF 2 /ai C/zek/tiAs

M.r1 OLTVW, O=O hO(fA WAMOPTON. A C

eo�i·;j�us�cFS-�E·S·i---�

- ------ - - -------

__

_ _

tb.}fb ttb.tt& 6 / c6, (', ,

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M.j j@@c,,*fsE /61/

Smrm. "WoAAWO VI WAS-Mm D C

PLATEXXII.

P L AT EXXIII.COL TREADWELECS EXPERIMENTS.

RELATIVE STRENGTH OF CARTRIDEtE HEADIS.FRANKFORD ARSENAL

1871. 187Z.

HYDROSTATIC PRESS.

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.. praw, WOTD 1UrOAp) WAG41TO. D CD

PLATE XXIV.EPROU VETTE

POWDER EST.

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K.PTESS. "t OLlTPHE"L W.SGTO.0 r) C

- -L----�--- ---- � `�l

CCOL TRELADWE LLS EXPE:RiMEN--T

HYD R O STATICTEST

ELA55 I

ANVIL

M ARTIN

PLATE XXV.

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N. PETERm. PHrOUTHOTAP4 ERS' N(TO. 4

_·

POWDER TEST.CLASS 1.

At

GUPANVIL

PLAT E XXVI.

MARTIN

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A \\\. \ \\ \\\' \\E\ \\\\x\ E'.xx\\'tw\5\x\oNASSSSES xoxx\\\\\~~\xssssasssss s

P L AT E XXVII.

COL TREADWELL 9S. EXPERIMENTSoPOWDER TE ST,

CLASS 1.

I PUTIiS pWTO-UTi0IIHPHRI, WASIIIGTO . C

�____�

PL AT EXXVII.

CLAB5 Ia

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, PVfM. POTOD-UTaOlGoR. Aw..QTOR. D C

PLATE XXIX.

GLA5 5 I.

CUP ANVILQ

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a/ di i ' // / . _ ..

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'"UN& PWTw" U J WHW WAe4#T D C

P L ATE XXX.

COL TREYADWELIS. EXPERIMENTS,,CUP ANVIL.

CLA5 5- 1,

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IearnW /. I 'C4 ! IIX //117;',Ma ce,

'ETEPS, P OT1C-U7HRAPtER, WWHW*TON. D .I- ----- -

PLATEXX)

COL TREADWELL'5 EXPERIMENT5.

DISC ANVILCLA55 1K

/ Bt:XF if I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

N PKTS* PHOTO LITHOAYAP#ER. W AIMNG . D C

rlI

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N.PEI[T. PIWOTO-U. 0I'P"MI' WNASOING'tO 0 C

PLAT E XXXII.

DISC ANVILC LA5 5 I.

_ _

_ ___ ___�

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4/e t /34> 7 , 'it, ,a i , neeced, catva -d c4 " V.

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VrEI.-ERS, PW' ,O*LWt(U0 I4'P.. W&SWMGTGO I C

CORLI SSFRONT IGNITION.

PLATE XXXIII

EX P E RIMENTAL.CLASS I.

PRINCE' SEX F PERIMENTAL

P L ATE XXXIV.

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PI Pr. ., P LOTO-L$Th'* EOtM , W lIWGN'OK, DC

I

__

M I LBANK S PRIM ERAND

RE L 0 A_ E R

PATENTED MAY I B 700CLASS 1.

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4 FtprY. fl"OT-ITw.Vxi9. N'w'm*GTo D C

PLAT E XXXV.

PL AT E XXXVI

COL TREADWELL- EIXPLRI MENT.CLASSj Z

RE I N Fl FR EEME NT -C

CUIP ANVIHi

PETER. PHO1-LIfIGR*P'. WISl.,MITM P C

P L AT E XXXVII.

GAS CHECKSRE INFORCEM.ENTS

ELAS5 Z2

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N.ATM PorfoUTWWOWP)FA. WAS"N(VFC. 0 C

_ __ � _�___

- --

II

PLATE XXXVIII.

COL TREADWE-LLS EXPERIMENTS5CGAS CHECKS

RE INFORCEMENTS.ELAS Z°2

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ntrsE pf1o UTrWoMAWp WAS*4ook* D C

CLASS 2.

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M, PleRfSt no.C-reOWPHD. WUhTOTOW. 0 C

PLATE XXXIX.

PLATE XL.

COL TREADWELS EX EF) I- AE:M Ni- ',GAS CHECK'3

RE INF ORCE MENT -IELA55 2.

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K MET6RP. PTtTnO-UNOG" W * C"TOW 0 '

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M MOe ,KOTO.U"OQWu W IASHM10. 0 C.

PLATE XLI.

GAS CHECKS

PLATE XLII.

PRM IING.

INSIDE_ OLIT1SIDE.

/_SAAI·FDI AAs1wAL.

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PITEM. PfIOTO-TMOOGRAP WASNOtK r, c

PLATE XLIII

COL TREADW ELLS EXPE R IMENT,,GAS CHECK

RE INFORCEMEN-TSCLAS5 2.

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t PtES, "TO UWINAPE AWWM.- 0 C

- -- ------- --

PLATE XLIV.

COL TREADWELLL5 EXPEP I MENT5GLAS CHECK

· RE INFORCEMENTS .LLASS Zc

A

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PLAT 'XLV.

PLATE XLVI.

COL TREALDWELLL-S EXPERIMENTS

ATTACHED HEADSLA5 S 3

A

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I.pETUM, MTO-LffW.Ottt.UltI WA-- " C

PLATE XLVII.

PL ATE XLVIII.

C!{L TREADWELL5 EXFPERIMEN._,i

VVRAPPE!-METALCARTR I DG

ELA5 J3.

RO OMANCRRISPIN

rF - --/

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. PtEJER FPOTOD-UTWYPC"k wAzASNroh. 0 c

\'X,

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PLATE XLIX.

BOX ER-_- HENRY C ,ENGLI iH.

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,.nttmng0 rrt. WASOGum, D "

PLATE L.

COL TREADWELLS5 EXPERIMENTS,

WRAFPEDW-ME TALLART RIIDCE,

CLAS5 3r

I5I .

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N PffT, PTOD-UIIWDIMAPMD W""W'*G0t O C

PLATE LI.

PLATE L11.

COL TREADOWLLL S EXPERIMENTiS.

CAYST BAASE5 0E LA SS 3

N

/I: -a\ .l IN* I

\ , II

I,

F RAN K F 0 R 0ARSE NAL

f.ltTMz foI.t*ThOmaif. WAS.~NOrOl, o c

FEB

_ I_ ___ _L __

/A= He

187Z

PLATE LIlI.

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Pi PfTEM. POTO4TWO.APft. * WAAWON. O C

_�

-.�--

PLATE LIV.

HOTCHKIS 5,

SOLI t HEZALDo

OF

-T

PA~TENT [LL

E XPERIMENTAL168.

-P)cRS. PQriO UrhOGRAAP WA•HfrtO D a

t

i

I I

I

I

I

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/ , I I I -I I .1 - i

: , I

II I

j -

I

I

I

____BENET9S ..

EXPERIMENTA'L SOLID HEAD.CLP ? ANVI L.

I '

18'68.

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" "ETEW FolTCLaw0WlI, W7SHI.GTOf D C

PLATE LV

PLATE LVI.

EXPERI MENTALo

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". POE- P-?THOWAN *4w"oo. o C

__

DU TCH- MUSK ETCART RI (- E

PLATE LVII.

(Ca-../L -./

N. PT TE$1 PooUTHOOGA.p.H. WASOTO.I 0

__ ___ _I ____ __�_

PLATE LVIII.DUTCH CARB INE

CARTRI DGE.

CLASS 2.

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p PftElR, POTOL UT$ PAFtU"k W*SWOTON, IC

PLATE LIX.

FARRINCTON 95 PRIMER.SOLID HEADCARTRIDGE.

U. S. CARTRIDGE CO. LOWELL, MAS SSCLASS 4.

FARRINN OrON'5· .__.

-, 1 . -- %

IMPROVE UI.

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F-RONT LUBRICATIONNAVY EXPERIMEN-T.

CLASS 4

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PLATE LX.

L Larnctn4of Jtnii vmroW 4tA t4Um.

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PnriTi 9OTO.UTvO f, WAN Wu (,r. o; 1.

PLATE LXI.

FRONT L UBRI C 1AT IONE XPE RI MENTAL

F RAN K FORD ARSENAL.cza14l /

., PtTER, P'OTO LITHOPRIML .WA8&G¥O' D C

I E3 5 - I 3 6 9

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CLASS 3.

NATIONAL

ARMS

CU.

l BI 0.

MAYNARD. rRANkFORn AR~INAL.

lBB5s. 7g, $ uf~Ia I 9.FRANKFURO ARSENAL

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WAcMMATM D C

PLATE LXII.

PRE55U SSERVICE CUN AND CARTRHIUISE.

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___

RE LATIVE PRESSURESPLATE LXIV.

CRIMPEO. vs NOT CRIMPEDCASE,

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S ViRSlt. PSO LT7-TORAPHEO.i W*Su'40 O. ('

COL. TREADWELL% EXPERIMENTSPLATELXV.RELATIVE PRE55URE5.REDUCED vs. 5-FRAIGHT

CASE.

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__ __

PLATE LXVI.

CANNON LOLCKFOP,

CA5S CHECK PRIMER c

I/

'1-

!-I

_ +

EXPFL tI ME N-FALVZFdLY

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SOLIDHEAD S

GAS CHECKFOR CANNON

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I GN ITION.

S P IN NI NC G

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EXPERIMENTAL

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. PLtERS. PIWOr -LSPRA.ER-Aw. wIStO. 0 C

PLATE LXVII.

_ _ __� __1

_ ___ _ __ __ ___�_

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P I A T .XL11iluu~.

S PR iNCF I . L.BREECH LOADING fRIF-LE

CHAMBER. AN CARTR BIOEEJAL o.5J

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