Methionine in ruminants: where are we?
Methionine: More than MilkRobert BENNETT EMEA Ruminant Category Manager
AFMA Forum 2020Ruminant Formulation Workshop,March 2nd, 2020
1
Co-authors: D. Luchini, B. Sloan,
L. Bahloul, M. Shearing
Smartamine, MetaSmart, Microvit A Supra Ruminant - 2 - 10/03/2020
Mooooh!(I want Amino Acids!)
Constantly growing adoption in EMEA
3
fed Adisseo rumen protected methionine products
Key Points for Amino Acid Balancing of the Dairy Cow
➢ Animal benefits
➢ Environmental benefits
➢ AA requirements
➢ AA supplies
➢ Putting this into practice
➢ Economic benefits
4
Key Points for Amino Acid Balancing of the Dairy Cow
➢ Animal benefits
– Why do cows need amino acids?
– Performance: More milk, more protein, more fat
– Health
– Reproduction
– Nitrogen efficiency
– Transition cow
5
Essential
• Arginine
• Histidine*
• Isoleucine
• Leucine
• Lysine*
• Methionine*
• Phenylalanine
• Threonine
• Tryptophan
• Valine
Non-essential
• Alanine
• Aspartic acid
• Asparagine
• Cysteine
• Glutamic acid
• Glutamine
• Glycine
• Proline
• Serine
• Tyrosine
20 standard amino acids in protein
Schwab, 2015.
6
Amino acids are key in making many proteins
Protein
synthesis
Tissue
proteinsEnzymes
Blood
proteins
Milk
proteins
Receptor
proteins
Ion channel
proteins
Messenger
proteins
Amino
Acids
Connective
Epithelial
Nervous
Muscle
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Regulatory proteins
Clotting factors
FeedMetabolizable protein
Microbial, “escape,” endogenous
7
Dairy cows have amino acid requirements, not protein requirements
Dr. Charles G. (Chuck) Schwab
Professor Emeritus, Animal Sciences,University of New Hampshire
9
Dairy cows clearly have AA requirements!They respond to supplementation
• 1993: Initial dose-response curves and requirements, based on milk protein
• Further years: Responses in milk yield, fat, health, and reproduction
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
1,7 1,8 1,9 2 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7
Pro
tein
Pro
duction (
g/j)
METDI (%PDIE)
Requ
ire
men
t
Ale
rt
Requ
ire
men
t
Ale
rt
Methionine and Lysine are the first 2 limiting AA in most dairy cow rations
Up to + 3 g protein/kg milk (+10%)
Over 70 trials Over 40 trials
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11
LYSDI (%PDIE)
Pro
tein
Pro
du
ctio
n (
g/j)
H. Rulquin et al (INRA Rennes),1993.
10
Amino Acids in dairy cows rationWhy are Met and Lys Limiting?
Met (% CP) Lys (% CP)
Milk 3.0 7.9
Microbes 2.8 8.0
Forages 1.3-1.6 2.8-4.7
Grains 1.5-2.0 2.8-3.6
Plant Proteins 1.3-2.0 2.8-6.1
Fiber By-products 1.0-1.5 4.0-6.3
The combined contribution of Microbes (Microbial Protein) and Feed (Bypass Protein) is less than Milk composition
11
4
9
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
7
11
1823
10
LysDi ( %PDIE)
MetDi ( %PDIE)
6
1 Grass silage
2 Maize silage
3 Wheat
4 Corn grain
5 Corn gluten meal
6 Soybean meal
7 Protected Soybean meal
8 Rapeseed meal
9 Ground nut meal
10 Alfalfa
11 Brewer’s Yeast
12 DDGS
5
6,8 7,5
2,2
2,5
Objective:Balanced ration
LysDi: >6,8 %
MetDi: >2,2 %
12
Feedstuffs are deficient in methionineMethionine and lysine requirements for dairy cows and some raw material LysDi/MetDi values
12
INRA 2007
Key Points for Amino Acid Balancing of the Dairy Cow
➢ Animal benefits
– Why do cows need amino acids?
– Performance: More milk, more protein, more fat
– Health
– Reproduction
– Nitrogen efficiency
– Transition cow
13
Source: Institut d’Elevage/EDE 49/Association GALA/RPAN.
..
6.83 LysDI/2.08 MetDI
6.83 LysDI/1.75 MetDI % of PDIE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Trial
end
Trial
start
+ 1,0
+ 1,5
+ 1,1
+ 1,7 + 1,9
Digestible methionine improves milk protein, quickly and increasingly
Milk
pro
tein
conte
nt
g/k
g
14
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
RP-Met (6 cows)
Control (8)
Influence of RP-Met on milk production at the beginning of lactation
in cows quickly mobilizing their body reserves
Source INRA THEIX
Lactation week
Milk
(l)/c
ow
/day
Methionine
Milk : + 2,5 liters
Improved energy utilization for milk production in cows quickly mobilizing their body reserves
15
1996
16
Effect on milk protein level Effect on milk yield
Effect on somatic cell count Effect on calving interval
Kemin - Adisseo, MetaSmart Europe - 17 -
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Protein content Fat content0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
Milk yield
Kg m
ilk
Summary of 6 trials, conducted at INRA Rennes, INRA Nancy, University of New Hampshire, Ohio
State University. Average production: 39 kg milk, 3.75% fat, 3.10% protein. Average HMBi powder
dose: 30 g/head/day (14-43 g)
Min. Average Max
1 - Early lactation increases with HMBi
% c
om
ponents
More milk, more protein, more fat –shown at International Research Centers
3.4
2.0
0.1
0.16
0.25
0.18
0.08
0.14
0.11
More DMI with Methionine
18
HMBi or RP-Met RP-Met
Con vs HMBi and RP-Met
More milk with Methionine
19
HMBi or RP-Met RP-Met
Con vs HMBi and RP-Met
Methionine supplementation and lactation performance
20
Why do we need to feed methionine?
Health
Milk production and composition
21
Why balance amino acids?
• Performance
• Health: Liver and immunity
• Reproduction
• Transition cow
• Reduce diet CP
• Practical:
– Increase performance, or
– Reduce cost
22
.
Ration deficient in MetDI at the start of lactationHealth issues
beginning of lactation:
mobilization of triglycerides
Ketone bodies
Storage
Steatosis
Adipose tissues
Fat reserves
Triglycerides
VLDL
VLDL
Energy available
to the animal
Important lack of energy
and low level of MetDI
23
.
Methionine plays an active role in liver function
Lack of energy
Ketone bodies
VLDL
VLDL Methionine
stimulates the
production of VLDL
24
Adipose tissues
Fat reserves
beginning of lactation:
mobilization of triglycerides
Energy available
to the animal
Storage
Triglycerides
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Exit minus Entry of VLDL
At liver level in g/l
VLDL balance in the liver following a supply of lysine and methionine
before after before after
cow 1 cow 2
INRA THEIX
Risk of
steatosis
Effect of a supplementation with digestible amino acids on the hepatic functioning of dairy cows at the start of lactation
during during
Favorable
state
25
Source INRA THEIX
Influence of the concentration of MetDI in the ration on the blood levels of
ß-hydroxybutyrate and acetone during the second week of lactation
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3 Control ( 8 )
+ RP-Met ( 6 )2,78
1,86
ß-hydroxybutyrate AcetonemM mg/dl
Increasing MetDI supply helps reducesteatosis and ketosis incidences
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6,1
2,2
26
Why balance amino acids?
• Performance
• Health: Liver and immunity
• Reproduction
• Transition cow
• Reduce diet CP
• Practical:
– Increase performance, or
– Reduce cost
27
Metabolic stress during transition and impact on the immune system
Tissue injury
Inflammatory
processes
mediated by
immune cells
Cytokine
production
(TNFα, IL-1, & IL-6)
Acute phase
protein changes
Liver
Causes
bacterial, viral,
oxidative stress
(from ROS),
tissue trauma
(haptoglobin, SAA,
ceruloplasmin, reactive protein C,
fibrinogen, compliment
Positive acute
phase proteins
Albumin, lipoproteins, retinol
binding protein, paraoxonase,
cortisol binding globulin
Negative acute
phase proteins
28
J.S. Osorio 2013 trial(Illinois)
29
*Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics.†Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana 61801.‡Adisseo, Alpharetta, GA 30022.
J. Dairy Sci. 96:1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5790. © American Dairy Science Association®, 2013.
Osorio et al. (2013, 2014a,b, 2015).
Supplemental RP-Met or HMBi during the transition period benefit postpartal
cow performance and blood neutrophil functionJ.S. Osorio*†, P. Ji*†1, J.K. Drackley†, D. Luchini‡, and J.J. Loor*†2
-50 d -21 d 0 d +30 d
1.3 M cal/kg DM
Far-off
1.54 M cal/kg DM
Close-up
1.67 M cal/kg DM
Fresh
Control (Con)
Con + HMBi
Con + RP-Met
Control (Con)
Con + RP-Met
Con + HMBi
Calving
30
Will alleviating a Met deficiency lessen the negative effects of fat mobilization that often leads to fatty livers?
Close-up Lactation
Corn silage 35.9 33.0
Alfalfa silage 8.2 5.0
Alfalfa hay 3.5 4.0
Wheat straw 15.4 4.0
Cottonseed --- 3.5
Wet brewers grains 6.0 10.0
Ground shelled corn 13.0 22.2
Soy hulls 4.0 4.0
SBM, 48% CP 3.1 3.3
Expeller SBM 2.0 6.2
SoyChlor 3.8 ---
Blood meal 1.0 0.3
Urea 0.3 0.14
Rumen-inert fat --- 1.0
(Osorio et al., 2013).
31
Will alleviating a Met deficiency lessen the negative effects of fat mobilization that often leads to fatty livers?
(Osorio et al., 2013).
32
Close-up Postpartum
CON HMBi RP-Met CON HMBi RP-Met
RDP, % 10 10 10 10.9 10.7 10.6
RUP, % 5.1 5.1 5.1 6.5 6.7 6.8
RDP bal., g/d 32 35 40 35 30 16
RUP bal., g/d 499 551 518 -676 -723 -728
Lys, % MP 6.66 6.6 6.62 6.17 6.09 6.06
Met, % MP 1.86 2.35 2.38 1.81 2.15 2.15
MP-Lys, g 79 82 80 96 110 113
MP-Met, g 22 29 29 28 39 40
Lys/Met 3.59/1 2.82/1 2.76/1 3.43/1 2.82/1 2.82/1
DMIPre and post calving
Day relative to calving Day relative to calving
Diet P = 0.67
Time P <.001
DxT P = 0.42
Diet P = 0.18
Time P <.001
DxT P = 0.78
Met P = 0.06
Control
HMBi
RP-Met
34
Results:DMI, milk production and composition
ECM=Energy Corrected Milk, Met=Contrast statement of Control vs. RP-Met + HMBi.
Osorio et al. 2013 J Dairy Sci. 96:6248.
35
Diet P -value
CON HMBi RP-Met Diet Met1
BCS 2.79 2.52 2.66 0.11 0.06
DMI, kg/d 13.3 15.2 15.6 0.18 0.06
Milk, kg/d 35.7b 38.1ab 40.0a 0.15 0.08
Milk protein, % 3.04b 3.26a 3.19ab 0.13 0.05
Milk fat, % 4.27 4.68 4.09 0.59 0.36
ECM, kg/d 41.0b 44.8a 45.0a 0.09 0.03
Inflammation and liver healthAlbumin (- APP)
33
34
35
36
37
38
-21 -10 7 14 21
Alb
um
in (
g/L
)
Day relative to parturition
CON MS SM
Bertoni et al., 2008. J Dairy Sci
Diet, P = 0.28
Time, P = 0.04
Osorio et al., 2014 JDS
UP=Upper Liver Activity Index, INUP=Intermediate Upper Liver Activity Index, INLO=Intermediate Low Liver Activity Index,
LO Low Liver Activity Index.
Osorio et al. 2013 J Dairy Sci. 96:6248.
D × T, P = 0.20
Contrast, P = 0.15
36
HMBi RP-Met
Prevention of oxidative stress
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
-10 7 21
Glu
tath
ion
e (
mM
)
Day relative to parturition
CON MS SM
Osorio et. al., 2014.
37
HMBi RP-Met
Frequency of occurrence of health problems
Osorio et al. (2013).
Diet
CON MS SM
Assigned cows 24 15 17
Cows removed 10 3 4
Twins 2 0 1
Ketosis 6 1 2
Displaced abomasum 3 2 2
Retained placenta 0 1 1
Cows completing study 14 12 13
38
RP-MetHMBi
Why balance amino acids?
• Performance
• Health: Liver and immunity
• Reproduction
• Transition cow
• Reduce diet CP
• Practical:
– Increase performance, or
– Reduce cost
49
Why do we need to feed methionine?
Reproduction
Milk production and composition
50
Corn silage Grass silage
Interval,
Calving to 1st AI
Average
number
of AI / FI
% uterine
involution
68
64
1.751.60 33
56
71
62
1.801.60
43
53
Robert et al
Effect of RP-Met on dairy cows fed with corn or grass silage
7.0% LysDI & 1.7% MetDI
6,9% LysDI & 2,4% MetDI
Increase in ration MetDI at the beginning of lactation improves dairy cow reproduction
51
Interval,
Calving to 1st AI
Average
number
of AI / FI
% uterine
involution
About 50% of the embryos are lost during the first 50 days of gestation
• Embryonic period of gestation: From conception to end of the organ differentiation stage (i.e. from conception to 42 d of gestation)
– Early embryonic death < 24 d of gestation
– Late embryonic death from 24 to 42 d of gestation
• Fetal period of gestation (from 42 d of gestation to delivery)
a% of fertilized embryos that are viable (graded 1-3).
Santos et al., Anim. Reproduction Science 2004 82-83:513.
Induction of ovulation of small, incompetent follicles, results in reduced embryo survival
Early embryonic death
Embryos collected via
uterine flush Days from AI Fertilization %
Fertilized embryos
Viable (%) a Total (%)
165 5 - 6 76 65 50
Late embryonic death (4870 cows)
1st pregnancy check 2nd pregnancy check Interval (d) Pregnancy loss (%) Loss/day (%)
27 - 31 38 - 50 ~ 15 13 0.85
52
Culture in bovine serum
Culture in rat serum
Can methionine prevent embryonic losses?
53
Cow serum with: Embryo protein % Abnormal
None 73.7 + 8.6a 100%
Amino acids + vitamins 130.0 + 7.7b 0%
Amino acids 117.1 + 8.5b 0%
Vitamins 56.6 + 5.76a 100%
Amino acids w/o methionine 82.9 + 8.7a 100%
Methionine 133.7 + 5.5b 0%
Coelho et al., 1989.
54
Reproduction trials (Univ. of Florida and Univ. of Wisconsin)
• Methionine requirements for the preimplantation bovine embryoL. Bonilla, D. Luchini, E. Devillard and P. Hansen (Journal of Reprod. and Dev., 2010)
In vitro fertilization of 1 d old oocytes incubated under different methionine concentrations
• Effect of dietary methionine supplementation on early embryonic deathA. Souza, P. Carvalho, A. Dresch, L.Vieira, K. Hackbart, D. Luchini, S. Bertics, N. Betzold, M. C. Wiltbank, R. D. Shaver (ADSA, 2014)
Evaluation of early embryo development from super ovulated cows flushed 7 days after AI
• Effect of dietary methionine supplementation on the transcriptome of bovine preimplantation embryosF. Penagaricano, A. Souza, P. Carvalho, A. Driver, R. Gambra, J. Kropp, K. Hackbart, D. Luchini, R. Shaver, M. Wiltbank and H. Khatib (Plos
ONE, 2013)
Evaluation of the full transcriptome (all RNA molecules) to compare the gene expression of pre-implanted embryos
• Effect of methionine supplementation on methylation and lipid accumulation of the preimplantation embryo
in dairy cowsD. Acosta, A. Denicol, C. Skenendore, Z. Zhou; M. Corrêa, D. Luchini, P. Hansen, J. Loor, and F. Cardoso (ADSA, 2015)
Evaluation of early embryo composition and intrafolicular methionine concentration
• Effect of dietary methionine supplementation on preventing embryo lossesM.Toledo, G. Baez, E.Trevisol, N.Lobos, J. Guenther, D. Luchini, R. Shaver, M. Wiltbank (ADSA 2015)
55
Effect of dietary methionine on preventing embryo losses
*At 18 d after AI for Interferon-tau gene expression (biomarker of pregnancy).
*At 28 d after AI for Pregnancy Associated Glycoproteins and Pregnancy Associated Protein- B (biomarkers of pregnancy).
**Size of embryo at 33, 47 and 61 DIM after AI.
7 d Double ovsynch d 36 to 62 Early Preg* Ultrasound**
21 28 66 AI 127
Days after calving
Critical time (first 60 days of pregnancy)
56
Effect of dietary methionine on preventing embryo losses
• Cows fed the same basal diet and top dressed daily with 21 g of RP-Met or DDG from 21 DIM to the second pregnancy check at 127 DIM
• Embryo growth and the ideal position and orientation of the conceptus was estimated by images captured for 15 seconds at day 33 after TAI
• Pregnancy check at days 33, 47 and 61 after TAI
Toledo et al., ADSA 2015.
Daily individual
cow feeding
Amniotic vesicle
and Embryo size
57
Multiparous cows had larger embryos with RP Methionine
Embryo size
Ellipsoid volume
Crown-rump length
Abdominal diameter
Toledo et al., ADSA 2015.
58
Multiparous cows had larger embryos with RP-Methionine
Embryo size
Ellipsoid volume
Crown-rump length
Abdominal diameter
Embryo size (± SEM)
Day 33 Crown-rump length (mm) Abdominal diameter (mm) Volume (mm3)
Primiparous
Control 35 10.4 ± 0.24 5.6 ± 0.11 169.6 ± 7.7
RPM 38 10.9 ± 0.24 5.7 ± 0.16 191.9 ± 14.3
P-value 0.10 0.54 0.21
Multiparous
Control 36 10.5 ± 0.24 5.3 ± 0.12 160.5 ± 9.2
RP-Met 44 11.0 ± 0.22 5.9 ± 0.18 209.3 ± 15.6
P-value 0.27 0.03 0.01
Toledo et al., ADSA 2015.
59
Multiparous cows fed RP-Met had less pregnancy losses
The “one number”: Pregnancy losses from 28 to 61 DIM
12,8
19,6
14,6
6,1
0
5
10
15
20
25
Primiparous Multiparous
CO
SM
6/41
P>0.5
5/39 10/51 3/49
P<0.05
60
Key Points for Amino Acid Balancing of the Dairy Cow
➢ Animal benefits
– Performance: More milk, more protein, more fat
– Health
– Reproduction
– Nitrogen efficiency
– Transition cow
61
36,5
34
30,8
27,5
25,4
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
483 531 605 641 711
Eff
icie
nc
y o
f N
uti
liza
tio
n
(mil
k N
as
% o
f N
in
tak
e)
Mil
k, u
rin
e a
nd
fe
ca
l
N e
xc
reti
on
(g
/d)
N intake (g/d)
Efficiency of N Utilization (Olmos Colmenero and Broderick, 2006)
Milk N (g/d) Urine N (g/d) Fecal N (g/d) Efficiency (Milk N as % of N Itake)
Shall we feed more CP (or more N) to increase production? NO !
62
Three seminal trials on N reduction with Amino Acids
63
• Noftsger & St-Pierre, 2003: From 18.6 to 16.9% CP with AAs
• Sylvester & St-Pierre, 2005: At 16.6% CP, performance improvements wih AAs
• Chen & Broderick, 2005: From 16.9 to 15.6 % CP with AAs
• Sixty Holstein cows (32 multiparous, 647 kg BW and 28 primiparous, 550 kg BW)
• Cows assigned to 4 treatments and fed the diets from 4 to 12 weeks in lactation
• Treatments were:
High Protein (18.3%) – Low RUP digestibility (HP-LD)
High Protein (18.3%) – High RUP digestibility (HP-HD)
Low Protein (16.9%) – High RUP digestibility (LP-HD)
Low Protein (16.9%) – High RUP digestibility + MET (LP-HD+Met)
Noftsger, S. and N.R. St-Pierre. 2003, J. Dairy Sci. 86 958-969
Formulating for MET and LYS Saves MP & Maximizes Components
Ingredients HP-LD HP-HD LP-HD LP-HD+MET
Corn silage 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5
Alfalfa silage 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
Ground shelled corn 20.0 19.8 22.4 22.3
Soybean meal (48%) 6.8 9.2 7.7 7.7
Whole cottonseed 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4
Soy hulls 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4
Porcine meat meal1 8.0 - - -
ProvAAl2 - 4.0 2.4 2.4
RP-Met - - - 0.042
HMB - - - 0.084
Megalac 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Tallow - 0.32 0.57 0.57
Urea - - 0.19 0.19
Minerals & vitamins 2.9 4.8 4.8 4.8
Noftsger, S. and N.R. St-Pierre. 2003, J. Dairy Sci. 86 958-96965
1 Low digestible protein source (low LYS)2 High digestible animal protein source (high LYS)
Formulating for MET and LYS Saves MP & Maximizes Components
Noftsger, S. and N.R. St-Pierre. 2003, J. Dairy Sci. 86 958-969
Item HP-LD HP-HD LP-HD LP-HD+MET
CP, % 18.6 18.5 16.9 16.9
RDP, % 11.4 10.7 10.2 10.2
RUP, % 7.2 7.8 6.7 6.7
LYS, % MP 6.25 6.42 6.57 6.57
MET, % MP 1.79 1.70 1.74 2.01
LYS, g/d 171 190 181 181
MET, g/d 48.6 50.4 47.8 55.2
LYS:MET 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.3
66
Protein Balance* (NRC, 2001)
* Estimated for a cow producing 45.5 kg of milk and 23.8 kg DMI
Formulating for MET and LYS Saves MP & Maximizes Components
HP-LD HP-HD LP-HD LP-HD+MET P <
Milk, kg/d 40.9b 46.3a 43.0b 46.7a 0.01
ECM1 , kg/d 39.6 46.2 43.1 47.2
Fat, kg/d 1.39 1.67 1.57 1.71 0.01
Protein, kg/d 1.20 1.38 1.28 1.44 0.01
Fat, %, 3.42 3.64 3.66 3.73 0.05
Protein, % 2.95 2.98 2.99 3.09 0.04
MUN, mg/dL 16.8a 17.3a 14.3b 13.5c 0.001
Milk N/N intake 29.5c 31.1b 31.7b 35.0a 0.05
Noftsger, S. and N.R. St-Pierre. 2003, J. Dairy Sci. 86 958-96967
1 ECM(3.5% fat, 3.2% Protein) = (.3246 X Kg milk + 12.86 X Kg Fat + 7.04 X Kg Prot) – JDS 80:938
Formulating for MET and LYS Saves MP & Maximizes Components
HP-LD HP-HD LP-HD LP-HD+MET P <
Milk, kg/d 40.9b 46.3a 43.0b 46.7a 0.01
ECM1 , kg/d 39.6 46.2 43.1 47.2
Fat, kg/d 1.39 1.67 1.57 1.71 0.01
Protein, kg/d 1.20 1.38 1.28 1.44 0.01
Fat, %, 3.42 3.64 3.66 3.73 0.05
Protein, % 2.95 2.98 2.99 3.09 0.04
MUN, mg/dL 16.8a 17.3a 14.3b 13.5c 0.001
Milk N/N intake 29.5c 31.1b 31.7b 35.0a 0.05
Noftsger, S. and N.R. St-Pierre. 2003, J. Dairy Sci. 86 958-96968
1 ECM(3.5% fat, 3.2% Protein) = (.3246 X Kg milk + 12.86 X Kg Fat + 7.04 X Kg Prot) – JDS 80:938
Two messages:
- Look at ECM to evaluate the cow’s response
- Design your diets to maximize N efficiency
Formulating for MET and LYS Saves MP & Maximizes Components
Down to 15.6% CP with AAs
• Seventy Holstein cows (50 multiparous and 20 primiparous)
• Cows assigned to 5 treatments for 12 weeks
• Treatments were:
Low Protein (LP): 15.6% CP with an unbalanced Lys:Met
LP + HMBi: LP + 9 g of MP-Met (40 g HMBi powder) to balance Lys:Met ratio
LP + RP-Met & HMB: LP + 9 g of MP-Met (15 g RP-Met) + 24g HMB (27g Liquid HMB)
LP +RP-Met: LP + 9 g of MP-Met (15 g RP-Met) to balance the Lys:Met
Traditional Protein: 16.9% CP diet with DDG with an unbalanced Lys:Met
Z.H. Chen, G.A. Broderick, N.D. Luchini, B.K. Sloan and E. Devillard, 2005
JDS 94:1978-1988
Chen et al., 2011 - J. Dairy Sci. 94:1978–1988
Why and when we shall balance the AA of the diet?
Item Low Protein
(15.7%)
Low Protein +
HMBi
Low Protein +
RP-Met
Traditional
(16.9% CP)
CP, % 15.6 15.6 15.6 16.9
RDP, % 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.9
RUP, % 5.2 5.2 5.2 6.0
MP, g/d 2444 2453 (+9) 2453 (+9) 2593 (+ 149)
LYS, % MP 6.59 6.59 6.59 6.17
MET, % MP 1.84 2.21 2.21 1.85
LYS, g/d 161 161 161 160
MET, g/d 45 54 54 48
LYS:MET 3.6 3.0 3.0 3.3
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Nutrient Balance*
Chen et al., 2011 - J. Dairy Sci. 94:1978–1988
* 25 Kg DMI
HMBi and RP-Met both as effective with lower CP diet
a,b(P < 0.05)
ItemLow Protein
(15.7%)
Low Protein +
HMBi
Low Protein +
RP-Met
Traditional
(16.9% CP)P > F
Milk, kgs 41.8 42.1 41.7 41.2 0.98
Fat % 3.52 3.93 3.77 3.85 0.08
Prot % 3.03b 3.19a 3.15ab 3.05bc 0.01
Fat Yield, kgs 1.42 1.60 1.62 1.61 0.07
Prot Yield, kgs 1.24 1.30 1.33 1.25 0.09
ECM, kgs/d 40.6b 43.4a 43.0ab 42.9ab 0.02
MUN, mg/dL 10.0b 10.2b 11.2ab 13.2a 0.01
Milk N/N Intake 32.0bc 32.3b 34.5a 30.2c <0.01
Chen et al., 2011 - J. Dairy Sci. 94:1978–198875
Results of Feeding two Ruminant Methionine Sources for 12 weeks
1 ECM(3.5% fat, 3.2% Protein) = (.3246 X Kg milk + 12.86 X Kg Fat + 7.04 X Kg Prot) – JDS 80:938
HMBi and RP-Met both as effective with lower CP diet
a,b(P < 0.05)
ItemLow Protein
(15.7%)
Low Protein +
HMBi
Low Protein +
RP-Met
Traditional
(16.9% CP)P > F
Milk, kgs 41.8 42.1 41.7 41.2 0.98
Fat % 3.52 3.93 3.77 3.85 0.08
Prot % 3.03b 3.19a 3.15ab 3.05bc 0.01
Fat Yield, kgs 1.42 1.60 1.62 1.61 0.07
Prot Yield, kgs 1.24 1.30 1.33 1.25 0.09
ECM, kgs/d 40.6b 43.4a 43.0ab 42.9ab 0.02
MUN, mg/dL 10.0b 10.2b 11.2ab 13.2a 0.01
Milk N/N Intake 32.0bc 32.3b 34.5a 30.2c <0.01
Chen et al., 2011 - J. Dairy Sci. 94:1978–198876
Results of Feeding two Ruminant Methionine Sources for 12 weeks
1 ECM(3.5% fat, 3.2% Protein) = (.3246 X Kg milk + 12.86 X Kg Fat + 7.04 X Kg Prot) – JDS 80:938
HMBi and RP-Met both as effective with lower CP diet
a,b(P < 0.05)
ItemLow Protein
(15.7%)
Low Protein +
MetaSmart
Low Protein +
Smartamine® M
Traditional
(16.9% CP)P > F
Milk, kgs 41.8 42.1 41.7 41.2 0.98
Fat % 3.52 3.93 3.77 3.85 0.08
Prot % 3.03b 3.19a 3.15ab 3.05bc 0.01
Fat Yield, kgs 1.42 1.60 1.62 1.61 0.07
Prot Yield, kgs 1.24 1.30 1.33 1.25 0.09
ECM, kgs/d 40.6b 43.4a 43.7ab 42.9ab 0.02
MUN, mg/dL 10.0b 10.2b 11.2ab 13.2a 0.01
Milk N/N Intake 32.0bc 32.3b 34.5a 30.2c <0.01
Chen et al., 2011 - J. Dairy Sci. 94:1978–198877
Results of Feeding two Ruminant Methionine Sources for 12 weeks
1 ECM(3.5% fat, 3.2% Protein) = (.3246 X Kg milk + 12.86 X Kg Fat + 7.04 X Kg Prot) – JDS 80:938
Two Messages:
- AA balancing can save grams of MP
- Use commercial sources of RP-AA to add
the “last” grams AA
HMBi and RP-Met both as effective with lower CP diet
Key Points for Amino Acid Balancing of the Dairy Cow
➢ Animal benefits
– Performance: More milk, more protein, more fat
– Health
– Reproduction
– Nitrogen efficiency
– Transition cow
➢ Environmental benefits:
– Environment: less N excretion
– Sustainability: less resources needed
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Balancing AA’s can reduce N load on land
• EU Nitrogen Directive:
Will limit manure spreading (to 170kg N per ha per year)
• Better balanced diets:
Will help – They excrete less N in manure
• Example: OSU 2005 trial
Control MetaSmart
Land required to produce 1 million liters milk (ha) 56 ha 51 ha
Stocking rate allowed (cows per 100 ha) 89 cows 97 cows
HMBi
Key Points for Amino Acid Balancing of the Dairy Cow
➢ Animal benefits
➢ Environmental benefits
➢ AA requirements
➢ AA supplies See you on Friday
➢ Putting this into practice
➢ Economic benefits
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Key Points for Amino Acid Balancing of the Dairy Cow
➢ Animal benefits
➢ Environmental benefits
➢ AA requirements
➢ AA supplies
➢ Putting this into practice
➢ Economic benefits
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A dedicated App to calculate economic benefits
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Net gain from milk, health and reproduction (1000 cow farm example)
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Why balance amino acids?
• Performance: More milk, more protein, more fat
• Health
• Reproduction
• Transition cow
• Reduce diet CP
• Practical:
– Increase performance, or
– Reduce cost
• Putting this into practice: see you on Friday
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Smartamine, MetaSmart, Microvit A Supra Ruminant - 85 - 10/03/2020
Mooooh!(thank you
for your attention)
Formulation options
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