30
Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis
Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis
Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis
Volume 8
For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/8172
Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis
Volume 8
Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and PrognosisBrain Cancer
Edited by
M.A. HayatDistinguished ProfessorDepartment of Biological Sciences,Kean University, Union, NJ, USA
EditorM.A. HayatDistinguished ProfessorDepartment of Biological SciencesKean UniversityUnion, NJ, USA
ISBN 978-90-481-8664-8 e-ISBN 978-90-481-8665-5
Library of Congress Control Number: 2010934642
© 2010 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed on acid-free paper
springer.com
New technology, for better or for worse, will be used, as that is our nature.
Lewis Thomas
You have been given the key that opens the gates of heaven; the same key opens the gates of hell.
Writing at the entrance to a Buddhist temple
1
vii
Riyadh N. AlokailiDepartment of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Dulles 2, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
Shiori AmemiyaDepartment of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-KuTokyo, 113-8655, Japan
Filippo F. AngileriClinica Neurochirurgica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico G. Martino, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy
Alexandre ArcaroNeuro-Oncology Program, University Children’s Hospital of Zürich Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland
Carles ArusGrup d’Aplicacions Biomèdiques de la RMN (GABRMN), Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
Susanna AsenbaumNuclear Medicine Division, Mont-Godinne Medical Centre, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Dr. G. Therasse 1, 5530, Yvoir, Belgium
Jerome BadautNeurovascular Laboratory, Departments of Clinical and fundamental Neurosciences, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
Sergio BaldariClinica Neurochirurgica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico G. Martino, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy
Peter BartensteinNuclear Medicine Division, Mont-Godinne Medical Centre, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Dr. G. Therasse 1, 5530, Yvoir, Belgium
Jaishri O. BlakeleyDivision of MR Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 217 Taylor Building, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Contributors
viii Contributors
William C. BroaddusNeuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980631, 411 North 11th Street, ACC 6th Floor, Harold F. Young Neurosurgical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0631, USA
Jean-Francois BrunetNeurovascular Laboratory, Departments of Clinical and fundamental Neurosciences, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
Nail BulakbasiGulhane Military Medical Academy and Military Medical Faculty, Department of Radiology, Etlik 06018 Ankara, Turkey
Yue CaoDepartment of Radiology, University of Michigan Hospitals, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Room B2-A209, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0030, USA
Cacilda CasartelliUnidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
Javier S. CastresanaUnidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
Thomas C. ChenDepartment of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
Thomas L. ChenevertDepartment of Radiology, University of Michigan Hospitals, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Room B2-A209, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0030, USA
D. J. CoopeManchester Molecular Imaging Center, Academic Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
Catherine DumurMolecular Diagnostics Division, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980631, 411 North 11th Street, ACC 6th Floor, Harold F. Young Neurosurgical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0631, USA
Andres J. M. FerreriMedical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
Carmen Franco-HernandezUnidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
Gregory N. FullerDepartment of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Cole A. GillerMedical College of Georgia 1120 15th St. B. 3088 Department of Neurosurgery, Augusta GA, 30912, USA
ixContributors
Michael A. GrotzerNeuro-Oncology Program, University Children’s Hospital of Zürich Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland
Christer HalldinNuclear Medicine Division, Mont-Godinne Medical Centre, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Dr. G. Therasse 1, 5530, Yvoir, Belgium
Dirk HellwigDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421, Hamburg/Saar, Germany
K. HerholzManchester Molecular Imaging Center, Academic Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
Florence M. HofmanDepartment of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
Matthew A. HuntDepartment of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW, Sam Jackson Park Road, CR137 Portland, OR 97239, USA
Margarida Julia-SapeGrup d’Aplicacions Biomèdiques de la RMN (GABRMN), Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
Ozlem KapucuNuclear Medicine Division, Mont-Godinne Medical Centre, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Dr. G. Therasse 1, 5530, Yvoir, Belgium
Leena M. KetonenDepartment of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Sungheon KimCenter for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Langone Medical Center, 660 First Ave. 4th floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
Murat KocaogluGulhane Military Medical Academy and Military Medical Faculty, Department of Radiology, Etlik 06018 Ankara, Turkey
Kaoru KurisuDepartment of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
Domenico La TorreClinica Neurochirurgica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico G. Martino, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy
Karl-Josef LangenDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, Munster University, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48149, Mϋnster, Germany
William P. J. LeendersRadboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Pathology, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
x Contributors
Fa-Hsuan LinAthinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 149 Room 230, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
Carles MajosGrup d’Aplicacions Biomèdiques de la RMN (GABRMN), Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
Victor Martinez-GlezUnidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
Elena MazzaMedical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
Elias R. MelhemDepartment of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street. Dulles 2, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
Fabio MinutoliClinica Neurochirurgica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico G. Martino, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy
Edward A. NeuweltDepartment of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW, Sam Jackson Park Road, CR137 Portland, OR 97239, USA
Carolina Pena-GraneroUnidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
Steve PickupCenter for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Langone Medical Center, 660 First Ave. 4th floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
Benoit PirotteDepartment of Neurosurgery, Erasme Hospital, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
Harish PoptaniCenter for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Langone Medical Center, 660 First Ave. 4th floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
Suzanne Z. PowellDepartment of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 286A, Houston, TX 77030-3498, USA
P. PriceManchester Molecular Imaging Center, Academic Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
Osama RaslanDepartment of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Michele ReniMedical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
xiContributors
Christof RennerUniversity of Leipzig, Department of Neurosurgery, Liebegstrasse 20, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
Juan A. ReyUnidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
Joshua B. RubinDivision of Pediatric Hematology/ Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, School of Medicine, Campus Box 8208, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
Dawid SchellingerhoutDepartment of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Tarek ShalabyNeuro-Oncology Program, University Children’s Hospital of Zürich Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland
Kazuhiko SugiyamaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
Pia C. SundgrenDepartment of Radiology, University of Michigan Hospitals, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Room B2-A209, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0030, USA
Hidehiro TakeiDepartment of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 286A, Houston, TX 77030-3498, USA
Klaus TatschNuclear Medicine Division, Mont-Godinne Medical Centre, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Dr. G. Therasse 1, 5530, Yvoir, Belgium
Miguel Torres-MartinUnidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
Shang-Yueh TsaiAthinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 149 Room 230, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
Gary TyeNeuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980631, 411 North 11th Street, ACC 6th Floor, Harold F. Young Neurosurgical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0631, USA
T. Vander BorghtNuclear Medicine Division, Mont-Godinne Medical Centre, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Dr. G. Therasse 1, 5530, Yvoir, Belgium
xii Contributors
Koen Van LaereNuclear Medicine Division, Mont-Godinne Medical Centre, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Dr. G. Therasse 1, 5530, Yvoir, Belgium
Timothy E. Van MeterNeuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980631, 411 North 11th Street, ACC 6th Floor, Harold F. Young Neurosurgical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0631, USA
Andrea VarroneNuclear Medicine Division, Mont-Godinne Medical Centre, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Dr. G. Therasse 1, 5530, Yvoir, Belgium
Matthias WeckesserDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, Munster University, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse, 33, 48149, Mϋnster, Germany
Pieter WesselingRadboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Pathology, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
B. Mark WoernerDivision of Pediatric Hematology/ Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, School of Medicine, Campus Box 8208, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
Fumiyuki YamasakiDepartment of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
Jinyuan ZhouDivision of MR Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 217 Taylor Building, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
xiii
This volume discusses in detail various aspects of brain cancer in the series meth-ods of cancer diagnosis, therapy, and prog-nosis, while the already published Volumes 1–7 detail similar aspects of the following cancers,
Volume 1: Breast Cancer
Volume 2: Lung Cancer
Volume 3: Gastrointestinal Cancer
Volume 4: Liver Cancer
Volume 5: Colorectal Cancer
Volume 6: Ovarian Cancer, Renal Cancer, Urinary Bladder cancer,
Adrenal Cancer, Cervical Cancer, Skin Cancer, Lymph Node Cancer,
Testicular Cancer, Wilms Tumor, Multiple Myeloma, and Sarcoma
Volume 7: General Overview, Head and Neck Cancer, and Thyroid Cancer
As in the previous seven volumes of this series, each chapter is written by distinguished, practicing clinicians/neuro-surgeons/pathologists who provide meth-
odologies for diagnosis, and treatment of brain cancer. This volume was written by 74 oncologists representing 11 countries. Their practical experience highlights their writings, which should build and further the endeavors of the readers in this impor-tant area of disease. The text of each can-cer type is divided into subheadings for the convenience of the readers. It is my hope that the current volume will join the preceding volumes of this series for assist-ing in the more complete understanding of globally relevant cancer syndromes. There exists a tremendous, urgent demand by the public in the scientific community to address cancer prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and hopefully cure.
I am grateful to the contributors for their promptness accepting my suggestions. I respect their dedication and diligent work in sharing their invaluable knowledge with the public through this series. Each chap-ter provides unique, individual knowl-edge based on the expertise and practical experience of the authors. The chapters contain the most up-to-date practical and theoretical information. I hope that these
Preface
xiv Preface
handbooks will assist the practicing read-ers in their clinical work.
I am thankful to Dr. Dawood Farahi and Dr. Kristie Reilly for recognizing the importance of scholarship (research, writ-ing, publishing) in an institution for higher education and for providing the resources
for completing this project. I appreciate receiving expert help from Myrna Ortiz, ZiphoraSam, and Amy Vitale in preparing this volume.
M. A. HayatSeptember 2009
xv
Volume 1
1. Breast Cancer: An Introduction
2. Breast Cancer: Computer-Aided Detection
3. Sebaceous Carcinoma of the Breast: Clinicopathologic Features
4. Breast Cancer: Detection by In-Vivo Imaging of Angiogenesis
5. Breast and Prostate Biopsies: Use of Optimized High-Throughput MicroRNA Expression for Diagnosis (Methodology)
6. Familial Breast Cancer: Detection of Prevalent High-Risk Epithelial Lesions
7. Differentiation Between Benign and Malignant Papillary Lesions of Breast: Excisional Biopsy or Stereotactic Vacuum-Assisted Biopsy (Methodology)
8. Multicentric Breast Cancer: Sentinel Node Biopsy as a Diagnostic Tool
9. Breast Cancer Recurrence: Role of Serum Tumor Markers CEA and CA 15-3
10. Breast Cancer Patients Before, During or After Treatment: Circulating Tumor Cells in Peripheral Blood Detected by Multigene Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction
Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
xvi Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
11. Breast Cancer Patients: Diagnostic Epigenetic Markers in Blood
12. Breast Cancer Patients: Detection of Circulating Cancer Cell-Related mRNA Markers with Membrane Array Method
13. Prediction of Metastasis and Recurrence of Breast Carcinoma: Detection of Survivin-Expressing Circulating Cancer Cells
14. Node-Negative Breast Cancer: Predictive and Prognostic Value of Peripheral Blood Cytokeratin-19 mRNA-Positive Cells
15. Breast and Colon Carcinomas: Detection with Plasma CRIPTO-1
16. Breast Cancer Risk in Women with Abnormal Cytology in Nipple Aspirate Fluid
17. Tissue Microarrays: Construction and Utilization for Biomarker Studies
18. Systematic Validation of Breast Cancer Biomarkers Using Tissue Microarrays: From Construction to Image Analysis
19. Phyllodes Tumors of the Breast: The Role of Immunohistochemistry in Diagnosis
20. Phyllodes Tumor of the Breast: Prognostic Assessment Using Immunohistochemistry
21. Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma: Detection Using Histology and Immunohistochemistry
22. Invasive Breast Cancer: Overexpression of HER-2 Determined by Immunohistochemistry and Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification
23. Operable Breast Cancer: Neoadjuvant Treatment (Methodology)
24. Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
25. Locally Advanced Breast Cancer: Role of Chemotherapy in Improving Prognosis
xviiContents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
26. Relevance of Dose-Intensity for Adjuvant Treatment of Breast Cancer
27. Advanced Breast Cancer: Treatment with Docetaxel/Epirubicin
28. Systemic Therapy for Breast Cancer: Using Toxicity Data to Inform Decisions
29. Chemotherapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Who Received Adjuvant Anthracyclines (An Overview)
30. Estrogen Receptor-Negative and HER-2/neu-Positive Locally Advanced Breast Carcinoma: Therapy with Paclitaxel and Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor
31. Breast Cancer: Side Effects of Tamoxifen and Anastrozole
32. Breast Cancer: Expression of HER-2 and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor as Clinical Markers for Response to Targeted Therapy
33. Young Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Breast-Conserving Therapy: Role of BRCA1 and BRCA2
34. Radiation Therapy for Older Women with Early Breast Cancer
35. Acute Side Effects of Radiotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients: Role of DNA-Repair and Cell Cycle Control Genes
36. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose/Positron Emission Tomography in Primary Breast Cancer: Factors Responsible for False-Negative Results
37. Sentinel Lymph Node Surgery During Prophylactic Mastectomy (Methodology)
38. Breast Conservation Surgery: Methods
39. Lymph Node-Negative Breast Carcinoma: Assessment of HER-2/neu Gene Status as Prognostic Value
40. Multifocal or Multicentric Breast Cancer: Understanding Its Impact on Management and Treatment Outcomes
xviii Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
41. Are Breast Cancer Survivors at Risk for Developing Other Cancers?
42. Distant Metastasis in Elderly Patients with Breast Cancer: Prognosis with Nodal Status
43. Concomitant Use of Tamoxifen with Radiotherapy Enhances Subcutaneous Breast Fibrosis in Hypersensitive Patients
44. Malignant Phyllodes Tumor of the Breast: Is Adjuvant Radiotherapy Necessary?
45. Locally Advanced Breast Cancer: Multidrug Resistance
46. Breast Cancer: Diagnosis of Recurrence Using 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
47. Role of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Diagnosis and Methodology
48. Breast Conservation Treatment of Early Stage Breast Carcinoma: Risk of Cardiac Mortality
Volume 2
Part I General Methods and Overviews
1. Metabolic Transformations of Malignant Cells: An Overview
2. Detection of Recurrent Cancer by Radiological Imaging
3. Tumor Gene Therapy: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
4. Assessment of Gene Transfer: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Nuclear Medicine Techniques
5. Role of Mutations in TP53 in Cancer (An Overview)
6. Personalized Medicine for Cancer
7. Radiation Doses to Patients Using Computed Radiography, Direct Digital Radiography and Screen-Film Radiography
xixContents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
8. Cancer Vaccines and Immune Monitoring (An Overview)
9. New Insights into the Role of Infection, Immunity, and Apoptosis in the Genesis of the Cancer Stem Cell
10. Successful Cancer Treatment: Eradication of Cancer Stem Cells
11. Overexposure of Patients to Ionizing Radiation: An Overview
Part II Lung Cancer
12. Lung Carcinoma
13. Extra-Pulmonary Small Cell Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis
14. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Lung: Automated Segmentation Methods
15. Peripheral Lung Lesions: Diagnosis Using Transcutaneous Contrast-Enhanced Sonography
16. Small Pulmonary Nodules: Detection Using Multidetector-Row Computed Tomography
17. Secondary Primary Cancer Following Chemoradiation for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
18. Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Second-Line Treatment with Docetaxel
19. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Brain Metastases: Platinum-Based Chemotherapy
20. Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: EGFR Gene Mutations and Response to Gefitinib
21. Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: Acquired Resistance to Gefitinib
22. Prognostic Significance of [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake on Positron Emission Tomography in Patients with Pathological Stage I Lung Adenocarcinoma
xx Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
23. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Prognosis Using the TNM Staging System
24. Differentiation Between Malignant and Benign Pleural Effusions: Methylation Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis
25. Pathological Distinction of Pulmonary Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma from Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma Using Immunohistochemistry
26. Differentiating Between Pleuropulmonary Desmoid Tumors and Solitary Fibrous Tumors: Role of Histology and Immunohistochemistry
27. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Brain Metastasis: Role of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene Mutation
Part III Prostate Cancer
28. Prostate Carcinoma
29. The Role of Intermediary Metabolism and Molecular Genetics in Prostate Cancer
30. Array-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization in Prostate Cancer: Research and Clinical Applications
31. Prostate Cancer: Role of Vav3 Overexpression in Development and Progression
32. Prostate Cancer: Detection and Monitoring Using Mitochondrial Mutations as a Biomarker
33. Prognostic Markers in Prostate Carcinoma
34. Prostate Cancer: Detection of Free Tumor-Specific DNA in Blood and Bone Marrow
35. Prostate Carcinoma: Evaluation Using Transrectal Sonography
36. Prostate Cancer: 16b-[18F]Fluoro-5α-Dihydrotesterone(FDHT) Whole-Body Positron Emission Tomography
37. Effects of Standard Treatments on the Immune Response to Prostate Cancer
xxiContents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
38. Vinorelbine, Doxorubicin, and Prednisone in Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer
39. Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer Biochemical Recurrence After Radiotherapy: Use of Cyclic Androgen Withdrawal Therapy
Volume 3
Part I Gastrointestinal Cancers
1. Introduction: Gastrointestinal Cancer
2. Metastatic Gastrointestinal Cancer: Safety of Cisplatin Combined with Continuous 5-FU Versus Bolus 5-FU and Leucovorin (Methodology)
3. Gastrointestinal Cancer: Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (Methodology)
4. Gastrointestinal Epithelial Neoplasms: Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (Methodology)
5. Inoperable Abdomino-Pelvic Tumors: Treatment with Radio-Frequency Ablation and Surgical Debulking
6. Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors: Diagnosis Using Gastrin Receptor Scintigraphy
Part II Esophageal Cancer
7. Distal Esophagus: Evaluation with 18F-FDG PET/CT Fusion Imaging
8. Endoscopic Ultrasound and Staging of Esophageal Cancer
9. Esophageal Cancer: Role of RNASEN Protein and microRNA in Prognosis
10. Esophageal Cancer: Initial Staging
xxii Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
Part III Gastric Cancer
11. Automated Disease Classification of Colon and Gastric Histological Samples Based on Digital Microscopy and Advanced Image Analysis
12. Early Gastric Cancer: Prediction of Metachronous Recurrence Using Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (Methodology)
13. Helicobacter pylori-Infected Neoplastic Gastric Epithelium: Expression of MUC2 as a Biomarker
14. Gastric Cancer: Role of Intestinal Metaplasia by Histochemical Detection Using Biopsy Specimens
15. Gastric Cancer: Antitumor Activity of RUNX3
16. Early Gastric Cancer: Laparoscopic Gastrectomy (Methodology)
17. Gastric Cancer: Overexpression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 as a Prognostic Factor
Part IV Pancreatic Cancer
18. Pancreatic Cancer: Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor as a Prognostic Factor
19. Pancreatic Cancer: 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography as a Prognostic Parameter
20. Imaging and Pathologic Findings of Peculiar Histologic Variants of Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors
21. Periampullary Adenocarcinoma: Diagnosis and Survival After Pancreaticoduodenectomy
22. Unresectable Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Concurrent Chemotherapy
Index
xxiiiContents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
Volume 4
Part I Colorectal Cancer
1. Introduction: Colorectal Cancer
2. Poorly Differentiated Colorectal Adenocarcinoma: (Methodology)
3. Colorectal Cancer: Immunohistochemical Diagnosis with Heterogenous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K
4. Metastases and Recurrence of Colorectal Cancer: Diagnostic Role of Immunoscintigraphy
5. Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis Using DNA Levels in Blood and Stool
6. Colorectal Carcinoma: Identification of MicroRNAs Using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
7. Colorectal Cancer: Optimization of the Combination of 5-Flouroracil and Irinotecan
8. Detection of Abdominal Abscesses After Colorectal Surgery: Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography, and Gallium Scan
9. Antimetastatic Therapy in Colorectal Cancer: Role of Tumor Cell Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (Methodology)
10. Endoscopic Resection of Early Colorectal Tumours: Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques
11. Role of Stromal Variables in Development and Progression of Colorectal Cancer
12. Quantitative Assessment of Colorectal Cancer Perfusion: Perfusion Computed Tomography and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging
13. Colorectal Cancer: Positron Emission Tomography
14. Prognostic Significance of Protein Markers in Colorectal Cancer Stratified by Mismatch Repair Status
15. Colorectal Cancer: Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity as a Prognostic Marker
xxiv Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
Part II Colon Cancer
16. Detection of Tumor Cells in Lymph Nodes of Colon Cancer Patients Using Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction
17. Colon Cancer: Laparoscopic Surgery
18. Sentinal Node-Based Immunotherapy of Colon Cancer
Part III Rectal Cancer
19. Rectal Cancer: Preoperative Staging Using Endorectal Ultrasonography (Methodology)
20. Rectal Cancer: Spectral Imaging and Immunohistochemistry of Thymidylate Synthase
21. Cancer of the Rectum: Abdominoperineal and Sphincter-Saving Resections
22. Chemoradiation for Rectal Cancer
23. Resectable Rectal Cancer: Preoperative Short-Course Radiation
24. Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy Allows for Local Control in Rectal Cancer, but Distant Metastases Remain an Unsolved Problem
25. Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: Combined Chemotherapy During Preoperative Radiation Therapy
Part IV Colorectal Liver Metastases
26. Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases: Neoadjuvant Therapy with Bevacizumab
27. Colorectal Liver Metastases: Radiofrequency Ablation
Part V Anal Cancer
28. Anal Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Diagnosis Using p63 Immunohistochemistry
29. Anorectal Melanoma: Prediction of Outcome Based on Molecular and Clinicopathologic Features
xxvContents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
Volume 5
Part I Liver Cancer
A. Diagnosis
1. Applications of Positron Emission Tomography in Liver Imaging: An Overview
2. Localized Fibrous Tumor of the Liver: Imaging Features
3. A Radial Magnetic Resonance Imaging Method for Imaging Abdominal Neoplasms
4. Liver: Helical Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Part II Resectable Liver Cancer
A. Diagnosis
5. Selection of Patients for Resection of Hepatic Colorectal Metastases: 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose/Positron Emission Tomography
B. Treatment
6. Ultrasonography During Liver Surgery
Part III Unresectable Liver Cancer
A. Treatment
7. Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Radiofrequency Ablation of Hepatic Tumors
8. Surgically Unresectable and Chemotherapy-Refractory Metastatic Liver Carcinoma: Treatment with Yttrium-90 Microsphere Followed by Assessment with Positron Emission Tomography
B. Prognosis
9. Unresectable Liver Metastases from Colorectal Cancer: Methodology and Prognosis with Radiofrequency Ablation
xxvi Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
Part IV Hepatocellular Carcinoma
A. Diagnosis
10. Screening with Ultrasonography of Patients at High-Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Thrombocytopenia as a Valid Surrogate of Cirrhosis
11. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Contrast-Enhanced Sonography
12. Focal Liver Lesion: Nonlinear Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging
13. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
14. Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Correlation with Radiologic Findings
15. Detection of Small Hepatic Lesions: Superparamagnetic Oxide-Enhanced Diffusion-Weighted T2 FSE Imaging
16. Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Multidetector-Row Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
17. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Effect of Injection Rate/Injection Duration of Contrast Material on Computed Tomography
18. Detection of Combined Hepatocellular and Cholangiocarcinomas: Enhanced Computed Tomography
19. Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Adenomatous Hyperplasia (Dysplastic Nodules): Dynamic Computed Tomography and a Combination of Computed Tomography and Angiography
20. Hepatocellular Cancer in Cirrhotic Patients: Radiological Imaging
B. Treatment
21. Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Thalidomide: Assessment with Power Doppler Ultrasound
22. Perfusion Scintigraphy with Integrated Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography in the Management of Transarterial Treatment of Hepatic Malignancies
23. Postoperative Interferon Alpha Treatment of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Expression of p48 Using Tissue Microarray
xxviiContents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
C. Prognosis
24. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Overexpression of Homeoprotein Six 1 as a Marker for Predicting Survival
25. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: KiSS-1 Overexpression as a Prognostic Factor
26. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Prognosis Using Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor Immunohistochemistry
27. Hepatitis C Virus-Related Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Predictive Markers Using Proteomic Analysis (Methodology)
Part V Metastases
A. Diagnosis
28. Liver Metastases from Colorectal Cancer: Ultrasound Imaging
29. Preclinical Liver Metastases: Three-Dimensional High-Frequency Ultrasound Imaging
30. Colorectal Liver Metastases: 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography
Part VI Biliary Cancer
A. Diagnosis
31. Biliary Cystic Tumors: Clinicopathological Features
32. Cholangiocarcinoma: Intraductal Sonography
B. Prognosis
33. Extrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma: Role of the p53 Protein Family
34. Extrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma: Mucin 4, a Poor Prognostic Factor
C. Treatment
35. Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Photodynamic Therapy and Stenting
xxviii Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
Part VII Splenic Cancer
A. Diagnosis
36. Splenic Metastases: Diagnostic Methods
Volume 6
Part I Ovarian Cancer
A. Diagnosis
1. Identifi cation of Biomarkers for Clear Cell Ovarian Adenocarcinoma
2. Ovarian Carcinoma: Diagnostic Immuno-histochemistry of MUCIN4 (MUC4)
3. Distinguishing Benign from Malignant Complex Adnexal Masses in Ovarian Cancer: Two-Dimensional Power-Doppler Imaging
4. Subgroups of Ovarian Carinoma: Identifi cation Using Differential Gene Expression
5. Sertoliform Endometrioid Carcinoma of the Ovary: Diagnosis and Prognosis
B. Prognosis
6. Role of MUC16 (CA125) in the Pathogenesis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
7. Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary: Prognosis Using Cytoreductive Surgery
8. Advanced Ovarian Cancer: Prediction of Surgical Outcomes Using Computed Tomography
Part II Renal Cancer
A. Treatment
9. Renal Cell Carcinoma: Follow-Up with Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation
10. Metastatic Kidney Cancer: Treatment with Infusional Interleukin-2 Plus Famotidine
xxixContents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
11. Renal Cell Carcinoma: Preoperative Treatment with Cytokines Followed by Surgery
12. Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Use of Bcl-2 and Fas to Predict Responses to Immunotherapy
13. Wilms Tumor: Prognosis Using Microvessel Density
Part III Urogenitary Tract Cancer
A. Adrenal
14. Adenomatoid Tumor of the Adrenal Gland: Differential Diagnosis Using Immunohistochemistry
15. Testicular Cancer: Post-Chemotherapy Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection
16. Survivors of Germ-Cell Testicular Cancer: Increased Risk of Second Primary Tumors
Part IV Urinary Bladder Cancer
Diagnosis
17. Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Screening with Urine-Based Tumor Markers
18. Detection of OCT-4 in Bladder Cancer: Role of Cancer Stem Cell
Part V Cervical Uterine Cancer
Diagnosis
19. Uterine Cervical Glandular Lesions: Differentiation Using Immunohistochemistry of Mucins
20. Uterine Cervical Carcinoma: Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Staging
Treatment
21. Cancer Imaging and Intracavitary Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancer
22. Cervical Cancer: Methods for Assessing the Quality of Life
xxx Contents of Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
23. Cervical Cancer: Positron Emission Tomography and Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
24. Endometrial Cancer: Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase as a Prognostic Indicator
Part VI Skin Cancer
Melanoma
25. Neurofi bromatosis Type 1-Associated Malignant Melanoma: Molecular Evidence of Inactivation of the NF1 Gene
26. Malignant Melanoma: Localisation and Characterization Using Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
27. Malignant Melanoma Versus Deep Penetrating Nevus: Diagnostic and Prognostic Immuno-Histochemistry of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (Methodology)
28. Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Use of Epha1 Receptor as a Prognostic Marker
Part VII Leukemia
29. Pretreated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Use of Alemtuzumab
Part VIII Multiple Myeloma
30. Immunotherapeutic Strategies, Radiotherapy, and Targeted Radionuclide Therapy Approaches for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma
Part IX Sarcoma
Diagnosis
31. Low Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma: Diagnosis by Detecting FUS-CREB3L2 Fusion Gene Using Reverse Transcription–Polymerase Chain Reaction
32. Synovial Sarcoma: Role of TLE1 as a Diagnostic mmunohistochemical Marker
