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METRIC STANDARDS FOR WORLDWIDE MANUFACTURING By Knut O. Kverneland

2012 Edition

GO metricUSATM.org, Inc., Statesville, North Carolina, USA 1978-2012

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kverneland Knut O., 1937- METRIC STANDARDS for Worldwide Manufacturing / by Knut O. Kverneland. Includes indexes. ISBN 0-9744477-7-3 (e-book) 1. Manufacturers – Standards. 2. Metric System. 3. Standards, Engineering The ISO material included in this publication is copyrighted by the International Organization for Standardization (International Organization for Standardization (ISO)) and is reproduced with permission of the American National Standards Institute on behalf of ISO. No part of this material may be copied or reproduced in any form, electronic retrieval system or otherwise or made available on the Internet a public network, by satellite or otherwise without the prior written consent of the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036. Tables and figures where a standards reference or a company abbreviation is shown in parenthesis have been reprinted with the permission of the organization that hold the copyright of the works cited. All standards identified by an ANSI number are reproduced with the permission by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). ASTM standards are reproduced with the permission by the American Society for Testing and Materials. For a complete list of copyright holding organizations or companies see Acknowledgements and Table 1-1 for their addresses.

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FOREWORD

ISO Metric Standards: A Key to World Trade

There is an old and wise saying, “No standards-no trade.” This is certainly true for standard quantities and units. Without consensus on these, trade, from shopping at the supermarket to exporting goods worldwide, would be very haphazard affair indeed. Most industrialized countries have long recognized the necessity, and advantage, of adopting the metric system of measurement-or to give it its official title, the International System of Units (SI, for short-derived from its French title, Système international d’unités), which ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is responsible for maintaining. The SI is contained in the International Standard ISO 31, Quantities and Units, which consist of 14 separate parts. It is not only an important standard in itself, but it also serves as a basis and guideline for many other International Standards, ISO 31 is the work of ISO Technical Committee ISO/TC 12, Quantities, Units, Symbols, Conversion Factors, which has also produced the accompanying standard, ISO 1000, SI Units and Recommendations for the Use of Their Multiples and of Certain Other Units. The reasons for aligning with the international consensus for worldwide use of the SI system become even more compelling as the relative importance of trade over production continues to grow. In nearly every year since the end of the Second World War, the volume of world trade has increased more rapidly than that of world production. More than 20 years after most of the industrialized world has gone over to metric measurements, many in my own home country, the USA, are still dragging behind. Quite apart from the USA government’s pro-metric stance, the USA is being forced by market pressure to change. The pressure is coming from American exporters who have to bear the expense of incorporating two systems of basic measurements into their offering: one for the home market, and one for the rest of the world. Pressure will also increase from American clients as the presence of incompatible systems denies them the possibility to mix and match products, deprives them of the greatest freedom of choice, or ties them to one supplier because they cannot integrate new equipment with what they already have. There are, however certain sectors which have been completely metric, even in the USA For example, dimensions for film have always been metric: 8 mm, 16 mm, 35 mm, etc. In electro-technology, the SI units such as ampere, volt, watt, ohm, etc., have been used since the beginning of this country. In industry outside electro-technology is also going metric step by step rather than inch by inch, even in the USA All specifications for the defense industry have long been in metric units. It has been decided that all Federal orders to industry from now on shall be given in metric units. All certificates from NIST, the National Institute for Standards and Technology, have also, for many years now, been given only in SI units. Thus, it is certain that the largest industrial nation will eventually become metric-maybe, I dare to hope, in my lifetime! It is a particular pleasure for me, as ISO Secretary-General, and as an American, to be invited to provide the Foreword for this second edition of Knut O. Kverneland’s book. Like ISO’s International Standards, it contributes to a common basis for the international exchange of goods, services, and technological know-how, as well as promoting common understanding in the scientific and engineering communities worldwide. Dr. Lawrence D. Eicher Former ISO Secretary-General

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INTRODUCTION

The publication of Knut O. Kverneland’s book is most timely for the USA and Canada. It should prove to be a valuable reference volume as well in other English speaking countries which are in the midst of or are completing the transition to the metric system. National standards having a metric base have been virtually unknown in the USA. Although many standards-developing groups use dual measurement notation, the standard sizing and rating practices are still based on the conventional inch-pound-gallon, USA customary system. USA technical committees are now coming to grips with the problem of developing metric-based standards. As references in their work, they will be using the standards of ISO and IEC, as well as those of industrialized nations which are already on the metric system. Knut O. Kverneland’s METRIC STANDARDS for Worldwide Manufacturing will provide a very useful bridge for those engineers who are required to develop components to metric specifications in advance of availability of applicable American National Standards. The book will also be a valuable tool in guiding the many technical committees and subcommittees which will be working on the new metric American National Standards. A native of Norway, Mr. Kverneland received his early education in that country and graduated with a Masters of Science in Mechanical Engineering from the Technical University of Hanover, Germany. He has been fully conversant with the metric measurement units since childhood and is completely familiar with their use in engineering. The author joined Massey Ferguson in 1966 as a design engineer, and has risen through consecutive positions as Engineering Analyst and Standards Engineer until being appointed to the position of Supervisor of Standards. In this capacity, Mr. Kverneland was responsible for Massey Ferguson’s North American standards. Mr. Kverneland also maintains a heavy outside professional commitment. He was a member of the Society of Automotive Engineers, Director of the Detroit Section of the Standards Engineering Society, and Chairman of the American National Standards Committee B4 on Standards for Limits and Fits. In 1972 and 1973, Mr. Kverneland participated as a member of an ad hoc metric study committee of the SAE Off-Road Vehicle Council. He also served on the engineering standards evaluation and promotion subcommittee of the group. Because of its international manufacturing operations, Massey Ferguson’s need for world metric standards information was apparent. Mr. Kverneland was thus aided in his SAE committee work by the high degree of interest of his company’s management, which provided him with ready access to the computer and to standards data accumulated in its many manufacturing operations around the world. It was this work which prompted him to undertake writing of this book. Mr. Kverneland is to be commended for his dedication to this project, and a well-deserved vote of thanks must be given to Massey Ferguson for the management support it provided the author in this undertaking, Roy P. Trowbridge Past Director, Engineering Standards General Motors Corporation Past President, American National Standards Institute

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PREFACE The change to the metric system offers North American manufacturing unique opportunities to introduce new thinking to the old ways products were made. The metric system requires new fastener sizes, new material stock sizes, new cutting tools, new gages, etc., to be used in production. This is where tremendously rewarding opportunities come into play. For example, 11 or less threaded fastener sizes may be selected to replace more than 50 sizes used in the old systems (see Table 8-1). Multiply the number of unique fastener sizes that can be eliminated by several thousand dollars each (automotive actual savings), and the total dollar savings for your company can very well become quite impressive. The selection of metric material and components must be based on existing international and national metric standards. Therefore, in providing a foundation for this volume, the author has compared standards in the eight largest industrial countries of the world, which together produce the majority of the worlds products. The preferred numbering system, coupled with the preferred metric sizes, preferred metric tolerances for holes (4) and shafts (4), and the preferred fits (10) (see Table 6-1), is another powerful tool available to you. This highly integrated ISO tolerance system has been in use in the European continent for 60 years, where it has saved industry there millions, if not billions, of dollars in reduced costs in manufacturing, engineering, purchasing, and inspection. Among other things, this volume is also one of the most powerful rationalization tools available (see Table 4-1). It is now up to the reader to make the rationalized selection of standard parts and components listed in this book that will return the most benefits. The motto the author supports is “SELL AMERICAN” rather than the negative promotion we frequently hear. “BUY AMERICAN.” PREFACE to the 2005 edition: Chapter 10 on Steel Material Data and Chapter 11 on Nonferrous Material show data from the recently released American National Standards ANSI B32.100-2005 on Preferred Metric Sizes for Flat, Round, Square, Rectangular, and Hexagonal Metal Products. The proposed drafts ANSI B32.200-200X Preferred Metric Sizes for Round, Square, and Rectangular Tubular Metal Products Other Than Pipe, and ANSI B32.300-200X Preferred Metric Sizes for Equal and Unequal Leg Angles, T- and Channel -Sections, IPN- and Wide Flange-Beams Structural Steel are also referenced and they are pending approvals. All these material standards reflect existing ISO standards for nominal sizes and tolerances. They are therefore well suited for global design, manufacturing and marketing, and will help create USA manufacturing jobs. Use the METRIC STANDARDS for Worldwide Manufacturing latest book edition to find ways to cut costs and to increase export of manufactured Products from the company you work for. PREFACE to the 2006 edition: Chapter 2 International System of Measuring Units (SI) and Chapter 17 Conversion Factors and Program are now made available free of charge from the web site http://www.kok.com/. This public service feature help educate Americans on the correct use of the global metric system. Several companies now make the electronic version of the METRIC STANDARDS for Worldwide Manufacturing book available on their Intranet. Contact Rosemary Maginniss <RMAGINNI@ansi.org> at ANSI for quotes. This will help companies reduce the cost of metric training and implementation. It also makes the top quality METRIC STANDARDS material immediately available throughout the organization in marketing, manufacturing and engineering. PREFACE to the 2007 edition: Data from the new standard for Metric Continuous and Double End Studs ANSI B18.31-2005 was added to Chapter 9 and the tables in Chapter 11 now have the preference ratings specified in the American National Standards ANSI B32.100-2005 on Preferred Metric Sizes for Flat, Round, Square, Rectangular, and Hexagonal Metal Products. The latest national and international standards references are shown in this edition as well as new links to national and international standard documentations sources. PREFACE to the 2012 edition: Chapter 7 is completely replaced by material from the ISO 1938-1: 2012 standard. The ISO standard reflects available GO NOGO gages now in use throughout EU, and the ANSI B4.4M has been withdrawn. Data from the new ANSI B18.2.5M-2009 12-Point Flange Screws replaced the 12-Spline version. A large number of updates have also been made in all chapters of the new edition. Knut O Kverneland

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of the large project of writing the first edition of this book was possible only because of the extensive cooperation of top management people within the Massey Ferguson organization. Standards engineers, working for this multi-national company throughout the world, have provided substantial input to this publication in the form of national standards information and other data. The author, therefore, wishes to express his appreciation to Massey Ferguson, his former employer, for its encouragement and exceptional support in enabling him to undertake and complete the first edition of this volume. Without Massey Ferguson worldwide resources, without access to the company’s computer capabilities, and without the company’s generous backing in stenographic assistance, the time required for researching and preparing this manuscript would have been many times greater. The third electronic edition has been completed with the help of my own resources through the company GO metricUSATM.org, Inc. Countless hours have been spent typing and updating the manuscript. I would like to extend special thanks to the family of the late Dr. Lawrence D. Eicher, Secretary-General of ISO (International Organization for Standardization), who has expressed his views in the foreword. In addition, the ISO Central Secretariat in Geneva has helped update several chapters of this book, for which I am most grateful. My sincerest thanks also to Mr. Roy P. Trowbridge, former president of the American National Standards Institute who, during the initial planning stages of the first edition of this book, visualized the need for such a publication and gave the author encouragement and support. My sincere thanks to the publisher of the second edition of my book, ASME Press, that had the vision to take on this large project and to grant me permission to publish the following electronic editions. The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to the following individuals and organizations: GO metricUSATM.org, Inc., Statesville, North Carolina, USA Massey Ferguson Inc., Detroit, Michigan, USA E. J. Flewelling, Manager (Former Supervisor); J. W. Carson, Standards Engineer Major American Contributing Organizations1 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Industrial Fastener Institute (IFI) Other Contributing American Organizations1 American Gear Manufacturing Association (AGMA) American National Metric Council (ANMC) American Society for Quality (ASQ) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA) Cemented Carbide Producers Association (CCPA) Institute of Electrical and Electronics (IEEE) Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA) Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Contributing International and National Standards Organizations1 British Standards Institute (BSI) Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardizations (GOST R) European Committee for Standardization (CEN) 1Addresses of the organizations listed are shown in Chapter 1 Table 1-1. German Standards Organization (DIN) French Standards Organization (AFNOR) Italian Standards Organization (UNI) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) Standards Australia International (SAI) Standards Council of Canada (SCC)

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Contributing Individuals and their Organizations Chapter 1 Anke Varcin-Head of Promotion and Press Services, ISO Central Secretariat, Geneva W. A. McAdams-Past President, USA National Committee of the International Electro-technical Commission, General Electric Company Chapter 3 PERA Training Charts, Ford Motor Company, Ltd. L. W. Foster-Vice Chairman ANSI Y14.5; Honeywell Inc. Chapter 5 R. G. Lenz - Past Chairman, USA Technical Advisory Group (TAG); ISO/Technical Committee (TC) 57; General Motors Corporation Chapter 6 F. H. Briggs - Computer Program Consultant, Massey Ferguson Inc Chapter 8 T. C. Baumgartner - Past Chairman, ANSI B1; Standard Pressed Steel Company Chapter 9 R. B. Belford - Past Chairman, USA TAG ISO/TC2 Chapter 10 E. A. Domzal – Past Senior Project Engineer, Materials, Massey Ferguson Inc F. V. Kupchak – Past Chairman, USA TAG ISO/TC62; Chairman, ANSI B32; Westinghouse Electric Corporation Japanese Standards Association; Japan Iron and Steel Exporters’ Association German Steel Trade Association – VDEH Chapter 12 P. S. Given – Past Director, SKF Industries, Inc J. R. Hull – Past Chief Engineer, The Torrington Company C. A. Moyer – Past USA Delegate , ISO/TC4 SC9; Assistant Chief Engineer, The Timken Company A. O. Dehart – Past USA Observer, ISO/TC123; General Motors Corporation W. G Looft – Past USA Delegate, ISO/TC4 SC7; Manager of Engineering, REXNORD Chapter 13 B. C. Cummins – Past Manager, The Louis Allis Company, Litton Industries

W. D. Erickson – Past Chief Engineer, The Gates Rubber Company Dr. F. Buchsbaum – Past President, Stock Drive Products G. W. Michalec – Author and Professor

C. K. Reece – Past USA Delegate, ISO/TC32; Vice Chairman, ANSI B92; John Deere Waterloo Tractor Works Chapter 14 J. I. Morgan – Past Chairman, USA TAG ISO/TC131; Executive Vice President, National Fluid Power Association Chapter 15 W. Jenninck – Past Assistant Chief Engineer, Illinois/Eclipse, A Division of Illinois Tool Works, Inc R. W. Berry – Member, ANSI B94; Director, Cutting Tool Research, VR/Wesson Company Chapter 16 Donald Marquardt – ISO/TC176 Ad Hoc Task Force Maureen Breitenberg – USA Department of Commerce, NIST Roger Frost – Press and Communication Manager, ISO David Zimmerman – Interim Secretary, ISO/TC176 - Quality Management and Quality Assurance

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Special Courtesy Note to Contributing Standards Bodies and Companies Tables and figures where a standards reference or a company abbreviation is shown in parenthesis have been reprinted with the permission of the organization that hold the copyright of the works cited. Tables and figures without any reference have been reproduced courtesy Massey Ferguson Inc., Detroit, Michigan, and GO metricUSATM.org, Inc. , Statesville, North Carolina. The author also wishes to express his sincere appreciation to the referenced organizations for granting permission to use their tables, figures and standards in this publication. Special thanks go to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and Industrial Fastener Institute (IFI). Without their comprehensive support, the publication of METRIC STANDARDS for Worldwide Manufacturing , with its extensive standards material, would not have been possible. Finally, the author’s sincere gratitude is extended to the following organizations and companies for granting permission to republish their standards, figures, or tables: the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Ford Motor Company, Ltd., Brentwood, Essex, United Kingdom; Chrysler Corporation, Detroit, Michigan; Gates Rubber Company, Denver, Colorado; Stock Drive Products, New Hyde Park, New York; and the Metric and Multistandard Components Corporation, Hawthorne, New York. Please always refer to the most recent edition of the referenced standards. In the United States, American National Standards, International Standards, and national standards of other countries may be obtained from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), New York, NY. Outside of the United States, sales of standards are transacted through the national standardizing body for the particular country. Knut O. Kverneland

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CONTENTS

Foreword 3 Introduction 4 Preface 5 Acknowledgements 6 Chapter 1 11 World Standards Organizations Chapter 2 29 The International System of Measuring Units (SI) Chapter 3 46 Engineering Drawing Practice Chapter 4 75 Preferred Numbers Chapter 5 82 Surface Texture Chapter 6 90 The ISO System of Limits and Fits - Tolerances and Deviations Chapter 7 129 The ISO System of Limits and Fits – Inspection of Workpieces Chapter 8 156 Screw Threads Chapter 9 196 Fasteners Chapter 10 362 Steel Material Data Chapter 11 540 Nonferrous Material Chapter 12 570 Bearings Chapter 13 597 Mechanical Power Transmission Systems Chapter 14 656 Fluid Power Systems and Components

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Chapter 15 683 Manufacturing Engineering Chapter 16 749 Quality and Environmental Management System (ISO 9000 and ISO 14000) Chapter 17 772 Conversion Factors and Program General Index 786 ANSI Index 792 ISO Index 794

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Chapter 1 World Standards Organizations SUMMARY International standards are herein listed and compared to major industrial (63% of global GDP) national standards throughout this book (see Fig. 1-1). American National Standards for metric products are the basis for all tables in this publication when available. Pertinent global ISO (International Organization for Standardization) standard numbers are shown for each product, and related ISO and national standards are shown with hyperlinks to the standards organizations at the end of each chapter. Acronyms, standard prefixes, name and addresses as well as email and telephone numbers to a number of important national and international standards sources are shown in Table 1-1. Key standards groupings with links to ISO search engines are shown in Tables 1-2 and 1-3. ISO Members Worldwide list provide contact information for standards organization in each country. A strong emphasis on cost savings and rationalization of parts and material has been stressed; Chapter 4, Preferred Numbers, provides detailed descriptions of the best tools to help rationalize metric sizes and products. ROLE OF STANDARDIZATION: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE By definition, standards are rules set up and established by authority, often for the measure of quantity, weight, extent, value, or quality. Monetary standards, used in determining the weight of silver and gold pieces for the exchange of goods, were among the first to be developed. During the industrialization period, manufacturing plants developed and became more and more specialized. A need for standards to control such simple parts as fasteners evolved, hereby making them industrially interchangeable. The demand for company and trade organization standards grew apace with the formation of larger plants and the wider distribution of manufactured products. The basis for most standards is a uniform unit of measure to check mass, length, volume, time, and other physical quantities. Many systems were developed over the years, and the original metric system was developed in France after the French Revolution. Since 1875, all international matters concerning the metric system have been the responsibility of the Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM), which was constituted following the Metric Convention signed in Paris that same year. Before the invention of the metric system, a number of inch systems were used throughout the world, one of which is commonly known as the customary inch system. National and international standards were developed, however, based on both measuring systems. This made the worldwide interchangeability of simple standard components, such as fasteners, impossible. WORLD STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS

MEMBER COUNTRIES

LISTED IN ORDER OF GNP ANSI USA JISC Japan DIN Germany AFNOR France BSI UK UNI Italy SCC Canada SAA Australia FIG. 1-1 PARTIAL ISO MEMBERSHIP STRUCTURE METRIC AND INCH STANDARDS An increasing number of multinational corporations and their local suppliers operating with two systems of measures and standards have found expenses to be continually increasing. In order to use available expertise in a central location, one machine might be designed in an “inch” nation, only to be produced later in a “metric” country, or vice versa. This obviously generates additional costs in the conversion of drawings, substitutions of standard steel sizes and fasteners, the conversion of testing and material specifications, etc.

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ISO METRIC STANDARDS – THE KEY TO WORLD TRADE The WTO (World Trade Organization), which is supported by more than 120 countries, now replaces the GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs) with the result being a considerable strengthening of its standards codes. The WTO urges governments to make maximum use of International Standards to prevent unnecessary obstacles to the free flow of goods. The EU (European Union) has been in existence for a few years now, and they have published a large number of European Standards identified by the prefix EN (European Norm)1 Approximately 41% of these standards conform to an existing ISO or IEC standard on the subject. For example, ISO 898-1 on Mechanical Properties of Fasteners is now identified within EU as: DIN EN ISO 898-1 (Germany); NF EN ISO 898-1 (France); BS EN ISO 898-1 (United Kingdom); and UNI EN ISO 898-1 (Italy). ISO standards adopted as EN standards are put into effect with a minimum effort on the part of EU, and two important goals are met such as:

1. allow free flow of goods among the EU countries; and 2. allow free flow of goods to and from EU meeting the ISO standards.

Regional trade agreements and related activities in other parts of the world are similarly leading to greater use of international standards. For example, the Pan American Standards Commission, which is trying to develop uniform standards for the Latin-American Free Trade Association, has now agreed to use the ISO and IEC standards wherever possible. Also, the countries of Eastern Europe have become increasingly active in the development of international standards; apparently they are using them as the basis for trade in that region and in opening trade channels with the rest of the world as well. Another factor in the use of international standards is the increasing number of international cooperation programs. A prime example is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which has been ordering a great deal of its equipment in terms of ISO and IEC standards. This also is happening within many of the social and economic programs of the UN. and other world organizations. One result is the adoption of many ISO and IEC standards by the developing countries.

1Norm means standard in English, German, and French ACCELERATING PACE IN PUBLICATION OF ISO STANDARDS The above-mentioned factors have accelerated the speed with which ISO develops international standards.2 As an example, only 100 ISO Recommendations were published in the 1950s, yet approximately 1400 international standards agreements were reached in the following decade. See ISO in Figures. Today, there are over 16 000 ISO standards, half of which have been published only in the last ten years. A further 9000 drafts and proposals are in preparation, and around 1250 new projects are added annually. The time required to develop a standard in the Technical Committee has been reduced from an average of 76.8 months to 52.9 months. The central Secretariat has reduced the processing time for a proposed standard from 10.2 months to 7.5 months. The ISO target is to reduce standards development to three years from start to finish by the end of 1996. How many international standards are needed is a matter of opinion. It has been suggested that in a highly industrialized society, the total requirement for national and international standards is on the order of 15 000, or a maximum of 20 000. This number is also suggested if all national standards were to be replaced by ISO standards. (When more than that number is found in a single country, there is usually some duplication and overlapping, which is the case in the USA, or, as is the case in socialist countries, what could be called “company standards” are listed as “national standards.”) Other suggest that in the future, as industries merge and multinational companies further develop, some of the present national standards will become company standards, but there will always be a demand for some national standards to cater to specific local needs. However, recent experience indicates that as new technologies emerge, there is an accompanying demand for new standards that have never existed at a national level. The scope for new international standards is, therefore, increasing continuously. 2Since ISO documents are constantly being upgraded, for simplicity the author refers to all ISO publications in the text of this book as “standards,” designating a particular document as “ISO…” followed by the appropriate identification number. However, the actual status of a particular ISO document might be: (a) Recommendation, in which case it would be officially designated by “ISO/R…” preceding the appropriate identification number. (b) Draft International Standards, (“ISO/DIS…”). (c) An officially adopted international standard, in which case the initials “ISO” followed by the identification number is the appropriate designation. The ISO references given at the end of each chapter describe the current status of the standard. Information on the various designations is given at the website http://www.iso.org or in ISO catalogs and supplements available from: American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York NY 10036 .

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A VISION OF THE FUTURE Since 1986, the leadership of ISO and IEC has placed increasing importance on the necessity to understand and respond effectively to new needs for international standards. In 1987, approval was given to establish two important new groups for this purpose. THE ISO/IEC PRESIDENTS’ ADVISORY BOARD ON TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS (ABTT) This is a group of top-level industrial and technology policy leaders invited by the two Presidents to advise ISO and IEC on global trends in technology and industrial development, and their consequential impact on the demand for global standardization. THE ISO/IEC AD HOC GROUP ON LONG-RANGE PLANNING (LRPG) This is a new group of individuals nominated by the ISO and IEC members for Canada, France, Japan, UK, USA, and the former USSR. The group undertook the task of forecasting future needs for international standardization in specific sectors. These two groups have worked interactively since they started operating in 1988, and the results of their efforts are presented in the publication A Vision for the Future- Standards Need for Emerging Technologies. ISO DEFINITION OF STANDARDIZATION AND STANDARD The definition of standardization and standard differ in the many publications on the subject. The following are the excerpts from the ISO/IEC Guide 2: 1991- General Terms and Their Definitions Concerning Standardization and Related Activities. Standardization- activity of establishing, with regard to actual or potential problems, provisions for common and repeated use, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context NOTES: 1. In particular, the activity consists of the processes of formulating, issuing and implementing standards 2. Important benefits of standardization are improvement of the suitability of products, processes, and services for their intended purposes, prevention of barriers to trade, and facilitation of technological cooperation. subject of standardization — topic to be standardized NOTES: 1. The expression “product, process or service” has been adopted throughout to encompass the subject of standardization in a broad sense, and should be understood equally to cover, for example, any material, component, equipment, system, interface, protocol, procedure, function, method, or activity. 2. Standardization may be limited to particular aspects of any subject. For example, in the case of shoes, sizes and durability criteria could be standardized separately. field of standardization — (deprecated: domain of standardization) — group of related subjects of standardization NOTE: Engineering, transport, agriculture, quantities, and Units, for example, could be regarded as fields of standardization. state of the art — developed stage of technical capability at a given time as regards products, processes, and services, based on the relevant consolidated findings of science, technology, and experience acknowledged rule of technology — technical provision acknowledged by a majority of representative experts as reflecting the state of the art NOTE: A normative document on a technical subject, if prepared with the cooperation of concerned interests by consultation and consensus procedures, is presumed to constitute an acknowledged rule of technology at the time of its approval. level of standardization — geographical, political, or economic extent of involvement in standardization international standardization — standardization in which involvement is open to relevant bodies from all countries regional standardization — standardization in which involvement is open to relevant bodies from countries from only one geographical, political, or economic area of the world national standardization — standardization that takes place at the level of one specific country provincial standardization — standardization that takes place at the level of a territorial division of a country NOTE: Within a country or a territorial division of a country, standardization may also take place on a branch or sectoral basis (e.g., ministries), at local levels, at association and company levels in industry, and in individual factories, workshops, and offices.

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consensus — general agreement, characterized by the absence of sustained opposition to substantial issues by any important part of the concerned interests and by a process that involves seeking to take into account the views of all parties concerned and to reconcile any conflicting arguments NOTE: Consensus need not imply unanimity. IMPORTANT OBJECTIVES OF STANDARDIZATION A primary purpose of standardization is to manufacture goods for less direct and indirect incurred costs and to adapt the finished products to the demands of the marketplace. A more detailed description of the objectives is as follows: (a) Lower the production costs, when the aim is to: 1. facilitate and systematize the skilled work of designing 2. ensure optimum selection of materials, components, and semi-finished products 3. reduce stocks of materials, semi-finished products and finished products 4. minimize the number of different products sold 5. facilitate and economize the procurement of purchased goods (b) Meet the demands of the marketplace, when the objective is to: 1. conform to regulations imposed by governments and trade organizations 2. stay within safety regulations set forth by governments 3. facilitate interchangeability requirements with existing products DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS The Conditions for a Standard. When there is a question of working out a standard, the conditions must first be analyzed before actual technical standardization work can be carried out. Preparatory analysis must be as comprehensive as possible and must take into account both technical and economic conditions. It is not sufficient to study only the internal circumstances. It must also be understood that, with regard to standards, the company is dependent on such external factors as the suppliers’ stocks of products, the production program of competitors, the customers’ wishes, existing standards, governmental requirements, etc. Waiting for the right moment to begin a particular standardization is most important. An investigation should be made as to whether an intended standard could possibly impede any technical development already under way. Lack of a standard is more often the condition, and it is important to engage in standardization at an early stage, at least to the extent of working out an experimental standard of a temporary nature. A certain type of regularly recurrent part may, for example, be used in many products in functionally equivalent, but constructionally different, forms. In such a case, the task of standardization will be to create order out of chaos through variety-reduction, size standardization, etc. The work should be started as soon as the possibilities of direct cost savings in purchasing, production, inventory, etc., and indirect cost savings in engineers’ time can be established. STANDARDIZATION TECHNIQUES Two basic principles for the preparation of a standard are commonly used; these are as follows. analytical standardization — standard developed from scratch conservative standardization — standard based, as far as possible, on existing practice In practice, it appears that a standard cannot often be a completely prepared in one or the other of these two methods, but emerges from a compromise between the two. The quintessence of the standardization technique should be to utilize the basic material, the rules, and the aids available, in such way that a valid and practical compromise solution is reached. The basic material could be comprised of such items as: • former company standards • vendor catalogs • national and international standards • requirements of the company’s customers • competitors’ material Increasingly important are the national and international standards in existence on the subject; they should always play an important role in any conservative standardization work. It would be foolish to create a unique new metric standard without first considering some existing European metric standards.

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NORMAL DEVELOPMENT LEVELS OF A STANDARD The most common standardization levels are: • company standard • professional society or trade standard • national standard • regional standard • international standard The normal path through which a standard must pass in the developmental stages depends on the organization level and the standardization technique applied. A new international standard generated by applying the analytical principle follows the organization levels in a numerical order, while a company standard prepared after the conservative principle might be based directly on the applicable international standard. A more recent trend in international standardization is to draft a new standard directly when a need for it has been established. USER ACCEPTANCE OF STANDARDS The development cycle of the standards is completed when the user applies the standards in his or her work. The designer should, whenever possible, use internationally standardized parts and components. This would result in an increase of the demand for the standard sizes and a decrease in manufacturing costs for the parts. With the above principle applied to the increasing world flow of material and products, a substantial increase in worldwide productivity can be visualized. STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS INTERNATIONAL LEVEL ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies, at present comprising 146 members. The objective of ISO is to promote the development of standardization and related activities in the world with a view to facilitating international exchange of goods and services, and to developing cooperation in the sphere of intellectual, scientific, technological, and economic activity. The results of ISO technical work are published as International Standards. The scope of ISO covers standardization in all fields except electrical and electronic engineering standards, which are the responsibility of the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC). ISO brings together the interests of producers, users (including consumers), governments worldwide, and the scientific community, in the preparation of International Standards. Its technical work is carried out through 2940 technical bodies utilizing more than 30 000 experts, resulting in the publication of 14 000 ISO standards. A listing of acronyms and addresses for standards organizations is found in Table 1-1. Origin International standardization started in the electro-technical field some 90 years ago. While some attempts were made in the 1930s to develop international standards in other technical fields, it was not until ISO was created that an international standards organization devoted to standardization as a whole came into existence. Following a meeting in London in 1946, delegates from 25 countries decided to create a new international organization “the object of which would be to facilitate the international coordination and unification of industrial standards.” The new organization, ISO, began to function officially on February 23, 1947. Members A member body of ISO is the national body “most representative of standardization in its country.” It follows that only one such body for each country is accepted for membership in ISO. Member bodies are entitled to participate and exercise full voting rights on any technical committee of ISO, are eligible for Council membership, and have seats in the General Assembly. By January 2003, the number of member bodies was 94. More than 70% of the ISO member bodies are governmental institutions or organizations incorporated by public law. The remainder have close links with the public administration in their own countries. A correspondent member is normally an organization in a developing country which does not yet have its own national standards body. Correspondent members do not take an active part in the technical work, but are entitled to be kept fully informed about the work of interest to them. They may attend the General Assembly as observers. Nearly all the present correspondent members are governmental institutions. By January 2003, the number of correspondent members was 37. Technical Work The technical work of ISO is carried out through technical committees (TC). The decision to establish a technical committee is taken by the ISO Technical Management Board which also approves ISO scope. Within this scope, the committee determines its own program of work. Work in the field of information technology is carried out through a joint ISO/IEC technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC I

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Information Technology, established in 1987 by the ISO and IEC Councils. Each technical committee may, in turn, establish subcommittees (SC) and working groups (WG) to cover different aspects of its work. Each technical committee or sub-committee has a secretariat, assigned to an ISO member body: in the case of technical committees, by the Technical Board on behalf of Council, and in the case of subcommittees, by the parent committee. For each working group, a convener is appointed by the parent committee. By January 2003, there were 188 technical committees, 550 subcommittees, 2175 working groups, and 24 ad hoc study groups. A proposal to begin work in a new field of technical activity normally comes from within ISO itself, but it may also originate from some other international organization. Since the resources are limited, priorities must be considered. Therefore, all new proposals are submitted for consideration by the ISO member bodies. If accepted, either the new work will be referred to the appropriate existing technical committee, or a new technical committee will be established. To ensure coordination of work in all matters of common interest, liaisons are established between related technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been authorized has the right to be represented on that committee. subcommittees (ISO/TC/SC) — This is the level at which most of the technical decisions are made and is also the level at which much of the technical liaison takes place. Subcommittees are charged with the study of one or several items within the scope of the technical committee. working groups (ISO/TC/SC/WG) —The technical committees and subcommittees may set up working groups composed of a restricted number of individuals to prepare working drafts for standards development. The group may function between meetings of the parent committee, but it is automatically disbanded on completion of its task. ad-hoc working group — a group that may be formed to deal with a matter on which it is required to report to the parent committee at the same meeting in which it is formed. EVOLUTION OF AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Prior to July 1971, subjects proposed and approved by ISO were known as “ISO Recommendations.” Although the ISO charter included provision for the approval and publication as ISO standards, the procedure had never been invoked. In mid-1971, a decision was made to publish all ISO draft Recommendations as draft international standards and, subsequently, as international standards. At the same time a new category of document, to be known as a “Technical Report,” was introduced. The descriptions which follow reflect current terminology. draft proposals — a draft submitted to the participating (P) members of a technical committee for study which is intended eventually to become an International Standard. A given subject may undergo several successive committee drafts, i.e., first draft, second draft, etc. draft international standard (DIS) — a committee draft which has received substantial support from the participating members of the technical committee and is transmitted to the Central Secretariat for registration. This is then circulated to the P-members and all the other Member Bodies for final letter ballot. international standard — a draft international standard which has been adopted by a two-thirds majority vote of the P-members of the technical committee and approved by 75% of all the Member Bodies voting technical report — there are three types of technical reports, as follows (a) When the required support cannot be obtained for a DIS to pass the approval stage, or in case of doubt concerning consensus, the committee may decide, by a simple majority vote of its P-members, that the document should be published in the form of a technical report. (b) When the subject in question is still under technical development or where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement on an international standard, the committee may decide that the publication of a technical report would be appropriate. The decision to publish the technical report requires a simple majority vote of the P-members of the committee. A technical report of type (b) may be used for “pre-standardization” purposes. (c) When a committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an international standard (this may include, for example, data obtained from a survey carried out among the national bodies, data on work in other international organizations, or data on the “state of the art” in relation to standards of national bodies on a particular subject), the committee may decide, by a simple majority vote of its P-members, to publish such data in the form of a technical report. Such a document will be entirely informative in nature. Technical reports of types (a) and (b) are subject to review not later than three years after their publication. The aim of such a review is to reexamine the situation, and if possible, to achieve the agreement necessary for the publication of an international standard to replace the technical report. FINANCE ISO is maintained by the financial contributions of its members; the amount varies according to the circumstances of the country concerned. Additional revenue, however, is gained from the sale of international standards and other publications.

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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION (IEC) The International Electrotechnical Commission came into being in 1906. ISO and JEC have established a formal agreemer4, stating the relationship between the two organizations. In accordance with this agreement, ISO and IEC form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. It is agreed that questions related to international standardization in the electrical and electronic engineering fields are the concern of IEC. Other subject areas are the responsibility of ISO. In matters of international standardization not related to any particular technology, ISO undertakes, in consultation with IEC, to safeguard any electro-technical interests which may be involved. To ensure the necessary technical coordination, ISO and IEC have established a joint ISO/IEC Technical Programming Committee. The members of the IEC are the national committees, one for each country, which are required to be as representative as possible of all electrical interests in the country concerned: manufacturers, users, governmental authorities, teaching, and professional bodies. They are composed of representatives of the various organizations which deal with questions of electrical standardization at the national level. Most of them are recognized and supported by their governments. In the technical work, numerous liaisons have been established between ISO and IEC committees, and a joint ISO/IEC technical committee has been established in the field of information technology. REGIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS ASAC (Asian Standards Advisory Committee) — setup in 1966 under ECAFE (Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East). Regional standards are not envisaged. COPANT (Pan American Standards Commission) — comprises national standards bodies of USA and 11 Latin American countries. Regional standards published and available from ANSI in the Spanish language. CEN (European Committee for Standardization) — comprises national standards bodies of the EU (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom) and EFTA (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland). Over 1300 working groups prepare European standards which, if accepted by 71% of CEN members, are published without variation of text in the countries accepting them as the national standard. CENELEC (European Committee for Electro-technical Standardization) — electro-technical counterpart of CEN. Comprises national electro-technical committees of EEC and EFTA countries. The CENELEC Electronic Components Committee produces harmonization documents with which national standards can be brought into line, with built-in quality assessment. There are 12 working groups. ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) — the ECSC has produced more than 150 steel material (EURONORM) standards, some of which are referred to in this publication ECISS (European Committee for Iron and Steel Standardization) — revised and republished most of the EURONORM standards as European standards (EN). An EN standard (German: Norm, French: Norme) is a document that has been adopted by one of the three recognized European Standardization Organizations: CEN, CENELEC or ETSI. An EN is available, in principle, in the three official languages of CEN (English, French and German). PASC (Pacific Area Standards Congress) — comprises national standards bodies from the USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. NATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS ANSI (American National Standards Institute) — Only a brief review of the various functions ANSI fulfills will be presented in this book. More details about the ANSI organization are available from the institute upon request. ANSI provides the machinery for creating voluntary standards. It serves to eliminate duplication of standards activities and to weld conflicting standards into single, nationally accepted standards under the designation “American National Standards.” The Standards Institute, under whose auspices this work is being done, is the USA clearinghouse and coordinating body for standards activity on the national level. It is a federation of trade associations, technical societies, professional groups, and consumer organizations. Some 1000 companies are affiliated with the Institute as company members. The American National Standards Institute is the USA member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC), the Pan American Standards Commission (COPANT), and the Pacific Area Standards Congress (PASC). Through these channels American interests make their position felt on the international level. other national standards bodies at the ISO — The eight national standards organizations with the largest gross national products are listed in Fig. 1-1 and their addresses are given in Table 1-1. ANSI has the distribution of their national standards in the USA.

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TABLE 1-1 ACRONYMS AND LINKS TO IMPORTANT STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS

Acronyms Organization Email Phone Std Prefix Address Web Page Fax

ABMA American Bearing Manufacturers Association info@americanbearings.org 202 367 1155 2025 M Street NW Suite 800 http://www.americanbearings.org 202 367 2155

Washington DC 20036 USA AFNOR, Association française de normalisation uari@afnor.org 33 1 41 62 80 00

11, avenue Francis de Pressensé 93571 Saint-Denis La Plaine Cedex France

http://www.afnor.fr 33 1 49 17 90 00

NF

American Gear Manufacturers Association website@AGMA.org 703 684 0211

1001 N Fairfax Street, Suite 500 http://www.agma.org 703 684 0242

AGMA

Alexandria, VA 22314-1587 USA American Iron & Steel Institute webmaster@steel.org 202 452 7100

1140 Connecticut Ave., NW Suite 705

http://www.steel.org

AISI*

Washington, DC 20036 USA

American National Metric Council anmc@paimgmt.com 301 718 6508 4340 EW Highway, Suite 401 http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/anmc.htm 301 656 0989

ANMC*

Bethesda MD 20814-4411 USA American National Standards Institute info@ansi.org 212 642 49 00 25 West 43rd Street 4 floor http://www.ansi.org 212 398 00 23

ANSI

New York, NY 10036 USA http://webstore.ansi.org American Petroleum Institute mediacenter@api.org. 202 682 8000

1220 L Street NW http://www.api.org 202 962 4739

API

Washington DC 20005-4070 USA 202 682 8114

ASAC Asian Standards Advisory Committee

American Society for Agricultural and Biological Engineers

hq@asabe.org 269 429 0300

2950 Niles Road http://www.asae.org 269 429 3852

ASABE

St Joseph MI 49085-9659 USA

American Society for Metals International CustomerService@asminternational.org 800 336 5152

ASM* 9639 Kinsman Rd http://www.asm-intl.org 440 338 5151

Materials Park OH 44073 USA 440 338 4634 American Society for Mechanical Engineers infocentral@asme.org 800 843 2763

Three Park Ave http://www.asme.org 973 882 1170

ASME

New York NY 10016-5990 USA 973 882 1717

American Society for Quality cs@asq.org 800 248 1946

600 North Plankinton Ave http://www.asq.org 414 272 8575

ASQ

Milwaukee, WI 53203 USA 414 272 1734 NOTE *Books but no standards

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TABLE 1-1 ACRONYMS AND LINKS TO IMPORTANT STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS (CONT'D)

Acronyms Organization Email Phone Std Prefix Address Web Page Fax

American Society for Testing and Materials Webmaster@astm.org 610 832 9585

100 Barr Harbor Drive http://www.astm.org 610 832 9555

ASTM

West Conshohocken PA 19428-2959 British Standards Institution standards.international@bsi-global.com 44 20 89 96 90 01389 Chiswick High Road http://www.bsi-global.com 44 20 89 96 74 00

BSI, BS

London W4 4AL United Kingdom

Cemented Carbide Producers Association leh@wherryassoc.com 440 899 0010 30200 Detroit Road http://www.ccpa.org 440 892 1404

CCPA

Cleveland OH 44145 Copper Development Association, Inc questions@cda.copper.org 212 251 7200

260 Madison Avenue 16th Floor http://www.copper.org 212 251 7234

CDA*

New York NY 10016 International Commission on Rules for the

Approval of Electrical Equipment http://www.cee-nl.org.mx/default.asp

CEE

310 Utrechtseweg Arnhem Netherlands European Committee for Standardization infodesk@cenorm.be 32 25 50 08 11 36 rue de Strassart http://www.cenorm.be 32 25 50 08 19

CEN, EN

1050 Brussels Belgium

CENELEC, European Committee for Electro-technical info@cenelec.org 32 25 19 68 71 Standardization http://www.cenelec.org 32 25 19 69 19 35 rue de Stassart

EN

1050 Brussels Belgium

Central Conference of Weights CGPM and Measures (see OIML) http://www.sizes.com/units/cgpm.htm

International Conference on Weights CIPM

and Measures (see OIML) http://www.bipm.fr/en/committees/cipm Pan American Standards Commision copant@cantv.net 58 25 74 29 41 Manuel Díaz Portocarrero http://www.copant.org 58 25 74 29 41 Torre Fondo Común. Piso 11 (Refer to ANSI)

COPANT

Caracas Venezuela DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung directorate.international@din.de 49 30 26 01 0

Burggrafenstrasse 6 http://www.din.de 49 30 26 01 12 31

DIN

10787 Berlin Germany Order; http://www.din.de/beuth

ECSC European Coal and Steel Community http://www.cordis.lu/ecsc/home.html

EURO- EURONORM standards issued in German, NORM French, Italian, Dutch. Contact DIN-Beuth

NOTE *Books but no standards

21

TABLE 1-1 ACRONYMS AND LINKS TO IMPORTANT STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS (CONT'D)

Acronyms Organization Email Phone Std Prefix Address Web Page Fax

IEC International Electro-technical Commision info@iec.ch 41 22 919 0211 Central Office, 3 rue de Varembe http://www.iec.ch 41 22 919 0300

1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Institute of Electrical and Electronics webmaster@ieee.org 800 678 4333

Engineers, Inc http://standards.ieee.org 732 981 0060 445 Hoes Lane POB 1331 732 981 9667

IEEE

Piscataway NJ 08855-1331 USA

Industrial Fastener Institute rharris@indfast.org 216 241 1482

6363 Oak Tree Boulevard

http://www.industrial-fasteners.org 216 241 5901 IFI

Independence Ohio 44131 USA

International Organization for Standardizn central@iso.org 41 22 749 01 11

1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56 http://www.iso.org 41 22 733 34 30

ISO

1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland

Japanese Industrial Standards Committee csd@jsa.or.jp 81 3 35 01 9471

4-1-24 Akasaka Minato-ku, http://www..jsa.or.jp 81 3 35 80 8637

JISC, JIS

Tokyo 107-8440 Japan Order; http://www.jsa.or.jp Japanese Standards Association jisc_iso@jsa.or.jp 81 3 35 83 8005

4-1-24 Akasaka Minato-ku http://www.jsa.or.jp/default_english.asp 81 3 35 86 2014

JSA*

Tokyo 107-8440 Japan

Japanese Standards Association po@jsa.or.jp

16, Chemin de la Voie-Greuse

JSA*

1202 Geneva Switzerland

National Electrical Manufacturers Assocn webmaster@nema.org 703 841 3200

1300 North 17th Street Suite 1752 http://www.nema.org 703 841 5900

NEMA

Rosslyn, VA 22209 USA National Fluid Power Association nfpa@nfpa.com 414 778 3344 3333 N Mayfair Road Suite 211 http://www.nfpa.com 414 778 3361

NFPA

Milwaukee WI 53222-3219 USA National Institute of Standards & Technology inquiries@nist.gov 301 975 6478 USA DoC 100 Bureau Drive TheSI@nist.gov 301 975 8295

NIST

Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA http://www.nist.gov International Organization of Legal Metrology biml@oiml.org 33 1 48 78 12 82

Rue Turgot 11 http://www.oiml.org 33 1 42 82 17 27

OIML

75009 Paris France

NOTE *Books but no standards

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TABLE 1-1 ACRONYMS AND LINKS TO IMPORTANT STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS (CONT'D)

Acronyms Organization Email Phone Std Prefix Address Web Page Fax

Pacific Area Standards Congress (USA, TISI (Thailand) PASC Canada, Australia, Japan, New Zealand India, China, Russia, Chile, Peru, Thailand, Colombia, Republic of Korea, Vietnam, etc)

http://www.pascnet.org http://www.pascnet.org/roster.jsp

RMA Rubber Manufacturers Association info@rma.org 202 682 4800 1400 K Street NW Suite 900 http://www.rma.org 202 682 4854 Washington DC 20005 Standards Australia mail@standards.org.au 612 8206 6000

20 Bridge Street http://www.standards.org.au 612 8206 6001

SAA, AS

Sydney NSW 2001 Australia

Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc automotive_hq@sae.org 724 776 4841 400 Commonwealth Drive http://www.sae.org 724 776 0790

SAE

Warrendale PA 15096

Standards Council of Canada info@scc.ca 613 238 32 22

270 Albert Street, Suite 200 http://www.scc.ca 613 569 78 08

SCC

Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6N7 Canada Standards Engineers Society admin@ses-standards.org 603 610 7101 1950 Lafayette Road, Box 1 http://www.ses-standards.org 603 926 0750

SES*

Portsmouth NH 03801 Society of Manufacturing Engineers service@sme.org 800 733 4763

One SME Drive http://www.sme.org 313 425.3000

SME*

Dearborn MI 48128 313 425 3400

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc cec.us@us.ul.com 877 854 3577

2600 N.W. Lake Road http://www.ul.com 360 817 6278

ULI

Camas, WA 98607-8542

Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione uni@uni.com 39 02 70 02 41 Via Battistotti Sassi 11/b http://www.uni.com 39 02 70 10 61 49

UNI

IT-20133 Milano United States Cutting Tool Institute uscti@uscti.com 216 241 7333 1300 Sumner Avenue http://www.uscti.com 216 241 0105

USCTI*

Cleveland OH 44115 US Metric Association hillger@cira.colostate.edu 818 363 5606

10245 Andasol Ave http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger 818 368 7443

USMA

Northridge CA 91325-1504 NOTE *Books but no standards ISO Members Worldwide

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RELATED ISO PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FROM ANSI ANSI Catalog Contains listing with prices of ANSI standards published annually. ISO General Information Publications; http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/otherpubs/General.PublicationList?CLASSIFICATION=GENERAL ISO Technical Program Information on the titles and stages of development of all draft standards. (Biannual) ISO/IEC Directives Part 1 Procedures for technical work Part 2 Methodology for the development of International Standards. Part 3 Drafting and presentation of International Standards. ISO Memento Information, English and French, on the scope of responsibility, organizational structure, and secretariats for each technical committee. In addition, the Memento contains general information on the organization and administration of the work of ISO. (Annual) ISO Participation This table indicates the membership of technical committees, technical divisions, and committees reporting to the ISO Council. (Biannual) ISO Bulletin Standardization news; calendar of ISO meetings; list of all new draft ISO standards and newly published ISO standards. (Monthly) ISO/IEC Guide 2: 1991 General terms and their definitions concerning standardization and related activities. Approximately 40 Guides, designated ISO/IEC Guide Nos. 2-57, cover subjects related to international standardization, and are listed in the ISO catalog. ISO Video Film International standardization 18 min video cassette VHS. Other video films are also available. CEN Catalog Complete list of EN standards (German: Norm, French: Norme) and tables of corresponding material standards for CEN National Affiliate Members. See website; Welcome to the On-line Catalogue of European Standards with links to most European national standards organizations and their standards catalogs. HOW TO FIND AND ORDER INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL STANDARDS Grouping of International Standards by Technical Committees (TC) see Table 1-2 and by International Classification for Standards (ICS) see Table 1-3. Order international or national standards from ANSI or the applicable web page shown in Table 1-1. For all EN and national standards in Europe see CEN above and use websites shown. TABLE 1-2 TECHNICAL COMMITTEES (TC) JTC 1 Information technology JTC 2 Joint Project Committee - Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources – Common terminology TC 1 Screw threads TC 2 Fasteners TC 4 Rolling bearings TC 5 Ferrous metal pipes and metallic fittings TC 6 Paper, board and pulps TC 8 Ships and marine technology TC 10 Technical product documentation TC 11 Boilers and pressure vessels TC 12 Quantities and units TC 14 Shafts for machinery and accessories TC 17 Steel TC 18 Zinc and zinc alloys - STANDBY TC 19 Preferred numbers - STANDBY TC 20 Aircraft and space vehicles TC 21 Equipment for fire protection and fire fighting TC 22 Road vehicles TC 23 Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry TC 24 Particle characterization including sieving TC 25 Cast irons and pig irons TC 26 Copper and copper alloys TC 27 Solid mineral fuels TC 28 Petroleum products and lubricants TC 29 Small tools TC 30 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits TC 31 Tyres, rims and valves TC 33 Refractories TC 34 Food products TC 35 Paints and varnishes TC 36 Cinematography

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TC 37 Terminology and other language and content resources TC 38 Textiles TC 39 Machine tools TC 41 Pulleys and belts (including veebelts) TC 42 Photography TC 43 Acoustics TC 44 Welding and allied processes TC 45 Rubber and rubber products TC 46 Information and documentation TC 47 Chemistry TC 48 Laboratory equipment TC 51 Pallets for unit load method of materials handling TC 52 Light gauge metal containers TC 54 Essential oils TC 58 Gas cylinders TC 59 Buildings and civil engineering works TC 60 Gears TC 61 Plastics TC 63 Glass containers TC 67 Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries TC 68 Financial services TC 69 Applications of statistical methods TC 70 Internal combustion engines TC 71 Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete TC 72 Textile machinery and accessories TC 74 Cement and lime TC 76 Transfusion, infusion and injection, and blood processing equipment for medical and pharmaceutical use TC 77 Products in fibre reinforced cement TC 79 Light metals and their alloys TC 81 Common names for pesticides and other agrochemicals TC 82 Mining - STANDBY TC 83 Sports and recreational equipment TC 84 Devices for administration of medicinal products and intravascular catheters TC 85 Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection TC 86 Refrigeration and air-conditioning TC 87 Cork TC 89 Wood-based panels TC 91 Surface active agents TC 92 Fire safety TC 93 Starch (including derivatives and by-products) TC 94 Personal safety -- Protective clothing and equipment TC 96 Cranes TC 98 Bases for design of structures TC 100 Chains and chain sprockets for power transmission and conveyors TC 101 Continuous mechanical handling equipment TC 102 Iron ore and direct reduced iron TC 104 Freight containers TC 105 Steel wire ropes TC 106 Dentistry TC 107 Metallic and other inorganic coatings TC 108 Mechanical vibration, shock and condition monitoring TC 109 Oil and gas burners TC 110 Industrial trucks TC 111 Round steel link chains, chain slings, components and accessories TC 112 Vacuum technology TC 113 Hydrometry TC 114 Horology TC 115 Pumps TC 117 Fans TC 118 Compressors and pneumatic tools, machines and equipment TC 119 Powder metallurgy TC 120 Leather TC 121 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment TC 122 Packaging TC 123 Plain bearings TC 126 Tobacco and tobacco products TC 127 Earth-moving machinery TC 129 Aluminium ores - STANDBY TC 130 Graphic technology TC 131 Fluid power systems TC 132 Ferroalloys TC 133 Sizing systems and designations for clothes TC 134 Fertilizers and soil conditioners TC 135 Non-destructive testing TC 136 Furniture TC 137 Footwear sizing designations and marking systems TC 138 Plastics pipes, fittings and valves for the transport of fluids TC 142 Cleaning equipment for air and other gases TC 145 Graphical symbols TC 146 Air quality

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TC 147 Water quality TC 148 Sewing machines TC 149 Cycles TC 150 Implants for surgery TC 153 Valves TC 154 Processes, data elements and documents in commerce, industry and administration TC 155 Nickel and nickel alloys TC 156 Corrosion of metals and alloys TC 157 Non-systemic contraceptives and STI barrier prophylactics TC 158 Analysis of gases TC 159 Ergonomics TC 160 Glass in building TC 161 Control and protective devices for gas and/or oil burners and appliances TC 162 Doors and windows TC 163 Thermal performance and energy use in the built environment TC 164 Mechanical testing of metals TC 165 Timber structures TC 166 Ceramic ware, glassware and glass ceramic ware in contact with food - STANDBY TC 167 Steel and aluminium structures TC 168 Prosthetics and orthotics TC 170 Surgical instruments TC 171 Document management applications TC 172 Optics and photonics TC 173 Assistive products for persons with disability TC 174 Jewellery TC 176 Quality management and quality assurance TC 177 Caravans TC 178 Lifts, escalators and moving walks TC 179 Masonry - STANDBY TC 180 Solar energy TC 181 Safety of toys TC 182 Geotechnics TC 183 Copper, lead, zinc and nickel ores and concentrates TC 184 Automation systems and integration TC 185 Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure TC 186 Cutlery and table and decorative metal hollow-ware TC 188 Small craft TC 189 Ceramic tile TC 190 Soil quality TC 191 Animal (mammal) traps - STANDBY TC 192 Gas turbines TC 193 Natural gas TC 194 Biological evaluation of medical devices TC 195 Building construction machinery and equipment TC 197 Hydrogen technologies TC 198 Sterilization of health care products TC 199 Safety of machinery TC 201 Surface chemical analysis TC 202 Microbeam analysis TC 203 Technical energy systems TC 204 Intelligent transport systems TC 205 Building environment design TC 206 Fine ceramics TC 207 Environmental management TC 208 Thermal turbines for industrial application (steam turbines, gas expansion turbines)- STANDBY TC 209 Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments TC 210 Quality management and corresponding general aspects for medical devices TC 211 Geographic information/Geomatics TC 212 Clinical laboratory testing and in vitro diagnostic test systems TC 213 Dimensional and geometrical product specifications and verification TC 214 Elevating work platforms TC 215 Health informatics TC 216 Footwear TC 217 Cosmetics TC 218 Timber TC 219 Floor coverings TC 220 Cryogenic vessels TC 221 Geosynthetics TC 222 Personal financial planning - STANDBY TC 223 Societal security TC 224 Service activities relating to drinking water supply systems and wastewater systems – Quality criteria of the service and performance indicators TC 225 Market, opinion and social research TC 226 Materials for the production of primary aluminium TC 227 Springs TC 228 Tourism and related services TC 229 Nanotechnologies TC 230 Project Committee: Psychological assessment TC 231 Project Committee: Brand valuation TC 232 Learning services for non-formal education and training TC 234 Fisheries and aquaculture

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TC 235 Project Committee: Rating services TC 236 Project Committee: Project Management TC 237 Project committee: Exhibition terminology TC 238 Solid biofuels TC 239 Project Committee: Network services billing TC 240 Project Committee: Product recall TC 241 Project Committee: Road-Traffic Safety Management System TC 242 Energy Management TC 243 Project Committee: Consumer product safety TC 244 Industrial furnaces and associated processing equipment TC 245 Project Committee: Cross-border trade of second-hand goods TC 246 Project committee: Anti-counterfeiting tools TC 247 Fraud countermeasures and controls TC 248 Project committee: Sustainability criteria for bioenergy TC 249 Traditional chinese medicine TC 250 Project committee: Sustainability in event management TC 251 Project committee: Asset management TC 252 Project committee: Natural gas fuelling stations for vehicles TC 253 Project committee: Treated wastewater re-use for irrigation TC 254 Safety of amusement rides and amusement devices TC 255 Biogas TC 256 Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders TC 257 General technical rules for determination of energy savings in renovation projects, industrial enterprises and regions TC 258 Project, programme and portfolio management TC 259 Project committee: Outsourcing TC 260 Human resource management TC 261 Additive manufacturing TC 262 Project committee: Risk management TC 263 Coalbed methane (CBM) TC 264 Fireworks TC 265 Carbon capture and storage (CCS) TC 266 Biomimetics TC 267 Facilities management CASCO Committee on conformity assessment CIE International Commission on Illumination COPOLCO Committee on consumer policy IIW International Institute of Welding IULTCS International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies REMCO Committee on reference materials TMB Technical Management Board VAMAS Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards TABLE 1-3 INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION FOR STANDARDS (ICS) 01 Generalities. Terminology. Standardization. Documentation 03 Services. Company organization, management and quality. Administration. Transport. Sociology 07 Mathematics. Natural Sciences 11 Health care technology 13 Environment. Health protection. Safety 17 Metrology and measurement. Physical phenomena 19 Testing Analytical chemistry, see 71.040 21 Mechanical systems and components for general use 23 Fluid systems and components for general use Measurement of fluid flow, see 17.120 25 Manufacturing engineering 27 Energy and heat transfer engineering 29 Electrical engineering 31 Electronics 33 Telecommunications. Audio and video engineering 35 Information technology. Office machines 37 Image technology 39 Precision mechanics. Jewellery 43 Road vehicles engineering 45 Railway engineering 47 Shipbuilding and marine structures 49 Aircraft and space vehicle engineering 53 Materials handling equipment 55 Packaging and distribution of goods 59 Textile and leather technology 61 Clothing industry 65 Agriculture 67 Food technology 71 Chemical technology

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73 Mining and minerals 75 Petroleum and related technologies 77 Metallurgy 79 Wood technology 81 Glass and ceramics industries 83 Rubber and plastic industries 85 Paper technology 87 Paint and colour industries 91 Construction materials and building 93 Civil engineering 95 Military engineering 97 Domestic and commercial equipment. Entertainment. Sports ISO Handbook 1 Documentation and information. A number of ISO books (formerly named Handbooks) are available and listed on the following ISO link: http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/otherpubs/Handbooks.PublicationList?CLASSIFICATION=HANDBOOKS Technical product specification

Compilation on CD-ROM of the entire collection of Technical Product Specification (TPS) standards which are essential to manufacturing on a global basis, as well as providing a common language for product and contract specification, and other communication along global supply chains. It allows the 242 standards to be accessed easily and rapidly and puts this "library" of standards into a conveniently transportable format. Technical product specification Year of publication: 2009 Edition: 1 .ISBN 978-92-67-10510-9 ISO Focus

A selection of centre spreads from ISO Focus+ magazine of the last two years provide the theme for the ISO 2012 calendar. Topics covered include motor vehicle safety, standards in everyday life, energy, accessibility of buildings, the economic benefits of standards, social responsibility and space exploration. ISO Calendar 2012. Year of publication: 2011. Edition: 1 ISO Strategic Plan 2011-2015. Solutions to Global Challenges

The route map, via seven key objectives, to the global vision for ISO in 2015: to be the world's leading provider of high quality, globally relevant International Standards through its members and stakeholders. ISBN 978-92-67-10542-0

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ISO in figures for the year 2010

Significant statistics on ISO and ISO's work for 2010. Year of publication: 2011. Edition: 1. ISBN 978-92-67-10546-8 ISO in brief

A four-page introduction to the ISO standardization system, the ISO system's output, ISO's partners and ISO's path forward. Year of publication: 2011. Edition: 3. ISBN 978-92-67-10550-5 ISO Annual Report 2010 Year of publication: 2011, Periodicity: Annual

ISO Catalogue 2011 The ISO Catalogue includes more than 18 500 published International Standards classified according to the International Classification for Standards (ICS) and by Technical Committee (TC). CataloguePlus 2011 on CD-ROM This CD-ROM contains information on all published ISO standards and other publications, plus the ISO technical work programme of draft standards. The listings are presented by subject according to the International Classification for Standards (ICS). Lists in numerical order and in technical committee order are also given. In addition, there is an alphabetical index and a list of withdrawn standards.

Chapter 2 The International System of Measuring Units (SI) SUMMARY The metric system is simple and easy to learn. Do not become confused with all the details given in this chapter. You probably will not see most of the units in practical use. You should, however, learn the most common units for length, area, volume, mass, and temperature shown in Table 2-1. Prefixes are shown in Table 2-2. Preferred units are shown in bold. How the metric units relate to inch units are covered in Chapter 17. See conversion program.

TABLE 2-1 SI UNITS Quantity Symbol (Name) Prefix and Symbol* Other Metric Unit

nm (nanometer) = 10-9 m µm (micrometer) = 10-6 m micron = µm = 0.001 mm mm (millimeter) = 10-3 m

Length m cm (centimeter) = 10-2 m (meter) dm (decimeter) = 10-1 m hm (hectometer) = 102 m km (kilometer) = 103 m

mm2 (square millimeter) = 10-6 m2 cm2 (square centimeter) = 10-4 m2 1 a (are) = 100 m2

Area m2 dm2 (square decimeter) = 10-2 m2 1 hm2 = 1 ha (hectare) = 10 000 m2 (square meter) hm2 (square hectometer) = 104 m2 km2 (square kilometer) = 106 m2 mm3 (cubic millimeter) = 10-9 m3 1 µL (microliter) = 1 mm3

Volume m3 cm3 (cubic centimeter) = 10-6 m3 1 mL (milliliter) = 1 cm3

(cubic meter) dm3 (cubic decimeter) = 10-3 m3 1 L (liter) = 1 dm3 1 kL (kiloliter) = 1 m3

µg (microgram) = 10-9 kg Mass of water;

mg (milligram) = 10-6 kg 1 mg = 1 µL = 1 mm3

Mass(1) kg g (gram) = 10-3 kg 1 g = 1 mL = 1 cm3

(kilogram) Mg (megagram) = 103 kg 1 kg = 1 L = 1 dm3

1 Mg = 1 kL = 1 m3

1 tmetric = 1000 kg

K The absolute temperature oC (degree Celsius) Temperature

(kelvin) TK = TO + tC = 273.15 + oC

m/s 1 km/h = 1/3.6 m/s Speed (meter per second)

m/s2 Acceleration

(meter per second squared)

µN (micronewton) = 10-6 N mN (millinewton) = 10-3 N See NOTE (1) for Mass

Force N daN (dekanewton) = 10 N(2) (newton) kN (kilonewton) = 103 N MN (meganewton) = 106 N

TABLE 2-1 SI UNITS (CONT’D) Quantity Symbol (Name) Prefix and Symbol* Other Metric Unit

µN•m (micronewton x meter) = 10-6 N•m Torque N•m mN•m (millinewton x meter) = 10-3 N•m

kN•m (kilonewton x meter) = 103 N•m MN•m (meganewton x meter) = 106 N•m

µPa (micropascal) = 10-6 N/m2 Pressure, Pa mPa (millipascal) = 10-3 N/m2 1 mbar (millibar) = 100 Pa

Stress (pascal = N/m2) kPa (kilopascal) = 103 N/m2 1 bar = 100 kPa

MPa (megapascal) = 106 N/m2 10 bar = 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2

GPa (gigapascal) = 109 N/m2

mJ (millijoule) = 10-3 J Energy, J kJ (kilojoule) = 103 J 1 kWh (kilowatthour) =

Work, Heat (joule) MJ (megajoule) = 106 J 1000 W x 3600 s = 3.6 106 J = 3.6 MJ

GJ (gigajoule) = 109 J

µW (microwatt) 10-6 W Power W mW (milliwatt) 10-3 W 1 W = 1 J/s = 1 N•m/s

(watt = J/s = N•m/s) kW (kilowatt) 103 W metric horsepower,

MW (megawatt) 106 W 1 hpmetric = 75 kgf•m/s = 735 W

GW (gigawatt) 109 W

Notes: *Preferred in bold 1. In the metric system there are separate distinct units for mass and force. The kilogram is restricted to mass. The newton is the unit of force and should be used in place of the “kilogram-force.” The newton instead of the kilogram-force should be used in combination units which include force, for example, pressure or stress (N/m2 = Pa), energy (N•m = J), and power (N•m/s = W). Considerable confusion exist in the use of the term “mass” and “weight.” Mass is the property of matter to which it owes its inertia. If a body at rest on the earth’s surface is released from the forces holding it at rest, it will experience the acceleration of free fall (acceleration of gravity, g). The force required to restrain it against free fall is commonly called weight. The acceleration of free fall varies in time and space, and weight is proportional to it. While at any point in time and space, weight can therefore vary, mass does not. Observed g can differ by over 0.5% between various points on the earth’s surface. Therefore, the difference of local g from the agreed standard value, 9.80665 m/s2, must be taken into account for precise measurements where g is involved, such as delicate weigh The term “mass” should be used to indicate the quantity of matter in an object. The term “weight” is commonly used where the technically correct word is mass. Because of this widespread nontechnical use, the word weight should be avoided in technical reports. In converting quantities that has been presented as weight, care must be taken to determine whether force or mass is intended. 2. The dekanewton has some usage in EU since 1 daN = 1.02 kg (force).

Units and symbols SI prefixes The prefixes listed in Table 2-2 are used to form names and symbols of the decimal multiples and submultiples of the SI units. These prefixes or their symbols are attached to names or symbols of units, forming what are properly called “multiples and submultiples of metric units”. For recommended application of prefixes, see Table 2-1 TABLE 2-2 SI PREFIXES

SI prefix name Symbol Multiplication factor yotta Y 1024 zetta Z 1021 exa E 1018 peta P 1015 tera T 1012 giga G 109

mega M 106 kilo k 103 = 1000 = E+03

hecto h 102 = 100 = E+02 deka da 101 = 10 = E+01 deci d 10-1 = 0.1 = E-01 centi c 10-2 = 0.01 = E-02 milli m 10-3 = 0.001 = E-03

micro µ 10-6

nano n 10-9 pico p 10-12

femto f 10-15 atto a 10-18

zepto z 10-21 yocto y 10-24

Classes of units The metric units are divided into two classes: base units and derived units. See definitions. Base units The metric system is built upon the seven well-defined base units of Table 2-3, which by convention are regarded as independent. Note that throughout this publication the word “quantity” means a measurable attribute of a phenomenon or of matter. TABLE 2-3 SI BASE UNITS (ANSI SI 10)

Quantity Unit Symbol length meter m mass kilogram kg time second s

electric current ampere A thermodynamic temperature* kelvin K

amount of substance mole mol luminous intensity candela cd

*See Temperature on p.37

Derived units Derived SI units are shown in Table 2-4. Those SI derived units that have special names and symbols are listed in Table 2-5 and 6. Derived units are formed by combining base units according to the algebraic relations linking the corresponding quantities. The symbols for derived units are obtained by means of the mathematical signs for multiplication, division, and use of exponents. For example, the SI unit for speed is the meter per second (m/s or m•s-1) and that for density is kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3 or kg•m-3). TABLE 2-4 SI DERIVED UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES AND SYMBOLS (ANSI SI 10) Expression in terms

Quantity SI unit Name Symbol of other SI units angle, plane radian* rad m/m = 1

angle, solid steradian* sr m2/m2 = 1

Celsius temperature** degree Celsius oC K

electric capacitance farad F C/V electric charge, quantity of electricity coulomb C A•s

electric conductance siemens S A/V electric inductance henry H Wb/A

electric potential difference, electromotive force volt V W/A electric resistance ohm Ω V/A

energy, work, quantity of heat joule J N•m force newton N kg•m/s2

frequency (of a periodic phenomenon) hertz Hz 1/s illuminance lux lx lm/m2

luminous flux lumen lm cd•sr magnetic flux weber Wb V•s

magneric flux density tesla T Wb/m2 power, radiant flux watt W J/s pressure, stress pascal Pa N/m2

NOTES: *See last paragraph of History on p.42 **See Temperature on p.37 It is frequently advantageous to express derived units in terms of other derived units with special names; for example, the metric unit for surface tension is usually expressed as N/m instead of kg/s2 and that for electric dipole moment is usually expressed as C•m instead of A•s•m. TABLE 2-5 SI DERIVED UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES FOR HUMAN HEALTH (ANSI SI 10)

SI unit Quantity Name Symbol Expression in terms

of other SI units

activity (of a radionuclide) becquerel Bq 1/s

absorbed dose, specific energy imparted gray Gy J/kg kerma, absorbed dose index

dose equivalent, dose equivalent index sievert Sv J/kg

TABLE 2-6 SI DERIVED UNITS WITHOUT SPECIAL NAMES (ANSI SI 10) SI unit Quantity Name Symbol absorbed dose rate gray per second Gy/s acceleration meter per second squared m/s2 angular acceleration radian per second squared rad/s2 angular velocity radian per second rad/s area square meter m2 concentration (of amount of substance) mole per cubic meter mol/m3 current density ampere per square meter A/m2 density (mass density) kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3 electric charge density coulomb per cubic meter C/m3 electric field strength volt per meter V/m electric flux density coulomb per square meter C/m2 energy density joule per cubic meter J/m3 entropy joule per kelvin J/K exposure (x and gamma rays) coulomb per kilogram C/kg heat capacity joule per kelvin J/K heat flux density, irradiance watt per square meter W/m2 luminance candela per square meter cd/m2 magnetic field strength ampere per meter A/m molar energy joule per mole J/mol molar entropy joule per mole kelvin J/(mol•K) molar heat capacity joule per mole kelvin J/(mol•K) moment of force newton meter N•m permeability (magnetic) henry per meter H/m permittivity farad per meter F/m power density watt per square meter W/m2 radiance watt per square meter steradian W/(m2•sr) radiant intensity watt per steradian W/sr specific heat capacity joule per kilogram kelvin J/(kg•K) specific energy joule per kilogram J/kg specific entropy joule per kilogram kelvin J/(kg•K) specific volume cubic meter per kilogram m3/kg surface tension newton per meter N/m thermal conductivity watt per meter kelvin W/(m•K) velocity meter per second m/s viscosity, dynamic pascal second Pa•s viscosity, kinematic square meter per second m2/s volume cubic meter m3 wave number 1 per meter 1/m Unit of mass Among the base and derived units of SI, the unit of mass (kilogram) is the only one whose name, for historical reasons, contains a prefix. Names and symbols of decimal multiples and submultiples of the unit of mass are formed by attaching prefixes to the word gram or prefix symbols to the symbol g.

Other units Units from other systems To preserve the advantage of SI as a coherent system, minimize the use of units from other systems with SI. Such use should be limited to those listed in Table 2-7. TABLE 2-7 UNITS IN USE WITH SI (ANSI SI 10)

Quantity Unit Symbol Value in SI units minute min 1 min = 60 s time1 hour h 1 h = 60 min = 3600 s

day d 1 d = 24 h = 86 400 s week, month, etc.

degree o 1o = (π/180) rad plane angle minute ' 1' = (1/60)o = (π/10 800) rad

second " 1" = (1/60)' = (π/648 000) rad volume liter L, l 1 L = 1 dm3 = 10-3 m3 mass metric ton or tonne t 1 t = 1 Mg = 103 kg energy electronvolt eV 1 eV = 1.602 177 33(49) x 10-19 J mass unified atomic mass unit u 1 u = 1.660 540 2(10) x 10-27 kg NOTE:

1. TIME: The international (military) designation is: 13:32 (instead of 1:32 p.m.); 11:15 (instead of 11:15 a.m.) DATE: The all-numeric writing of dates varies in different parts of the world. The date April 2, 2012 is written as follows;

ISO 8601 : 2012-04-02 . USA : 4-2-2012 Europe : 2-4-2012 EU and many other countries have adopted the ISO standard for the writing of all-numeric dates in their standards, and it is recommended for use in all international communications. use of second (s) – the SI base unit s (second) is recommended in all applications where energy or power might be calculated (torque, flow, speed). Time The SI unit for time is the second (s), which should be used in technical calculations. However, where time relates to life customs or calendar cycles, the minute, hour, day, and other calendar units may be necessary. For example, vehicle speed is often expressed in unit kilometer per hour (km/h) Plane angle The SI unit for plane angle is the number 1, which is also called by its special name radian (rad). Use of the degree and its decimal submultiples is permissible when the radian is not a convenient value. Do not use the minute and second except for special fields such as astronomy and cartography. Volume The SI unit for volume is the cubic meter (m3). Use this unit, or a multiple or submultiple of it such as cubic kilometer (km3), cubic centimeter (cm3), etc. The liter (L) has the exact volume of one cubic decimeter (dm3). The name liter with its new symbol and SI prefixes are easy to write and speak, and the author recommend its use in USA. Mass The SI unit for mass is the kilogram (kg). This unit, or a multiple or submultiple formed by attaching a SI prefix to gram (g), is preferred in all applications. The name “ton” has been given to several large mass units that are widely used in commerce and technology: the long ton of 2240 lb, the short ton of 2000 lb, and the metric ton of 1000 kg, which is almost 2205 lb. None of these terms is SI. The terms “metric ton” and “tonne” are restricted to commercial usage. The ton is also used for volume (register ton) and power ratings (air conditioning). The author therefore recommends using the SI prefix mega with gram, thus 1 Mg = 1000 kg. Energy The SI unit of energy, the joule, together with its multiples and submultiples, is preferred for all applications. The kilowatthour is widely used as a measure of electric energy. This unit should not be introduced into any new fields, and eventually it should be replaced. The unit to use is the megajoule.

Units in use temporarily with SI Units in use temporarily with SI are shown in Table 2-8. These units should not be introduced where they are not presently used. TABLE 2-8 UNITS IN USE TEMPORARILY WITH SI (ANSI SI 10)

Name Symbol Value in SI units nautical mile 1 nautical mile = 1852 m knot 1 nautical mile per hour = (1852/3600) m/s hectare ha 1 ha = 1 hm2 = 104 m2 bar bar 1 bar = 100 kPa barn b 1 b = 100 fm2 = 10-28 m2 curie Ci 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq roentgen R 1 R = 2.58 x 10-4 C/kg rad rad, rd 1 rad = 1 cGy = 10-2 Gy rem rem 1 rem = 1 cSv = 10-2 Sv Length The International nautical mile is now defined as 1852 m long, and it is used in nautical and aerial navigation to express distance and speed. Area The SI unit for area is the square meter (m2). The hectare (ha) is a special name for the square hectometer (hm2). Large land or water areas are generally expressed in hectares or in square kilometers (km2). Pressure, stress and vacuum The SI unit for pressure and stress is the pascal (newton per square meter), and with proper SI prefixes it should be used in all applications. Do not use old metric units for pressure and stress such as kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2), or other non-SI units, such as torr and millimeter of mercury, for pressure. Because one bar equals 105 Pa, the millibar should be called by its SI name, the hectopascal (1 mbar = 1 hPa). Pressure and vacuum . Gage pressure is absolute pressure minus ambient pressure (usually atmospheric pressure). Both gage pressure and absolute pressure are expressed in pascals, using SI prefixes as appropriate. Gage pressure is positive if above ambient pressure and negative if below. Pressure below ambient is often called vacuum; if the term “vacuum” is applied to numerical measure it should be made clear whether negative gage pressure or absolute gage pressure is meant. See Editorial guide, Attachments to unit symbols for methods of designating gage pressure and absolute pressure. Centimeter-gram-second (cgs) units Avoid all units with special names peculiar to the various cgs systems (measurement systems constructed by using the centimeter, gram, and second as base units). Among these units are the following, defined for mechanics, fluid mechanics, and photometry: the erg, dyne, gal, poise, stokes, stilb, phot, and lambert. Further, avoid the cgs units for electricity and magnetism. This statement applies to the units designated by the general abbreviation “esu” (for electrostatic cgs unit) and “emu” (for electromagnetic cgs unit), including those units that have been given special names – gauss, oersted, maxwell, gilbert, biot, and franklin. It also applies to the unit names formed with the prefixes ab and stat, for example, the abampere and statvolt.

Units and names that are not to be used Table 2-9 lists deprecated units and, in many cases, units with which they may be replaced. These are examples of several metric and related units other than those of SI that have been defined over the years. These include all units defined only in the cgs, esu, and emu systems. Some of these are used only in special fields; others have found broad application outside the USA. Except for the special cases discussed in the previous text, do not use units that are not part of SI (as well as non-SI names for multiples and submultiples of SI units, such as micron for micrometer). TABLE 2-9 EXAMPLES OF UNITS AND NAMES THAT ARE NOT TO BE USED (ANSI SI 10) Name Symbol Value in SI units

ångström Å 1 Å = 0.1 nm = 10-10 m

are a 1 a = 1 dam2 = 100 m2 atmosphere, standard atm 1 atm = 101.325 kPa atmosphere, technical at 1 at = 98.0665 kPa calorie (physics) cal 1 cal = 4.184 J calorie (nutrition) Cal 1 Cal = 4.184 kJ candle 1 cd candlepower cp 1 cp = 1 cd dyne dyn 1 dyn = 10-5 N

erg erg 1 erg = 10-7 J fermi fermi 1 fm = 10-15 m G, g (as a unit) 1 g = 9.806 65 m/s2 gal Gal 1 Gal = cm/s2 = 10-2 m/s2 gamma γ 1 γ = 1 nT = 10-9 T gauss G 1 G = 10-4 T gon, grad, grade gon 1 gon = (π/200) rad kilocalorie kcal 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ kilogram-force kgf 1 kgf = 9.806 65 N langley cal/cm2 1 cal/cm2 = 41.84 kJ/m2 = 4.184 x 104 J/m2 maxwell Mx 1 Mx = 10-8 Wb metric carat 1 carat = 200 mg = 2 x 10-4 kg metric horsepower 75 kgf•m/s 1 hpm = 735.5 W micron µ 1 µm = 10-6 m millimeter of mercury mmHg 1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa mm, cm, or m of water mmH2O, etc. 1 mmH2O = 9.806 65 Pa, etc.

millimicron mµ 1 mµ = 1 nm = 10-9 m mho mho 1 mho = 1 S oersted Oe 1 Oe = (1000/4π) A/m phot ph 1 ph = 104 lx poise P 1 P = dyn•s/cm2 = 0.1 Pa•s stere st 1 st = 1 m3 stilb sb 1 sb = 1 cd/cm2 = 104 cd/m2 stokes St 1 St = cm2/s = 10-4 m2/s torr Torr 1Torr = (101 325/760) Pa x unit 1 x unit = 1.0021 x 10-13 m γ (mass) γ 1 γ = µg = 10-9 kg λ (volume) λ 1 λ = mm3 = 10-9 m3

Some comments concerning quantities and units Mass, force and weight For a discussion of the treatment of these and related quantities in SI, see note (1) Table 2-1. Temperature The SI unit of thermodynamic temperature is the kelvin (K). Use this unit to express thermodynamic temperature and temperature intervals. Wide use is also made of the degree Celsius (oC), which is equal to the unit kelvin; it is a special name for expressing Celsius temperature and temperature intervals. Celsius temperature t (which replace centigrade temperature) is related to thermodynamic temperature T by the equation t = T – To, where To = 273.15 K by definition. In practice, the International Temperature Scale of 1990(ITS-90) serves as the basis for high-accuracy temperature measurements in science and technology. Nominal dimensions Many dimensions used to identify commercial products are nominal values – values like “2 by 4” lumber and one-inch pipe that exist in name only and are used for the purpose of convenient designation. Others, like the inch-based trade sizes of nuts and bolts, designate one of the critical dimensions of the product. Although individuals should not convert such designations into SI units, trade associations and other organizations that are responsible for standardizing such products may adopt, without changing the product, nominal metric designations as deemed appropriate. Quantities and units used in rotational machines Angle, angular velocity, and angular acceleration The coherent SI unit of plane angle is the number one; thus the SI units of the quantities of angle, angular velocity, and angular acceleration are, respectively, 1, 1/s, and 1/s2. However, it is often convenient to use the special name “radian” (rad), instead of the number 1 when expressing the values of these quantities. Thus, for clarity, the unit rad, rad/s, and rad/s2 are usually used, as shown in Table 6. Similar comments apply to solid angle; its coherent SI unit is also the number 1, which has the special name “steradian” (sr). Moment of force (bending moment) Because moment of force (bending moment) and torque are equal to a force times a distance (moment arm or lever arm), their SI unit is N•m. The joule (J = N•m), which is a special name for the SI unit of energy and work, shall not be used as a name for the unit of moment of force or of torque. Moment of inertia This quantity (Ι ) is a property of the mass distribution of a body about an axis (Ι = ∑m•r 2); its SI unit is kg•m2. Angular momentum Angular momentum (moment of momentum) is linear momentum (SI unit kg•m/s) times moment arm; its SI unit is kg•m2/s. The total angular momentum of a body of moment of inertia Ι (SI unit kg•m2) rotating with angular velocity ω (SI unit 1/s) is Ι•ω (SI unit kg•m2/s). Kinetic energy The kinetic energy of a body of moment of inertia Ι (SI unit kg•m2) rotating with angular velocity ω (SI unit 1/s) is Ι•ω2/2; its SI unit is joule. Work The work done by a moment of force or by a torque (SI unit N•m) in a rotation through an angle (SI unit 1) is moment of force or torque times angle of rotation; its SI unit is joule. Note that if the unit of rotational work is written as N•m rather than as J, possible confusion may occur because in its form it appears identical to the unit of moment of force or torque. In vector algebraic expressions or vector diagrams, the distinction between work and moment of force or torque is obvious because work is the scalar product of force and displacement while moment of force or torque involves the vector product of force and moment arm, but no such distinction is possible in the associated units. Impact energy absorption This quantity, often incorrectly called “impact resistance” or “impact strength”, is measured in terms of work required to break a standard specimen; the SI unit is joule.

Editorial guide Introduction The metric system is the international language of measurement. Its symbols are identical in all languages. Just as the English language is governed by rules of spelling, punctuation and pronunciation, so is the language of measurement. Uniformity of usage facilitates comprehension and leads to clarity in communications. This Editorial guide is a recommended practice intended to serve as a guide to accepted and consistent USA usage of the metric system, and does not constitute a standard. Rules for writing SI unit symbols Recommended use of SI units with names and symbols are shown in Table 2-1 and prefixes in Table 2-2. Symbols. The short form for metric units and prefixes are called symbols. The first letter of a symbol is capitalized when the name of the unit is derived from the name of a person. Other symbols are generally lower case*. Examples: Unit Name Symbol meter m liter L* kilogram kg newton N pascal Pa *In 1979. the CGPM approved “L” and “l” as alternative symbols for liter. Since the letter symbol “l” can easily be confused with the numeral “1”, the symbol “L” is recommended for USA use. Any use of the script “ell” as a symbol for liter is deprecated. 1. Print unit symbols in upright type regardless of the typestyle used in the surrounding text. Italic letters are reserved for

quantity symbols, such as A for area, m for mass, g for gravity acceleration and t for time. In typewriting or longhand, underlining may be used as a substitute for italics.

2. Do not alter unit symbols in the plural. Examples: 1 m, 100 m. Plural name usage. Names of units may be plural for numeric values greater than 1, equal to 0 or less than -1. All other values take only the singular form of the unit name.

Examples: 100 meters, 1.1 meters, 0 degrees Celsius, -4 degrees Celsius or 1.1 meter, 0 degree Celsius, 0.5 meter, ½ liter, -0.2 degree Celsius, -1 degree Celsius. 3. Do not follow unit symbols by a period except when used at the end of a sentence. Examples: When you add 15 g of salt … The length of the field is 350 m. 4. Write letter unit symbols in lowercase (e.g., cd) unless the unit name has been derived from a proper name, in which

case the first letter of the symbol is capitalized (e.g., W, Pa). The exception is the symbol for liter, L. Prefix symbols use either lowercase or uppercase letters as shown in Table 2-7. The importance of precise use of capital and lowercase letters is shown by the following examples.

Examples: G stands for giga; g for gram K for kelvin; k for kilo M for mega; m for milli N for newton; n for nano Names of units and prefixes are not capitalized except at the beginning of a sentence and in those titles, headings and other instances in which all main words are capitalized. Example: Meter is the unit used for some Olympic events. Force is measured in newtons. Note: In “degree Celsius”, “degree” is lower case and “Celsius” is capitalized; “degree centigrade” is obsolete. Unit symbols retain their prescribed form regardless of the surrounding typography. 5. If the value of a quantity is expressed as a numerical value and a unit symbol, a space shall be left between them. For

example, write 35 mm, not 35mm, 2.37 lm (for 2.37 lumens), not 2.37lm, and 20 oC, not 20oC. EXCEPTION – No space is left between the number and the symbol for degree, minute, and second of plain angle. 6. Do not leave any space between the prefix and unit symbols.

7. Use symbols, not abbreviations, for units. For example, use “A”, and not “amp”, for ampere.

Rules for writing unit names The handling of unit names varies internationally because of language differences. The following rules should be followed in USA: 1. Spelled-out unit names are treated as common nouns in English. Thus, the first letter of a unit name is not capitalized

except at the beginning of a sentence or in capitalized material such as a title. 2. Use plurals as required by the rules of English grammar, for example, henries for the plural of henry. EXCEPTION – The names for hertz, lux and siemens remain unchanged in plural. 3. Do not leave a space or place a hyphen between the prefix and unit name. In three cases, the final vowel in the prefix is commonly omitted: “megohm,” “kilohm,” and “hectare.” In all other cases where the unit name begins with a vowel, both vowels are retained and both are pronounced. Units formed by multiplication and division Unit names 1. Product. Use a space (preferred) or a hyphen: Examples: newton meter or newton-meter In the case of watt hour the space may be omitted, thus: Examples: watthour

2. Quotient. Use the word “per” and not a solidus: Examples: meter per second, not meter/second 3. Powers. Use the modifier “squared” or “cubed” placed after the unit name: Examples: meter per second squared In case of area or volume, a modifier may be placed before the unit name: Examples: square millimeters, cubic meter, watt per square meter 4. Symbols. To avoid ambiguity in complicated expressions, unit symbols are preferred over unit names. Unit symbols The symbol for a compound unit that is the product of two or more units is indicated by either a raised dot, which is preferred, or by a space; thus, for newton meter Examples: N•m or N m For limited character sets where the raised dot is not possible, use a space. In the case of kW•h, kilowatthour (a non-SI unit), the raised dot is often omitted, as is the space; thus, kWh. The symbol for a quotient of two or more units is indicated in one of the following ways: Examples: m/s or m•s-1 or m s Do not use more than one solidus in the same expression unless parentheses are inserted to avoid ambiguity. Examples: J/(mol•K) or J•mol-1•K-1 or (J/mol)/K, but not J/mol/K Mixtures Do not mix symbols and unit names in the same expression. Examples: joules per kilogram or J/kg Do not write: joules/kilogram nor joules/kg nor joules•kg-1

Attachments to unit symbols Attachment of letters to a unit symbol as a means of giving information about the nature of the quantity under consideration is incorrect. Thus, do not use MWe, Vac, VAC, kJt, “megawatt electrical (power),” “volts ac,” nor kilojoules thermal (energy).” If the context leaves any doubt as to what is meant, qualify the name of the quantity appropriately. For example, “ … an electric power of 1.4 MW.” For the same reason, do not attempt to construct SI equivalents of the abbreviations “psia” (pounds per square inch, absolute) and “psig,” which are often used to distinguish between absolute and gage pressure. Use instead “ … at a gage pressure of 13 kPa” or “ … at an absolute pressure of 13 kPa.” Where space is limited, such as on gages, nameplates, graph labels, and in table headings, the use of a modifier in parentheses, such as “kPa (gage),” “kPa (absolute),” or “V (ac),” is permitted.

Rules for writing SI prefixes In general, use the SI prefixes to indicate orders of magnitude. Thus, one can eliminate zeros (i.e., 12 300 m becomes 12.3 km) and leading zeros in decimal numbers (i.e., 0.001 23 µm becomes 1.23 nm). SI prefixes, therefore, provide a convenient alternative to powers-of-ten notation preferred in computation (i.e., 12.3 x 103 m becomes 12.3 km). Never use prefix alone. A common unit-multiple is preferable even when some of the numerical values may require up to five or six digits before the decimal point. Examples: mm for dimensions on engineering drawings MPa for stress, except in very weak materials, for which kPa may be more convenient GPa for modulus of elasticity in most materials, except elastomers kg/m3 for mass density In a table of values for the same quantity, or in a discussion of such values within a given context, the same unit multiple should be used for all items even when some of the numerical values may require up to five or six digits before the decimal point. Mixing prefixes should be avoided unless the difference in size is extreme. Examples: 40 mm wide and 1500 mm long, not 40 mm wide and 1.5 m long; but 1500 meters of 2-mm diameter wire. Two units should not be used for one quantity. Examples: 3.5 m, not 3 m 50 cm or 3 m 500 mm; 13.58 L, not 13 L 580 mL Slang. A prefix should not be used without a unit. Examples: kilogram, not kilo; 10 kilometer run or 10 km run, not 10 K run. Roman numerals. Do not use M to indicate thousands (as in MCF for thousands of cubic feet or in MCM for thousands of circular mills) nor MM to indicate millions, nor C to indicate hundreds, etc., because of conflicts with the SI prefixes. Selection When expressing a quantity by a numerical value and a unit, give preference to a prefix that yields a numerical value between 0.1 and 1000. For simplicity, give preference to prefixes representing 1000 raised to a positive or negative integral power. However, the following factors may justify deviation from these prefixes: 1. In expressing area and volume, the prefixes hecto, deka, deci and centi may be required; for example, cubic decimeter,

square hectometer, cubic centimeter. 2. In tables of values of the same quantity, or in a discussion of such values within a given context, it is preferable to use

the same unit multiple throughout. 3. For certain quantities in particular applications, one particular multiple or submultiple is often used. For example, the

millimeter is used for linear dimensions in engineering drawings even when the values lie far outside the range of 0.1 mm to 1000 mm; the centimeter is usually used for body measurements and clothing sizes.

Prefixes in compound units A compound unit is a derived unit that is expressed in terms of two or more units, rather than by a single special name. Ordinarily, only one prefix should be used in forming a multiple or submultiple of a compound unit. Normally the prefix should be attached to a unit in the numerator. An exception to this is when the kilogram occurs in the denominator. Examples: kV/m is usually preferable to V/mm MJ/kg is usually preferable to kJ/g kg/m3 is usually preferable to g/cm3 (NOTE – 1000 kg/m3 = 1 kg/dm3 = 1 g/cm3) Compound prefixes Do not use prefixes formed by the juxtaposition of two or more SI prefixes. Examples: 1.3 nm, not 1.3 mµm 2.4 pF, not 2.4 µµF If a value is required outside the range covered by the prefixes, express it by using a power of ten applied to the unit. Examples: 2 MJ = 2 x 106 J Powers of units An exponent attached to a symbol containing a prefix indicates that the multiple or submultiple of the unit (the unit with its prefix) is raised to the power expressed by the exponent. Examples: 1 cm3 = (10-2 m)3 = 10-6 m3

2.5 ns-1 = 2.5(10-9 s)-1 = 2.5 x 109 s-1

7 mm2/s = 7(10-3 m)2/s = 7 x 10-6 m2/s

Prefixes defined as powers of two In the computer field the SI prefixes kilo, mega, giga, etc. have sometimes been defined as powers of two. That is, kilo has been used to mean 1024 (i.e., 210), mega has been used to mean 1048 576 (i.e., 220), etc. This practice frequently leads to confusion and is deprecated.

Numbers Decimal marker In the USA, the decimal marker is a dot on the line. When writing numbers less than one, write a zero before the decimal marker. Outside the USA, the comma is widely used as the decimal marker. In some applications, therefore, the common practice in the USA of using a comma to separate digits into groups of three (as in 23,478; EU use 23.478) may cause ambiguity. To avoid this potential source of confusion, recommended international practice calls for separating the digits into groups of three, counting from the decimal marker toward the left and the right, and using a thin, fixed space to separate the groups. In numbers of four digits on either side of the decimal marker the space is usually not necessary, except for uniformity in tables. Examples: 2.141 596 73 722 0.1334 Where this practice is followed, the width of the space should be constant even if, as is often the case in printing, justified spacing is used between words. In certain special applications, such as in engineering drawings and financial statements, the practice of inserting spaces to separate groups of numbers is not customary. Decimal notation is preferred with metric measurements, but simple fractions are acceptable (except on engineering drawings), such as those where the denominator is 2, 3 or 4. Examples: 0.5 g, 1.75 kg and 0.7 L are preferred; ½ g, is acceptable (except on engineering drawings) Nonsignificant zeros are normally not used. Examples: 25 not 25.0 EXCEPTION – Uniformity of inscription on drawings with limit dimensions. Examples: 25.00 25 not

24.46 24.46 Hyphens are used when a quantity is placed in an adjectival sense. Examples: A 3-meter pole … The length is 3 meters. A 35-mm film … The width is 35 mm. Billion . Because billion means a thousand million in the USA but a million million in most other countries, avoid the term and similar terms for large numbers in international communications. How the terms billion, trillion, etc. relate throughout the world is well outlined at the following site: http://www.jimloy.com/math/billion.htm. Examples:

Term Multiplication factor Prefix Symbol USA Other countries

1 000 000 000 000=1012 tera T trillion billion

1 000 000 000=109 giga G billion milliard

Quantities expressed as pure numbers Certain so-called dimensionless quantities, as for example refractive index, relative permeability, relative mass density, or the friction factor, are defined as the ratio of two compatible quantities. Such quantities have a dimensional product – or dimension – equal to 1 and are therefore expressed by pure numbers. The coherent SI unit is then the ratio of two identical SI units and may be expressed by the number one (for example, m/m = 1). More generally, a quantity of dimension one may be expressed by the ratio of units (for example, mm/m = 10-3). The number one is generally not written out explicitly when a quantity of dimension one is expressed numerically. The percent symbol (%) may be used for the number 0.01. Avoid, however, the abbreviations ppm for parts per million and ppb for parts per billion. Because the names for numbers one billion and larger are not uniform worldwide, do not use terms such as parts per billion and parts per trillion. When expressing the values of quantities of dimension one, the meaning has to be clear. Expressions like "The mass fraction of Pt in the sample is 90% (or 0.9),” “the volume fraction of CO2 in the sample is 1.2 x 10-6,” or “the amount-of-substance fraction Pb in the sample is 2.7 x 10-3,” are permissible; but they would not be permissible if the words “mass”, “volume,” and “amount of substance,” respectively, were not in the three expressions. These three fractions can also be expressed as 0.9 kg/kg, 1.2 cm3/m3, and 2.7 mmol/mol, respectively, which are more understandable and, therefore, preferred.

History Development of the International System of Units (SI) The decimal system of units was conceived in the 16th century, when there was a great confusion and a jumble of units of weights and measures. It was not until 1790, however, that the French National Assembly requested the French Academy of Sciences to work out a system of units suitable for adoption by the entire world. This system was based on the meter as a unit of length. The mass of a cubic centimeter of water, the gram, was adopted as a practical measure to benefit industry and commerce. Physicists soon realized the system’s advantages, and it was adopted also in scientific and technical circles. The importance of the regulation of weights and measures was recognized in Article 1, Section 8, when the United States Constitution was written in 1787. The metric system was legalized in this country in 1866. In 1893, the international meter and kilogram became the fundamental standards of length and mass in the United States, both for metric and customary weights and measures. Meanwhile, international standardization began with an 1870 meeting of 17 nations in Paris that lead to the May 20, 1875 Convention du Mètre and the establishment of a permanent International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris. A General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) was also constituted to handle all international matters concerning the metric system. The CGPM meets at least every six years in Paris and controls the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, which in turn preserves the metric standards, compares national standards with them, and conducts research to establish new standards. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) represents the United States in these activities. The metric system of 1875 provide a set of units for the measurement of length, area, volume, capacity, and mass. Measurement of additional quantities required for science and commerce has necessitated development of additional fundamental and derived units. Numerous other systems based on the meter and gram have been used. A unit of time was added to produce the centimeter-gram-second (CGS) system, adopted in 1881 by the International Electrical Congress. About the year 1900, practical measurements in metric units began to be based on the meter-kilogram-second (MKS) system. In 1935, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) acted favorably on a proposal originally made by Professor Giovanni Giorgi in 1901 and recommended that the MKS system of mechanics be linked with the electromagnetic system of units by adoption of one of the units-ampere, coulomb, ohm, or volt-for a fourth base unit. Subsequently the ampere, the unit of electric current, was selected as a base unit, thus defining the MKSA system. The 10th CGPM in 1954 adopted a rationalized and coherent system of units based on the four MKSA units, plus the Kelvin as the unit of temperature and the candela as the unit of luminous intensity. The 11th CGPM in 1960 formally gave it the full title, International System of Units, for which the abbreviation is “SI” in all languages. Thirty-six countries, including the United States, participated in this conference. The 12th CGPM in 1964 made some refinements, and the 13th CGPM in 1967 redefined the second, renamed the unit of temperature as the kelvin (K), and revised the definition of the candela. The 14th CGPM in 1971 added a seventh base unit, the mole, and approved the pascal (Pa) as a special name for the SI unit of pressure or stress, the newton per square meter, and the siemens (S) as a special name for the unit of electric conductance, the recipocal ohm or the ampere per volt. The 15th CGPM in 1975 added prefixes for 1018 and 1015, exa (E) and peta (P) respectively, and approved two special names: the gray (Gy) as a special name for the SI unit of absorbed dose, the joule per kilogram; and the becquerel (Bq) as a special name for the SI unit of activity of a radionuclide, one per second. Because of the experimental difficulties in realizing a Planck radiator at high temperatures and the new possibilities offered by radiometry, i.e., the measurement of optical radiation power, the 16th CGPM in 1979 adopted a new definition of the SI base unit candela. It also adopted a special name sievert (Sv) for the SI unit of dose equivalent in the field of radioprotection. In order to increase the precision of realization of the SI base unit meter, the definition based upon the wavelength of a krypton-86 radiation was replaced by one based on the speed of light by the 17th CGPM in 1983. The 19th CGPM in 1991 added the prefix zetta (Z) for 1021, zepto (z) for 10-21, yotta (Y) for 1024, and yocto (y) for 10-24. When SI was established by the 11th CGPM in 1960, it had three classes of units; base units, derived units, and supplementary units. The class of supplementary units contained two units: the radian (rad) for plane angle and the steradian (sr) for solid angle (see Table 3). However, at the time of the introduction of the International System, the 11th CGPM left open the question of the nature of these supplementary units. Considering that plane angle is generally expressed as the ratio between two lengths and a solid angle as the ratio between an area and the square of a length, in 1980 the CIPM (the International Committee for Weights and Measures of the CGPM) specified that in the International System the supplementary units radian and steradian are dimensionless derived units that may be used or omitted in expressing the values of physical quantities. This implies that the quantities plane angle and solid angle are considered dimensionless derived quantities. Because of this interpretation, the 20th CGPM in 1995 eliminated supplementary units as a separate class in SI. Since then, SI consists of only two classes of units: base units and derived units, with the radian and steradian classified as derived units. The option of using them or not using them in expressions for other SI derived units, as is convenient, remain unchanged,

The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) has its headquarter near Paris, in the grounds of the Pavillon de Breteuil (parc de Saint-Cloud), placed at its disposal by the French Government; its upkeep is financed jointly by the member nations of the Convention du Mètre. In October 1995, 48 nations were members of this Convention: Argentina (Republic of), Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China (People’s Republic of), Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of), Korea (Republic of), Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Singapore, Slovak Republic, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, the United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela. The task of BIPM is to ensure worldwide unification of physical measurements; it is responsible for • Establishing the fundamental standards and scales for measurement of the principal physical quantities and

maintaining the international prototypes; • Carrying out comparisons of national and international standards; • Ensuring the coordination of corresponding measuring techniques; • Carrying out and coordinating the determinations relating to the fundamental physical constants that are involved in the

above-mentioned activities. The BIPM operates under the exclusive supervision of the International Committee for Weight and Measures (CIPM, Comité, International des Poids et Mesures), which itself comes under the authority of the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM, Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures). The General Conference consists of delegates from all the member nations of the Convention du Mètre meets at present every four years. At each meeting it receives the Report of the International Committee on the work accomplished, and it is responsible for • Discussing and instigating the arrangements required to ensure the propagation and improvement of the International

System of Units (SI, Système International d’Unités), which is the modern form of the metric system; • Confirming the results of new fundamental metrological determinations and the various scientific resolutions of

international scope; • Adopting the important decisions concerning the organization and development of the BIPM. STANDARD CONDITIONS AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS STANDARD CONDITIONS Standard gravity acceleration g = 9.80665 m/s2 = 32.1740 ft/s2 Absolute temperature (Thermodynamic temperature) K (kelvin) = (oC + 273.15) = (Celsius degrees + 273.15 exactly) MISCELLANEOUS PRESSURE BASES International standard atmosphere = 0.101325 MPa (megapascal) = 1.01325 bar = 1.01325 105 N/m2

= 1.0332 kgf/cm2 = 14.697 lbf/in2. 1 technical atmospheric pressure1 = 1 at = 0.98067 bar = 1 kgf/cm2 = 1 kp/cm2 = 14.223 lbf/in2 = 735.6 mm Hg = 28.96 in Hg absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure + recorded pressure ata = at + atϋ (gauge) atϋ = atmospheric overpressure (Germany) NOTE 1. The technical atmospheric pressure is defined in the German standard DIN 1314 as 1 kg-force/cm2, and it approximates the barometric pressure at sea level.

Definition of SI Base Units Translation of the original French definitions of the seven base units of the International System are given in the following item 1 through 7.

1. meter: The meter is the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. (Adopted by the 17th CGPM in 1983.)

2. kilogram: The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. (Adopted by the 1st and 3rd CGPMs in 1889 and 1901.)

3. second: The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom. (Adopted by the 13th CGPM in 1967.)

4. ampere: The ampere is that constant current that, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed one meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7 newtons per meter of length. (Adopted by the 9th CGPM in 1948.)

5. kelvin: The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. (Adopted by the 13th CGPM in 1967.) NOTE-It follows from this definition that the temperature of the triple point of water is 273.16 K (0.01 oC). The freezing point of water at standard atmospheric pressure is approximately 0.01 K below the triple point of water.

6. mole: The mole is the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entries as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12. (Adopted by the 14th CGPM in 1971.) When the mole is used, the elementary entries must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.

7. candela: The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian. (Adopted by the 16th CGPM in 1979.)

The metric system is covered in national standards as shown in Table 2-10. TABLE 2-10 SI SYSTEM STANDARDS Global ISO 1000 USA ANSI SI 10 Japan JIS Z8203 Germany DIN 1301 France NF X02-004 UK BS 3763 Italy UNI 10003 Canada CSA Z234.2 Australia AS 1000

RELATED ISO STANDARDS TC 12 - Quantities and units ISO 80000-1:2009 Quantities and units -- Part 1: General ISO 80000-2:2009 Quantities and units -- Part 2: Mathematical signs and symbols to be used in the natural sciences and technology ISO 80000-3:2006 Quantities and units -- Part 3: Space and time ISO 80000-4:2006 Quantities and units -- Part 4: Mechanics ISO 80000-5:2007 Quantities and units -- Part 5: Thermodynamics IEC 80000-6:2008 Quantities and units -- Part 6: Electromagnetism ISO 80000-7:2008 Quantities and units -- Part 7: Light ISO 80000-8:2007 Quantities and units -- Part 8: Acoustics ISO 80000-9:2009 Quantities and units -- Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics ISO 80000-10:2009 Quantities and units -- Part 10: Atomic and nuclear physics ISO 80000-11:2008 Quantities and units -- Part 11: Characteristic numbers ISO 80000-12:2009 Quantities and units -- Part 12: Solid state physics IEC 80000-13:2008 Quantities and units -- Part 13: Information science and technology IEC 80000-14:2008 Quantities and units -- Part 14: Telebiometrics related to human physiology IEC/NP 80003-1 Physiological quantities and their units -- Part 1: Modalities ISO/CD 80003-2 Physiological quantities and their units -- Part 2: Physics ISO/CD 80003-3 Physiological quantities and their units -- Part 3: Chemistry IEC/NP 80003-4 Physiological quantities and their units -- Part 4: Biology IEC/NP 80003-5 Physiological quantities and their units -- Part 5: Culturology IEC/NP 80003-6 Physiological quantities and their units -- Part 6: Psychology National USA ANMC Metric Editorial Guide, 1993 Fifth Edition ANSI/IEEE/ASTM SI 10-2010 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System ANSI/IEEE Std 260.1-1993 American National Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units) AS 1000 Metric (SI) System (Australia) ASTM E 29-93a, Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications BIPM. 1991 Le Systeme International d’Unites (SI), 6th edition. (This publication is in two parts: the official French text followed by an English-language translation.) BS 3763 Metric (SI) System (UK) CSA Z234.2 Metric (SI) System (Canada) DIN 1301 Metric (SI) System (Germany) JIS Z8203 Metric (SI) System (Japan) NF X02-004 Metric (SI) System (France) NIST Special Publication 304, 1991 Edition, The Modernized Metric System – International System of Units. NIST Special Publication 330, 1991 Edition, The International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 814, 1992 Edition, Interpretation of SI for the United States and Metric Conversion Policy for Federal Agencies. NIST Technical Note 1265, Guidelines for Realizing the International Temperature Scale of 990 (ITS-90). UNI 10003 Metric (SI) System (Italy) RELATED PUBLICATIONS ISO STANDARDS HANDBOOK Quantities and units

SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units, general principles concerning quantities, units and symbols. Individual standards dealing with quantities in space and time, periodic phenomena, mechanics, heat, electricity and magnetism, electromagnetic radiation, chemistry, molecular physics, nuclear physics, etc. 1993 3rd Ed 345 p ISBN 92-67-10185-4

Chapter 3 Engineering Drawing Practice SUMMARY The following are some suggestions for rationalizing and reducing cost in the drawing practice area. Metric. Prepare drawings with metric dimensions only. Inch. Do not change existing inch-dimensioned drawings unless necessary. Show linear dimensions in inches and decimals on inch drawings. Do not use feet and fractions. Use of Symbols. The internationally recognized symbols shown in Fig. 3-1 are recommended used whenever practical. Symbols need no translations and take minimal drawing space. Computer Drafting. Computer drafting is recommended. A number of excellent CAE/CAD/CAM computer software are available now, which will save time and reduce costly errors. GENERAL INFORMATION ON ENGINEERING DRAWINGS INTRODUCTION The material presented in this chapter is intended to serve as a general guide in finding national and international standards on the subject of Engineering Drawing. It is of great importance for multinational companies to use internationally recognized drawing practices. Where a machine is initially designed and manufactured in one country, and at a future date must be produced in another nation, the company will avoid substantial extra expense by producing the machine from the initial drawings. ISO PAPER SIZES (ISO 216) The familiar letter-paper size, 8.5 x 11 in., used in the USA, still captures a large percentage of the world market. The ISO paper size, A4, is principally used in Europe and in most of the emerging nations, and is estimated to represent an increasing portion of the world usage of letter-size paper. Some of the considerations made before including the ISO paper sizes in ISO 216 were as follows. In many countries, far more sizes of paper are used than are really necessary. Many of them came into existence under conditions different from those prevailing today, while the origin of others was due to chance. Consequently, they do not fulfill the present need for consistency between the sizes of paper and printed matter for various purposes, nor do they meet the many requirements for a coherent relationship between the sizes of paper, printed or not, papermaking, printing and converting machinery and equipment, and storage and filing equipment. The purpose of the ISO standard is to improve the present position by providing a rationally designed ISO system of trimmed sizes which can bring about a reduction in the number of sizes and create more rational, clear, and consistent ranges. This will simplify and cheapen ordering, production, use, dispatch, and storage, and will also provide a sound basis for standardization in related fields.

NOTES: 1. International and national dimen- sioning and tolerancing standards. GLOBAL ISO 1101,2692,5458,5459,7083 USA ANSI Y14.5M JAPAN JIS B0021 GERMANY DIN 7184 FRANCE NF E04-121 UK BS 308-PART 3 ITALY UNI 7226 CANADA CSA B78.2 AUSTRALIA AS 1100.201 2.The ISO symbols are specified in the above national standards. The Canadian standard CSA B78.2 shows the three machining symbols not yet adopted by ISO. 3. Rule No. 1. Where no geometric tolerance is specified, the size tole- rances control the geometric form of a feature, as well as its size. FIG 3-1 COMPARISON OF SYMBOLS (ANSI Y14.5M)

Chapter 4 Preferred Numbers SUMMARY The preferred numbering system has played a major role in the development of metric standards. This is a geometrical series of numbers adopted worldwide. Its first known application was in the 1870’s by Charles Renard, a French army captain who reduced the different diameters of rope for military balloons from 425 to 17. The R5, R10 and R20 series refers to the Renard 5 (first-choice sizes 60 % increments), Renard 10 (second-choice sizes 25 % increments) and Renard 20 (third-choice sizes 12 % increments) series of preferred numbers standardized in ISO 3. Preferred sizes are shown in ANSI B4.2 and ISO 497. You might want to extend the preferred metric size range, which, is shown from 4 to 40, simply by multiplying or dividing the numbers shown in Table 4-1 by 10 or multiples of 10. The preferred metric sizes are used for nominal sizes in countries where the metric system has been in use for several years. Here is how the preferred metric nominal sizes were developed and how these chosen sizes reflect preferred metric standard sizes for threaded fasteners, steel plates, sheets, bars, etc already in use throughout the world.

How do the preferred metric sizes relate to the inch sizes and the preferred numbers are shown in Table 4-1.

TABLE 4-1 PREFERRED SIZES (ANSI B4.2)

Preferred Size mm (ISO 497) Preferred Size Inch Preferred Numbers (ISO 3)

R5’ R10’ R20’ mm Fractions Decimals R5 R10 R20 4 4 4 3.97 5/32 0.156 4 4 4 4.5 4.37 11/64 0.172 4.5 5 5 4.76 3/16 0.188 5 5 5.5 5.56 7/32 0.219 5.6 6 6 6 6.35 1/4 0.25 6.3 6.3 6.3 7 7.14 9/32 0.281 7.1 8 8 7.94 5/16 0.313 8 8 9 8.73 11/32 0.344 9

10 10 10 9.53 3/8 0.375 10 10 10 11 11.11 7/16 0.438 11.2 12 12 12.7 1/2 0.5 12.5 12.5 14 14.29 9/16 0.563 14

16 16 16 15.88 5/8 0.625 16 16 16 18 17.46 11/16 0.688 18 20 20 19.05 3/4 0.75 20 20 22 22.23 7/8 0.875 22.4

25 25 25 25.4 1 25 25 25 28 28.58 1 1/8 1.125 28 30 30 30.16 1 3/16 1.188 31.5 31.5 35 34.93 1 3/8 1.375 35.5

40 40 40 39.69 1 9/16 1.563 40 40 40

GO STOP CAUTION

Chapter 5 Surface Texture SUMMARY The internationally adopted system of measuring surface texture is to use the roughness average parameter designated Ra (Table 5-1). TABLE 5-1 ROUGHNESS NUMBERS (ISO 1302)

Nominal micrometers: 50 25 12.5 6.3 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.025

value of Ra microinches: 2000 1000 500 250 125 63 32 16 8 4 2 1 ISO Roughness number: N12 N11 N10 N9 N8 N7 N6 N5 N4 N3 N2 N1

In order to choose the optimum roughness average level, consider tolerance required as shown in Chapter 6 and Table 5-3. Cost or machining time increases with finer surfaces as shown in Fig. 5-3. SURFACE TEXTURE VS. PRODUCTION COSTS A typical relationship of surface texture and production time (cost) is shown in Fig. 5-3. The chart, Fig. 5-3, shows a series of curves displaying production time in relation to Ra values for the range of common machining processes, and is based on research carried out on machine tools from 1 to 10 years old. The chart, however, is not intended to be used for making comparisons between different processes. Results obtained from common production processes in terms of Ra values (micrometers) are shown in Table 5-4. SYMBOLS USED FOR INDICATION OF SURFACE TEXTURE The basic surface texture symbol, as in Fig. 5-1A, consists of two legs of unequal length inclined at approximately 60 deg. to the line representing the considered surface. Machining of the surface is optional. A horizontal bar, as in Fig. 5-1B, indicates that removal of material by machining is required. A circle, as in Fig. 5-1C, indicates that removal of material by machining is not permitted, and Fig. 5-1D indicates the position of the surface-texture specifications (listed below) in the symbol. a = roughness value Ra (CLA) or in grade numbers N1 through N12 (see Table 5-1). Maximum (a1) and minimum (a2) surface roughness limits (if required) are shown here. b = production method, treatment or coating c = sampling length (see Table 5-7) d = direction of lay (see Table 5-8) e = machining allowance f = other roughness values (in brackets, as in Fig. 5-1D).

FIG. 5-1 SURFACE TEXTURE SYMBOLS (ISO 1302) A. Machining of surface is optional; C. Machining of surface is not permitted; and B. Machining of surface is required; D. Position of specifications in the symbol (ISO 1302). NOTE: The symbols in “D” deviate slightly from the ANSI B46.1 standard. Use of the N Series of Roughness Numbers1 Instead of the micrometer values, roughness numbers, N1 to N12, maybe quoted on drawings. The use of the “N” series of roughness numbers is recommended to avoid possible misinterpretation on drawings that are apt to be internationally exchanged. 1The roughness numbers in the N Series are not recognized by ANSI B46.

Chapter 6 The ISO System of Limits and Fits - Tolerances and Deviations SUMMARY* The ISO System of Limits and Fits is a coordinated system of hole and shaft tolerances for engineering and manufacturing used for cutting tools, material stock, gages, etc. If held to these tolerances, cutting tools, material stock, and gages are generally available throughout the world. The hole basis fits have four preferred hole tolerances (H11, H9, H8, and H7); the shaft basis fits have four preferred shaft tolerances (h11, h9, h7, and h6) as shown in Table 6-1. The above shaft tolerances are now covered in the new ANSI B32.100-2005 standard. Select the basic size from Table 4-1 and one of the ten fits from Table 6-1 and read or cut and paste limit dimensions and clearances (interferences) from Tables 6-2 through 6-6 or CD. Now also available on-line at the site shown below. Tolerance Zones for holes are shown in Fig. 6-1 and for shafts in Fig. 6-2. NOTE *Complete ISO System of Limits and Fits is now stored a CD KOK ISOTOLTM Computer Tolerancing Software. The CD is now available from ANSI, GO metricUSATM.org, Inc. or on the sites:www.GOmetricUSA.org or www.kok.com/order.htm. TABLE 6-1 DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED FITS (ANSI B4.2) ISO SYMBOL Hole Shaft Basis Basis

DESCRIPTION

H11/c11 C11/h11 Loose running fit for wide commercial tolerances or allowances on external members. More

H9/d9 D9/h9 Free running fit not for use where accuracy is essential, but good for large Clearance Clearance temperature variations, high running speeds, or heavy journal pressures.

H8/f7 F8/h7 Close running fit for running on accurate machines and for accurate Fits location at moderate speeds and journal pressures.

H7/g6 G7/h6 Sliding fit not intended to run freely, but to move and turn freely and locate accurately. H7/h6 H7/h6 Locational clearance fit provides snug fit for locating stationary parts; but can be freely assembled and disassembled.

Transition H7/k6 K7/h6 Locational transition fit for accurate location, a compromise between clearance and interference.

Fits H7/n6 N7/h6 Locational transition fit for more accurate location where greater interference is permissible. H7/p61 P7/h6 Locational interference fit for parts requiring rigidity and alignment with prime accuracy of location but without special bore pressure requirements.

Interference H7/s6 S7/h6 Medium drive fit for ordinary steel parts or shrink fits on light sections, the tightest fit usable with cast iron. More

Fits H7/u6 U7/h6 Force fit suitable for parts which can be highly stressed or for shrink fits Interference

where the heavy pressing forces required are impractical. 1Transition fit for basic sizes in range from 0 through 3 mm.

TABLE 6-2 PREFERRED HOLE BASIS CLEARANCE FITS (ANSI B4.2) mm LOOSE FREE CLOSE SLIDING LOCATIONAL RUNNING RUNNING RUNNING CLEARANCE

BASIC HOLE SHAFT HOLE SHAFT HOLE SHAFT HOLE SHAFT HOLE SHAFT

SIZE H11 c11 DIFF

H9 d9 DIFF

H8 f7 DIFF

H7 g6 DIFF

H7 h6 DIFF

S7 MAX 7.090 6.920 0.260 7.036 6.960 0.112 7.022 6.987 0.050 7.015 6.995 0.029 7.015 7.000 0.024

MIN 7.000 6.830 0.080 7.000 6.924 0.040 7.000 6.972 0.013 7.000 6.986 0.005 7.000 6.991 0.000

F8 MAX 8.090 7.920 0.260 8.036 7.960 0.112 8.022 7.987 0.050 8.015 7.995 0.029 8.015 8.000 0.024

MIN 8.000 7.830 0.080 8.000 7.924 0.040 8.000 7.972 0.013 8.000 7.986 0.005 8.000 7.991 0.000

S9 MAX 9.090 8.920 0.260 9.036 8.960 0.112 9.022 8.987 0.050 9.015 8.995 0.029 9.015 9.000 0.024

MIN 9.000 8.830 0.080 9.000 8.924 0.040 9.000 8.972 0.013 9.000 8.986 0.005 9.000 8.991 0.000

F10 MAX 10.090 9.920 0.260 10.036 9.960 0.112 10.022 9.987 0.050 10.015 9.995 0.029 10.015 10.000 0.024

MIN 10.000 9.830 0.080 10.000 9.924 0.040 10.000 9.972 0.013 10.000 9.986 0.005 10.000 9.991 0.000

S11 MAX 11.110 10.905 0.315 11.043 10.950 0.136 11.027 10.984 0.061 11.018 10.994 0.035 11.018 11.000 0.029

MIN 11.000 10.795 0.095 11.000 10.907 0.050 11.000 10.966 0.016 11.000 10.983 0.006 11.000 10.989 0.000

F12 MAX 12.110 11.905 0.315 12.043 11.950 0.136 12.027 11.984 0.061 12.018 11.994 0.035 12.018 12.000 0.029

MIN 12.000 11.795 0.095 12.000 11.907 0.050 12.000 11.966 0.016 12.000 11.983 0.006 12.000 11.989 0.000

T13 MAX 13.110 12.905 0.315 13.043 12.950 0.136 13.027 12.984 0.061 13.018 12.994 0.035 13.018 13.000 0.029

MIN 13.000 12.795 0.095 13.000 12.907 0.050 13.000 12.966 0.016 13.000 12.983 0.006 13.000 12.989 0.000

S14 MAX 14.110 13.905 0.315 14.043 13.950 0.136 14.027 13.984 0.061 14.018 13.994 0.035 14.018 14.000 0.029

MIN 14.000 13.795 0.095 14.000 13.907 0.050 14.000 13.966 0.016 14.000 13.983 0.006 14.000 13-989 0.000

T15 MAX 15.110 14.905 0.315 15.043 14.950 0.136 15.027 14.984 0.061 15.018 14.994 0.035 15.018 15.000 0.029

MIN 15.000 14.795 0.095 15.000 14.907 0.050 15.000 14.966 0.016 15.000 14.983 0.006 15.000 14.989 0.000

F16 MAX 16.110 15.905 0.315 16.043 15.950 0.136 16.027 15.984 0.061 16.018 15.994 0.035 16.018 16.000 0.029

MIN 16.000 15.795 0.095 16.000 15.907 0.050 16.000 15.966 0.016 16.000 15.983 0.006 16.000 15.989 0.000

T17 MAX 17.110 16.905 0.315 17.043 16.950 0.136 17.027 16.984 0.061 17.018 16.994 0.035 17.018 17.000 0.029

MIN 17.000 16.795 0.095 17.000 16.907 0.050 17.000 16.966 0.016 17.000 16.983 0.006 17.000 16.989 0.000

S18 MAX 18.110 17.905 0.315 18.043 17.950 0.136 18.027 17.984 0.061 18.018 17.994 0.035 18.018 18.000 0.029

MIN 18.000 17.795 0.095 18.000 17.907 0.050 18.000 17.966 0.016 18.000 17.983 0.006 18.000 17.989 0.000

T19 MAX 19.130 18.890 0.370 19.052 18.935 0.169 19.033 18.980 0.074 19.021 18.993 0.041 19.021 19.000 0.034

MIN 19.000 18.760 0.110 19.000 18.883 0.065 19.000 18.959 0.020 19.000 18.980 0.007 19.000 18.987 0.000

F20 MAX 20.130 19.890 0.370 20.052 19.935 0.169 20.033 19.980 0.074 20.021 19.993 0.041 20.021 20.000 0.034

MIN 20.000 19.760 0.110 20.000 19.883 0.065 20.000 19.959 0.020 20.000 19.980 0.007 20.000 19.987 0.000

T21 MAX 21.130 20.890 0.370 21.052 20.935 0.169 21.033 20.980 0.074 21.021 20.993 0.041 21.021 21.000 0.034

MIN 21.000 20.760 0.110 21.000 20.883 0.065 21.000 20.959 0.020 21.000 20.980 0.007 21.000 20.987 0.000

S22 MAX 22.130 21.890 0.370 22.052 21.935 0.169 22.033 21.980 0.074 22.021 21.993 0.041 22.021 22.000 0.034

MIN 22.000 21.760 0.110 22.000 21.883 0.065 22.000 21.959 0.020 22.000 21.980 0.007 22.000 21.987 0.000

T23 MAX 23.130 22.890 0.370 23.052 22.935 0.169 23.033 22.980 0.074 23.021 22.993 0.041 23.021 23.000 0.034

MIN 23.000 22.760 0.110 23.000 22.883 0.065 23.000 22.959 0.020 23.000 22.980 0.007 23.000 22.987 0.000

T24 MAX 24.130 23.890 0.370 24.052 23.935 0.169 24.033 23.980 0.074 24.021 23.993 0.041 24.021 24.000 0.034

MIN 24.000 23.760 0.110 24.000 23.883 0.065 24.000 23.959 0.020 24.000 23.980 0.007 24.000 23.987 0.000 NOTES: 1. Select nominal sizes to preference rating as follows: F = First Choice, S = Second Choice, T = Third Choice. 2. ANSI B4.2 lists limit dimensions for nominal sizes marked "F" (First Choice) only. A cost penalty for material stock, tooling and gages is anticipated for sizes marked with "S" (Second Choice) and "T" (Third Choice).

TABLE 6-3 PREFERRED HOLE BASIS TRANSITION AND INTERFERENCE FITS (ANSI B4.2) mm

LOCATIONAL TRANSN LOCATIONAL TRANSN LOCATIONAL INTERF MEDIUM DRIVE FORCE BASIC HOLE SHAFT DIFF HOLE SHAFT DIFF HOLE SHAFT DIFF HOLE SHAFT DIFF HOLE SHAFT DIFF SIZE H7 k6 H7 n6 H7 p6 H7 s6 H7 u6

S7 MAX 7.015 7.010 0.014 7.015 7.019 0.005 7.015 7.024 0.000 7.015 7.032 -0.008 7.015 7.037 -0.013

MIN 7.000 7.001 -0.010 7.000 7.010 -0.019 7.000 7.015 -0.024 7.000 7.023 -0.032 7.000 7.028 -0.037

F8 MAX 8.015 8.010 0.014 8.015 8.019 0.005 8.015 8.024 0.000 8.015 8.032 -0.008 8.015 8.037 -0.013

MIN 8.000 8.001 -0.010 8.000 8.010 -0.019 8.000 8.015 -0.024 8.000 8.023 -0.032 8.000 8.028 -0.037

S9 MAX 5.015 9.010 0.014 9.015 9.019 0.005 9.015 9.024 0.000 9.015 9.032 -0.008 9.015 9.037 -0.013

MIN 9.000 9.001 -0.010 9.000 9.010 -0.019 9.000 9.015 -0.024 9.000 9.023 -0.032 9.000 9.028 -0.037

F10 MAX 10.015 10.010 0.014 10.015 10.019 0.005 10.015 10.024 0.000 10.015 10.032 -0.008 10.015 10.037 -0.013

MIN 10.000 10.001 -0.010 10.000 10.010 -0.019 10.000 10.015 -0.024 10.000 10.023 -0.032 10.000 10.028 -0.037

S11 MAX 11.018 11.012 0.017 11.018 11.023 0.006 11.018 11.029 0.000 11.018 11.039 -0.010 11.018 11.044 -0.015

MIN 11.000 11.001 -0.012 11.000 11.012 -0.023 11.000 11.018 -0.029 11.000 11.028 -0.039 11.000 11.033 -0.044

F12 MAX 12.018 12.012 0.017 12.018 12.023 0.006 12.018 12.029 0.000 12.018 12.039 -0.010 12.018 12.044 -0.015

MIN 12.000 12.001 -0.012 12.000 12.012 -0.023 12.000 12.018 -0.029 12.000 12.028 -0.039 12.000 12.033 -0.044

T13 MAX 13.018 13.012 0.017 13.018 13.023 0.006 13.018 13.029 0.000 13.018 13.039 -0.010 13.018 13.044 -0.015

MIN 13.000 13.001 -0.012 13.000 13.012 -0.023 13.000 13.018 -0.029 13.000 13.028 -0.039 13.000 13.033 -0.044

S14 MAX 14.018 14.012 0.017 14.018 14.023 0.006 14.018 14.029 0.000 14.018 14.039 -0.010 14.018 14.044 -0.015

MIN 14.000 14.001 -0.012 14.000 14.012 -0.023 14.000 14.018 -0.029 14.000 14.028 -0.039 14.000 14.033 -0.044

T15 MAX 15.018 15.012 0.017 15.018 15.023 0.006 15.018 15.029 0.000 15.018 15.039 -0.010 15.018 15.044 -0.015

MIN 15.000 15.001 -0.012 15.000 15.012 -0.023 15.000 15.018 -0.029 15.000 15.028 -0.039 15.000 15.033 -0.044

F16 MAX 16.018 16.012 0.017 16.018 16.029 0.006 16.018 16.029 0.000 16.018 16.039 -0.010 16.018 16.044 -0.015

MIN 16.000 16.001 -0.012 16.000 16.012 -0.023 16.000 16.018 -0.029 16.000 16.028 -0.039 16.000 16.033 -0.044

T17 MAX 17.018 17.012 0.017 17.018 17.023 0.006 17.018 17.029 0.000 17.018 17.039 -0.010 17.018 17.044 -0.015

MIN 17.000 17.001 -0.012 17.000 17.012 -0.023 17.000 17.018 -0.029 17.000 17.028 -0.039 17.000 17.033 -0.044

S18 MAX 18.018 18.012 0.017 18.018 18.023 0.006 18.018 18.029 0.000 18.018 18.039 -0.010 18.018 18.044 -0.015

MIN 18.000 18.001 -0.012 18.000 18.012 -0.023 18.000 18.018 -0.029 18.000 18.028 -0.039 18.000 18.033 -0.044

T19 MAX 19.021 19.015 0.019 19.021 19.028 0.006 19.021 19.035 -0.001 19.021 19.048 0.014 19.021 19.054 -0.020

MIN 19.000 19.002 -0.015 19.000 19.015 -0.028 19.000 19.022 -0.035 19.000 19.035 -0.048 19.000 19.041 -0.054

F20 MAX 20.021 20.015 0.019 20.021 20.028 0.006 20.021 20.035 -0.001 20.021 20.048 0.014 20.021 20.054 -0.020

MIN 20.000 20.002 -0.015 20.000 20.015 -0.028 20.000 20.022 -0.035 20.000 20.035 -0.048 20.000 20.041 -0.054

T21 MAX 21.021 21.015 0.019 21.021 21.028 0.006 21.021 21.035 -0.001 21.021 21.048 0.014 21.021 21.054 -0.020

MIN 21.000 21.002 -0.015 21.000 21.015 -0.028 21.000 21.022 -0.035 21.000 21.035 -0.048 21.000 21.041 -0.054

S22 MAX 22.021 22.015 0.019 22.021 22.028 0.006 22.021 22.035 -0.001 22.021 22.048 0.014 22.021 22.054 -0.020

MIN 22.000 22.002 -0.015 22.000 22.015 -0.028 22.000 22.022 -0.035 22.000 22.035 -0.048 22.000 22.041 -0.054

T23 MAX 23.021 23.015 0.019 23.021 23.028 0.006 23.021 23.035 -0.001 23.021 23.048 0.014 23.021 23.054 -0.020

MIN 23.000 23.002 -0.015 23.000 23.015 -0.028 23.000 23.022 -0.035 23.000 23.035 -0.048 23.000 23.041 -0.054

T24 MAX 24.021 24.015 0.019 24.021 24.028 0.006 24.021 24.035 -0.001 24.021 24.048 0.014 24.021 24.054 -0.020

MIN 24.000 24.002 -0.015 24.000 24.015 -0.028 24.000 24.022 -0.035 24.000 24.035 -0.048 24.000 24.041 -0.054 NOTES: 1. Select nominal sizes to preference rating as follows: F = First Choice, S = Second Choice, T = Third Choice. 2. ANSI B4.2 lists limit dimensions for nominal sizes marked "F" (First Choice) only. A cost penalty for material stock, tooling and gages is anticipated for sizes marked with "S" (Second Choice) and "T" (Third Choice).

TABLE 6-4 PREFERRED SHAFT BASIS CLEARANCE FITS (ANSI B4.2) mm

BASIC LOOSE RUNNING FREE RUNNING CLOSE RUNNING SLIDING LOC CLEARANCE SIZE HOLE SHAFT DIFF HOLE SHAFT DIFF HOLE SHAFT DIFF HOLE SHAFT DIFF HOLE SHAFT DIFF

C11 h11 D9 h9 F8 h7 G7 h6 H7 h6 S7 MAX 7.170 7.000 0.260 7.076 7.000 0.112 7.035 7.000 0.050 7.020 7.000 0.029 7.015 7.000 0.024

MIN 7.080 6.910 0.080 7.040 6.964 0.040 7.013 6.985 0.013 7.005 6.991 0.005 7.000 6.991 0.000

F8 MAX 8.170 8.000 0.260 8.076 8.000 0.112 8.035 8.000 0.050 8.020 8.000 0.029 8.015 8.000 0.024

MIN 8.080 7.910 0.080 8.040 7.964 0.040 8.013 7.985 0.013 8.005 7.991 0.005 8.000 7.991 0.000

S9 MAX 9.170 9.000 0.260 9.076 9.000 0.112 9.035 9.000 0.050 9.020 9.000 0.029 9.015 9.000 0.024

MIN 9.080 8.910 0.080 9.040 8.964 0.040 9.013 8.985 0.013 9.005 8.991 0.005 9.000 8.991 0.000

F10 MAX 10.170 10.000 0.260 10.076 10.000 0.112 10.035 10.000 0.050 10.020 10.000 0.029 10.015 10.000 0.024

MIN 10.080 9.910 0.080 10.040 9.964 0.040 10.013 9.985 0.013 10.005 9.991 0.005 10.000 9.991 0.000

S11 MAX 11.205 11.000 0.315 11.093 11.000 0.136 11.043 11.000 0.061 11.024 11.000 0.035 11.018 11.000 0.029

MIN 11.095 10.890 0.095 11.050 10.957 0.050 11.016 10.982 0.016 11.006 10.989 0.006 11.000 10.989 0.000

F12 MAX 12.205 12.000 0.315 12.093 12.000 0.136 12.043 12.000 0.061 12.024 12.000 0.035 12.018 12.000 0.029

MIN 12.095 11.890 0.095 12.050 11.957 0.050 12.016 11.982 0.016 12.006 11.989 0.006 12.000 11.989 0.000

T13 MAX 13.205 13.000 0.315 13.093 13.000 0.136 13.043 13.000 0.061 13.024 13.000 0.035 13.018 13.000 0.029

MIN 13.095 12.890 0.095 13.050 12.957 0.050 13.016 12.982 0.016 13.006 12.989 0.006 13.000 12.989 0.000

S14 MAX 14.205 14.000 0.315 14.093 14.000 0.136 14.043 14.000 0.061 14.024 14.000 0.035 14.018 14.000 0.029

MIN 14.095 13.890 0.095 14.050 13.957 0.050 14.016 13.982 0.016 14.006 13.989 0.006 14.000 13.989 0.000

T15 MAX 15.205 15.000 0.315 15.093 15.000 0.136 15.043 15.000 0.061 15.024 15.000 0.035 15.018 15.000 0.029

MIN 15.095 14.890 0.095 15.050 14.957 0.050 15.016 14.982 0.016 15.006 14.989 0.006 15.000 14.989 0.000

F16 MAX 16.205 16.000 0.315 16.093 16.000 0.136 16.043 16.000 0.061 16.024 16.000 0.035 16.018 16.000 0.029

MIN 16.095 15.890 0.095 16.050 15.957 0.050 16.016 15.982 0.016 16.006 15.989 0.006 16.000 15.989 0.000

T17 MAX 17.205 17.000 0.315 17.093 17.000 0.136 17.043 17.000 0.061 17.024 17.000 0.035 17.018 17.000 0.029

MIN 17.095 16.890 0.095 17.050 16.957 0.050 17.016 16.982 0.016 17.006 16.989 0.006 17.000 16.989 0.000

S18 MAX 18.205 18.000 0.315 18.093 18.000 0.136 18.043 18.000 0.061 18.024 18.000 0.035 18.018 18.000 0.029

MIN 18.095 17.890 0.095 18.050 17.957 0.050 18.016 17.982 0.016 18.006 17.989 0.006 18.000 17.989 0.000

T19 MAX 19.240 19.000 0.370 19.117 19.000 0.169 19.053 19.000 0.074 19.028 19.000 0.041 19.021 19.000 0.034

MIN 19.110 18.870 0.110 19.065 18.948 0.065 19.020 18.979 0.020 19.007 18.987 0.007 19.000 18.987 0.000

F20 MAX 20.240 20.000 0.370 20.117 20.000 0.169 20.053 20.000 0.074 20.028 20.000 0.041 20.021 20.000 0.034

MIN 20.110 19.870 0.110 20.065 19.948 0.065 20.020 19.979 0.020 20.007 19.987 0.007 20.000 19.987 0.000

T21 MAX 21.240 21.000 0.370 21.117 21.000 0.169 21.053 21.000 0.074 21.028 21.000 0.041 21.021 21.000 0.034

MIN 21.110 20.870 0.110 21.065 20.948 0.065 21.020 20.979 0.020 21.007 20.987 0.007 21.000 20.987 0.000

S22 MAX 22.240 22.000 0.370 22.117 22.000 0.169 22.053 22.000 0.074 22.028 22.000 0.041 22.021 22.000 0.034

MIN 22.110 21.870 0.110 22.065 21.948 0.065 22.020 21.979 0.020 22.007 21.987 0.007 22.000 21.987 0.000

T23 MAX 23.240 23.000 0.370 23.117 23.000 0.169 23.053 23.000 0.074 23.028 23.000 0.041 23.021 23.000 0.034

MIN 23.110 22.870 0.110 23.065 22:948 0.065 23.020 22.979 0.020 23.007 22.987 0.007 23.000 22.987 0.000

T24 MAX 24.240 24.000 0.370 24.117 24.000 0.169 24.053 24.000 0.074 24.028 24.000 0.041 24.021 24.000 0.034

MIN 24.110 23.870 0.110 24.065 23.948 0.065 24.020 23.979 0.020 24.007 23.987 0.007 24.000 23.987 0.000 NOTES: 1. Select nominal sizes to preference rating as follows: F = First Choice, S = Second Choice, T = Third Choice. 2. ANSI B4.2 lists limit dimensions for nominal sizes marked "F" (First Choice) only. A cost penalty for material stock, tooling and gages is anticipated for sizes marked with "S" (Second Choice) and "T" (Third Choice).

TABLE 6-5 PREFERRED SHAFT BASIS TRANSITION AND INTERFERENCE FITS (ANSI B4.2) mm

BASIC LOCATIONAL TRANSN LOCATIONAL TRANSN LOCATIONAL INTERF MEDIUM DRIVE FORCE SIZE HOLE SHAFT DIFF HOLE SHAFT DIFF HOLE SHAFT DIFF HOLE SHAFT DIFF HOLE SHAFT DIFF

K7 h6 N7 h6 P7 h6 S7 h6 U7 h6 S7 MAX 7.005 7.000 0.014 6.996 7.000 0.005 6.991 7.000 0.000 6.983 7.000 -0.008 6.978 7.000 -0.013

MIN 6.990 6.991 -0.010 6.981 6.991 -0.019 6.976 6.991 -0.024 6.968 6.991 -0.032 6.963 6.991 -0.037

F8 MAX 8.005 8.000 0.014 7.996 8.000 0.005 7.991 8.000 0.000 7.983 8.000 -0.008 7.978 8.000 -0.013

MIN 7.990 7.991 -0.010 7.981 7.991 -0.019 7.976 7.991 -0.024 7.968 7.991 -0.032 7.963 7.991 -0.037

S9 MAX 9.005 9.000 0.014 8.996 9.000 0.005 8.991 9.000 0.000 8.983 9.000 -0.008 8.978 9.000 -0.013 MIN 8.990 8.991 -0.010 8.981 8.991 -0.019 8.976 8.991 -0.024 8.968 8.991 -0.032 8.963 8.991 -0.037

F10 MAX 10.005 10.000 0.014 9.996 10.000 0.005 9.991 10.000 0.000 9.983 10.000 -0.008 9.978 10.000 -0.013

MIN 9.990 9.991 -0.010 9.981 9.991 -0.019 9.976 9.991 -0.024 9.968 9.991 -0.032 9.963 9.991 -0.037

S11 MAX 11.006 11.000 0.017 10.995 11.000 0.006 10.989 11.000 0.000 10.979 11.000 -0.010 10.974 11.000 -0.015

MIN 10.988 10.989 -0.012 10.977 10.989 -0.023 10.971 10.989 -0.029 10.961 10.989 -0.039 10.956 10.989 -0.044

F12 MAX 12.006 12.000 0.017 11.995 12.000 0.006 11.989 12.000 0.000 11.979 12.000 -0.010 11.974 12.000 -0.015

MIN 11.988 11.989 -0.012 11.977 11.989 -0.023 11.971 11.989 -0.029 11.961 11.989 -0.039 11.956 11.989 -0.044

T13 MAX 13.006 13.000 0.017 12.995 13.000 0.006 12.989 13.000 0.000 12.979 13.000 -0.010 12.974 13.000 -0.015

MIN 12.988 12.989 -0.012 12.977 12.989 -0.023 12.971 12.989 -0.029 12.961 12.989 -0.039 12.956 12.989 -0.044

S14 MAX 14.006 14.000 0.017 13.995 14.000 0.006 13.989 14.000 0.000 13.979 14.000 -0.010 13.974 14.000 0.015

MIN 13.988 13.989 -0.012 13.977 13.989 -0.023 13.971 13.989 -0.029 13.961 13.989 -0.039 13.956 13.989 -0.044

T15 MAX 15.006 15.000 0.017 14.995 15.000 0.006 14.989 15.000 0.000 14.979 15.000 -0.010 14.974 15.000 -0.015

MIN 14.988 14.989 -0.012 14.977 14.989 -0.023 14.971 14.989 -0.029 14.961 14.989 -0.039 14.956 14.989 -0.044

F16 MAX 16.006 16.000 0.017 15.995 16.000 0.006 15.989 16.000 0.000 15.979 16.000 -0.010 15.974 16.000 -0.015

MIN 15.988 15.989 -0.012 15.977 15.989 -0.023 15.971 15.989 -0.029 15.961 15.989 -0.039 15.956 15.989 -0.044

T17 MAX 17.006 17.000 0.017 16.995 17.000 0.006 16.989 17.000 0.000 16.979 17.000 -0.010 16.974 17.000 -0.015

MIN 16.988 16.989 -0.012 16.977 16.989 -0.023 16.971 16.989 -0.029 16.961 16.989 -0.039 16.956 16.989 -0.044

S18 MAX 18.006 18.000 0.017 17.995 18.000 0.006 17.989 18.000 0.000 17.979 18.000 -0.010 17.974 18.000 -0.015

MIN 17.988 17.989 -0.012 17.977 17.989 -0.023 17.971 17.989 -0.029 17.961 17.989 -0.039 17.956 17.989 -0.044

T19 MAX 19.006 19.000 0.019 18.993 19.000 0.006 18.986 19.000 -0.001 18.973 19.000 -0.014 18.967 19.000 -0.020

MIN 18.985 18.987 -0.015 18.972 18.987 -0.028 18.965 18.987 -0.035 18.952 18.987 -0.048 18.946 18.987 -0.054

F20 MAX 20.006 20.000 0.019 19.993 20.000 0.006 19.986 20.000 -0.001 19.973 20.000 -0.014 19.967 20.000 -0.020

MIN 19.985 19.987 -0.015 19.972 19.987 -0.028 19.965 19.987 -0.035 19.952 19.987 -0.048 19.946 19.987 -0.054

T21 MAX 21.006 21.000 0.019 20.993 21.000 0.006 20.986 21.000 -0.001 20.973 21.000 -0.014 20.967 21.000 -0.020

MIN 20.985 20.987 -0.015 20.972 20.987 -0.028 20.965 20.987 -0.035 20.952 20.987 -0.048 20.946 20.987 -0.054

S22 MAX 22.006 22.000 0.019 21.993 22.000 0.006 21.986 22.000 -0.001 21.973 22.000 -0.014 21.967 22.000 -0.020

MIN 21.985 21.987 -0.015 21.972 21.987 -0.028 21.965 21.987 -0.035 21.952 21.987 -0.048 21.946 21.987 -0.054

T23 MAX 23.006 23.000 0.019 22.993 23.000 0.006 22.986 23.000 -0.001 22.973 23.000 -0.014 22.967 23.000 -0.020

MIN 22.985 22.987 -0.015 22.972 22.987 -0.028 22.965 22.987 -0.035 22.952 22.987 -0.048 22.946 22.987 -0.054

T24 MAX 24.006 24.000 0.019 23.993 24.000 0.006 23.986 24.000 -0.001 23.973 24.000 -0.014 23.967 24.000 -0.020

MIN 23.985 23.987 -0.015 23.972 23.987 -0.028 23.965 23.987 -0.035 23.952 23.987 -0.048 23.946 23.987 -0.054

NOTES: 1. Select nominal sizes to preference rating as follows: F = First Choice, S = Second Choice, T = Third Choice. 2. ANSI B4.2 lists limit dimensions for nominal sizes marked "F" (First Choice) only. A cost penalty for material stock, tooling and gages is anticipated for sizes marked with "S" (Second Choice) and "T" (Third Choice).

H1 JS1H2 JS2H3 JS3H4 JS4

G5 H5 JS5 K5 M5 N5 P5 R5 S5 T5 U5 V5 X5 Y5 Z5F6 G6 H6 J6 JS6 K6 M6 N6 P6 R6 S6 T6 U6 V6 X6 Y6 Z6

D7 E7 F7 G7 H7 J7 JS7 K7 M7 N7 P7 R7 S7 T7 U7 V7 X7 Y7 Z7C8 D8 E8 F8 G8 H8 J8 JS8 K8 MS N8 P8 R8 S8 T8 U8 V8 XS Y8 Z8

A9 B9 C9 D9 E9 F9 G9 H9 JS9 K9 M9 N9 Y9 R9 S9 T9 U9 V9 X9 Y9 Z9A10 B10 C10 D10 E10 F10 G10 H10 JS10 K10 M10 N10 P10 R10 S10 T10 U10 V10 X10 Y10 Z10A11 B11 C11 D11 E11 F11 H11 JS11A12 B12 C12 D12 E12 H12 JS12

B13 C13 H13 JS13B14 H14 JS14

H15 JS15H16 JS16

6- 9 10 9 11

Legend: See Note to FIG. 6-2 below

h1 js1h2 js2h3 js3

g4 h4 js4 k4 m4 n4 p4 r4 s4 t4 u4 v4 x4 y4 z4f5 g5 h5 j5 js5 k5 m5 n5 p5 r5 s5 t5 u5 v5 x5 y5 z5

e6 f6 g6 h6 j6 js6 k6 m6 n6 p6 r6 s6 t6 u6 v6 x6 y6 z6d7 e7 f7 g7 h7 j7 js7 k7 m7 n7 p7 r7 s7 t7 u7 v7 x7 y7 z7

c8 d8 e8 f8 g8 h8 js8 k8 m8 n8 p8 r8 s8 t8 u8 v8 x8 y8 z8a9 b9 c9 d9 e9 f9 g9 h9 js9 k9 m9 n9 p9 r9 s9 t9 u9 v9 x9 y9 z9a10 b10 c10 d10 e10 f10 h10 js10a11 b11 c11 d11 e11 h11 js11a12 b12 c12 d12 h12 js12a13 b13 c13 h13 js13a14 b14 h14 js14

h15 js15h16 js16

6- 21 22 21 23

Second choice tolerance zones framed (ISO 1829 selected) Third choice tolerance zones open

Legend: First choice tolerance zones are printed in bold (ANSI B4.2 preferred)

18 19 20 292827262524

14 15 166 7 8

A14A13

FIG. 6-2 TOLERANCE ZONES FOR EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (ANSI B4.2)

FIG. 6-1 TOLERANCE ZONES FOR INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (ANSI B4.2)

13 17See Table No.

See Table No.

12

TABLE 6-6 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (A14 ... A9, B14 ...B9) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 B14 B13 B12 B11 B10 B9 OVER 0 +0.520 +0.410 +0.370 +0.330 +0.310 +0.295 +0.390 +0.280 0.240 +0.200 +0.180 0.165

TO 3 +0.270 +0.270 +0.270 +0.270 +0.270 +0.270 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140 OVER 3 +0.570 +0.450 +0.390 +0.345 +0.318 +0.300 +0.440 +0.320 +0.260 +0.215 +0.188 +0.170

TO 6 +0.270 +0.270 +0.270 +0.270 +0.270 +0.270 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140 OVER 6 +0.640 +0.500 +0.430 +0.370 +0.338 +0.316 +0.510 +0.370 +0.300 +0.240 +0.208 +0.186

TO 10 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 OVER 10 +0.720 +0.560 +0.470 +0.400 +0.360 +0.338 +0.580 +0.420 +0.330 +0.260 +0.220 +0.193

TO 14 +0.290 +0.290 +0.290 +0.290 +0.290 +0.290 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 OVER 14 +0.720 +0.560 +0.470 +0.400 +0.360 +0.333 +0.580 +0.420 +0.330 +0.260 0.220 +0.193

TO 18 +0.290 +0.290 +0.290 +0.290 +0.290 +0.290 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 OVER 18 +0.820 +0.630 +0.510 +0.430 +0.384 +0.352 +0.680 +0.490 +0.370 +0.290 +0.244 +0.212

TO 24 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.160 +0.160 +0.160 +0.160 +0.160 +0.160 OVER 24 +0.820 +0.630 +0.510 +0.430 +0.384 +0.352 +0.680 +0.490 +0.370 +0.290 +0.244 +0.212

TO 30 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.160 +0.160 +0.160 +0.160 +0.160 +0.160 OVER 30 +0.930 +0.700 +0.560 +0.470 +0.410 +0.372 +0.790 +0.560 +0.420 +0.330 +0.270 +0.232

TO 40 +0.310 +0.310 +0.310 +0.310 +0.310 +0.310 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 OVER 40 +0.940 +0.710 +0.570 +0.480 +0.420 +0.382 +0.800 +0.570 +0.430 +0.340 +0.280 +0.242

TO 50 +0.320 +0.320 +0.320 +0.320 +0.320 +0.320 +0.180 +0.180 +0.180 +0.180 +0.180 +0.180 OVER 50 +1.080 +0.800 +0.640 +0.530 +0.460 +0.414 +0.930 +0.650 +0.490 +0.380 +0.310 +0.264

TO 65 +0.340 +0.340 +0.340 +0.340 +0.340 +0.340 +0.190 +0.190 +0.190 +0.190 +0.190 +0.190 OVER 65 +1.100 +0.820 +0.660 +0.550 +0.480 +0.434 +0.940 +0.660 +0.500 +0.390 +0.320 +0.274

TO 80 +0.360 +0.360 +0.360 +0.360 +0.360 +0.360 +0.200 +0.200 +0.200 +0.200 +0.200 +0.200 OVER 80 +1.250 +0.920 +0.730 +0.600 +0.520 +0.467 +1.090 +0.760 +0.570 +0.440 +0.360 +0.307

TO 100 +0.380 +0.380 +0.380 +0.380 +0.380 +0.380 +0.220 +0.220 +0.220 +0.220 +0.220 +0.220 OVER 100 1.280 +0.950 +0.760 +0.630 +0.550 +0.497 +1.110 +0.780 +0.590 +0.460 +0.380 +0.327

TO 120 +0.410 +0.410 +0.410 +0.410 +0.410 +0.410 +0.240 +0.240 +0.240 +0.240 +0.240 +0.240 OVER 120 +1.460 +1.090 +0.860 +0.710 +0.620 +0.560 +1.260 +0.890 +0.660 +0.510 +0.420 +0.360

TO 140 +0.460 +0.460 +0.460 +0.460 +0.460 +0.460 +0.260 +0.260 +0.260 +0.260 +0.260 +0.260 OVER 140 +1.520 +1.150 +0.920 +0.770 +0.680 +0.620 +1.280 +0.910 +0.680 +0.530 +0.440 +0.380

TO 160 +0.520 +0.520 +0.520 +0.520 +0.520 +0.520 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 OVER 160 +1.580 +1.210 +0.980 +0.830 +0.740 +0.680 +1.310 +0.940 +0.710 +0.560 +0.470 +0.410

TO 180 +0.580 +0.580 +0.580 +0.580 +0.580 +0.580 +0.310 +0.310 +0.310 +0.310 +0.310 +0.310 OVER 180 +1.810 +1.380 +1.120 +0.950 +0.845 +0.775 +1.490 +1.060 +0.800 +0.630 +0.525 +0.455

TO 200 +0.660 +0.660 +0.660 +0.660 +0.660 +0.660 +0.340 +0.340 +0.340 +0.340 +0.340 +0.340 OVER 200 +1.890 +1.460 +1.200 +1.030 +0.925 +0.855 +1.530 +1.100 +0.840 +0.670 +0.565 +0.495

TO 225 +0.740 +0.740 +0.740 +0.740 +0.740 +0.740 +0.380 +0.380 +0.380 +0.380 +0.380 +0.380 OVER 225 +1.970 +1.540 +1.280 +1.110 +1.005 +0.935 +1.570 +1.140 +0.880 +0.710 +0.605 +0.535

TO 250 +0.820 +0.820 +0.820 +0.820 +0.820 +0.820 +0.420 +0.420 +0.420 +0.420 +0.420 +0.420 OVER 250 +2.220 +1.730 +1.440 +1.240 +1.130 +1.050 +1.780 +1.290 +1.000 +0.800 +0.690 +0.610

TO 280 +0.920 +0.920 +0.920 +0.920 +0.920 +0.920 +0.480 +0.480 +0.480 +0.480 +0.480 +0.480 OVER 280 +2.350 +1.860 +1.570 +1.370 +1.260 +1.180 +1.840 +1.350 +1.060 +0.860 +0.750 +0.670

TO 315 +1.050 +1.050 +1.050 +1.050 +1.050 +1.050 +0.540 +0.540 +0.540 +0.540 +0.540 +0.540 OVER 315 +2.600 +2.090 +1.770 +1.560 +1.430 +1.340 +2.000 +1.490 +1.170 +0.960 +0.830 +0.740

TO 355 +1.200 +1.200 +1.200 +1.200 +1.200 +1.200 +0.600 +0.600 +0.600 +0.600 +0.600 +0.600 OVER 355 +2.750 +2.240 +1.920 +1.710 +1.580 +1.490 +2.080 +1.570 +1.250 +1.040 +0.910 +0.820

TO 400 +1.350 +1.350 +1.350 +1.350 +1.350 +1.350 +0.680 +0.680 +0.680 +0.680 +0.680 +0.680 OVER 400 +3.050 +2.470 +2.130 +1.900 +1.750 +1.655 +2.310 +1.730 +1.390 +1.160 +1.010 +0.915

TO 450 +1.500 +1.500 +1.500 +1.500 +1.500 +1.500 +0.760 +0.760 +0.760 +0.760 +0.760 +0.760 OVER 450 +3.200 +2.620 +2.280 +2.050 +1.900 +1.805 +2.390 +1.810 +1.470 +1.240 +1.090 +0.995

TO 500 +1.650 +1.650 +1.650 +1.650 +1.650 +1.650 +0.840 +0.840 +0.840 +0.840 +0.840 +0.840

TABLE 6-7 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (C13... C8, D12 ... D7) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE C13 C12 C11 C10 C9 C8 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7

OVER 0 0.200 0.160 0.120 0.100 0.085 0.074 0.120 0.080 0.060 0.045 0.034 0.030 TO 3 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020

OVER 3 +0.250 +0.190 +0.145 0.118 0.100 0.088 0.150 0.105 0.078 +0.060 +0.048 +0.042 TO 6 +0.070 +0.070 +0.070 +0.070 +0.070 +0.070 +0.030 +0.030 +0.030 +0.030 +0.030 +0.030

OVER 6 +0.300 +0.230 0.170 +0.138 +0.116 0.102 +0.190 +0.130 +0.098 +0.076 +0.062 +0.055 TO 10 +0.080 +0.080 +0.080 +0.080 +0.080 +0.080 +0.040 +0.040 +0.040 +0.040 +0.040 +0.040

OVER 10 +0.365 +0.275 +0.205 +0.165 0.138 0.122 0.230 0.160 0.120 0.093 +0.077 +0.068 TO 14 +0.095 +0.095 +0.095 +0.095 +0.095 +0.095 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050

OVER 14 +0.365 +0.275 +0.205 +0.165 0.138 0.122 0.230 0.160 0.120 0.093 +0.077 +0.068 TO 18 +0.095 +0.095 +0.095 +0.095 +0.095 +0.095 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050

OVER 18 +0.440 0.320 +0.240 +0.194 +0.162 +0.143 0.275 +0.195 0.149 +0.117 +0.098 +0.086 TO 24 +0.110 +0.110 +0.110 +0.110 +0.110 +0.110 +0.065 +0.065 +0.065 +0.065 +0.065 +0.065

OVER 24 +0.440 0.320 +0.240 +0.194 +0.162 +0.143 0.275 +0.195 0.149 +0.117 +0.098 +0.086 TO 30 +0.110 +0.110 +0.110 +0.110 +0.110 +0.110 +0.065 +0.065 +0.065 +0.065 +0.065 +0.065

OVER 30 +0.510 +0.370 +0.280 0.220 0.182 0.159 +0.330 0.240 +0.180 +0.142 +0.119 +0.105 TO 40 +0.120 +0.120 +0.120 +0.120 +0.120 +0.120 +0.080 +0.080 +0.080 +0.080 +0.080 +0.080

OVER 40 +0.520 +0.380 +0.290 0.230 +0.192 0.169 +0.330 0.240 +0.180 +0.142 +0.119 +0.105 TO 50 +0.130 +0.130 +0.130 +0.130 +0.130 +0.130 +0.080 +0.080 +0.080 +0.080 +0.080 +0.080

OVER 50 +0.600 +0.440 +0.330 0.260 +0.214 0.186 +0.400 +0.290 +0.220 +0.174 0.146 +0.130 TO 65 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100

OVER 65 +0.610 0.450 +0.340 0.270 +0.224 0.196 +0.400 +0.290 +0.220 +0.174 0.146 +0.130 TO 80 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100

OVER 80 0.710 0.520 +0.390 +0.310 +0.257 0.224 0.470 +0.340 +0.260 +0.207 +0.174 +0.155 TO 100 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.120 +0.120 +0.120 +0.120 +0.120 +0.120

OVER 100 +0.720 +0.530 +0.400 0.320 0.267 0.234 0.470 +0.340 +0.260 +0.207 +0.174 +0.155 TO 120 +0.180 +0.180 +0.180 +0.180 +0.180 +0.180 +0.120 +0.120 +0.120 +0.120 +0.120 +0.120

OVER 120 0.830 +0.600 +0.450 0.360 +0.300 0.263 +0.545 0.395 +0.305 +0.245 +0.208 +0.185 TO 140 +0.200 +0.200 +0.200 +0.200 +0.200 +0.200 +0.145 +0.145 +0.145 +0.145 +0.145 +0.145

OVER 140 +0.840 +0.610 0.460 +0.370 +0.310 0.273 +0.545 0.395 +0.305 +0.245 +0.208 +0.185 TO 160 +0.210 +0.210 +0.210 +0.210 +0.210 +0.210 +0.145 +0.145 +0.145 +0.145 +0.145 +0.145

OVER 160 +0.860 +0.630 +0.480 +0.390 +0.330 +0.293 +0.545 +0.395 +0.305 +0.245 +0.208 +0.185 TO 180 +0.230 +0.230 +0.230 +0.230 +0.230 +0.230 +0.145 +0.145 +0.145 +0.145 +0.145 +0.145

OVER 180 +0.960 +0.700 +0.530 +0.425 +0.355 +0.312 +0.630 +0.460 +0.355 +0.285 +0.242 +0.216 TO 200 +0.240 +0.240 +0.240 +0.240 +0.240 +0.240 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170

OVER 200 +0.980 +0.720 +0.550 +0.445 +0.375 +0.332 +0.630 +0.460 +0.355 +0.285 +0.242 +0.216 TO 225 +0.260 +0.260 +0.260 +0.260 +0.260 +0.260 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170

OVER 225 +1.000 +0.740 +0.570 +0.465 +0.395 +0.352 +0.630 +0.460 +0.355 +0.285 +0.242 +0.216 TO 250 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170

OVER 250 +1.110 +0.820 +0.620 +0.510 +0.430 +0.381 0.710 +0.510 +0.400 +0.320 +0.271 +0.242 TO 280 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.190 +0.190 +0.190 +0.190 +0.190 +0.190

OVER 280 +1.140 +0.850 +0.650 +0.540 +0.460 +0.411 +0.710 +0.510 +0.400 +0.320 +0.271 +0.242 TO 315 +0.330 +0.330 +0.330 +0.330 +0.330 +0.330 +0.190 +0.190 +0.190 +0.190 +0.190 +0.190

OVER 315 +1.250 +0.930 +0.720 +0.590 +0.500 +0.449 +0.780 +0.570 +0.440 +0.350 +0.299 +0.267 TO 355 +0.360 +0.360 +0.360 +0.360 +0.360 +0.360 +0.210 +0.210 +0.210 +0.210 +0.210 +0.210

OVER 355 +1.290 +0.970 +0.760 +0.630 +0.540 +0.489 +0.780 +0.570 +0.440 +0.350 +0.299 +0.267 TO 400 +0.400 +0.400 +0.400 +0.400 +0.400 +0.400 +0.210 +0.210 +0.210 +0.210 +0.210 +0.210

OVER 400 +1.410 +1.070 +0.840 +0.690 +0.595 +0.537 +0.860 +0.630 +0.480 +0.385 +0.327 +0.293 TO 450 +0.440 +0.440 +0.440 +0.440 +0.440 +0.440 +0.230 +0.230 +0.230 +0.230 +0.230 +0.230

OVER 450 +1.450 +1.110 +0.880 +0.730 +0.635 +0.577 +0.860 +0.630 +0.480 +0.385 +0.327 +0.293 TO 500 +0.480 +0.480 +0.480 +0.480 +0.480 +0.480 +0.230 +0.230 +0.230 +0.230 +0.230 +0.230

TABLE 6-8 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (E12 ... E7, F11 ... F6) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE E12 E11 E10 E9 E8 E7 F11 F10 F9 F8 F7 F6 OVER 0 +0.114 0.074 0.054 0.039 0.028 0.024 0.066 0.046 0.031 0.020 0.016 +0.012

TO 3 +0.014 +0.014 +0.014 +0.014 +0.014 +0.014 +0.006 +0.006 +0.006 +0.006 +0.006 +0.006 OVER 3 0.140 +0.095 +0.068 +0.050 0.038 0.032 0.085 +0.058 0.040 +0.028 0.022 +0.018

TO 6 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 +0.010 +0.010 +0.010 +0.010 +0.010 +0.010 OVER 6 +0.175 0.115 0.083 0.061 0.047 +0.040 0.103 0.071 0.049 0.035 0.028 +0.022

TO 10 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 +0.013 +0.013 +0.013 +0.013 +0.013 +0.013 OVER 10 0.212 0.142 0.102 0.075 0.059 +0.050 0.126 +0.086 0.059 +0.043 0.034 +0.027

TO 14 +0.032 +0.032 +0.032 +0.032 +0.032 +0.032 +0.016 +0.016 +0.016 +0.016 +0.016 +0.016 OVER 14 +0.212 +0.142 0.102 +0.075 +0.059 +0.050 0.126 +0.086 0.059 +0.043 0.034 +0.027

TO 18 +0.032 +0.032 +0.032 +0.032 +0.032 +0.032 +0.016 +0.016 +0.016 +0.016 +0.016 +0.016 OVER 18 0.250 +0.170 +0.124 +0.092 +0.073 .061 0.150 +0.104 0.072 +0.053 0.041 0.033

TO 24 +0.040 +0.040 +0.040 +0.040 +0.040 +0.040 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 OVER 24 0.250 +0.170 +0.124 +0.092 +0.073 .061 0.150 +0.104 0.072 +0.053 0.041 0.033

TO 30 +0.040 +0.040 +0.040 +0.040 +0.040 +0.040 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 OVER 30 +0.300 +0.210 0.150 0.112 +0.089 +0.075 0.185 0.125 +0.087 +0.064 0.050 +0.041

TO 40 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.025 +0.025 +0.025 +0.025 +0.025 +0.025 OVER 40 +0.300 +0.210 0.150 0.112 +0.089 +0.075 0.185 0.125 +0.087 +0.064 0.050 +0.041

TO 50 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.025 +0.025 +0.025 +0.025 +0.025 +0.025 OVER 50 +0.360 +0.250 +0.180 0.134 0.106 0.090 0.220 +0.150 0.104 +0.076 0.060 +0.049

TO 65 +0.060 +0.060 +0.060 +0.060 +0.060 +0.060 +0.030 +0.030 +0.030 +0.030 +0.030 +0.030 OVER 65 +0.360 +0.250 +0.180 0.134 0.106 0.090 0.220 +0.150 0.104 +0.076 0.060 +0.049

TO 80 +0.060 +0.060 +0.060 +0.060 +0.060 +0.060 +0.030 +0.030 +0.030 +0.030 +0.030 +0.030 OVER 80 +0.422 +0.292 +0.212 +0.159 +0.126 +0.107 0.256 +0.176 0.123 +0.090 0.071 0.058

TO 100 +0.072 +0.072 +0.072 +0.072 +0.072 +0.072 +0.036 +0.036 +0.036 +0.036 +0.036 +0.036 OVER 100 +0.422 +0.292 +0.212 +0.159 +0.126 +0.107 0.256 +0.176 0.123 +0.090 0.071 +0.058

TO 120 +0.072 +0.072 +0.072 +0.072 +0.072 +0.072 +0.036 +0.036 +0.036 +0.036 +0.036 +0.036 OVER 120 +0.485 +0.335 0.245 0.185 0.148 +0.125 0.293 0.203 +0.143 0.106 +0.083 +0.068

TO 140 +0.085 +0.085 +0.085 +0.085 +0.085 +0.085 +0.043 +0.043 +0.043 +0.043 +0.043 +0.043 OVER 140 +0.485 +0.335 0.245 0.185 0.148 +0.125 0.293 0.203 +0.143 0.106 +0.083 +0.068

TO 160 +0.085 +0.085 +0.085 +0.085 +0.085 +0.085 +0.043 +0.043 +0.043 +0.043 +0.043 +0.043 OVER 160 +0.485 +0.335 0.245 0.185 0.148 +0.125 0.293 0.203 +0.143 0.106 +0.083 +0.068

TO 180 +0.085 +0.085 +0.085 +0.085 +0.085 +0.085 +0.043 +0.043 +0.043 +0.043 +0.043 +0.043 OVER 180 0.560 0.390 +0.285 +0.215 +0.172 +0.146 0.340 +0.235 0.165 +0.122 0.096 +0.079

TO 200 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 OVER 200 0.560 0.390 +0.285 +0.215 +0.172 +0.146 0.340 +0.235 0.165 +0.122 0.096 +0.079

TO 225 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 OVER 225 0.560 0.390 +0.285 +0.215 +0.172 +0.146 0.340 +0.235 0.165 +0.122 0.096 +0.079

TO 250 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100 +0.100 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 +0.050 OVER 250 +0.630 0.430 +0.320 +0.240 +0.191 +0.162 0.376 0.266 0.186 +0.137 0.108 +0.088

TO 280 +0.110 +0.110 +0.110 +0.110 +0.110 +0.110 +0.056 +0.056 +0.056 +0.056 +0.056 +0.056 OVER 280 +0.630 0.430 +0.320 +0.240 +0.191 +0.162 0.376 0.266 0.186 +0.137 +0.108 +0.088

TO 315 +0.110 +0.110 +0.110 +0.110 +0.110 +0.110 +0.056 +0.056 +0.056 +0.056 +0.056 +0.056 OVER 315 +0.695 +0.485 +0.355 0.265 0.214 0.182 0.422 +0.292 0.202 +0.151 +0.119 +0.098

TO 355 +0.125 +0.125 +0.125 +0.125 +0.125 +0.125 +0.062 +0.062 +0.062 +0.062 +0.062 +0.062 OVER 355 +0.695 +0.485 +0.355 0.265 0.214 0.182 0.422 +0.292 0.202 +0.151 +0.119 +0.098

TO 400 +0.125 +0.125 +0.125 +0.125 +0.125 +0.125 +0.062 +0.062 +0.062 +0.062 +0.062 +0.062 OVER 400 +0.765 +0.535 0.385 0.290 0.232 +0.198 +0.468 +0.318 0.223 +0.165 +0.131 +0.108

TO 450 +0.135 +0.135 +0.135 +0.135 +0.135 +0.135 +0.068 +0.068 +0.068 +0.068 +0.068 +0.068 OVER 450 +0.765 +0.535 0.385 0.290 0.232 +0.198 +0.468 +0.318 0.223 +0.165 +0.131 +0.108

TO 500 +0.135 +0.135 +0.135 +0.135 +0.135 +0.135 +0.068 +0.068 +0.068 +0.068 +0.068 +0.068

TABLE 6-9 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (G10 ... G5, J8 . . . J6) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE G10 G9 G8 G7 G6 G5 J8 J7 J6 OVER 0 0.042 0.027 +0.016 +0.012 +0.008 +0.006 +0.006 +0.004 +0.002

TO 3 +0.002 +0.002 +0.002 +0.002 +0.002 +0.002 -0.008 -0.006 -0.004 OVER 3 +0.052 +0.034 +0.022 +0.016 +0.012 +0.009 0.010 +0.006 +0.005

TO 6 +0.004 +0.004 +0.004 +0.004 +0.004 +0.004 -0.008 -0.006 -0.003 OVER 6 +0.063 +0.041 +0.027 +0.020 +0.014 +0.011 +0.012 +0.008 +0.005

TO 10 +0.005 +0.005 +0.005 +0.005 +0.005 +0.005 -0.010 -0.007 -0.004 OVER 10 +0.076 +0.049 +0.033 +0.024 0.017 +0.014 0.015 0.010 +0.006

TO 14 +0.006 +0.006 +0.006 +0.006 +0.006 +0.006 -0.012 -0.008 -0.005 OVER 14 +0.076 +0.049 +0.033 +0.024 0.017 +0.014 0.015 0.010 +0.006

TO 18 +0.006 +0.006 +0.006 +0.006 +0.006 +0.006 -0.012 -0.008 -0.005 OVER 18 +0.091 +0.059 +0.040 +0.028 +0.020 +0.016 +0.020 +0.012 +0.008

TO 24 +0.007 +0.007 +0.007 +0.007 +0.007 +0.007 -0.013 -0.009 -0.005 OVER 24 +0.091 +0.059 +0.040 +0.028 +0.020 +0.016 +0.020 +0.012 +0.008

TO 30 +0.007 +0.007 +0.007 +0.007 +0.007 +0.007 -0.013 -0.009 -0.005 OVER 30 +0.109 +0.071 +0.048 +0.034 +0.025 +0.020 0.024 0.014 0.010

TO 40 +0.009 +0.009 +0.009 +0.009 +0.009 +0.009 -0.015 -0.011 -0.006 OVER 40 +0.109 +0.071 +0.048 +0.034 +0.025 +0.020 0.024 0.014 0.010

TO 50 +0.009 +0.009 +0.009 +0.009 +0.009 +0.009 -0.015 -0.011 -0.006 OVER 50 +0.130 +0.084 +0.056 +0.040 0.029 +0.023 +0.028 0.018 0.013

TO 65 +0.010 +0.010 +0.010 +0.010 +0.010 +0.010 -0.018 -0.012 -0.006 OVER 65 +0.130 +0.084 +0.056 +0.040 +0.029 +0.023 +0.028 0.018 0.013

TO 80 +0.010 +0.010 +0.010 +0.010 +0.010 +0.010 -0.018 -0.012 -0.006 OVER 80 +0.152 +0.099 +0.066 +0.047 +0.034 +0.027 0.034 0.022 0.016

TO 100 +0.012 +0.012 +0.012 +0.012 +0.012 +0.012 -0.020 -0.013 -0.006 OVER 100 +0.152 +0.099 +0.066 +0.047 +0.034 +0.027 0.034 0.022 0.016

TO 120 +0.012 +0.012 +0.012 +0.012 +0.012 +0.012 -0.020 -0.013 -0.006 OVER 120 +0.174 +0.114 +0.077 +0.054 +0.039 +0.032 0.041 0.026 +0.018

TO 140 +0.014 +0.014 +0.014 +0.014 +0.014 +0.014 -0.022 -0.014 -0.007 OVER 140 +0.174 +0.114 +0.077 +0.054 +0.039 +0.032 0.041 0.026 +0.018

TO 160 +0.014 +0.014 +0.014 +0.014 +0.014 +0.014 -0.022 -0.014 -0.007 OVER 160 +0.174 +0.114 +0.077 +0.054 +0.039 +0.032 0.041 0.026 +0.018

TO 180 +0.014 +0.014 +0.014 +0.014 +0.014 +0.014 -0.022 -0.014 -0.007 OVER 180 +0.200 +0.130 +0.087 +0.061 +0.044 +0.035 0.047 0.030 +0.022

TO 200 +0.015 +0.015 +0.015 +0.015 +0.015 +0.015 -0.025 -0.016 -0.007 OVER 200 +0.200 +0.130 +0.087 +0.061 +0.044 +0.035 0.047 0.030 +0.022

TO 225 +0.015 +0.015 +0.015 +0.015 +0.015 +0.015 -0.025 -0.016 -0.007 OVER 225 +0.200 +0.130 +0.087 +0.061 +0.044 +0.035 0.047 0.030 +0.022

TO 250 +0.015 +0.015 +0.015 +0.015 +0.015 +0.015 -0.025 -0.016 -0.007 OVER 250 +0.227 +0.147 +0.098 +0.069 +0.049 +0.040 0.055 +0.036 0.025

TO 280 +0.017 +0.017 +0.017 +0.017 +0.017 +0.017 -0.026 -0.016 -0.007 OVER 280 +0.227 +0.147 +0.098 +0.069 +0.049 +0.040 0.055 +0.036 0.025

TO 315 +0.017 +0.017 +0.017 +0.017 +0.017 +0.017 -0.026 -0.016 -0.007 OVER 315 +0.248 +0.158 +0.107 +0.075 +0.054 +0.043 0.060 0.039 0.029

TO 355 +0.018 +0.018 +0.018 +0.018 +0.018 +0.018 -0.029 -0.018 -0.007 OVER 355 +0.248 +0.158 +0.107 +0.075 +0.054 +0.043 0.060 0.039 0.029

TO 400 +0.018 +0.018 +0.018 +0.018 +0.018 +0.018 -0.029 -0.018 -0.007 OVER 400 +0.270 +0.175 +0.117 +0.083 +0.060 +0.047 0.066 +0.043 +0.033

TO 450 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 -0.031 -0.020 -0.007 OVER 450 +0.270 +0.175 +0.117 +0.083 +0.060 +0.047 0.066 +0.043 +0.033

TO 500 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 +0.020 -0.031 -0.020 -0.007

TABLE 6-10 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (H16 ... H1) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE H16 H15 H14 H13 H12 H11 H10 H9 H8 H7 H6 H5 H4 H3 H2 H1 OVER 0 0.600 0.400 0.250 0.140 0.100 0.060 0.040 0.025 0.014 0.010 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.0008

TO 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 OVER 3 0.750 0.480 0.300 0.180 0.120 0.075 0.048 0.030 0.018 0.012 0.008 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.0010

TO 6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 OVER 6 0.900 0.580 0.360 0.220 0.150 0.090 0.058 0.036 0.022 0.015 0.009 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.0010

TO 10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000

OVER 10 1.100 0.700 0.430 0.270 0.180 0.110 0.070 0.043 0.027 0.018 0.011 0.008 0.005 0.003 0.002 0.0012 TO 14 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000

OVER 14 1.100 0.700 0.430 0.270 0.180 0.110 0.070 0.043 0.027 0.018 0.011 0.008 0.005 0.003 0.002 0.0012 TO 18 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000

OVER 18 1.300 0.840 0.520 0.330 0.210 0.130 0.084 0.052 0.033 0.021 0.013 0.009 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.0015 TO 24 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000

OVER 24 1.300 0.840 0.520 0.330 0.210 0.130 0.084 0.052 0.033 0.021 0.013 0.009 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.0015 TO 30 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000

OVER 30 1.600 1.000 0.620 0.390 0.250 0.160 0.100 0.062 0.039 0.025 0.016 0.011 0.007 0.004 0.003 0.0015 TO 40 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000

OVER 40 1.600 1.000 0.620 0.390 0.250 0.160 0.100 0.062 0.039 0.025 0.016 0.011 0.007 0.004 0.003 0.0015 TO 50 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000

OVER 50 1.900 1.200 0.740 0.460 0.300 0.190 0.120 0.074 0.046 0.030 0.019 0.013 0.008 0.005 0.003 0.0020 TO 65 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000

OVER 65 1.900 1.200 0.740 0.460 0.300 0.190 0.120 0.074 0.046 0.030 0.019 0.013 0.008 0.005 0.003 0.0020 TO 80 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000

OVER 80 2.200 1.400 0.870 0.540 0.350 0.220 0.140 0.087 0.054 0.035 0.022 0.015 0.010 0.006 0.004 0.0025 TO 100 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000

OVER 100 2.200 1.400 0.870 0.540 0.350 0.220 0.140 0.087 0.054 0.035 0.022 0.015 0.010 0.006 0.004 0.0025 TO 120 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000

OVER 120 2.500 1.600 1.000 0.630 0.400 0.250 0.160 0.100 0.063 0.040 0.025 0.018 0.012 0.008 0.005 0.0035 TO 140 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000

OVER 140 2.500 1.600 1.000 0.630 0.400 0.250 0.160 0.100 0.063 0.040 0.025 0.018 0.012 0.008 0.005 0.0035 TO 160 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000

OVER 160 2.500 1.600 1.000 0.630 0.400 0.250 0.160 0.100 0.063 0.040 0.025 0.018 0.012 0.008 0.005 0.0035 TO 180 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000

OVER 180 2.900 1.850 1.150 0.720 0.460 0.290 0.185 0.115 0.072 0.046 0.029 0.020 0.014 0.010 0.007 0.0045 TO 200 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000

OVER 200 2.900 1.850 1.150 0.720 0.460 0.290 0.185 0.115 0.072 0.046 0.029 0.020 0.014 0.010 0.007 0.0045 TO 225 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000

OVER 225 2.900 1.850 1.150 0.720 0.460 0.290 0.185 0.115 0.072 0.046 0.029 0.020 0.014 0.010 0.007 0.0045 TO 250 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000

OVER 250 3.200 2.100 1.300 0.810 0.520 0.320 0.210 0.130 0.081 0.052 0.032 0.023 0.016 0.012 0.008 0.006 TO 280 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

OVER 280 3.200 2.100 1.300 0.810 0.520 0.320 0.210 0.130 0.081 0.052 0.032 0.023 0.016 0.012 0.008 0.006 TO 315 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

OVER 315 3.600 2.300 1.400 0.890 0.570 0.360 0.230 0.140 0.089 0.057 0.036 0.025 0.018 0.013 0.009 0.007 TO 355 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

OVER 355 3.600 2.300 1.400 0.890 0.570 0.360 0.230 0.140 0.089 0.057 0.036 0.025 0.018 0.013 0.009 0.007 TO 400 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

OVER 400 4.000 2.500 1.550 0.970 0.630 0.400 0.250 0.155 0.097 0.063 0.040 0.027 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.008 TO 450 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

OVER 450 4.000 2.500 1.550 0.970 0.630 0.400 0.250 0.155 0.097 0.063 0.040 0.027 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.008 TO 500 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

TABLE 6-11 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (JS16...JS1) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE JS16 JS15 JS14 JS13 JS12 JS11 JS10 JS9 JS8 JS7 JS6 JS5 JS4 JS3 JS2 JS1

OVER 0 0.300 0.200 0.125 0.070 0.050 0.030 0.020 0.013 0.007 0.0050 0.0030 0.0020 0.0015 0.0010 0.00060 0.00040

TO 3 -0.300 -0.200 -0.125 -0.070 -0.050 -0.030 -0.020 -0.013 -0.007 -0.0050 -0.0030 -0.0020 -0.0015 -0.0010 -0.00060 -0.00040

OVER 3 0.375 0.240 0.150 0.090 0.060 0.038 0.024 0.015 0.009 0.0060 0.0040 0.0025 0.0020 0.0013 0.00075 0.00050

TO 6 -0.375 -0.240 -0.150 -0.090 -0.060 -0.038 -0.024 -0.015 -0.009 -0.0060 -0.0040 -0.0025 -0.0020 -0.0013 -0.00075 -0.00050

OVER 6 0.450 0.290 0.180 0.110 0.075 0.045 0.029 0.018 0.011 0.0075 0.0045 0.0030 0.0020 0.0013 0.00075 0.00050

TO 10 -0.450 -0.290 -0.180 -0.110 -0.075 -0.045 -0.029 -0.018 -0.011 -0.0075 -0.0045 -0.0030 -0.0020 -0.0013 -0.00075 -0.00050

OVER 10 0.550 0.350 0.215 0.135 0.090 0.055 0.035 0.022 0.014 0.0090 0.0055 0.0040 0.0025 0.0015 0.00100 0.00060

TO 14 -0.550 -0.350 -0.215 -0.135 -0.090 -0.055 -0.035 -0.022 -0.014 -0.0090 -0.0055 -0.0040 -0.0025 -0.0015 -0.00100 -0.00060

OVER 14 0.550 0.350 0.215 0.135 0.090 0.055 0.035 0.022 0.014 0.0090 0.0055 0.0040 0.0025 0.0015 0.00100 0.00060

TO 18 -0.550 -0.350 -0.215 -0.135 -0.090 -0.055 -0.035 -0.022 -0.014 -0.0090 -0.0055 -0.0040 -0.0025 -0.0015 -0.00100 -0.00060

OVER 18 0.650 0.420 0.260 0.165 0.105 0.065 0.042 0.026 0.017 0.0105 0.0065 0.0045 0.0030 0.0020 0.00125 0.00075

TO 24 -0.650 -0.420 -0.260 -0.165 -0.105 -0.065 -0.042 -0.026 -0.017 -0.0105 -0.0065 -0.0045 -0.0030 -0.0020 -0.00125 -0.00075

OVER 24 0.650 0.420 0.260 0.165 0.105 0.065 0.042 0.026 0.017 0.0105 0.0065 0.0045 0.0030 0.0020 0.00125 0.00075

TO 30 -0.650 -0.420 -0.260 -0.165 -0.105 -0.065 -0.042 -0.026 -0.017 -0.0105 -0.0065 -0.0045 -0.0030 -0.0020 -0.00125 -0.00075

OVER 30 0.800 0.500 0.310 0.195 0.125 0.080 0.050 0.031 0.020 0.0125 0.0080 0.0055 0.0035 0.0020 0.00125 0.00075

TO 40 -0.800 -0.500 -0.310 -0.195 -0.125 -0.080 -0.050 -0.031 -0.020 -0.0125 -0.0080 -0.0055 -0.0035 -0.0020 -0.00125 -0.00075

OVER 40 0.800 0.500 0.310 0.195 0.125 0.080 0.050 0.031 0.020 0.0125 0.0080 0.0055 0.0035 0.0020 0.00125 0.00075

TO 50 -0.800 -0.500 -0.310 -0.195 -0.125 -0.080 -0.050 -0.031 -0.020 -0.0125 -0.0080 -0.0055 -0.0035 -0.0020 -0.00125 -0.00075

OVER 50 0.950 0.600 0.370 0.230 0.150 0.095 0.060 0.037 0.023 0.0150 0.0095 0.0065 0.0040 0.0025 0.00150 0.00100

TO 65 -0.950 -0.600 -0.370 -0.230 -0.150 -0.095 -0.060 -0.037 -0.023 -0.0150 -0.0095 -0.0065 -0.0040 -0.0025 -0.00150 -0.00100

OVER 65 0.950 0.600 0.370 0.230 0.150 0.095 0.060 0.037 0.023 0.0150 0.0095 0.0065 0.0040 0.0025 0.00150 0.00100

TO 80 -0.950 -0.600 -0.370 -0.230 -0.150 -0.095 -0.060 -0.037 -0.023 -0.0150 -0.0095 -0.0065 -0.0040 -0.0025 -0.00150 -0.00100

OVER 80 1.100 0.700 0.435 0.270 0.175 0.110 0.070 0.044 0.027 0.0175 0.0110 0.0075 0.0050 0.0030 0.00200 0.00125

TO 100 -1.100 -0.700 -0.435 -0.270 -0.175 -0.110 -0.070 -0.044 -0.027 -0.0175 -0.0110 -0.0075 -0.0050 -0.0030 -0.00200 -0.00125

OVER 100 1.100 0.700 0.435 0.270 0.175 0.110 0.070 0.044 0.027 0.0175 0.0110 0.0075 0.0050 0.0030 0.00200 0.00125

TO 120 -1.100 -0.700 -0.435 -0.270 -0.175 -0.110 -0.070 -0.044 -0.027 -0.0175 -0.0110 -0.0075 -0.0050 -0.0030 -0.00200 -0.00125

OVER 120 1.250 0.800 0.500 0.315 0.200 0.125 0.080 0.050 0.032 0.0200 0.0125 0.0090 0.0060 0.0040 0.00250 0.00175

TO 140 -1.250 -0.800 -0.500 -0.315 -0.200 -0.125 -0.080 -0.050 -0.032 -0.0200 -0.0125 -0.0090 -0.0060 -0.0040 -0.00250 -0.00175

OVER 140 1.250 0.800 0.500 0.315 0.200 0.125 0.080 0.050 0.032 0.0200 0.0125 0.0090 0.0060 0.0040 0.00250 0.00175

TO 160 -1.250 -0.800 -0.500 -0.315 -0.200 -0.125 -0.080 -0.050 -0.032 -0.0200 -0.0125 -0.0090 -0.0060 -0.0040 -0.00250 -0.00175

OVER 160 1.250 0.800 0.500 0.315 0.200 0.125 0.080 0.050 0.032 0.0200 0.0125 0.0090 0.0060 0.0040 0.00250 0.00175

TO 180 -1.250 -0.800 -0.500 -0.315 -0.200 -0.125 -0.080 -0.050 -0.032 -0.0200 -0.0125 -0.0090 -0.0060 -0.0040 -0.00250 -0.00175

OVER 180 1.450 0.925 0.575 0.360 0.230 0.145 0.093 0.058 0.036 0.0230 0.0145 0.0100 0.0070 0.0050 0.00350 0.00225

TO 200 -1.450 -0.925 -0.575 -0.360 -0.230 -0.145 -0.093 -0.058 -0.036 -0.0230 -0.0145 -0.0100 -0.0070 -0.0050 -0.00350 -0.00225

OVER 200 1.450 0.925 0.575 0.360 0.230 0.145 0.093 0.058 0.036 0.0230 0.0145 0.0100 0.0070 0.0050 0.00350 0.00225

TO 225 -1.450 -0.925 -0.575 -0.360 -0.230 -0.145 -0.093 -0.058 -0.036 -0.0230 -0.0145 -0.0100 -0.0070 -0.0050 -0.00350 -0.00225

OVER 225 1.450 0.925 0.575 0.360 0.230 0.145 0.093 0.058 0.036 0.0230 0.0145 0.0100 0.0070 0.0050 0.00350 0.00225

TO 250 -1.450 -0.925 -0.575 -0.360 -0.230 -0.145 -0.093 -0.058 -0.036 -0.0230 -0.0145 -0.0100 -0.0070 -0.0050 -0.00350 -0.00225

OVER 250 1.600 1.050 0.650 0.405 0.260 0.160 0.105 0.065 0.041 0.0260 0.0160 0.0115 0.0080 0.0060 0.0040 0.0030

TO 280 -1.600 -1.050 -0.650 -0.405 -0.260 -0.160 -0.105 -0.065 -0.041 -0.0260 -0.0160 -0.0115 -0.0080 -0.0060 -0.0040 -0.0030

OVER 280 1.600 1.050 0.650 0.405 0.260 0.160 0.105 0.065 0.041 0.0260 0.0160 0.0115 0.0080 0.0060 0.0040 0.0030

TO 315 -1.600 -1.050 -0.650 -0.405 -0.260 -0.160 -0.105 -0.065 -0.041 -0.0260 -0.0160 -0.0115 -0.0080 -0.0060 -0.0040 -0.0030

OVER 315 1.800 1.150 0.700 0.445 0.285 0.180 0.115 0.070 0.045 0.0285 0.0180 0.0125 0.0090 0.0065 0.0045 0.0035

TO 355 -1.800 -1.150 -0.700 -0.445 -0.285 -0.180 -0.115 -0.070 -0.045 -0.0285 -0.0180 -0.0125 -0.0090 -0.0065 -0.0045 -0.0035

OVER 355 1.800 1.150 0.700 0.445 0.285 0.180 0.115 0.070 0.045 0.0285 0.0180 0.0125 0.0090 0.0065 0.0045 0.0035

TO 400 -1.800 -1.150 -0.700 -0.445 -0.285 -0.180 -0.115 -0.070 -0.045 -0.0285 -0.0180 -0.0125 -0.0090 -0.0065 -0.0045 -0.0035

OVER 400 2.000 1.250 0.775 0.485 0.315 0.200 0.125 0.078 0.049 0.0315 0.0200 0.0135 0.0100 0.0075 0.0050 0.0040

TO 450 -2.000 -1.250 -0.775 -0.485 -0.315 -0.200 -0.125 -0.078 -0.049 -0.0315 -0.0200 -0.0135 -0.0100 -0.0075 -0.0050 -0.0040

OVER 450 2.000 1.250 0.775 0.485 0.315 0.200 0.125 0.078 0.049 0.0315 0.0200 0.0135 0.0100 0.0075 0.0050 0.0040

TO 500 -2.000 -1.250 -0.775 -0.485 -0.315 -0.200 -0.125 -0.078 -0.049 -0.0315 -0.0200 -0.0135 -0.0100 -0.0075 -0.0050 -0.0040

NOTE: Some js deviations in the grades 7 to 11 have been rounded off to 1/2(IT - 0.001) when IT values is odd.

TABLE 6-12 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (K10 ... K5, M10 ... M5) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE K10 K9 K8 K7 K6 K5 M10 M9 M8 M7 M6 M5 OVER 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002

TO 3 -0.040 -0.025 -0.014 -0.010 -0.006 -0.004 -0.042 -0.027 -0.016 -0.012 -0.008 -0.006 OVER 3 +0.005 +0.003 +0.002 0.000 -0.004 -0.004 +0.002 0.000 -0.001 -0.003

TO 6 -0.013 -0.009 -0.006 -0.005 -0.052 -0.034 -0.016 -0.012 -0.009 -0.008 OVER 6 +0.006 +0.005 +0.002 +0.001 -0.006 -0.006 +0.001 0.000 -0.003 -0.004

TO 10 -0.016 -0.010 -0.007 -0.005 -0.064 -0.042 -0.021 -0.015 -0.012 -0.010 OVER 10 +0.008 +0.006 +0.002 +0.002 -0.007 -0.007 +0.002 0.000 -0.004 -0.004

TO 14 -0.019 -0.012 -0.009 -0.006 -0.077 -0.050 -0.025 -0.018 -0.015 -0.012 OVER 14 +0.008 +0.006 +0.002 +0.002 -0.007 -0.007 +0.002 0.000 -0.004 -0.004

TO 18 -0.019 -0.012 -0.009 -0.006 -0.077 -0.050 -0.025 -0.018 -0.015 -0.012 OVER 18 +0.010 +0.006 +0.002 +0.001 -0.008 -0.008 +0.004 0.000 -0.004 -0.005

TO 24 NUMERICAL -0.023 -0.015 -0.011 -0.008 -0.092 -0.060 -0.029 -0.021 -0.017 -0.014 OVER 24 VALUES FOR +0.010 +0.006 +0.002 +0.001 -0.008 -0.008 +0.004 0.000 -0.004 -0.005

TO 30 TOLERANCE -0.023 -0.015 -0.011 -0.008 -0.092 -0.060 -0.029 -0.021 -0.017 -0.014 OVER 30 ZONES IN THIS +0.012 +0.007 +0.003 +0.002 -0.009 -0.009 +0.005 0.000 -0.004 -0.005

TO 40 AREA NOT -0.027 -0.018 -0.013 -0.009 -0.109 -0.071 -0.034 -0.025 -0.020 -0.016 OVER 40 DEFINED +0.012 +0.007 +0.003 +0.002 -0.009 -0.009 +0.005 0.000 -0.004 -0.005

TO 50 -0.027 -0.018 -0.013 -0.009 -0.109 -0.071 -0.034 -0.025 -0.020 -0.016 OVER 50 +0.014 +0.009 +0.004 +0.003 -0.011 -0.011 +0.005 0.000 -0.005 -0.006

TO 65 -0.032 -0.021 -0.015 -0.010 -0.131 -0.085 -0.041 -0.030 -0.024 -0.019 OVER 65 +0.014 +0.009 +0.004 +0.003 -0.011 -0.011 +0.005 0.000 -0.005 -0.006

TO 80 -0.032 -0.021 -0.015 -0.010 -0.131 -0.085 -0.041 -0.030 -0.024 -0.019 OVER 80 +0.016 +0.010 +0.004 +0.002 -0.013 -0.013 +0.006 0.000 -0.006 -0.008

TO 100 -0.038 -0.025 -0.018 -0.013 -0.153 -0.100 -0.048 -0.035 -0.028 -0.023 OVER 100 +0.016 +0.010 +0.004 +0.002 -0.013 -0.013 +0.006 0.000 -0.006 -0.008

TO 120 -0.038 -0.025 -0.018 -0.013 -0.153 -0.100 -0.048 -0.035 -0.028 -0.023 OVER 120 +0.020 +0.012 +0.004 +0.003 -0.015 -0.015 +0.008 0.000 -0.008 -0.009

TO 140 -0.043 -0.028 -0.021 -0.015 -0.175 -0.115 -0.055 -0.040 -0.033 -0.027 OVER 140 +0.020 +0.012 +0.004 +0.003 -0.015 -0.015 +0.008 0.000 -0.008 -0.009

TO 160 -0.043 -0.028 -0.021 -0.015 -0.175 -0.115 -0.055 -0.040 -0.033 -0.027 OVER 160 +0.020 +0.012 +0.004 +0.003 -0.015 -0.015 +0.008 0.000 -0.008 -0.009

TO 180 -0.043 -0.028 -0.021 -0.015 -0.175 -0.115 -0.055 -0.040 -0.033 -0.027 OVER 180 +0.022 +0.013 +0.005 +0.002 -0.017 -0.017 +0.009 0.000 -0.008 -0.011

TO 200 -0.050 -0.033 -0.024 -0.018 -0.202 -0.132 -0.063 -0.046 -0.037 -0.031 OVER 200 +0.022 +0.013 +0.005 +0.002 -0.017 -0.017 +0.009 0.000 -0.008 -0.011

TO 225 -0.050 -0.033 -0.024 -0.018 -0.202 -0.132 -0.063 -0.046 -0.037 -0.031 OVER 225 +0.022 +0.013 +0.005 +0.002 -0.017 -0.017 +0.009 0.000 -0.008 -0.011

TO 250 -0.050 -0.033 -0.024 -0.018 -0.202 -0.132 -0.063 -0.046 -0.037 -0.031 OVER 250 +0.025 +0.016 +0.005 +0.003 -0.020 -0.020 +0.009 0.000 -0.009 -0.013

TO 280 -0.056 -0.036 -0.027 -0.020 -0.230 -0.150 -0.072 -0.052 -0.041 -0.036 OVER 280 +0.025 +0.016 +0.005 +0.003 -0.020 -0.020 +0.009 0.000 -0.009 -0.013

TO 315 -0.056 -0.036 -0.027 -0.020 -0.230 -0.150 -0.072 -0.052 -0.041 -0.036 OVER 315 +0.028 +0.017 +0.007 +0.003 -0.021 -0.021 +0.011 0.000 -0.010 -0.014

TO 355 -0.061 -0.040 -0.029 -0.022 -0.251 -0.161 -0.078 -0.057 -0.046 -0.039 OVER 355 +0.028 +0.017 +0.007 +0.003 -0.021 -0.021 +0.011 0.000 -0.010 -0.014

TO 400 -0.061 -0.040 -0.029 -0.022 -0.251 -0.161 -0.078 -0.057 -0.046 -0.039 OVER 400 +0.029 +0.018 +0.008 +0.002 -0.023 -0.023 +0.011 0.000 -0.010 -0.016

TO 450 -0.068 -0.045 -0.032 -0.025 -0.273 -0.178 -0.086 -0.063 -0.050 -0.043 OVER 450 +0.029 +0.018 +0.008 +0.002 -0.023 -0.023 +0.011 0.000 -0.010 -0.016

TO 500 -0.068 -0.045 -0.032 -0.025 -0.273 -0.178 -0.086 -0.063 -0.050 -0.043

TABLE 6-13 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (N10 ... N5, P10 ... P5) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE N10 N9 N8 N7 N6 N5 P10 P9 P8 P7 P6 P5 OVER 0 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006

TO 3 -0.044 -0.029 -0.018 -0.014 -0.010 -0.008 -0.046 -0.031 -0.020 -0.016 -0.012 -0.010 OVER 3 0.000 0.000 -0.002 -0.004 -0.005 -0.007 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012 -0.008 -0.009 -0.011

TO 6 -0.048 -0.030 -0.020 -0.016 -0.013 -0.012 -0.060 -0.042 -0.030 -0.020 -0.017 -0.016 OVER 6 0.000 0.000 -0.003 -0.004 -0.007 -0.008 -0.015 -0.015 -0.015 -0.009 -0.012 -0.013

TO 10 -0.058 -0.036 -0.025 -0.019 -0.016 -0.014 -0.073 -0.051 -0.037 -0.024 -0.021 -0.019 OVER 10 0.000 0.000 -0.003 -0.005 -0.009 -0.009 -0.018 -0.018 -0.018 -0.011 -0.015 -0.015

TO 14 -0.070 -0.043 -0.030 -0.023 -0.020 -0.017 -0.088 -0.061 -0.045 -0.029 -0.026 -0.023 OVER 14 0.000 0.000 -0.003 -0.005 -0.009 -0.009 -0.018 -0.018 -0.018 -0.011 -0.015 -0.015

TO 18 -0.070 -0.043 -0.030 -0.023 -0.020 -0.017 -0.088 -0.061 -0.045 -0.029 -0.026 -0.023 OVER 18 0.000 0.000 -0.003 -0.007 -0.011 -0.012 -0.022 -0.022 -0.022 -0.014 -0.018 -0.019

TO 24 -0.084 -0.052 -0.036 -0.028 -0.024 -0.021 -0.106 -0.074 -0.055 -0.035 -0.031 -0.028 OVER 24 0.000 0.000 -0.003 -0.007 -0.011 -0.012 -0.022 -0.022 -0.022 -0.014 -0.018 -0.019

TO 30 -0.084 -0.052 -0.036 -0.028 -0.024 -0.021 -0.106 -0.074 -0.055 -0.035 -0.031 -0.028 OVER 30 0.000 0.000 -0.003 -0.008 -0.012 -0.013 -0.026 -0.026 -0.026 -0.017 -0.021 -0.022

TO 40 -0.100 -0.062 -0.042 -0.033 -0.028 -0.024 -0.126 -0.088 -0.065 -0.042 -0.037 -0.033 OVER 10 0.000 0.000 -0.003 -0.008 -0.012 -0.013 -0.026 -0.026 -0.026 -0.017 -0.021 -0.022

TO 50 -0.100 -0.062 -0.042 -0.033 -0.028 -0.024 -0.126 -0.088 -0.065 -0.042 -0.037 -0.033 OVER 50 0.000 0.000 -0.004 -0.009 -0.014 -0.015 -0.032 -0.032 -0.032 -0.021 -0.026 -0.027

TO 65 -0.120 -0.074 -0.050 -0.039 -0.033 -0.028 -0.152 -0.106 -0.078 -0.051 -0.045 -0.040 OVER 65 0.000 0.000 -0.004 -0.009 -0.014 -0.015 -0.032 -0.032 -0.032 -0.021 -0.026 -0.027

TO 80 -0.120 -0.074 -0.050 -0.039 -0.033 -0.028 -0.152 -0.106 -0.078 -0.051 -0.045 -0.040 OVER 80 0.000 0.000 -0.004 -0.010 -0.016 -0.018 -0.037 -0.037 -0.037 -0.024 -0.030 -0.032

TO 100 -0.140 -0.087 -0.058 -0.045 -0.038 -0.033 -0.177 -0.124 -0.091 -0.059 -0.052 -0.047 OVER 100 0.000 0.000 -0.004 -0.010 -0.016 -0.018 -0.037 -0.037 -0.037 -0.024 -0.030 -0.032

TO 120 -0.140 -0.087 -0.058 -0.045 -0.038 -0.033 -0.177 -0.124 -0.091 -0.059 -0.052 -0.047 OVER 120 0.000 0.000 -0.004 -0.012 -0.020 -0.021 -0.043 -0.043 -0.043 -0.028 -0.036 -0.037

TO 140 -0.160 -0.100 -0.067 -0.052 -0.045 -0.039 -0.203 -0.143 -0.106 -0.068 -0.061 -0.055 OVER 140 0.000 0.000 -0.004 -0.012 -0.020 -0.021 -0.043 -0.043 -0.043 -0.028 -0.036 -0.037

TO 160 -0.160 -0.100 -0.067 -0.052 -0.045 -0.039 -0.203 -0.143 -0.106 -0.068 -0.061 -0.055 OVER 160 0.000 0.000 -0.004 -0.012 -0.020 -0.021 -0.043 -0.043 -0.043 -0.028 -0.036 -0.037

TO 180 -0.160 -0.100 -0.067 -0.052 -0.045 -0.039 -0.203 -0.143 -0.106 -0.068 -0.061 -0.055 OVER 180 0.000 0.000 -0.005 -0.014 -0.022 -0.025 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.033 -0.041 -0.044

TO 200 -0.185 -0.115 -0.077 -0.060 -0.051 -0.045 -0.235 -0.165 -0.122 -0.079 -0.070 -0.064 OVER 200 0.000 0.000 -0.005 -0.014 -0.022 -0.025 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.033 -0.041 -0.044

TO 225 -0.185 -0.115 -0.077 -0.060 -0.051 -0.045 -0.235 -0.165 -0.122 -0.079 -0.070 -0.064 OVER 225 0.000 0.000 -0.005 -0.014 -0.022 -0.025 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.033 -0.041 -0.044

TO 250 -0.185 -0.115 -0.077 -0.060 -0.051 -0.045 -0.235 -0.165 -0.122 -0.079 -0.070 -0.064 OVER 250 0.000 0.000 -0.005 -0.014 -0.025 -0.027 -0.056 -0.056 -0.056 -0.036 -0.047 -0.049

TO 280 -0.210 -0.130 -0.086 -0.066 -0.057 -0.050 -0.266 -0.186 -0.137 -0.088 -0.079 -0.072 OVER 280 0.000 0.000 -0.005 -0.014 -0.025 -0.027 -0.056 -0.056 -0.056 -0.036 -0.047 -0.049

TO 315 -0.210 -0.130 -0.086 -0.066 -0.057 -0.050 -0.266 -0.186 -0.137 -0.088 -0.079 -0.072 OVER 315 0.000 0.000 -0.005 -0.016 -0.026 -0.030 -0.062 -0.062 -0.062 -0.041 -0.051 -0.055

TO 355 -0.230 -0.140 -0.094 -0.073 -0.062 -0.055 -0.292 -0.202 -0.151 -0.098 -0.087 -0.080 OVER 355 0.000 0.000 -0.005 -0.016 -0.026 -0.030 -0.062 -0.062 -0.062 -0.041 -0.051 -0.055

TO 400 -0.230 -0.140 -0.094 -0.073 -0.062 -0.055 -0.292 -0.202 -0.151 -0.098 -0.087 -0.080 OVER 400 0.000 0.000 -0.006 -0.017 -0.027 -0.033 -0.068 -0.068 -0.068 -0.045 -0.055 -0.061

TO 450 -0.250 -0.155 -0.103 -0.080 -0.067 -0.060 -0.318 -0.223 -0.165 -0.108 -0.095 -0.088 OVER 450 0.000 0.000 -0.006 -0.017 -0.027 -0.033 -0.068 -0.068 -0.068 -0.045 -0.055 -0.061

TO 500 -0.250 -0.155 -0.103 -0.080 -0.067 -0.060 -0.318 -0.223 -0.165 -0.108 -0.095 -0.088

TABLE 6-14 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (R10 ... R5, S10 ... S5) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R5 S10 S9 S8 S7 S6 S5 OVER 0 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014

TO 3 -0.050 -0.035 -0.024 -0.020 -0.016 -0.014 -0.054 -0.039 -0.028 -0.024 -0.020 -0.018 OVER 3 -0.015 -0.015 -0.015 -0.011 -0.012 -0.014 -0.019 -0.019 -0.019 -0.015 -0.016 -0.018

TO 6 -0.063 -0.045 -0.033 -0.023 -0.020 -0.019 -0.067 -0.049 -0.037 -0.027 -0.024 -0.023 OVER 6 -0.019 -0.019 -0.019 -0.013 -0.016 -0.017 -0.023 -0.023 -0.023 -0.017 -0.020 -0.021

TO 10 -0.077 -0.055 -0.041 -0.028 -0.025 -0.023 -0.081 -0.059 -0.045 -0.032 -0.029 -0.027 OVER 10 -0.023 -0.023 -0.023 -0.016 -0.020 -0.020 -0.028 -0.028 -0.028 -0.021 -0.025 -0.025

TO 14 -0.093 -0.066 -0.050 -0.034 -0.031 -0.028 -0.098 -0.071 -0.055 -0.039 -0.036 -0.033 OVER 14 -0.023 -0.023 -0.023 -0.016 -0.020 -0.020 -0.028 -0.028 -0.028 -0.021 -0.025 -0.025

TO 18 -0.093 -0.066 -0.050 -0.034 -0.031 -0.028 -0.098 -0.071 -0.055 -0.039 -0.036 -0.033 OVER 18 -0.028 -0.028 -0.028 -0.020 -0.024 -0.025 -0.035 -0.035 -0.035 -0.027 -0.031 -0.032

TO 24 -0.112 -0.080 -0.061 -0.041 -0.037 -0.034 -0.119 -0.087 -0.068 -0.048 -0.044 -0.041 OVER 24 -0.028 -0.028 -0.028 -0.020 -0.024 -0.025 -0.035 -0.035 -0.035 -0.027 -0.031 -0.032

TO 30 -0.112 -0.080 -0.061 -0.041 -0.037 -0.034 -0.119 -0.087 -0.068 -0.048 -0.044 -0.041 OVER 30 -0.034 -0.034 -0.034 -0.025 -0.029 -0.030 -0.043 -0.043 -0.043 -0.034 -0.038 -0.039

TO 40 -0.134 -0.096 -0.073 -0.050 -0.045 -0.041 -0.143 -0.105 -0.082 -0.059 -0.054 -0.050 OVER 40 -0.034 -0.034 -0.034 -0.025 -0.029 -0.030 -0.043 -0.043 -0.043 -0.034 -0.038 -0.039

TO 50 -0.134 -0.096 -0.073 -0.050 -0.045 -0.041 -0.143 -0.105 -0.082 -0.059 -0.054 -0.050 OVER 50 -0.041 -0.041 -0.041 -0.030 -0.035 -0.036 -0.053 -0.053 -0.053 -0.042 -0.047 -0.048

TO 65 -0.161 -0.115 -0.087 -0.060 -0.054 -0.049 -0.173 -0.127 -0.099 -0.072 -0.066 -0.061 OVER 65 -0.043 -0.043 -0.043 -0.032 -0.037 -0.038 -0.059 -0.059 -0.059 -0.048 -0.053 -0.054

TO 80 -0.163 -0.117 -0.089 -0.062 -0.056 -0.051 -0.179 -0.133 -0.105 -0.078 -0.072 -0.067 OVER 80 -0.051 -0.051 -0.051 -0.038 -0.044 -0.046 -0.071 -0.071 -0.071 -0.058 -0.064 -0.066

TO 100 -0.191 -0.138 -0.105 -0.073 -0.066 -0.061 -0.211 -0.158 -0.125 -0.093 -0.086 -0.081 OVER 100 -0.054 -0.054 -0.054 -0.041 -0.047 -0.049 -0.079 -0.079 -0.079 -0.066 -0.072 -0.074

TO 120 -0.194 -0.141 -0.108 -0.076 -0.069 -0.064 -0.219 -0.166 -0.133 -0.101 -0.094 -0.089 OVER 120 -0.063 -0.063 -0.063 -0.048 -0.056 -0.057 -0.092 -0.092 -0.092 -0.077 -0.085 -0.086

TO 140 -0.223 -0.163 -0.126 -0.088 -0.081 -0.075 -0.252 -0.192 -0.155 -0.117 -0.110 -0.104 OVER 140 -0.065 -0.065 -0.065 -0.050 -0.058 -0.059 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.085 -0.093 -0.094

TO 160 -0.225 -0.165 -0.128 -0.090 -0.083 -0.077 -0.260 -0.200 -0.163 -0.125 -0.118 -0.112 OVER 160 -0.068 -0.068 -0.068 -0.053 -0.061 -0.062 -0.108 -0.108 -0.108 -0.093 -0.101 -0.102

TO 180 -0.228 -0.168 -0.131 -0.093 -0.086 -0.080 -0.268 -0.208 -0.171 -0.133 -0.126 -0.120 OVER 180 -0.077 -0.077 -0.077 -0.060 -0.068 -0.071 -0.122 -0.122 -0.122 -0.105 -0.113 -0.116

TO 200 -0.262 -0.192 -0.149 -0.106 -0.097 -0.091 -0.307 -0.237 -0.194 -0.151 -0.142 -0.136 OVER 200 -0.080 -0.080 -0.080 -0.063 -0.071 -0.074 -0.130 -0.130 -0.130 -0.113 -0.121 -0.124

TO 225 -0.265 -0.195 -0.152 -0.109 -0.100 -0.094 -0.315 -0.245 -0.202 -0.159 -0.150 -0.144 OVER 225 -0.084 -0.084 -0.084 -0.067 -0.075 -0.078 -0.140 -0.140 -0.140 -0.123 -0.131 -0.134

TO 250 -0.269 -0.199 -0.156 -0.113 -0.104 -0.098 -0.325 -0.255 -0.212 -0.169 -0.160 -0.154 OVER 250 -0.094 -0.094 -0.094 -0.074 -0.085 -0.087 -0.158 -0.158 -0.158 -0.138 -0.149 -0.151

TO 280 -0.304 -0.224 -0.175 -0.126 -0.117 -0.110 -0.368 -0.288 -0.239 -0.190 -0.181 -0.174 OVER 280 -0.098 -0.098 -0.098 -0.078 -0.089 -0.091 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170 -0.150 -0.161 -0.163

TO 315 -0.308 -0.228 -0.179 -0.130 -0.121 -0.114 -0.380 -0.300 -0.251 -0.202 -0.193 -0.186 OVER 315 -0.108 -0.108 -0.108 -0.087 -0.097 -0.101 -0.190 -0.190 -0.190 -0.169 -0.179 -0.183

TO 355 -0.338 -0.248 -0.197 -0.144 -0.133 -0.126 -0.420 -0.330 -0.279 -0.226 -0.215 -0.208 OVER 355 -0.114 -0.114 -0.114 -0.093 -0.103 -0.107 -0.208 -0.208 -0.208 -0.187 -0.197 -0.201

TO 400 -0.344 -0.254 -0.203 -0.150 -0.139 -0.132 -0.438 -0.348 -0.297 -0.244 -0.233 -0.226 OVER 400 -0.126 -0.126 -0.126 -0.103 -0.113 -0.119 -0.232 -0.232 -0.232 -0.209 -0.219 -0.225

TO 450 -0.376 -0.281 -0.223 -0.166 -0.153 -0.146 -0.482 -0.387 -0.329 -0.272 -0.259 -0.252 OVER 450 -0.132 -0.132 -0.132 -0.109 -0.119 -0.125 -0.252 -0.252 -0.252 -0.229 -0.239 -0.245

TO 500 -0.382 -0.287 -0.229 -0.172 -0.159 -0.152 -0.502 -0.407 -0.349 -0.292 -0.279 -0.272

TABLE 6-15 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (T10 ... T5, U10... U5) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE T10 T9 T8 T7 T6 T5 U10 U9 U8 U7 U6 U5 OVER 0 -0.018 -0.018 -0.018 -0.018 -0.018 -0.018

TO 3 -0.058 -0.043 -0.032 -0.028 -0.024 -0.022 OVER 3 -0.023 -0.023 -0.023 -0.019 -0.020 -0.022

TO 6 -0.071 -0.053 -0.041 -0.031 -0.028 -0.027 OVER 6 NUMERICAL VALUES FOR -0.028 -0.028 -0.028 -0.022 -0.025 -0.026

TO 10 TOLERANCE ZONES IN -0.086 -0.064 -0.050 -0.037 -0.034 -0.032 OVER 10 THIS AREA NOT DEFINED -0.033 -0.033 -0.033 -0.026 -0.030 -0.030

TO 14 -0.103 -0.076 -0.060 -0.044 -0.041 -0.038 OVER 14 -0.033 -0.033 -0.033 -0.026 -0.030 -0.030

TO 18 -0.103 -0.076 -0.060 -0.044 -0.041 -0.038 OVER 18 -0.041 -0.041 -0.041 -0.033 -0.037 -0.038

TO 24 -0.125 -0.093 -0.074 -0.054 0.050 -0.047 OVER 24 -0.041 -0.041 -0.041 -0.033 -0.037 -0.038 -0.048 -0.048 -0.048 -0.040 -0.044 -0.045

TO 30 -0.125 -0.093 -0.074 -0.054 -0.050 -0.047 -0.132 -0.100 -0.081 -0.061 -0.057 -0.054 OVER 30 -0.048 -0.048 -0.048 -0.039 -0.043 -0.044 -0.060 -0.060 -0.060 -0.051 -0.055 -0.056

TO 40 -0.148 -0.110 -0.087 -0.064 -0.059 -0.055 -0.160 -0.122 -0.099 -0.076 -0.071 -0.067 OVER 40 -0.054 -0.054 -0.054 -0.045 -0.049 -0.050 -0.070 -0.070 -0.070 -0.061 -0.065 -0.066

TO 50 -0.154 -0.116 -0.093 -0.070 -0.065 -0.061 -0.170 -0.132 -0.109 -0.086 -0.081 -0.077 OVER 50 -0.066 -0.066 -0.066 -0.055 -0.060 -0.061 -0.087 -0.087 -0.087 -0.076 -0.081 -0.082

TO 65 -0.186 -0.140 -0.112 -0.085 -0.079 -0.074 -0.207 -0.161 -0.133 -0.106 -0.100 -0.095 OVER 65 -0.075 -0.075 -0.075 -0.064 -0.069 -0.070 -0.102 -0.102 -0.102 -0.091 -0.096 -0.097

TO 80 -0.195 -0.149 -0.121 -0.094 -0.088 -0.088 -0.222 -0.176 -0.148 -0.121 -0.115 -0.110 OVER 80 -0.091 -0.091 -0.091 -0.078 -0.084 -0.086 -0.124 -0.124 -0.124 -0.111 -0.117 -0.119

TO 100 -0.231 -0.178 -0.145 -0.113 -0.106 -0.101 -0.264 -0.211 -0.178 -0.146 -0.139 -0.134 OVER 100 -0.104 -0.104 -0.104 -0.091 -0.097 -0.099 -0.144 -0.144 -0.144 -0.131 -0.137 -0.139

TO 120 -0.244 -0.191 -0.158 -0.126 -0.119 -0.114 -0.284 -0.231 -0.198 -0.166 -0.159 -0.154 OVER 120 -0.122 -0.122 -0.122 -0.107 -0.115 -0.116 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170 -0.155 -0.163 -0.164

TO 140 -0.282 -0.222 -0.185 -0.147 -0.140 -0.134 -0.330 -0.270 -0.233 -0.195 -0.188 -0.182 OVER 140 -0.134 -0.134 -0.134 -0.119 -0.127 -0.128 -0.190 -0.190 -0.190 -0.175 -0.183 -0.184

TO 160 -0.294 -0.234 -0.197 -0.159 -0.152 -0.146 -0.350 -0.290 -0.253 -0.215 -0.208 -0.202 OVER 160 -0.146 -0.146 -0.146 -0.131 -0.139 -0.140 -0.210 -0.210 -0.210 -0.195 -0.203 -0.204

TO 180 -0.306 -0.246 -0.209 -0.171 -0.164 -0.158 -0.370 -0.310 -0.273 -0.235 -0.228 -0.222 OVER 180 -0.166 -0.166 -0.166 -0.149 -0.157 -0.160 -0.236 -0.236 -0.236 -0.219 -0.227 -0.230

TO 200 -0.351 -0.281 -0.238 -0.195 -0.186 -0.180 -0.421 -0.351 -0.308 -0.265 -0.256 -0.250 OVER 200 -0.180 -0.180 -0.180 -0.163 -0.171 -0.174 -0.258 -0.258 -0.258 -0.241 -0.249 -0.252

TO 225 -0.365 -0.295 -0.252 -0.209 -0.200 -0.194 -0.443 -0.373 -0.330 -0.287 -0.278 -0.272 OVER 225 -0.196 -0.196 -0.196 -0.179 -0.187 -0.190 -0.284 -0.284 -0.284 -0.267 -0.275 -0.278

TO 250 -0.381 -0.311 -0.268 -0.225 -0.216 -0.210 -0.469 -0.399 -0.356 -0.313 -0.304 -0.298 OVER 250 -0.218 -0.218 -0.218 -0.198 -0.209 -0.211 -0.315 -0.315 -0.315 -0.295 -0.306 -0.308

TO 280 -0.428 -0.348 -0.299 -0.250 -0.241 -0.234 -0.525 -0.445 -0.396 -0.347 -0.338 -0.331 OVER 280 -0.240 -0.240 -0.240 -0.220 -0.231 -0.233 -0.350 -0.350 -0.350 -0.330 -0.341 -0.343

TO 315 -0.450 -0.370 -0.321 -0.272 -0.263 -0.256 -0.560 -0.480 -0.431 -0.382 -0.373 -0.366 OVER 315 -0.268 -0.268 -0.268 -0.247 -0.257 -0.261 -0.390 -0.390 -0.390 -0.369 -0.379 -0.383

TO 355 -0.498 -0.408 -0.357 -0.304 -0.293 -0.286 -0.620 -0.530 -0.479 -0.426 -0.415 -0.408 OVER 355 -0.294 -0.294 -0.294 -0.273 -0.283 -0.287 -0.435 -0.435 -0.435 -0.414 -0.424 -0.428

TO 400 -0.524 -0.434 -0.383 -0.330 -0.319 -0.312 -0.665 -0.575 -0.524 -0.471 -0.460 -0.453 OVER 400 -0.330 -0.330 -0.330 -0.307 -0.317 -0.323 -0.490 -0.490 -0.490 -0.467 -0.477 -0.483

TO 450 -0.580 -0.485 -0.427 -0.370 -0.357 -0.350 -0.740 -0.645 -0.587 -0.530 -0.517 -0.510 OVER 450 -0.360 -0.360 -0.360 -0.337 -0.347 -0.353 -0.540 -0.540 -0.540 -0.517 -0.527 -0.533

TO 500 -0.610 -0.515 -0.457 -0.400 -0.387 -0.380 -0.790 -0.695 -0.637 -0.580 -0.567 -0.560

TABLE 6-16 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (V10 ... V5, X10 ... X5) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE V10 V9 V8 V7 V6 V5 X10 X9 X8 X7 X6 X5 OVER 0 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020

TO 3 -0.060 -0.045 -0.034 -0.030 -0.026 -0.024 OVER 3 -0.028 -0.028 -0.028 -0.024 -0.025 -0.027

TO 6 NUMERICAL VALUES FOR -0.076 -0.058 -0.046 -0.036 -0.033 -0.032 OVER 6 TOLERANCE ZONES IN -0.034 -0.034 -0.034 -0.028 -0.031 -0.032

TO 10 THIS AREA NOT DEFINED. -0.092 -0.070 -0.056 -0.043 -0.040 -0.038 OVER 10 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.033 -0.037 -0.037

TO 14 -0.110 -0.083 -0.067 -0.051 -0.048 -0.045 OVER 14 -0.039 -0.039 -0.039 -0.032 -0.036 -0.036 -0.045 -0.045 -0.045 -0.038 -0.042 -0.042

TO 18 -0.109 -0.082 -0.066 -0.050 -0.047 -0.044 -0.115 -0.088 -0.072 -0.056 -0.053 -0.050 OVER 18 -0.047 -0.047 -0.047 -0.039 -0.043 -0.044 -0.054 -0.054 -0.054 -0.046 -0.050 -0.051

TO 24 -0.131 -0.099 -0.080 -0.060 -0.056 -0.053 -0.138 -0.106 -0.087 -0.067 -0.063 -0.060 OVER 24 -0.055 -0.055 -0.055 -0.047 -0.051 -0.052 -0.064 -0.064 -0.064 -0.056 -0.060 -0.061

TO 30 -0.139 -0.107 -0.088 -0.068 -0.064 -0.061 -0.148 -0.116 -0.097 -0.077 -0.073 -0.070 OVER 30 -0.068 -0.068 -0.068 -0.059 -0.063 -0.064 -0.080 -0.080 -0.080 -0.071 -0.075 -0.076

TO 40 -0.168 -0.130 -0.107 -0.084 -0.079 -0.075 -0.180 -0.142 -0.119 -0.096 -0.091 -0.087 OVER 40 -0.081 -0.081 -0.081 -0.072 -0.076 -0.077 -0.097 -0.097 -0.097 -0.088 -0.092 -0.093

TO 50 -0.181 -0.143 -0.120 -0.097 -0.092 -0.088 -0.197 -0.159 -0.136 -0.113 -0.108 -0.104 OVER 50 -0.102 -0.102 -0.102 -0.091 -0.096 -0.097 -0.122 -0.122 -0.122 -0.111 -0.116 -0.117

TO 65 -0.222 -0.176 -0.148 -0.121 -0.115 -0.110 -0.242 -0.196 -0.168 -0.141 -0.135 -0.130 OVER 65 -0.120 -0.120 -0.120 -0.109 -0.114 -0.115 -0.146 -0.146 -0.146 -0.135 -0.140 -0.141

TO 80 -0.240 -0.194 -0.166 -0.139 -0.133 -0.128 -0.266 -0.220 -0.192 -0.165 -0.159 -0.154 OVER 80 -0.146 -0.146 -0.146 -0.133 -0.139 -0.141 -0.178 -0.178 -0.178 -0.165 -0.171 -0.173

TO 100 -0.286 -0.233 -0.200 -0.168 -0.161 -0.156 -0.318 -0.265 -0.232 -0.200 -0.193 -0.188 OVER 100 -0.172 -0.172 -0.172 -0.159 -0.165 -0.167 -0.210 -0.210 -0.210 -0.197 -0.203 -0.205

TO 120 -0.312 -0.259 -0.226 -0.194 -0.187 -0.182 -0.350 -0.297 -0.264 -0.232 -0.225 -0.220 OVER 120 -0.202 -0.202 -0.202 -0.187 -0.195 -0.196 -0.248 -0.248 -0.248 -0.233 -0.241 -0.242

TO 140 -0.362 -0.302 -0.265 -0.227 -0.220 -0.214 -0.408 -0.348 -0.311 -0.273 -0.266 -0.260 OVER 140 -0.228 -0.228 -0.228 -0.213 -0.221 -0.222 -0.280 -0.280 -0.280 -0.265 -0.273 -0.274

TO 160 -0.388 -0.328 -0.291 -0.253 -0.246 -0.240 -0.440 -0.380 -0.343 -0.305 -0.298 -0.292 OVER 160 -0.252 -0.252 -0.252 -0.237 -0.245 -0.246 -0.310 -0.310 -0.310 -0.295 -0.303 -0.304

TO 180 -0.412 -0.352 -0.315 -0.277 -0.270 -0.264 -0.470 -0.410 -0.373 -0.335 -0.328 -0.322 OVER 180 -0.284 -0.284 -0.284 -0.267 -0.275 -0.278 -0.350 -0.350 -0.350 -0.333 -0.341 -0.344

TO 200 -0.469 -0.399 -0.356 -0.313 -0.304 -0.298 -0.535 -0.465 -0.422 -0.379 -0.370 -0.364 OVER 200 -0.310 -0.310 -0.310 -0.293 -0.301 -0.304 -0.385 -0.385 -0.385 -0.368 -0.376 -0.379

TO 225 -0.495 -0.425 -0.382 -0.339 -0.330 -0.324 -0.570 -0.500 -0.457 -0.414 -0.405 -0.399 OVER 225 -0.340 -0.340 -0.340 -0.323 -0.331 -0.334 -0.425 -0.425 -0.425 -0.408 -0.416 -0.419

TO 250 -0.525 -0.455 -0.412 -0.369 -0.360 -0.354 -0.610 -0.540 -0.497 -0.454 -0.445 -0.439 OVER 250 -0.385 -0.385 -0.385 -0.365 -0.376 -0.378 -0.475 -0.475 -0.475 -0.455 -0.466 -0.468

TO 280 -0.595 -0.515 -0.466 -0.417 -0.408 -0.401 -0.685 -0.605 -0.556 -0.507 -0.498 -0.491 OVER 280 -0.425 -0.425 -0.425 -0.405 -0.416 -0.418 -0.525 -0.525 -0.525 -0.505 -0.516 -0.518

TO 315 -0.635 -0.555 -0.506 -0.457 -0.448 -0.441 -0.735 -0.655 -0.606 -0.557 -0.548 -0.541 OVER 315 -0.475 -0.475 -0.475 -0.454 -0.464 -0.468 -0.590 -0.590 -0.590 -0.569 -0.579 -0.583

TO 355 -0.705 -0.615 -0.564 -0.511 -0.500 -0.493 -0.820 -0.730 -0.679 -0.626 -0.615 -0.608 OVER 355 -0.530 -0.530 -0.530 -0.509 -0.519 -0.523 -0.660 -0.660 -0.660 -0.639 -0.649 -0.653

TO 400 -0.760 -0.670 -0.619 -0.566 -0.555 -0.548 -0.890 -0.800 -0.749 -0.696 -0.685 -0.678 OVER 400 -0.595 -0.595 -0.595 -0.572 -0.582 -0.588 -0.740 -0.740 -0.740 -0.717 -0.727 -0.733

TO 450 -0.845 -0.750 -0.692 -0.635 -0.622 -0.615 -0.990 -0.895 -0.837 -0.780 -0.767 -0.760 OVER 450 -0.660 -0.660 -0.660 -0.637 -0.647 -0.653 -0.820 -0.820 -0.820 -0.797 -0.807 -0.813

TO 500 -0.910 -0.815 -0.757 -0.700 -0.687 -0.680 -1.070 -0.975 -0.917 -0.860 -0.847 -0.840

TABLE 6-17 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (Y10 ... Y5, Z10 ... Z5) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE Y10 Y9 Y8 Y7 Y6 Y5 Z10 Z9 Z8 Z7 Z6 Z5 OVER 0 -0.026 -0.026 -0.026 -0.026 -0.026 -0.026

TO 3 -0.066 -0.051 -0.040 -0.036 -0.032 -0.030 OVER 3 NUMERICAL VALUES FOR -0.035 -0.035 -0.035 -0.031 -0.032 -0.034

TO 6 -0.083 -0.065 -0.053 -0.043 -0.040 -0.039 OVER 6 TOLERANCE ZONES IN -0.042 -0.042 -0.042 -0.036 -0.039 -0.040

TO 10 -0.100 -0.078 -0.064 -0.051 -0.048 -0.046 OVER 10 THIS AREA NOT DEFINED. -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.043 -0.047 -0.047

TO 14 -0.120 -0.093 -0.077 -0.061 -0.058 -0.055 OVER 14 -0.060 -0.060 -0.060 -0.053 -0.057 -0.057

TO 18 -0.130 -0.103 -0.087 -0.071 -0.068 -0.065 OVER 18 -0.063 -0.063 -0.063 -0.055 -0.059 -0.060 -0.073 -0.073 -0.073 -0.065 -0.069 -0.070

TO 24 -0.147 -0.115 -0.096 -0.076 -0.072 -0.069 -0.157 -0.125 -0.106 -0.086 -0.082 -0.079 OVER 24 -0.075 -0.075 -0.075 -0.067 -0.071 -0.072 -0.088 -0.088 -0.088 -0.080 -0.084 -0.085

TO 30 -0.159 -0.127 -0.108 -0.088 -0.084 -0.081 -0.172 -0.140 -0.121 -0.101 -0.097 -0.094 OVER 30 -0.094 -0.094 -0.094 -0.085 -0.089 -0.090 -0.112 -0.112 -0.112 -0.103 -0.107 -0.108

TO 40 -0.194 -0.156 -0.133 -0.110 -0.105 -0.101 -0.212 -0.174 -0.151 -0.128 -0.123 -0.119 OVER 40 -0.114 -0.114 -0.114 -0.105 -0.109 -0.110 -0.136 -0.136 -0.136 -0.127 -0.131 -0.132

TO 50 -0.214 -0.176 -0.153 -0.130 -0.125 -0.121 -0.236 -0.198 -0.175 -0.152 -0.147 -0.143 OVER 50 -0.144 -0.144 -0.144 -0.133 -0.138 -0.139 -0.172 -0.172 -0.172 -0.161 -0.166 -0.167

TO 65 -0.264 -0.218 -0.190 -0.163 -0.157 -0.152 -0.292 -0.246 -0.218 -0.191 -0.185 -0.180 OVER 65 -0.174 -0.174 -0.174 -0.163 -0.168 -0.169 -0.210 -0.210 -0.210 -0.199 -0.204 -0.205

TO 80 -0.294 -0.248 -0.220 -0.193 -0.187 -0.182 -0.330 -0.284 -0.256 -0.229 -0.223 -0.218 OVER 80 -0.214 -0.214 -0.214 -0.201 -0.207 -0.209 -0.258 -0.258 -0.258 -0.245 -0.251 -0.253

TO 100 -0.354 -0.301 -0.268 -0.236 -0.229 -0.224 -0.398 -0.345 -0.312 -0.280 -0.273 -0.268 OVER 100 -0.254 -0.254 -0.254 -0.241 -0.247 -0.249 -0.310 -0.310 -0.310 -0.297 -0.303 -0.305

TO 120 -0.394 -0.341 -0.308 -0.276 -0.269 -0.264 -0.450 -0.397 -0.364 -0.332 -0.325 -0.320 OVER 120 -0.300 -0.300 -0.300 -0.285 -0.293 -0.294 -0.365 -0.365 -0.365 -0.350 -0.358 -0.359

TO 140 -0.460 -0.400 -0.363 -0.325 -0.318 -0.312 -0.525 -0.465 -0.428 -0.390 -0.383 -0.377 OVER 140 -0.340 -0.340 -0.340 -0.325 -0.333 -0.334 -0.415 -0.415 -0.415 -0.400 -0.408 -0.409

TO 160 -0.500 -0.440 -0.403 -0.365 -0.358 -0.352 -0.575 -0.515 -0.478 -0.440 -0.433 -0.427 OVER 160 -0.380 -0.380 -0.380 -0.365 -0.373 -0.374 -0.465 -0.465 -0.465 -0.450 -0.458 -0.459

TO 180 -0.540 -0.480 -0.443 -0.405 -0.398 -0.392 -0.625 -0.565 -0.528 -0.490 -0.483 -0.477 OVER 180 -0.425 -0.425 -0.425 -0.408 -0.416 -0.419 -0.520 -0.520 -0.520 -0.503 -0.511 -0.514

TO 200 -0.610 -0.540 -0.497 -0.454 -0.445 -0.439 -0.705 -0.635 -0.592 -0.549 -0.540 -0.534 OVER 200 -0.470 -0.470 -0.470 -0.453 -0.461 -0.464 -0.575 -0.575 -0.575 -0.558 -0.566 -0.569

TO 225 -0.655 -0.585 -0.542 -0.499 -0.490 -0.484 -0.760 -0.690 -0.647 -0.604 -0.595 -0.589 OVER 225 -0.520 -0.520 -0.520 -0.503 -0.511 -0.514 -0.640 -0.640 -0.640 -0.623 -0.631 -0.634

TO 250 -0.705 -0.635 -0.592 -0.549 -0.540 -0.534 -0.825 -0.755 -0.712 -0.669 -0.660 -0.654 OVER 250 -0.580 -0.580 -0.580 -0.560 -0.571 -0.573 -0.710 -0.710 -0.710 -0.690 -0.701 -0.703

TO 280 -0.790 -0.710 -0.661 -0.612 -0.603 -0.596 -0.920 -0.840 -0.791 -0.742 -0.733 -0.726 OVER 280 -0.650 -0.650 -0.650 -0.630 -0.641 -0.643 -0.790 -0.790 -0.790 -0.770 -0.781 -0.783

TO 315 -0.860 -0.780 -0.731 -0.682 -0.673 -0.666 -1.000 -0.920 -0.871 -0.822 -0.813 -0.806 OVER 315 -0.730 -0.730 -0.730 -0.709 -0.719 -0.723 -0.900 -0.900 -0.900 -0.879 -0.889 -0.893

TO 355 -0.960 -0.870 -0.819 -0.766 -0.755 -0.748 -1.130 -1.040 -0.989 -0.936 -0.925 -0.918 OVER 355 -0.820 -0.820 -0.820 -0.799 -0.809 -0.813 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -0.979 -0.989 -0.993

TO 400 -1.050 -0.960 -0.909 -0.856 -0.845 -0.838 -1.230 -1.140 -1.089 -1.036 -1.025 -1.018 OVER 400 -0.920 -0.920 -0.920 -0.897 -0.907 -0.913 -1.100 -1.100 -1.100 -1.077 -1.087 -1.093

TO 450 -1.170 -1.075 -1.017 -0.960 -0.947 -0.940 -1.350 -1.255 -1.197 -1.140 -1.127 -1.120 OVER 450 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -0.977 -0.987 -0.993 -1.250 -1.250 -1.250 -1.227 -1.237 -1.243

TO 500 -1.250 -1.155 -1.097 -1.040 -1.027 -1.020 -1.500 -1.405 -1.347 -1.290 -1.277 -1.270

TABLE 6-18 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (a14 ... a9, b14 ... b9) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE a14 a13 a12 a11 a10 a9 b14 b13 b12 b11 b10 b9 OVER 0 -0.270 -0.270 -0.270 -0.270 -0.270 -0.270 -0.140 -0.140 -0.140 -0.140 -0.140 -0.140

TO 3 -0.520 -0.410 -0.370 -0.330 -0.310 -0.295 -0.390 -0.280 -0.240 -0.200 -0.180 -0.165 OVER 3 -0.270 -0.270 -0.270 -0.270 -0.270 -0.270 -0.140 -0.140 -0.140 -0.140 -0.140 -0.140

TO 6 -0.570 -0.450 -0.390 -0.345 -0.318 -0.300 -0.440 -0.320 -0.260 -0.215 -0.188 -0.170 OVER 6 -0.280 -0.280 -0.280 -0.280 -0.280 -0.280 -0.150 -0.150 -0.150 -0.150 -0.150 -0.150

TO 10 -0.640 -0.500 -0.430 -0.370 -0.338 -0.316 -0.510 -0.370 -0.300 -0.240 -0.208 -0.186 OVER 10 -0.290 -0.290 -0.290 -0.290 -0.290 -0.290 -0.150 -0.150 -0.150 -0.150 -0.150 -0.150

TO 14 -0.720 -0.560 -0.470 -0.400 -0.360 -0.333 -0.580 -0.420 -0.330 -0.260 -0.220 -0.193 OVER 14 -0.290 -0.290 -0.290 -0.290 -0.290 -0.290 -0.150 -0.150 -0.150 -0.150 -0.150 -0.150

TO 18 -0.720 -0.560 -0.470 -0.400 -0.360 -0.333 -0.580 -0.420 -0.330 -0.260 -0.220 -0.193 OVER 18 -0.300 -0.300 -0.300 -0.300 -0.300 -0.300 -0.160 -0.160 -0.160 -0.160 -0.160 -0.160

TO 24 -0.820 -0.630 -0.510 -0.430 -0.384 -0.352 -0.680 -0.490 -0.370 -0.290 -0.244 -0.212 OVER 24 -0.300 -0.300 -0.300 -0.300 -0.300 -0.300 -0.160 -0.160 -0.160 -0.160 -0.160 -0.160

TO 30 -0.820 -0.630 -0.510 -0.430 -0.384 -0.352 -0.680 -0.490 -0.370 -0.290 -0.244 -0.212 OVER 30 -0.310 -0.310 -0.310 -0.310 -0.310 -0.310 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170

TO 40 -0.930 -0.700 -0.560 -0.470 -0.410 -0.372 -0.790 -0.560 -0.420 -0.330 -0.270 -0.232 OVER 40 -0.320 -0.320 -0.320 -0.320 -0.320 -0.320 -0.180 -0.180 -0.180 -0.180 -0.180 -0.180

TO 50 -0.940 -0.710 -0.570 -0.480 -0.420 -0.382 -0.800 -0.570 -0.430 -0.340 -0.280 -0.242 OVER 50 -0.340 -0.340 -0.340 -0.340 -0.340 -0.340 -0.190 -0.190 -0.190 -0.190 -0.190 -0.190

TO 65 -1.080 -0.800 -0.640 -0.530 -0.460 -0.414 -0.930 -0.650 -0.490 -0.380 -0.310 -0.264 OVER 65 -0.360 -0.360 -0.360 -0.360 -0.360 -0.360 -0.200 -0.200 -0.200 -0.200 -0.200 -0.200

TO 80 -1.100 -0.820 -0.660 -0.550 -0.480 -0.434 -0.940 -0.660 -0.500 -0.390 -0.320 -0.274 OVER 80 -0.380 -0.380 -0.380 -0.380 -0.380 -0.380 -0.220 -0.220 -0.220 -0.220 -0.220 -0.220

TO 100 -1.250 -0.920 -0.730 -0.600 -0.520 -0.467 -1.090 -0.760 -0.570 -0.440 -0.360 -0.307 OVER 100 -0.410 -0.410 -0.410 -0.410 -0.410 -0.410 -0.240 -0.240 -0.240 -0.240 -0.240 -0.240

TO 120 -1.280 -0.950 -0.760 -0.630 -0.550 -0.497 -1.110 -0.780 -0.590 -0.460 -0.380 -0.327 OVER 120 -0.460 -0.460 -0.460 -0.460 -0.460 -0.460 -0.260 -0.260 -0.260 -0.260 -0.260 -0.260

TO 140 -1.460 -1.090 -0.860 -0.710 -0.620 -0.560 -1.260 -0.890 -0.660 -0.510 -0.420 -0.360 OVER 140 -0.520 -0.520 -0.520 -0.520 -0.520 -0.520 -0.280 -0.280 -0.280 -0.280 -0.280 -0.280

TO 160 -1.520 -1.150 -0.920 -0.770 -0.680 -0.620 -1.280 -0.910 -0.680 -0.530 -0.440 -0.380 OVER 160 -0.580 -0.580 -0.580 -0.580 -0.580 -0.580 -0.310 -0.310 -0.310 -0.310 -0.310 -0.310

TO 180 -1.580 -1.210 -0.980 -0.830 -0.740 -0.680 -1.310 -0.940 -0.710 -0.560 -0.470 -0.410 OVER 180 -0.660 -0.660 -0.660 -0.660 -0.660 -0.660 -0.340 -0.340 -0.340 -0.340 -0.340 -0.340

TO 200 -1.810 -1.380 -1.120 -0.950 -0.845 -0.775 -1.490 -1.060 -0.800 -0.630 -0.525 -0.455 OVER 200 -0.740 -0.740 -0.740 -0.740 -0.740 -0.740 -0.380 -0.380 -0.380 -0.380 -0.380 -0.380

TO 225 -1.890 -1.460 -1.200 -1.030 -0.925 -0.855 -1.530 -1.100 -0.840 -0.670 -0.565 -0.495 OVER 225 -0.820 -0.820 -0.820 -0.820 -0.820 -0.820 -0.420 -0.420 -0.420 -0.420 -0.420 -0.420

TO 250 -1.970 -1.540 -1.280 -1.110 -1.005 -0.935 -1.570 -1.140 -0.880 -0.710 -0.605 -0.535 OVER 250 -0.920 -0.920 -0.920 -0.920 -0.920 -0.920 -0.480 -0.480 -0.480 -0.480 -0.480 -0.480

TO 280 -2.220 -1.730 -1.440 -1.240 -1.130 -1.050 -1.780 -1.290 -1.000 -0.800 -0.690 -0.610 OVER 280 -1.050 -1.050 -1.050 -1.050 -1.050 -1.050 -0.540 -0.540 -0.540 -0.540 -0.540 -0.540

TO 315 -2.350 -1.860 -1.570 -1.370 -1.260 -1.180 -1.840 -1.350 -1.060 -0.860 -0.750 -0.670 OVER 315 -1.200 -1.200 -1.200 -1.200 -1.200 -1.200 -0.600 -0.600 -0.600 -0.600 -0.600 -0.600

TO 355 -2.600 -2.090 -1.770 -1.560 -1.430 -1.340 -2.000 -1.490 -1.170 -0.960 -0.830 -0.740 OVER 355 -1.350 -1.350 -1.350 -1.350 -1.350 -1.350 -0.680 -0.680 -0.680 -0.680 -0.680 -0.680

TO 400 -2.750 -2.240 -1.920 -1.710 -1.580 -1.490 -2.080 -1.570 -1.250 -1.040 -0.910 -0.820 OVER 400 -1.500 -1.500 -1.500 -1.500 -1.500 -1.500 -0.760 -0.760 -0.760 -0.760 -0.760 -0.760

TO 450 -3.050 -2.470 -2.130 -1.900 -1.750 -1.655 -2.310 -1.730 -1.390 -1.160 -1.010 -0.915 OVER 450 -1.650 -1.650 -1.650 -1.650 -1.650 -1.650 -0.840 -0.840 -0.840 -0.840 -0.840 -0.840

TO 500 -3.200 -2.620 -2.280 -2.050 -1.900 -1.805 -2.390 -1.810 -1.470 -1.240 -1.090 -0.995

TABLE 6-19 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (c13 ... c8, d12 ... d7) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE c13 c12 c11 c10 c9 c8 d12 d11 d10 d9 d8 d7 OVER 0 -0.060 -0.060 -0.060 -0.060 -0.060 -0.060 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020

TO 3 -0.200 -0.160 -0.120 -0.100 -0.085 -0.074 -0.120 -0.080 -0.060 -0.045 -0.034 -0.030 OVER 3 -0.070 -0.070 -0.070 -0.070 -0.070 -0.070 -0.030 -0.030 -0.030 -0.030 -0.030 -0.030

TO 6 -0.250 -0.190 -0.145 -0.118 -0.100 -0.088 -0.150 -0.105 -0.078 -0.060 -0.048 -0.042 OVER 6 -0.080 -0.080 -0.080 -0.080 -0.080 -0.080 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040

TO 10 -0.300 -0.230 -0.170 -0.138 -0.116 -0.102 -0.190 -0.130 -0.098 -0.076 -0.062 -0.055 OVER 10 -0.095 -0.095 -0.095 -0.095 -0.095 -0.095 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050

TO 14 -0.365 -0.275 -0.205 -0.165 -0.138 -0.122 -0.230 -0.160 -0.120 -0.093 -0.077 -0.068 OVER 14 -0.095 -0.095 -0.095 -0.095 -0.095 -0.095 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050

TO 18 -0.365 -0.275 -0.205 -0.165 -0.138 -0.122 -0.230 -0.160 -0.120 -0.093 -0.077 -0.068 OVER 18 -0.110 -0.110 -0.110 -0.110 -0.110 -0.110 -0.065 -0.065 -0.065 -0.065 -0.065 -0.065

TO 24 -0.440 -0.320 -0.240 -0.194 -0.162 -0.143 -0.275 -0.195 -0.149 -0.117 -0.098 -0.086 OVER 24 -0.110 -0.110 -0.110 -0.110 -0.110 -0.110 -0.065 -0.065 -0.065 -0.065 -0.065 -0.065

TO 30 -0.440 -0.320 -0.240 -0.194 -0.162 -0.143 -0.275 -0.195 -0.149 -0.117 -0.098 -0.086 OVER 30 -0.120 -0.120 -0.120 -0.120 -0.120 -0.120 -0.080 -0.080 -0.080 -0.080 -0.080 -0.080

TO 40 -0.510 -0.370 -0.280 -0.220 -0.182 -0.159 -0.330 -0.240 -0.180 -0.142 -0.119 -0.105 OVER 40 -0.130 -0.130 -0.130 -0.130 -0.130 -0.130 -0.080 -0.080 -0.080 -0.080 -0.080 -0.080

TO 50 -0.520 -0.380 -0.290 -0.230 -0.192 -0.169 -0.330 -0.240 -0.180 -0.142 -0.119 -0.105 OVER 50 -0.140 -0.140 -0.140 -0.140 -0.140 -0.140 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100

TO 65 -0.600 -0.440 -0.330 -0.260 -0.214 -0.186 -0.400 -0.290 -0.220 -0.174 -0.146 -0.130 OVER 65 -0.150 -0.150 -0.150 -0.150 -0.150 -0.150 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100

TO 80 -0.610 -0.450 -0.340 -0.270 -0.224 -0.196 -0.400 -0.290 -0.220 -0.174 -0.146 -0.130 OVER 80 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170 -0.120 -0.120 -0.120 -0.120 -0.120 -0.120

TO 100 -0.710 -0.520 -0.390 -0.310 -0.257 -0.224 -0.470 -0.340 -0.260 -0.207 -0.174 -0.155 OVER 100 -0.180 -0.180 -0.180 -0.180 -0.180 -0.180 -0.120 -0.120 -0.120 -0.120 -0.120 -0.120

TO 120 -0.720 -0.530 -0.400 -0.320 -0.267 -0.234 -0.470 -0.340 -0.260 -0.207 -0.174 -0.155 OVER 120 -0.200 -0.200 -0.200 -0.200 -0.200 -0.200 -0.145 -0.145 -0.145 -0.145 -0.145 -0.145

TO 140 -0.830 -0.600 -0.450 -0.360 -0.300 -0.263 -0.545 -0.395 -0.305 -0.245 -0.208 -0.185 OVER 140 -0.210 -0.210 -0.210 -0.210 -0.210 -0.210 -0.145 -0.145 -0.145 -0.145 -0.145 -0.145

TO 160 -0.840 -0.610 -0.460 -0.370 -0.310 -0.273 -0.545 -0.395 -0.305 -0.245 -0.208 -0.185 OVER 160 -0.230 -0.230 -0.230 -0.230 -0.230 -0.230 -0.145 -0.145 -0.145 -0.145 -0.145 -0.145

TO 180 -0.860 -0.630 -0.480 -0.390 -0.330 -0.293 -0.545 -0.395 -0.305 -0.245 -0.208 -0.185 OVER 180 -0.240 -0.240 -0.240 -0.240 -0.240 -0.240 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170

TO 200 -0.960 -0.700 -0.530 -0.425 -0.355 -0.312 -0.630 -0.460 -0.355 -0.285 -0.242 -0.216 OVER 200 -0.260 -0.260 -0.260 -0.260 -0.260 -0.260 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170

TO 225 -0.980 -0.720 -0.550 -0.445 -0.375 -0.332 -0.630 -0.460 -0.355 -0.285 -0.242 -0.216 OVER 225 -0.280 -0.280 -0.280 -0.280 -0.280 -0.280 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170 -0.170

TO 250 -1.000 -0.740 -0.570 -0.465 -0.395 -0.352 -0.630 -0.460 -0.355 -0.285 -0.242 -0.216 OVER 250 -0.300 -0.300 -0.300 -0.300 -0.300 -0.300 -0.190 -0.190 -0.190 -0.190 -0.190 -0.190

TO 280 -1.110 -0.820 -0.620 -0.510 -0.430 -0.381 -0.710 -0.510 -0.400 -0.320 -0.271 -0.242 OVER 280 -0.330 -0.330 -0.330 -0.330 -0.330 -0.330 -0.190 -0.190 -0.190 -0.190 -0.190 -0.190

TO 315 -1.140 -0.850 -0.650 -0.540 -0.460 -0.411 -0.710 -0.510 -0.400 -0.320 -0.271 -0.242 OVER 315 -0.360 -0.360 -0.360 -0.360 -0.360 -0.360 -0.210 -0.210 -0.210 -0.210 -0.210 -0.210

TO 355 -1.250 -0.930 -0.720 -0.590 -0.500 -0.449 -0.780 -0.570 -0.440 -0.350 -0.299 -0.267 OVER 355 -0.400 -0.400 -0.400 -0.400 -0.400 -0.400 -0.210 -0.210 -0.210 -0.210 -0.210 -0.210

TO 400 -1.290 -0.970 -0.760 -0.630 -0.540 -0.489 -0.780 -0.570 -0.440 -0.350 -0.299 -0.267 OVER 400 -0.440 -0.440 -0.440 -0.440 -0.440 -0.440 -0.230 -0.230 -0.230 -0.230 -0.230 -0.230

TO 450 -1.410 -1.070 -0.840 -0.690 -0.595 -0.537 -0.860 -0.630 -0.480 -0.385 -0.327 -0.293 OVER 450 -0.480 -0.480 -0.480 -0.480 -0.480 -0.480 -0.230 -0.230 -0.230 -0.230 -0.230 -0.230

TO 500 -1.450 -1.110 -0.880 -0.730 -0.635 -0.577 -0.860 -0.630 -0.480 -0.385 -0.327 -0.293

TABLE 6-20 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (e11 ... e6, f10 ... f5) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE e11 e10 e9 e8 e7 e6 f10 f9 f8 f7 f6 f5 OVER 0 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006

TO 3 -0.074 -0.054 -0.039 -0.028 -0.024 -0.020 -0.046 -0.031 -0.020 -0.016 -0.012 -0.010 OVER 3 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010

TO 6 -0.095 -0.068 -0.050 -0.038 -0.032 -0.028 -0.058 -0.040 -0.028 -0.022 -0.018 -0.015 OVER 6 -0.025 -0.025 -0.025 -0.025 -0.025 -0.025 -0.013 -0.013 -0.013 -0.013 -0.013 -0.013

TO 10 -0.115 -0.083 -0.061 -0.047 -0.040 -0.034 -0.071 -0.049 -0.035 -0.028 -0.022 -0.019 OVER 10 -0.032 -0.032 -0.032 -0.032 -0.032 -0.032 -0.016 -0.016 -0.016 -0.016 -0.016 -0.016

TO 14 -0.142 -0.102 -0.075 -0.059 -0.050 -0.043 -0.086 -0.059 -0.043 -0.034 -0.027 -0.024 OVER 14 -0.032 -0.032 -0.032 -0.032 -0.032 -0.032 -0.016 -0.016 -0.016 -0.016 -0.016 -0.016

TO 18 -0.142 -0.102 -0.075 -0.059 -0.050 -0.043 -0.086 -0.059 -0.043 -0.034 -0.027 -0.024 OVER 18 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020

TO 24 -0.170 -0.124 -0.092 -0.073 -0.061 -0.053 -0.104 -0.072 -0.053 -0.041 -0.033 -0.029 OVER 24 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020

TO 30 -0.170 -0.124 -0.092 -0.073 -0.061 -0.053 -0.104 -0.072 -0.053 -0.041 -0.033 -0.029 OVER 30 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.025 -0.025 -0.025 -0.025 -0.025 -0.025

TO 40 -0.210 -0.150 -0.112 -0.089 -0.075 -0.066 -0.125 -0.087 -0.064 -0.050 -0.041 -0.036 OVER 40 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.025 -0.025 -0.025 -0.025 -0.025 -0.025

TO 50 -0.210 -0.150 -0.112 -0.089 -0.075 -0.066 -0.125 -0.087 -0.064 -0.050 -0.041 -0.036 OVER 50 -0.060 -0.060 -0.060 -0.060 -0.060 -0.060 -0.030 -0.030 -0.030 -0.030 -0.030 -0.030

TO 65 -0.250 -0.180 -0.134 -0.106 -0.090 -0.079 -0.150 -0.104 -0.076 -0.060 -0.049 -0.043 OVER 65 -0.060 -0.060 -0.060 -0.060 -0.060 -0.060 -0.030 -0.030 -0.030 -0.030 -0.030 -0.030

TO 80 -0.250 -0.180 -0.134 -0.106 -0.090 -0.079 -0.150 -0.104 -0.076 -0.060 -0.049 -0.043 OVER 80 -0.072 -0.072 -0.072 -0.072 -0.072 -0.072 -0.036 -0.036 -0.036 -0.036 -0.036 -0.036

TO 100 -0.292 -0.212 -0.159 -0.126 -0.107 -0.094 -0.176 -0.123 -0.090 -0.071 -0.058 -0.051 OVER 100 -0.072 -0.072 -0.072 -0.072 -0.072 -0.072 -0.036 -0.036 -0.036 -0.036 -0.036 -0.036

TO 120 -0.292 -0.212 -0.159 -0.126 -0.107 -0.094 -0.176 -0.123 -0.090 -0.071 -0.058 -0.051 OVER 120 -0.085 -0.085 -0.085 -0.085 -0.085 -0.085 -0.043 -0.043 -0.043 -0.043 -0.043 -0.043

TO 140 -0.335 -0.245 -0.185 -0.148 -0.125 -0.110 -0.203 -0.143 -0.106 -0.083 -0.068 -0.061 OVER 140 -0.085 -0.085 -0.085 -0.085 -0.085 -0.085 -0.043 -0.043 -0.043 -0.043 -0.043 -0.043

TO 160 -0.335 -0.245 -0.185 -0.148 -0.125 -0.110 -0.203 -0.143 -0.106 -0.083 -0.068 -0.061 OVER 160 -0.085 -0.085 -0.085 -0.085 -0.085 -0.085 -0.043 -0.043 -0.043 -0.043 -0.043 -0.043

TO 180 -0.335 -0.245 -0.185 -0.148 -0.125 -0.110 -0.203 -0.143 -0.106 -0.083 -0.068 -0.061 OVER 180 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050

TO 200 -0.390 -0.285 -0.215 -0.172 -0.146 -0.129 -0.235 -0.165 -0.122 -0.096 -0.079 -0.070 OVER 200 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050

TO 225 -0.390 -0.285 -0.215 -0.172 -0.146 -0.129 -0.235 -0.165 -0.122 -0.096 -0.079 -0.070 OVER 225 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.100 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050 -0.050

TO 250 -0.390 -0.285 -0.215 -0.172 -0.146 -0.129 -0.235 -0.165 -0.122 -0.096 -0.079 -0.070 OVER 250 -0.110 -0.110 -0.110 -0.110 -0.110 -0.110 -0.056 -0.056 -0.056 -0.056 -0.056 -0.056

TO 280 -0.430 -0.320 -0.240 -0.191 -0.162 -0.142 -0.266 -0.186 -0.137 -0.108 -0.088 -0.079 OVER 280 -0.110 -0.110 -0.110 -0.110 -0.110 -0.110 -0.056 -0.056 -0.056 -0.056 -0.056 -0.056

TO 315 -0.430 -0.320 -0.240 -0.191 -0.162 -0.142 -0.266 -0.186 -0.137 -0.108 -0.088 -0.079 OVER 315 -0.125 -0.125 -0.125 -0.125 -0.125 -0.125 -0.062 -0.062 -0.062 -0.062 -0.062 -0.062

TO 355 -0.485 -0.355 -0.265 -0.214 -0.182 -0.161 -0.292 -0.202 -0.151 -0.119 -0.098 -0.087 OVER 355 -0.125 -0.125 -0.125 -0.125 -0.125 -0.125 -0.062 -0.062 -0.062 -0.062 -0.062 -0.062

TO 400 -0.485 -0.355 -0.265 -0.214 -0.182 -0.161 -0.292 -0.202 -0.151 -0.119 -0.098 -0.087 OVER 400 -0.135 -0.135 -0.135 -0.135 -0.135 -0.135 -0.068 -0.068 -0.068 -0.068 -0.068 -0.068

TO 450 -0.535 -0.385 -0.290 -0.232 -0.198 -0.175 -0.318 -0.223 -0.165 -0.131 -0.108 -0.095 OVER 450 -0.135 -0.135 -0.135 -0.135 -0.135 -0.135 -0.068 -0.068 -0.068 -0.068 -0.068 -0.068

TO 500 -0.535 -0.385 -0.290 -0.232 -0.198 -0.175 -0.318 -0.223 -0.165 -0.131 -0.108 -0.095

TABLE 6-21 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (g9 ... g4, j7 ... j5) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE g9 g8 g7 g6 g5 g4 j7 j6 j5 OVER 0 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 0.006 0.004 0.002

TO 3 -0.027 -0.016 -0.012 -0.008 -0.006 -0.005 -0.004 -0.002 -0.002 OVER 3 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 0.008 0.006 0.003

TO 6 -0.034 -0.022 -0.016 -0.012 -0.009 -0.008 -0.004 -0.002 -0.002 OVER 6 -0.005 -0.005 -0.005 -0.005 -0.005 -0.005 0.010 0.007 0.004

TO 10 -0.041 -0.027 -0.020 -0.014 -0.011 -0.009 -0.005 -0.002 -0.002 OVER 10 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 0.012 0.008 0.005

TO 14 -0.049 -0.033 -0.024 -0.017 -0.014 -0.011 -0.006 -0.003 -0.003 OVER 14 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 0.012 0.008 0.005

TO 18 -0.049 -0.033 -0.024 -0.017 -0.014 -0.011 -0.006 -0.003 -0.003 OVER 18 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007 0.013 0.009 0.005

TO 24 -0.059 -0.040 -0.028 -0.020 -0.016 -0.013 -0.008 -0.004 -0.004 OVER 24 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007 0.013 0.009 0.005

TO 30 -0.059 -0.040 -0.028 -0.020 -0.016 -0.013 -0.008 -0.004 -0.004 OVER 30 -0.009 -0.009 -0.009 -0.009 -0.009 -0.009 0.015 0.011 0.006

TO 40 -0.071 -0.048 -0.034 -0.025 -0.020 -0.016 -0.010 -0.005 -0.005 OVER 40 -0.009 -0.009 -0.009 -0.009 -0.009 -0.009 0.015 0.011 0.006

TO 50 -0.071 -0.048 -0.034 -0.025 -0.020 -0.016 -0.010 -0.005 -0.005 OVER 50 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010 0.018 0.012 0.006

TO 65 -0.084 -0.056 -0.040 -0.029 -0.023 -0.018 -0.012 -0.007 -0.007 OVER 65 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010 0.018 0.012 0.006

TO 80 -0.084 -0.056 -0.040 -0.029 -0.023 -0.018 -0.012 -0.007 -0.007 OVER 80 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012 0.020 0.013 0.006

TO 100 -0.099 -0.066 -0.047 -0.034 -0.027 -0.022 -0.015 -0.009 -0.009 OVER 100 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012 0.020 0.013 0.006

TO 120 -0.099 -0.066 -0.047 -0.034 -0.027 -0.022 -0.015 -0.009 -0.009 OVER 120 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 0.022 0.014 0.007

TO 140 -0.114 -0.077 -0.054 -0.039 -0.032 -0.026 -0.018 -0.011 -0.011 OVER 140 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 0.022 0.014 0.007

TO 160 -0.114 -0.077 -0.054 -0.039 -0.032 -0.026 -0.018 -0.011 -0.011 OVER 160 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 -0.014 0.022 0.014 0.007

TO 180 -0.114 -0.077 -0.054 -0.039 -0.032 -0.026 -0.018 -0.011 -0.011 OVER 180 -0.015 -0.015 -0.015 -0.015 -0.015 -0.015 0.025 0.016 0.007

TO 200 -0.130 -0.087 -0.061 -0.044 -0.035 -0.029 -0.021 -0.013 -0.013 OVER 200 -0.015 -0.015 -0.015 -0.015 -0.015 -0.015 0.025 0.016 0.007

TO 225 -0.130 -0.087 -0.061 -0.044 -0.035 -0.029 -0.021 -0.013 -0.013 OVER 225 -0.015 -0.015 -0.015 -0.015 -0.015 -0.015 0.025 0.016 0.007

TO 250 -0.130 -0.087 -0.061 -0.044 -0.035 -0.029 -0.021 -0.013 -0.013 OVER 250 -0.017 -0.017 -0.017 -0.017 -0.017 -0.017 0.026 0.016 0.007

TO 280 -0.147 -0.098 -0.069 -0.049 -0.040 -0.033 -0.026 -0.016 -0.016 OVER 280 -0.017 -0.017 -0.017 -0.017 -0.017 -0.017 0.026 0.016 0.007

TO 315 -0.147 -0.098 -0.069 -0.049 -0.040 -0.033 -0.026 -0.016 -0.016 OVER 315 -0.018 -0.018 -0.018 -0.018 -0.018 -0.018 0.029 0.018 0.007

TO 355 -0.158 -0.107 -0.075 -0.054 -0.043 -0.036 -0.028 -0.018 -0.018 OVER 355 -0.018 -0.018 -0.018 -0.018 -0.018 -0.018 0.029 0.018 0.007

TO 400 -0.158 -0.107 -0.075 -0.054 -0.043 -0.036 -0.028 -0.018 -0.018 OVER 400 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 0.031 0.020 0.007

TO 450 -0.175 -0.117 -0.083 -0.060 -0.047 -0.040 -0.032 -0.020 -0.020 OVER 450 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 -0.020 0.031 0.020 0.007

TO 500 -0.175 -0.117 -0.083 -0.060 -0.047 -0.040 -0.032 -0.020 -0.020

TABLE 6-22 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (h16 ... h1) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE h16 h15 h14 h13 h12 h11 h10 h9 h8 h7 h6 h5 h4 h3 h2 h1

OVER 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 3 -0.600 -0.400 -0.250 -0.140 -0.100 -0.060 -0.040 -0.025 -0.014 -0.010 -0.006 -0.004 -0.003 -0.002 -0.0012 -0.0008

OVER 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 6 -0.750 -0.480 -0.300 -0.180 -0.120 -0.075 -0.048 -0.030 -0.018 -0.012 -0.008 -0.005 -0.004 -0.003 -0.0015 -0.0010

OVER 6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 10 -0.900 -0.580 -0.360 -0.220 -0.150 -0.090 -0.058 -0.036 -0.022 -0.015 -0.009 -0.006 -0.004 -0.003 -0.0015 -0.0010

OVER 10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 14 -1.100 -0.700 -0.430 -0.270 -0.180 -0.110 -0.070 -0.043 -0.027 -0.018 -0.011 -0.008 -0.005 -0.003 -0.0020 -0.0012

OVER 14 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 18 -1.100 -0.700 -0.430 -0.270 -0.180 -0.110 -0.070 -0.043 -0.027 -0.018 -0.011 -0.008 -0.005 -0.003 -0.0020 -0.0012

OVER 18 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 24 -1.300 -0.840 -0.520 -0.330 -0.210 -0.130 -0.084 -0.052 -0.033 -0.021 -0.013 -0.009 -0.006 -0.004 -0.0025 -0.0015

OVER 24 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 30 -1.300 -0.840 -0.520 -0.330 -0.210 -0.130 -0.084 -0.052 -0.033 -0.021 -0.013 -0.009 -0.006 -0.004 -0.0025 -0.0015

OVER 30 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 40 -1.600 -1.000 -0.620 -0.390 -0.250 -0.160 -0.100 -0.062 -0.039 -0.025 -0.016 -0.011 -0.007 -0.004 -0.0025 -0.0015

OVER 40 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 50 -1.600 -1.000 -0.620 -0.390 -0.250 -0.160 -0.100 -0.062 -0.039 -0.025 -0.016 -0.011 -0.007 -0.004 -0.0025 -0.0015

OVER 50 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 65 -1.900 -1.200 -0.740 -0.460 -0.300 -0.190 -0.120 -0.074 -0.046 -0.030 -0.019 -0.013 -0.008 -0.005 -0.0030 -0.0020

OVER 65 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 80 -1.900 -1.200 -0.740 -0.460 -0.300 -0.190 -0.120 -0.074 -0.046 -0.030 -0.019 -0.013 -0.008 -0.005 -0.0030 -0.0020

OVER 80 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 100 -2.200 -1.400 -0.870 -0.540 -0.350 -0.220 -0.140 -0.087 -0.054 -0.035 -0.022 -0.015 -0.010 -0.006 -0.0040 -0.0025

OVER 100 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 120 -2.200 -1.400 -0.870 -0.540 -0.350 -0.220 -0.140 -0.087 -0.054 -0.035 -0.022 -0.015 -0.010 -0.006 -0.0040 -0.0025

OVER 120 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 140 -2.500 -1.600 -1.000 -0.630 -0.400 -0.250 -0.160 -0.100 -0.063 -0.040 -0.025 -0.018 -0.012 -0.008 -0.0050 -0.0035

OVER 140 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 160 -2.500 -1.600 -1.000 -0.630 -0.400 -0.250 -0.160 -0.100 -0.063 -0.040 -0.025 -0.018 -0.012 -0.008 -0.0050 -0.0035

OVER 160 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 180 -2.500 -1.600 -1.000 -0.630 -0.400 -0.250 -0.160 -0.100 -0.063 -0.040 -0.025 -0.018 -0.012 -0.008 -0.0050 -0.0035

OVER 180 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 200 -2.900 -1.850 -1.150 -0.720 -0.460 -0.290 -0.185 -0.115 -0.072 -0.046 -0.029 -0.020 -0.014 -0.010 -0.0070 -0.0045

OVER 200 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 225 -2.900 -1.850 -1.150 -0.720 -0.460 -0.290 -0.185 -0.115 -0.072 -0.046 -0.029 -0.020 -0.014 -0.010 -0.0070 -0.0045

OVER 225 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 250 -2.900 -1.850 -1.150 -0.720 -0.460 -0.290 -0.185 -0.115 -0.072 -0.046 -0.029 -0.020 -0.014 -0.010 -0.0070 -0.0045

OVER 250 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 280 -3.200 -2.100 -1.300 -0.810 -0.520 -0.320 -0.210 -0.130 -0.081 -0.052 -0.032 -0.023 -0.016 -0.012 -0.0080 -0.0060

OVER 280 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 315 -3.200 -2.100 -1.300 -0.810 -0.520 -0.320 -0.210 -0.130 -0.081 -0.052 -0.032 -0.023 -0.016 -0.012 -0.0080 -0.0060

OVER 315 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 355 -3.600 -2.300 -1.400 -0.890 -0.570 -0.360 -0.230 -0.140 -0.089 -0.057 -0.036 -0.025 -0.018 -0.013 -0.0090 -0.0070

OVER 355 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 400 -3.600 -2.300 -1.400 -0.890 -0.570 -0.360 -0.230 -0.140 -0.089 -0.057 -0.036 -0.025 -0.018 -0.013 -0.0090 -0.0070

OVER 400 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 450 -4.000 -2.500 -1.550 -0.970 -0.630 -0.400 -0.250 -0.155 -0.097 -0.063 -0.040 -0.027 -0.020 -0.015 -0.0100 -0.0080

OVER 450 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 TO 500 -4.000 -2.500 -1.550 -0.970 -0.630 -0.400 -0.250 -0.155 -0.097 -0.063 -0.040 -0.027 -0.020 -0.015 -0.0100 -0.0080

TABLE 6-23 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (js16 ... js1) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE js16 js15 js14 js13 js12 js11 js10 js9 js8 js7 js6 js5 js4 js3 js2 js1 OVER 0 0.300 0.200 0.125 0.070 0.050 0.030 0.0200 0.0125 0.0070 0.0050 0.0030 0.0020 0.0015 0.00100 0.00060 0.00040

TO 3 -0.300 -0.200 -0.125 -0.070 -0.050 -0.030 -0.0200 -0.0125 -0.0070 -0.0050 -0.0030 -0.0020 -0.0015 -0.00100 -0.00060 -0.00040

OVER 3 0.375 0.240 0.150 0.090 0.060 0.0375 0.0240 0.0150 0.0090 0.0060 0.0040 0.0025 0.0020 0.00125 0.00075 0.00050

TO 6 -0.375 -0.240 -0.150 -0.090 -0.060 -0.0375 -0.0240 -0.0150 -0.0090 -0.0060 -0.0040 -0.0025 -0.0020 -0.00125 -0.00075 -0.00050

OVER 6 0.450 0.290 0.180 0.110 0.075 0.045 0.0290 0.0180 0.0110 0.0075 0.0045 0.0030 0.0020 0.00125 0.00075 0.00050

TO 10 -0.450 -0.290 -0.180 -0.110 -0.075 -0.045 -0.0290 -0.0180 -0.0110 -0.0075 -0.0045 -0.0030 -0.0020 -0.00125 -0.00075 -0.00050

OVER 10 0.550 0.350 0.215 0.135 0.090 0.055 0.0350 0.0215 0.0135 0.0090 0.0055 0.0040 0.0025 0.00150 0.00100 0.00060

TO 14 -0.550 -0.350 -0.215 -0.135 -0.090 -0.055 -0.0350 -0.0215 -0.0135 -0.0090 -0.0055 -0.0040 -0.0025 -0.00150 -0.00100 -0.00060

OVER 14 0.550 0.350 0.215 0.135 0.090 0.055 0.0350 0.0215 0.0135 0.0090 0.0055 0.0040 0.0025 0.00150 0.00100 0.00060

TO 18 -0.550 -0.350 -0.215 -0.135 -0.090 -0.055 -0.0350 -0.0215 -0.0135 -0.0090 -0.0055 -0.0040 -0.0025 -0.00150 -0.00100 -0.00060

OVER 18 0.650 0.420 0.260 0.165 0.105 0.065 0.0420 0.0260 0.0165 0.0105 0.0065 0.0045 0.0030 0.00200 0.00125 0.00075

TO 24 -0.650 -0.420 -0.260 -0.165 -0.105 -0.065 -0.0420 -0.0260 -0.0165 -0.0105 -0.0065 -0.0045 -0.0030 -0.00200 -0.00125 -0.00075

OVER 24 0.650 0.420 0.260 0.165 0.105 0.065 0.0420 0.0260 0.0165 0.0105 0.0065 0.0045 0.0030 0.00200 0.00125 0.00075

TO 30 -0.650 -0.420 -0.260 -0.165 -0.105 -0.065 -0.0420 -0.0260 -0.0165 -0.0105 -0.0065 -0.0045 -0.0030 -0.00200 -0.00125 -0.00075

OVER 30 0.800 0.500 0.310 0.195 0.125 0.080 0.0500 0.0310 0.0195 0.0125 0.0080 0.0055 0.0035 0.00200 0.00125 0.00075

TO 40 -0.800 -0.500 -0.310 -0.195 -0.125 -0.080 -0.0500 -0.0310 -0.0195 -0.0125 -0.0080 -0.0055 -0.0035 -0.00200 -0.00125 -0.00075

OVER 40 0.800 0.500 0.310 0.195 0.125 0.080 0.0500 0.0310 0.0195 0.0125 0.0080 0.0055 0.0035 0.00200 0.00125 0.00075

TO 50 -0.800 -0.500 -0.310 -0.195 -0.125 -0.080 -0.0500 -0.0310 -0.0195 -0.0125 -0.0080 -0.0055 -0.0035 -0.00200 -0.00125 -0.00075

OVER 50 0.950 0.600 0.370 0.230 0.150 0.095 0.0600 0.0370 0.0230 0.0150 0.0095 0.0065 0.0040 0.00250 0.00150 0.00100

TO 65 -0.950 -0.600 -0.370 -0.230 -0.150 -0.095 -0.0600 -0.0370 -0.0230 -0.0150 -0.0095 -0.0065 -0.0040 -0.00250 -0.00150 -0.00100

OVER 65 0.950 0.600 0.370 0.230 0.150 0.095 0.0600 0.0370 0.0230 0.0150 0.0095 0.0065 0.0040 0.00250 0.00150 0.00100

TO 80 -0.950 -0.600 -0.370 -0.230 -0.150 -0.095 -0.0600 -0.0370 -0.0230 -0.0150 -0.0095 -0.0065 -0.0040 -0.00250 -0.00150 -0.00100

OVER 80 1.100 0.700 0.435 0.270 0.175 0.110 0.0700 0.0435 0.0270 0.0175 0.0110 0.0075 0.0050 0.00300 0.00200 0.00125

TO 100 -1.100 -0.700 -0.435 -0.270 -0.175 -0.110 -0.0700 -0.0435 -0.0270 -0.0175 -0.0110 -0.0075 -0.0050 -0.00300 -0.00200 -0.00125

OVER 100 1.100 0.700 0.435 0.270 0.175 0.110 0.0700 0.0435 0.0270 0.0175 0.0110 0.0075 0.0050 0.00300 0.00200 0.00125

TO 120 -1.100 -0.700 -0.435 -0.270 -0.175 -0.110 -0.0700 -0.0435 -0.0270 -0.0175 -0.0110 -0.0075 -0.0050 -0.00300 -0.00200 -0.00125

OVER 120 1.250 0.800 0.500 0.315 0.200 0.125 0.0800 0.0500 0.0315 0.0200 0.0125 0.0090 0.0060 0.00400 0.00250 0.00175

TO 140 -1.250 -0.800 -0.500 -0.315 -0.200 -0.125 -0.0800 -0.0500 -0.0315 -0.0200 -0.0125 -0.0090 -0.0060 -0.00400 -0.00250 -0.00175

OVER 140 1.250 0.800 0.500 0.315 0.200 0.125 0.0800 0.0500 0.0315 0.0200 0.0125 0.0090 0.0060 0.00400 0.00250 0.00175

TO 160 -1.250 -0.800 -0.500 -0.315 -0.200 -0.125 -0.0800 -0.0500 -0.0315 -0.0200 -0.0125 -0.0090 -0.0060 -0.00400 -0.00250 -0.00175

OVER 160 1.250 0.800 0.500 0.315 0.200 0.125 0.0800 0.0500 0.0315 0.0200 0.0125 0.0090 0.0060 0.00400 0.00250 0.00175

TO 180 -1.250 -0.800 -0.500 -0.315 -0.200 -0.125 -0.0800 -0.0500 -0.0315 -0.0200 -0.0125 -0.0090 -0.0060 -0.00400 -0.00250 -0.00175

OVER 180 1.450 0.925 0.575 0.360 0.230 0.145 0.0925 0.0575 0.0360 0.0230 0.0145 0.0100 0.0070 0.00500 0.00350 0.00225

TO 200 -1.450 -0.925 -0.575 -0.360 -0.230 -0.145 -0.0925 -0.0575 -0.0360 -0.0230 -0.0145 -0.0100 -0.0070 -0.00500 -0.00350 -0.00225

OVER 200 1.450 0.925 0.575 0.360 0.230 0.145 0.0925 0.0575 0.0360 0.0230 0.0145 0.0100 0.0070 0.00500 0.00350 0.00225

TO 225 -1.450 -0.925 -0.575 -0.360 -0.230 -0.145 -0.0925 -0.0575 -0.0360 -0.0230 -0.0145 -0.0100 -0.0070 -0.00500 -0.00350 -0.00225

OVER 225 1.450 0.925 0.575 0.360 0.230 0.145 0.0925 0.0575 0.0360 0.0230 0.0145 0.0100 0.0070 0.00500 0.00350 0.00225

TO 250 -1.450 -0.925 -0.575 -0.360 -0.230 -0.145 -0.0925 -0.0575 -0.0360 -0.0230 -0.0145 -0.0100 -0.0070 -0.00500 -0.00350 -0.00225

OVER 250 1.600 1.050 0.650 0.405 0.260 0.160 0.1050 0.0650 0.0405 0.0260 0.0160 0.0115 0.0080 0.00600 0.00400 0.00300

TO 280 -1.600 -1.050 -0.650 -0.405 -0.260 -0.160 -0.1050 -0.0650 -0.0405 -0.0260 -0.0160 -0.0115 -0.0080 -0.00600 -0.00400 -0.00300

OVER 280 1.600 1.050 0.650 0.405 0.260 0.160 0.1050 0.0650 0.0405 0.0260 0.0160 0.0115 0.0080 0.00600 0.00400 0.00300

TO 315 -1.600 -1.050 -0.650 -0.405 -0.260 -0.160 -0.1050 -0.0650 -0.0405 -0.0260 -0.0160 -0.0115 -0.0080 -0.00600 -0.00400 -0.00300

OVER 315 1.800 1.150 0.700 0.445 0.285 0.180 0.1150 0.0700 0.0445 0.0285 0.0180 0.0125 0.0090 0.00650 0.00450 0.00350

TO 355 -1.800 -1.150 -0.700 -0.445 -0.285 -0.180 -0.1150 -0.0700 -0.0445 -0.0285 -0.0180 -0.0125 -0.0090 -0.00650 -0.00450 -0.00350

OVER 355 1.800 1.150 0.700 0.445 0.285 0.180 0.1150 0.0700 0.0445 0.0285 0.0180 0.0125 0.0090 0.00650 0.00450 0.00350

TO 400 -1.800 -1.150 -0.700 -0.445 -0.285 -0.180 -0.1150 -0.0700 -0.0445 -0.0285 -0.0180 -0.0125 -0.0090 -0.00650 -0.00450 -0.00350

OVER 400 2.000 1.250 0.775 0.485 0.315 0.200 0.1250 0.0775 0.0485 0.0315 0.0200 0.0135 0.0100 0.00750 0.00500 0.00400

TO 450 -2.000 -1.250 -0.775 -0.485 -0.315 -0.200 -0.1250 -0.0775 -0.0485 -0.0315 -0.0200 -0.0135 -0.0100 -0.00750 -0.00500 -0.00400

OVER 450 2.000 1.250 0.775 0.485 0.315 0.200 0.1250 0.0775 0.0485 0.0315 0.0200 0.0135 0.0100 0.00750 0.00500 0.00400

TO 500 -2.000 -1.250 -0.775 -0.485 -0.315 -0.200 -0.1250 -0.0775 -0.0485 -0.0315 -0.0200 -0.0135 -0.0100 -0.00750 -0.00500 -0.00400

NOTE: Some js deviations in the grades 7 to 11 have been rounded off to 1/2(IT - 0.001) when IT values is odd.

TABLE 6-24 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (k9 ... k4, m9 ... m4) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE k9 k8 k7 k6 k5 k4 m9 m8 m7 m6 m5 m4 OVER 0 0.025 0.014 0.010 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.027 0.016 0.012 0.008 0.006 0.005

TO 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 OVER 3 0.030 0.018 0.013 0.009 0.006 0.005 0.034 0.022 0.016 0.012 0.009 0.008

TO 6 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 OVER 6 0.036 0.022 0.016 0.010 0.007 0.005 0.042 0.028 0.021 0.015 0.012 0.010

TO 10 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 OVER 10 0.043 0.027 0.019 0.012 0.009 0.006 0.050 0.034 0.025 0.018 0.015 0.012

TO 14 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 OVER 14 0.043 0.027 0.019 0.012 0.009 0.006 0.050 0.034 0.025 0.018 0.015 0.012

TO 18 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 OVER 18 0.052 0.033 0.023 0.015 0.011 0.008 0.060 0.041 0.029 0.021 0.017 0.014

TO 24 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 OVER 24 0.052 0.033 0.023 0.015 0.011 0.008 0.060 0.041 0.029 0.021 0.017 0.014

TO 30 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 OVER 30 0.062 0.039 0.027 0.018 0.013 0.009 0.071 0.048 0.034 0.025 0.020 0.016

TO 40 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 OVER 40 0.062 0.039 0.027 0.018 0.013 0.009 0.071 0.048 0.034 0.025 0.020 0.016

TO 50 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 OVER 50 0.074 0.046 0.032 0.021 0.015 0.010 0.085 0.057 0.041 0.030 0.024 0.019

TO 65 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 OVER 65 0.074 0.046 0.032 0.021 0.015 0.010 0.085 0.057 0.041 0.030 0.024 0.019

TO 80 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 OVER 80 0.087 0.054 0.038 0.025 0.018 0.013 0.100 0.067 0.048 0.035 0.028 0.023

TO 100 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 OVER 100 0.087 0.054 0.038 0.025 0.018 0.013 0.100 0.067 0.048 0.035 0.028 0.023

TO 120 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 OVER 120 0.100 0.063 0.043 0.028 0.021 0.015 0.115 0.078 0.055 0.040 0.033 0.027

TO 140 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 OVER 140 0.100 0.063 0.043 0.028 0.021 0.015 0.115 0.078 0.055 0.040 0.033 0.027

TO 160 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 OVER 160 0.100 0.063 0.043 0.028 0.021 0.015 0.115 0.078 0.055 0.040 0.033 0.027

TO 180 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 OVER 180 0.115 0.072 0.050 0.033 0.024 0.018 0.132 0.089 0.063 0.046 0.037 0.031

TO 200 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 OVER 200 0.115 0.072 0.050 0.033 0.024 0.018 0.132 0.089 0.063 0.046 0.037 0.031

TO 225 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 OVER 225 0.115 0.072 0.050 0.033 0.024 0.018 0.132 0.089 0.063 0.046 0.037 0.031

TO 250 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 OVER 250 0.130 0.081 0.056 0.036 0.027 0.020 0.150 0.101 0.072 0.052 0.043 0.036

TO 280 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 OVER 280 0.130 0.081 0.056 0.036 0.027 0.020 0.150 0.101 0.072 0.052 0.043 0.036

TO 315 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 OVER 315 0.140 0.089 0.061 0.040 0.029 0.022 0.161 0.110 0.078 0.057 0.046 0.039

TO 355 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 OVER 355 0.140 0.089 0.061 0.040 0.029 0.022 0.161 0.110 0.078 0.057 0.046 0.039

TO 400 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 OVER 400 0.155 0.097 0.068 0.045 0.032 0.025 0.178 0.120 0.086 0.063 0.050 0.043

TO 450 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 OVER 450 0.155 0.097 0.068 0.045 0.032 0.025 0.178 0.120 0.086 0.063 0.050 0.043

TO 500 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023

TABLE 6-25 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (n9 ... n4, p9 ... p4) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE n9 n8 n7 n6 n5 n4 p9 p8 p7 p6 p5 p4 OVER 0 0.029 0.018 0.014 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.031 0.020 0.016 0.012 0.010 0.009

TO 3 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 OVER 3 0.038 0.026 0.020 0.016 0.013 0.012 0.042 0.030 0.024 0.020 0.017 0.016

TO 6 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 OVER 6 0.046 0.032 0.025 0.019 0.016 0.014 0.051 0.037 0.030 0.024 0.021 0.019

TO 10 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 OVER 10 0.055 0.039 0.030 0.023 0.020 0.017 0.061 0.045 0.036 0.029 0.026 0.023

TO 14 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 OVER 14 0.055 0.039 0.030 0.023 0.020 0.017 0.061 0.045 0.036 0.029 0.026 0.023

TO 18 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 OVER 18 0.067 0.048 0.036 0.028 0.024 0.021 0.074 0.055 0.043 0.035 0.031 0.028

TO 24 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 OVER 24 0.067 0.048 0.036 0.028 0.024 0.021 0.074 0.055 0.043 0.035 0.031 0.028

TO 30 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 OVER 30 0.079 0.056 0.042 0.033 0.028 0.024 0.088 0.065 0.051 0.042 0.037 0.033

TO 40 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 OVER 40 0.079 0.056 0.042 0.033 0.028 0.024 0.088 0.065 0.051 0.042 0.037 0.033

TO 50 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 OVER 50 0.094 0.066 0.050 0.039 0.033 0.028 0.106 0.078 0.062 0.051 0.045 0.040

TO 65 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 OVER 65 0.094 0.066 0.050 0.039 0.033 0.028 0.106 0.078 0.062 0.051 0.045 0.040

TO 80 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 OVER 80 0.110 0.077 0.058 0.045 0.038 0.033 0.124 0.091 0.072 0.059 0.052 0.047

TO 100 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 OVER 100 0.110 0.077 0.058 0.045 0.038 0.033 0.124 0.091 0.072 0.059 0.052 0.047

TO 120 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 OVER 120 0.127 0.090 0.067 0.052 0.045 0.039 0.143 0.106 0.083 0.068 0.061 0.055

TO 140 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 OVER 140 0.127 0.090 0.067 0.052 0.045 0.039 0.143 0.106 0.083 0.068 0.061 0.055

TO 160 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 OVER 160 0.127 0.090 0.067 0.052 0.045 0.039 0.143 0.106 0.083 0.068 0.061 0.055

TO 180 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 OVER 180 0.146 0.103 0.077 0.060 0.051 0.045 0.165 0.122 0.096 0.079 0.070 0.064

TO 200 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 OVER 200 0.146 0.103 0.077 0.060 0.051 0.045 0.165 0.122 0.096 0.079 0.070 0.064

TO 225 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 OVER 225 0.146 0.103 0.077 0.060 0.051 0.045 0.165 0.122 0.096 0.079 0.070 0.064

TO 250 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 OVER 250 0.164 0.115 0.086 0.066 0.057 0.050 0.186 0.137 0.108 0.088 0.079 0.072

TO 280 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 OVER 280 0.164 0.115 0.086 0.066 0.057 0.050 0.186 0.137 0.108 0.088 0.079 0.072

TO 315 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 OVER 315 0.177 0.126 0.094 0.073 0.062 0.055 0.202 0.151 0.119 0.098 0.087 0.080

TO 355 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 OVER 355 0.177 0.126 0.094 0.073 0.062 0.055 0.202 0.151 0.119 0.098 0.087 0.080

TO 400 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 OVER 400 0.195 0.137 0.103 0.080 0.067 0.060 0.223 0.165 0.131 0.108 0.095 0.088

TO 450 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 OVER 450 0.195 0.137 0.103 0.080 0.067 0.060 0.223 0.165 0.131 0.108 0.095 0.088

TO 500 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068

TABLE 6-26 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (r9 ... r4, s9 ... s4) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE r9 r8 r7 r6 r5 r4 s9 s8 s7 s6 s5 s4 OVER 0 0.035 0.024 0.020 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.039 0.028 0.024 0.020 0.018 0.017

TO 3 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 OVER 3 0.045 0.033 0.027 0.023 0.020 0.019 0.049 0.037 0.031 0.027 0.024 0.023

TO 6 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 OVER 6 0.055 0.041 0.034 0.028 0.025 0.023 0.059 0.045 0.038 0.032 0.029 0.027

TO 10 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 OVER 10 0.066 0.050 0.041 0.034 0.031 0.028 0.071 0.055 0.046 0.039 0.036 0.033

TO 14 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 OVER 14 0.066 0.050 0.041 0.034 0.031 0.028 0.071 0.055 0.046 0.039 0.036 0.033

TO 18 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 OVER 18 0.080 0.061 0.049 0.041 0.037 0.034 0.087 0.068 0.056 0.048 0.044 0.041

TO 24 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 OVER 24 0.080 0.061 0.049 0.041 0.037 0.034 0.087 0.068 0.056 0.048 0.044 0.041

TO 30 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 OVER 30 0.096 0.073 0.059 0.050 0.045 0.041 0.105 0.082 0.068 0.059 0.540 0.050

TO 40 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 OVER 40 0.096 0.073 0.059 0.050 0.045 0.041 0.105 0.082 0.068 0.059 0.540 0.050

TO 50 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 OVER 50 0.115 0.087 0.071 0.060 0.054 0.049 0.127 0.099 0.083 0.072 0.066 0.061

TO 65 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 OVER 65 0.117 0.089 0.073 0.062 0.056 0.051 0.133 0.105 0.089 0.078 0.072 0.067

TO 80 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.059 0.059 0.059 0.059 0.059 0.059 OVER 80 0.138 0.105 0.086 0.073 0.066 0.061 0.158 0.125 0.106 0.093 0.086 0.081

TO 100 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 OVER 100 0.141 0.108 0.089 0.076 0.069 0.064 0.166 0.133 0.114 0.101 0.094 0.089

TO 120 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.079 0.079 0.079 0.079 0.079 0.079 OVER 120 0.163 0.126 0.103 0.088 0.081 0.075 0.192 0.155 0.132 0.117 0.110 0.104

TO 140 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 OVER 140 0.165 0.128 0.105 0.090 0.083 0.077 0.200 0.163 0.140 0.125 0.118 0.112

TO 160 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 OVER 160 0.168 0.131 0.108 0.093 0.086 0.080 0.208 0.171 0.148 0.133 0.126 0.120

TO 180 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 OVER 180 0.192 0.149 0.123 0.106 0.097 0.091 0.237 0.194 0.168 0.151 0.142 0.136

TO 200 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 OVER 200 0.195 0.152 0.126 0.109 0.100 0.094 0.245 0.202 0.176 0.159 0.150 0.144

TO 225 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.130 0.130 0.130 0.130 0.130 0.130 OVER 225 0.199 0.156 0.130 0.113 0.104 0.098 0.255 0.212 0.186 0.169 0.160 0.154

TO 250 0.084 0.084 0.084 0.084 0.084 0.084 0.140 0.140 0.140 0.140 0.140 0.140 OVER 250 0.224 0.175 0.146 0.126 0.117 0.110 0.288 0.239 0.210 0.190 0.181 0.174

TO 280 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.158 OVER 280 0.228 0.179 0.150 0.130 0.121 0.114 0.300 0.251 0.222 0.202 0.193 0.186

TO 315 0.098 0.098 0.098 0.098 0.098 0.098 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.170 OVER 315 0.248 0.197 0.165 0.144 0.133 0.126 0.330 0.279 0.247 0.226 0.215 0.208

TO 355 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.190 0.190 0.190 0.190 0.190 0.190 OVER 355 0.254 0.203 0.171 0.150 0.139 0.132 0.348 0.297 0.265 0.244 0.233 0.226

TO 400 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.208 0.208 0.208 0.208 0.208 0.208 OVER 400 0.281 0.223 0.189 0.166 0.153 0.146 0.387 0.329 0.295 0.272 0.259 0.252

TO 450 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.232 0.232 0.232 0.232 0.232 0.232 OVER 450 0.287 0.229 0.195 0.172 0.159 0.152 0.407 0.349 0.315 0.292 0.279 0.272

TO 500 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.252 0.252 0.252 0.252 0.252 0.252

TABLE 6-27 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (t9 ... t4, u9 ... u4) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE t9 t8 t7 t6 t5 t4 u9 u8 u7 u6 u5 u4 OVER 0 0.043 0.032 0.028 0.024 0.022 0.021

TO 3 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 OVER 3 0.053 0.041 0.035 0.031 0.028 0.027

TO 6 NUMERICAL VALUES FOR 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 OVER 6 0.064 0.050 0.043 0.037 0.034 0.032

TO 10 TOLERANCE ZONES IN 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 OVER 10 0.076 0.060 0.051 0.044 0.041 0.038

TO 14 THIS AREA NOT DEFINED. 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 OVER 14 0.076 0.060 0.051 0.044 0.041 0.038

TO 18 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 OVER 18 0.093 0.074 0.062 0.054 0.050 0.047

TO 24 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 OVER 24 0.093 0.074 0.062 0.054 0.050 0.047 0.100 0.081 0.069 0.061 0.057 0.054

TO 30 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 OVER 30 0.110 0.087 0.073 0.064 0.059 0.055 0.122 0.099 0.085 0.076 0.071 0.067

TO 40 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 OVER 40 0.116 0.093 0.079 0.070 0.065 0.061 0.132 0.109 0.095 0.086 0.081 0.077

TO 50 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.070 OVER 50 0.140 0.112 0.096 0.085 0.079 0.074 0.161 0.133 0.117 0.106 0.100 0.095

TO 65 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.087 0.087 0.087 0.087 0.087 0.087 OVER 65 0.149 0.121 0.105 0.094 0.088 0.083 0.176 0.148 0.132 0.121 0.115 0.110

TO 80 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 OVER 80 0.178 0.145 0.126 0.113 0.106 0.101 0.211 0.178 0.159 0.146 0.139 0.134

TO 100 0.091 0.091 0.091 0.091 0.091 0.091 0.124 0.124 0.124 0.124 0.124 0.124 OVER 100 0.191 0.158 0.139 0.126 0.119 0.114 0.231 0.198 0.179 0.166 0.159 0.154

TO 120 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.144 0.144 0.144 0.144 0.144 0.144 OVER 120 0.222 0.185 0.162 0.147 0.140 0.134 0.270 0.233 0.210 0.195 0.188 0.182

TO 140 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.170 OVER 140 0.234 0.197 0.174 0.159 0.152 0.146 0.290 0.253 0.230 0.215 0.208 0.202

TO 160 0.134 0.134 0.134 0.134 0.134 0.134 0.190 0.190 0.190 0.190 0.190 0.190 OVER 160 0.246 0.209 0.186 0.171 0.164 0.158 0.310 0.273 0.250 0.235 0.228 0.222

TO 180 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.210 0.210 0.210 0.210 0.210 0.210 OVER 180 0.281 0.238 0.212 0.195 0.186 0.180 0.351 0.308 0.282 0.265 0.256 0.250

TO 200 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.236 0.236 0.236 0.236 0.236 0.236 OVER 200 0.295 0.252 0.226 0.209 0.200 0.194 0.373 0.330 0.304 0.287 0.278 0.272

TO 225 0.180 0.180 0.180 0.180 0.180 0.180 0.258 0.258 0.258 0.258 0.258 0.258 OVER 225 0.311 0.268 0.242 0.225 0.216 0.210 0.399 0.356 0.330 0.313 0.304 0.298

TO 250 0.196 0.196 0.196 0.196 0.196 0.196 0.284 0.284 0.284 0.284 0.284 0.284 OVER 250 0.348 0.299 0.270 0.250 0.241 0.234 0.445 0.396 0.367 0.347 0.338 0.331

TO 280 0.218 0.218 0.218 0.218 0.218 0.218 0.315 0.315 0.315 0.315 0.315 0.315 OVER 280 0.370 0.321 0.292 0.272 0.263 0.256 0.480 0.431 0.402 0.382 0.373 0.366

TO 315 0.240 0.240 0.240 0.240 0.240 0.240 0.350 0.350 0.350 0.350 0.350 0.350 OVER 315 0.408 0.357 0.325 0.304 0.293 0.286 0.530 0.479 0.447 0.426 0.415 0.408

TO 355 0.268 0.268 0.268 0.268 0.268 0.268 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.390 OVER 355 0.434 0.383 0.351 0.330 0.319 0.312 0.575 0.524 0.492 0.471 0.460 0.453

TO 400 0.294 0.294 0.294 0.294 0.294 0.294 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 OVER 400 0.485 0.427 0.393 0.370 0.357 0.350 0.645 0.587 0.553 0.530 0.517 0.510

TO 450 0.330 0.330 0.330 0.330 0.330 0.330 0.490 0.490 0.490 0.490 0.490 0.490 OVER 450 0.515 0.457 0.423 0.400 0.387 0.380 0.695 0.637 0.603 0.580 0.567 0.560

TO 500 0.360 0.360 0.360 0.360 0.360 0.360 0.540 0.540 0.540 0.540 0.540 0.540

TABLE 6-28 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (v9 ... v4, x9 ... x4) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE v9 v8 v7 v6 v5 v4 x9 x8 x7 x6 x5 x4 OVER 0 0.045 0.034 0.030 0.026 0.024 0.023

TO 3 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 OVER 3 NUMERICAL VALUES FOR 0.058 0.046 0.040 0.036 0.033 0.032

TO 6 TOLERANCE ZONES IN 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 OVER 6 THIS AREA NOT DEFINED. 0.070 0.056 0.049 0.043 0.040 0.038

TO 10 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 OVER 10 0.083 0.067 0.058 0.051 0.048 0.045

TO 14 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 OVER 14 0.082 0.066 0.057 0.050 0.047 0.044 0.088 0.072 0.063 0.056 0.053 0.050

TO 18 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 OVER 18 0.099 0.080 0.068 0.060 0.056 0.053 0.106 0.087 0.075 0.067 0.063 0.060

TO 24 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 OVER 24 0.107 0.088 0.076 0.068 0.064 0.061 0.116 0.097 0.085 0.077 0.073 0.070

TO 30 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 OVER 30 0.130 0.107 0.093 0.084 0.079 0.075 0.142 0.119 0.105 0.096 0.091 0.087

TO 40 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 OVER 40 0.143 0.120 0.106 0.097 0.092 0.088 0.159 0.136 0.122 0.113 0.108 0.104

TO 50 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.097 0.097 0.097 0.097 0.097 0.097 OVER 50 0.176 0.148 0.132 0.121 0.115 0.110 0.196 0.168 0.152 0.141 0.135 0.130

TO 65 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 OVER 65 0.194 0.166 0.150 0.139 0.133 0.128 0.220 0.192 0.176 0.165 0.159 0.154

TO 80 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 OVER 80 0.233 0.200 0.181 0.168 0.161 0.156 0.265 0.232 0.213 0.200 0.193 0.188

TO 100 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.178 0.178 0.178 0.178 0.178 0.178 OVER 100 0.259 0.226 0.207 0.194 0.187 0.182 0.297 0.264 0.245 0.232 0.225 0.220

TO 120 0.172 0.172 0.172 0.172 0.172 0.172 0.210 0.210 0.210 0.210 0.210 0.210 OVER 120 0.302 0.265 0.242 0.227 0.220 0.214 0.348 0.311 0.288 0.273 0.266 0.260

TO 140 0.202 0.202 0.202 0.202 0.202 0.202 0.248 0.248 0.248 0.248 0.248 0.248 OVER 140 0.328 0.291 0.268 0.253 0.246 0.240 0.380 0.343 0.320 0.305 0.298 0.292

TO 160 0.228 0.228 0.228 0.228 0.228 0.228 0.280 0.280 0.280 0.280 0.280 0.280 OVER 160 0.352 0.315 0.292 0.277 0.270 0.264 0.410 0.373 0.350 0.335 0.328 0.322

TO 180 0.252 0.252 0.252 0.252 0.252 0.252 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.310 OVER 180 0.399 0.356 0.330 0.313 0.304 0.298 0.465 0.422 0.396 0.379 0.370 0.364

TO 200 0.284 0.284 0.284 0.284 0.284 0.284 0.350 0.350 0.350 0.350 0.350 0.350 OVER 200 0.425 0.382 0.356 0.339 0.330 0.324 0.500 0.457 0.431 0.414 0.405 0.399

TO 225 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 OVER 225 0.455 0.412 0.386 0.369 0.360 0.354 0.540 0.497 0.471 0.454 0.445 0.439

TO 250 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.425 OVER 250 0.515 0.466 0.437 0.417 0.408 0.401 0.605 0.556 0.527 0.507 0.498 0.491

TO 280 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.475 0.475 0.475 0.475 0.475 0.475 OVER 280 0.555 0.506 0.477 0.457 0.448 0.441 0.655 0.606 0.577 0.557 0.548 0.541

TO 315 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.525 0.525 0.525 0.525 0.525 0.525 OVER 315 0.615 0.564 0.532 0.511 0.500 0.493 0.730 0.679 0.647 0.626 0.615 0.608

TO 355 0.475 0.475 0.475 0.475 0.475 0.475 0.590 0.590 0.590 0.590 0.590 0.590 OVER 355 0.670 0.619 0.587 0.566 0.555 0.548 0.800 0.749 0.717 0.696 0.685 0.678

TO 400 0.530 0.530 0.530 0.530 0.530 0.530 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.660 OVER 400 0.750 0.692 0.658 0.635 0.622 0.615 0.895 0.837 0.803 0.780 0.767 0.760

TO 450 0.595 0.595 0.595 0.595 0.595 0.595 0.740 0.740 0.740 0.740 0.740 0.740 OVER 450 0.815 0.757 0.723 0.700 0.687 0.680 0.975 0.917 0.883 0.860 0.847 0.840

TO 500 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.820 0.820 0.820 0.820 0.820 0.820

TABLE 6-29 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (y9 ... y4, z9 ... z4) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE y9 y8 y7 y6 y5 y4 z9 z8 z7 z6 z5 z4 OVER 0 0.051 0.040 0.036 0.032 0.030 0.029

TO 3 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 OVER 3 0.065 0.053 0.047 0.043 0.040 0.039

TO 6 NUMERICAL VALUES FOR 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 OVER 6 0.078 0.064 0.057 0.051 0.048 0.046

TO 10 TOLERANCE ZONES IN 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 OVER 10 0.093 0.077 0.068 0.061 0.058 0.055

TO 14 THIS AREA NOT DEFINED. 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 OVER 14 0.103 0.087 0.078 0.071 0.068 0.065

TO 18 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 OVER 18 0.115 0.096 0.084 0.076 0.072 0.069 0.125 0.106 0.094 0.086 0.082 0.079

TO 24 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.073 0.073 0.073 0.073 0.073 0.073 OVER 24 0.127 0.108 0.096 0.088 0.084 0.081 0.140 0.121 0.109 0.101 0.097 0.094

TO 30 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 OVER 30 0.156 0.133 0.119 0.110 0.105 0.101 0.174 0.151 0.137 0.128 0.123 0.119

TO 40 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.112 0.112 0.112 0.112 0.112 0.112 OVER 40 0.176 0.153 0.139 0.130 0.125 0.121 0.198 0.175 0.161 0.152 0.147 0.143

TO 50 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 OVER 50 0.218 0.190 0.174 0.163 0.157 0.152 0.246 0.218 0.202 0.191 0.185 0.180

TO 65 0.144 0.144 0.144 0.144 0.144 0.144 0.172 0.172 0.172 0.172 0.172 0.172 OVER 65 0.248 0.220 0.204 0.193 0.187 0.182 0.284 0.256 0.240 0.229 0.223 0.218

TO 80 0.174 0.174 0.174 0.174 0.174 0.174 0.210 0.210 0.210 0.210 0.210 0.210 OVER 80 0.301 0.268 0.249 0.236 0.229 0.224 0.345 0.312 0.293 0.280 0.273 0.268

TO 100 0.214 0.214 0.214 0.214 0.214 0.214 0.258 0.258 0.258 0.258 0.258 0.258 OVER 100 0.341 0.308 0.289 0.276 0.269 0.264 0.397 0.364 0.345 0.332 0.325 0.320

TO 120 0.254 0.254 0.254 0.254 0.254 0.254 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.310 OVER 120 0.400 0.363 0.340 0.325 0.318 0.312 0.465 0.428 0.405 0.390 0.383 0.377

TO 140 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.365 0.365 0.365 0.365 0.365 0.365 OVER 140 0.440 0.403 0.380 0.365 0.358 0.352 0.515 0.478 0.455 0.440 0.433 0.427

TO 160 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 OVER 160 0.480 0.443 0.420 0.405 0.398 0.392 0.565 0.528 0.505 0.490 0.483 0.477

TO 180 0.380 0.380 0.380 0.380 0.380 0.380 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 OVER 180 0.540 0.497 0.471 0.454 0.445 0.439 0.635 0.592 0.566 0.549 0.540 0.534

TO 200 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.520 0.520 0.520 0.520 0.520 0.520 OVER 200 0.585 0.542 0.516 0.499 0.490 0.484 0.690 0.647 0.621 0.604 0.595 0.589

TO 225 0.470 0.470 0.470 0.470 0.470 0.470 0.575 0.575 0.575 0.575 0.575 0.575 OVER 225 0.635 0.592 0.566 0.549 0.540 0.534 0.755 0.712 0.686 0.669 0.660 0.654

TO 250 0.520 0.520 0.520 0.520 0.520 0.520 0.640 0.640 0.640 0.640 0.640 0.640 OVER 250 0.710 0.661 0.632 0.612 0.603 0.596 0.840 0.791 0.762 0.742 0.733 0.726

TO 280 0.580 0.580 0.580 0.580 0.580 0.580 0.710 0.710 0.710 0.710 0.710 0.710 OVER 280 0.780 0.731 0.702 0.682 0.673 0.666 0.920 0.871 0.842 0.822 0.813 0.806

TO 315 0.650 0.650 0.650 0.650 0.650 0.650 0.790 0.790 0.790 0.790 0.790 0.790 OVER 315 0.870 0.819 0.787 0.766 0.755 0.748 1.040 0.989 0.957 0.936 0.925 0.918

TO 355 0.730 0.730 0.730 0.730 0.730 0.730 0.900 0.900 0.900 0.900 0.900 0.900 OVER 355 0.960 0.909 0.877 0.856 0.845 0.838 1.140 1.089 1.057 1.036 1.025 1.018

TO 400 0.820 0.820 0.820 0.820 0.820 0.820 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 OVER 400 1.075 1.017 0.983 0.960 0.947 0.940 1.255 1.197 1.163 1.140 1.127 1.120

TO 450 0.920 0.920 0.920 0.920 0.920 0.920 1.100 1.100 1.100 1.100 1.100 1.100 OVER 456 1.155 1.097 1.063 1.040 1.027 1.020 1.405 1.347 1.313 1.290 1.277 1.270

TO 500 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.250 1.250 1.250 1.250 1.250 1.250

FIG. 6-3 ILLUSTRATIONS OF DEFINITIONS INTRODUCTION The ISO System of Limits and Fits (referred to as the ISO system) is covered in national standards throughout the world, as shown by the following list: Global ISO 286 USA ANSI B4.2 Japan JIS B0401 Germany DIN 7160//61 France NF E 02-100-122 UK BSI 4500 Italy UNI 6388 Australia AS 1654 HISTORY OF THE ISO SYSTEM The present ISO system is based on the ISA System of Limits and Fits published in ISA Bulletin 25 (1940), and on comments included in the Draft Final Report of ISA Committee 3, December 1935. The unification of the various national systems of limits and fits was one of the essential tasks discussed at the initial conference of the ISA in New York, in April, 1926. The same year the Secretariat of ISA Committee 3, Limits and Fits, was entrusted to the Germany Standardizing Association, and needless to say, the system was all metric from the start. USAGE The ISO System of Limits and Fits is now in extensive use in Europe. An increasing number of drawings issued throughout the world specify the tolerances with the ISO symbols only. The ISO system for tolerances and gages is fully covered in ANSI B4.2 and B4.4M. Cutting tools, material stock, and gages held to ISO tolerances are available in many major industrial countries. It is recommended that a similar specification in USA standards be provided if the worldwide manufacture of products is a defined goal.

BASES Temperature. The standard reference temperature for industrial length measurement is 200C (680F). DEFINITIONS The most important terms relating to limits and fits are as shown in Fig. 6-3. The terms are defined below. basic size — the size to which limits or deviations are assigned. The basic size is the same for both members of a fit. It is designated by the number 40 in 40H7. deviation — the algebraic difference between a size and the corresponding basic size upper deviation — the algebraical difference between the maximum limit of size and the corresponding basic size lower deviation — the algebraic difference between the minimum limit of size and the corresponding basic size fundamental deviation — the one of the two deviations closest to the basic size. It is designated by the letter H in 40H7 tolerance — the difference between the maximum and minimum size limits on a part tolerance zone — a zone representing the tolerance and its position in relation to the basic size international tolerance grade (IT) — a group of tolerances which vary depending on the basic size, but which provide the same relative level of accuracy within a given grade. It is designated by the number 7 in 40H7 (IT7). hole basis — the system of fits where the minimum hole size is basic. The fundamental deviation for a hole basis system is “H”. shaft basis — the system of fits where the maximum shaft size is basic. The fundamental deviation for a shaft basis system is “h”. clearance fit — the relationship between assembled parts when clearance occurs under all tolerance conditions interference fit — the relationship between assembled parts when interference occurs under all tolerance conditions transition — the relationship between assembled parts when either a clearance or interference fit can result depending on the tolerance conditions of the mating parts DESCRIPTION OF TOLERANCE DESIGNATION An “International Tolerance grade” establishes the magnitude of the tolerance zone or the amount of part size variation allowed for internal and external dimensions alike (see Fig. 6-3). Tolerances are expressed in “grade number,” which are consistent with International Tolerance grades identified by the prefix IT, i.e., “IT6,” “IT11,” etc. A smaller grade number provides a smaller tolerance zone. A fundamental deviation establishes the position of the tolerance zone with respect to the basic size (see Fig. 6-3). Fundamental deviations are expressed by “tolerance position letters.” Capital letters are used for internal dimensions, and lower case or small letters are used for external dimensions. Symbols By combining the IT grade number and the tolerance position letter, the tolerance symbol is established which identifies the actual maximum and minimum limits of the part. The toleranced sizes are thus defined by the basic size of the part followed by a symbol composed of a letter and a number.

A fit is indicated by the basic size common to both components, followed by a symbol corresponding to each component, the internal part symbol preceding the external part symbol. Some methods of designating tolerances on drawings gages, etc. are shown in the following three examples. (a) 40H8 (b) 40H8(40.039/40.000) (c) 40.039/40.000(40H8) NOTE: Values in parentheses indicate reference only. BILATERAL TOLERANCE SYSTEM The ISO system of limits and fits has a full range of bilateral (two-sided) tolerances designated js and JS. The two symmetrical deviations are ± IT/2 (one half of the International Tolerances grade). UNILATERAL TOLERANCE SYSTEM The ISO system of limits and fits, with all its possible combinations, includes two unilateral (one-sided) tolerancing methods that are in common use. One tolerancing practice is based on a nominal hole (H, hole basis), the other on a nominal shaft (h, shaft basis). The ISO system has been in use in Germany for over 60 years, and standards for selected fits have influenced the European market for metric standard material sizes, measuring tools, couplings, collars, bearings, etc. HOLE-BASIS OR SHAFT-BASIS FITS The nominal H, hole-basis fit and h, shaft-basis fit tolerancing systems are both used, depending on each specific application. The hole-basis system is used with stepped shaft designs. Standard gages for checking the hole-basis fits cost less than those required for checking shaft-basis fits. In designs where a uniform-diameter shaft is used it is advantageous to employ the shaft-basis system. For example, in the case of driving shafts, a single shaft may have to accommodate a variety of accessories — such as couplings, bearings, collars, etc. Steel products toleranced to the shaft-basis system are supplied in a number of steel grades and finishes throughout Europe. Both types of fits might be used on the same design.

PREFERRED FITS ANSI B4.2 specifies the ten hole and shaft basis fits as shown in Table 6-1 and as illustrated in Fig. 6-4. Each of the ten hole basis fits corresponds to a shaft basis fit with equal clearances for the same nominal size.

FIG. 6-4 PREFERRED HOLE BASIS FITS (ANSI B4.2) The ten hole-basis preferred fits use the following tolerances: Hole: H7, H8, H9, H11 Shaft: c11, d9, f7, g6, h6, k6, n6, p6, s6, u6 It might be desirable for a user to standardize on three, or even two, of the above hole tolerances. The shaft tolerances might also be reduced to fit the requirements of certain types of products. The ten shaft-basis preferred fits use the following tolerances: Hole: C11, D9, F8, G7, H7, K7, N7, P7, S7, U7 Shaft: h6, h7, h9, h11 Note that many steel products shown in Chapter 10 are produced worldwide to the shaft tolerances shown above. The new ANSI B32.100 standard specifies the above four shaft tolerances. An illustration of the ten shaft fits is shown in Fig. 6-5.

FIG. 6-5 PREFERRED SHAFT BASIS FITS (ANSI B4.2)

PRACTICAL USE OF IT GRADES The machining process shown in Fig. 6-6 can, under normal conditions, produce the IT grades indicated. Practical usage of the various IT tolerance grades is shown in Fig. 6-7. Numerical values for IT grades from IT1 through IT18 for basic series up to 3150 mm are shown in Table 6-30.

FIG. 6-6 MACHINING PROCESSES (ANSI B4.2)

FIG. 6-7 PRACTICAL USE OF INTERNATIONAL TOLERANCE GRADES (ANSI B4.2) NON-TOLERANCED DIMENSIONS The ISO system of limits and fits can be used on a great number of applications from the finest tolerances to the coarsest. The tolerances are increasing with the nominal size in the ISO system. It is common practice in those countries that have used the ISO system to apply a somewhat related system to the non-toleranced dimensions on a drawing. It is now part of ISO 2768-1. The tolerances are dependent on the nominal sizes and are shown in the following table.

TABLE 6-30 INTERNATIONAL TOLERANCE GRADES FOR BASIS SIZES UP TO 3150 mm AND IT GRADES FROM IT1 THROUGH IT18 (ISO 286)

International tolerance (IT) grades Basic size mm IT1 IT2 IT3 IT4 IT5 IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9 IT10 IT11 IT12 IT13 IT14 IT15 IT16 IT17 IT18

Tolerances Above

Up to and in- cluding micrometers millimeters

- 3 0.8 1.2 2 3 4 6 10 14 25 40 60 0.1 0.14 0.25 0.4 0.6 1 1.4

3 6 1 1.5 2.5 4 5 8 12 18 30 48 75 0.12 0.18 0.3 0.48 0.75 1.2 1.8

6 10 1 1.5 2.5 4 6 9 15 22 36 58 90 0.15 0.22 0.36 0.58 0.9 1.5 2.2

10 18 1.2 2 3 5 8 11 18 27 43 70 110 0.18 0.27 0.43 0.7 1.1 1.8 2.7

18 30 1.5 2.5 4 6 9 13 21 33 52 84 130 0.21 0.33 0.52 0.84 1.3 2.1 3.3

30 50 1.5 2.5 4 7 11 16 25 39 62 100 160 0.25 0.39 0.62 1 1.6 2.5 3.9

50 80 2 3 5 8 13 19 30 46 74 120 190 0.3 0.46 0.74 1.2 1.9 3 4.6

80 120 2.5 4 6 10 15 22 35 54 87 140 220 0.35 0.54 0.87 1.4 2.2 3.5 5.4

120 180 3.5 5 8 12 18 25 40 63 100 160 250 0.4 0.63 1 1.6 2.5 14 6.3

180 250 4.5 7 10 14 20 29 46 72 115 185 290 0.46 0.72 1.15 1.85 2.9 4.6 7.2

250 315 6 8 12 16 23 32 52 81 130 210 320 0.52 0.81 1.3 2.1 3.2 5.2 8.1

315 400 7 9 13 18 25 36 57 89 140 230 360 0.57 0.89 1.4 2.3 3.6 5.7 8.9

400 500 8 10 15 20 27 40 63 97 155 250 400 0.63 0.97 1.55 2.5 4 6.3 9.7

500 630 9 11 16 22 32 44 70 110 175 280 440 0.7 1.1 1.75 2.8 4.4 7 11

630 800 10 13 18 25 36 50 80 125 200 320 500 0.8 1.25 2 3.2 5 8 12.5

B00 1000 11 15 21 28 40 56 90 140 230 360 560 0.9 1.4 2.3 3.6 5.6 9 14

1000 1250 13 18 24 33 47 66 105 165 260 420 660 1.05 1.65 2.6 4.2 6.6 10.5 16.5

1250 1600 15 21 29 39 55 78 125 195 310 500 780 1.25 1.95 3.1 5 7.8 12.5 19.5

1600 2000 18 25 35 46 65 92 150 230 370 600 920 1.5 2.3 3.7 6 9.2 15 23

2000 2500 22 30 41 55 78 110 175 280 440 700 1100 1.75 2.8 4.4 7 11 17.5 28

2500 3150 26 36 50 68 96 135 210 330 540 860 1350 2.1 3.3 5.4 8.6 13.5 21 33 NOTES: 1. Values for international tolerance grades IT01 and IT0 for basic sizes less than or equal to 500 mm are given in ISO 286-1, annex A, table 5. 2. Values for international tolerance grades IT1 to IT5 (incl) for basic sizes over 500 mm are included for experimental use. 3. International tolerance grades IT14 to IT18 (incl) shall not be used for basic sizes less than or equal to 1 mm. TABLE 6-31 GENERAL TOLERANCE - LINEAR DIMENSIONS (ISO 2768-1)

mm

Tolerance class Permissible deviations for basic size range

over over over over over over over 0.51 3 6 30 120 400 1000 2000

up to up to up to up to up to up to up to up to Designation Description

3 6 30 120 400 1000 2000 4000 f fine ± 0.05 ± 0.05 ± 0.1 ± 0.15 ± 0.2 ± 0.3 ± 0.5 -

m medium ± 0.1 ± 0.1 ± 0.2 ± 0.3 ± 0.5 ± 0.8 ± 1.2 ± 2

c coarse ± 0.2 ± 0.3 ± 0.5 ± 0.8 ± 1.2 ± 2 ± 3 ± 4

v very coarse - ± 0.5 ± 1 ± 1.5 ± 2.5 ± 4 ± 6 ± 8 1. For nominal sizes below 0,5 mm, the deviations shall be indicated adjacent to the relevant nominal size(s).

TOLERANCES ON ANGLES The nominal size for an angle is the length (in mm) of the short leg. Tolerances shown in Table 6-31 apply to the fine, medium, and coarse, and very coarse series specified in ISO 2768-1. Radii and chamfer tolerances are shown in Table 6-32 and angular tolerances are given in Table 6-33. TABLE 6-32 GENERAL TOLERANCE - RADII AND CHAMFERS (ISO 2768-1)

mm Tolerance class Permissible deviations for basic size range

Description Designation 0.51 up to 3 over 3 up to 6 over 6

f fine

m medium ± 0.2 ± 0.5 ± 1

c coarse

v very coarse ± 0.4 ± 1 ± 2

NOTE: 1. For nominal sizes below 0.5 mm, the deviations shall be indicated adjacent to the relevant nominal size(s). TABLE 6-33 GENERAL TOLERANCE - ANGLES (ISO 2768-1)

Tolerance class Permissible deviations for ranges of lengths, in millimeters, of the shorter side of the angle concerned

Description Designation up to 10 over 10 up to 50 over 50 up to 120 over 120 up to 400 over 400

f fine

m medium ± 1° ± 0°30' ± 0°20' ± 0o10' ± 0°5'

c coarse ± 1°30' ± 1° ± 0°30' ± 0°15' ± 0°10'

v very coarse ± 3° ± 2° ± 1 ° ± 0°30' ± 0°20'

RELATED ISO STANDARDS 17.040.10 Limits and fits ISO 286-1: 2010 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- ISO code system for tolerances on linear sizes -- Part 1: Basis of tolerances, deviations and fits ISO 286-2: 2010 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- ISO code system for tolerances on linear sizes -- Part 2: Tables of standard tolerance classes and limit deviations for holes and shafts ISO 1101:2004 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) -- Geometrical tolerancing -- Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out ISO 1101 (Draft) Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Geometrical tolerancing -- Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out ISO 1938-1: 2012 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Dimensional measuring equipment -- Part 1: Plain limit gauges of linear size ISO 2768-1:1989 General tolerances -- Part 1: Tolerances for linear and angular dimensions without individual tolerance indications ISO 2768-2:1989 General tolerances -- Part 2: Geometrical tolerances for features without individual tolerance indications ISO 5458:1998 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) -- Geometrical tolerancing -- Positional tolerancing ISO 5459: 2011 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Geometrical tolerancing -- Datums and datum systems ISO 8062:1994 Castings -- System of dimensional tolerances and machining allowances ISO 8062-1:2007 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for moulded parts -- Part 1: Vocabulary ISO/PRF TS 8062-2 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for moulded parts -- Part 2: Rules ISO 8062-3:2007 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for moulded parts -- Part 3: General dimensional and geometrical tolerances and machining allowances for castings. ISO 8062-3:2007/Cor 1:2009 ISO 13920:1996 Welding -- General tolerances for welded constructions -- Dimensions for lengths and angles -- Shape and position ISO 14405-1:2010 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Dimensional tolerancing -- Part 1: Linear sizes ISO 14405-2:2011 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Dimensional tolerancing -- Part 2: Dimensions other than linear sizes ISO HANDBOOKS ISO Standards Handbook - Limits, fits and surface properties

This handbook contains a comprehensive collection of ISO standards for: general limits and fits; limits and fits for screw threads; limits and fits for gears and involute splines; properties of surfaces. Standards on relevant terminology complete the collection. Year of publication:1999 2nd Edition. ISBN 92-67-10293-1. This book is also shown after Chapter 5.

Chapter 7

The ISO System of Limits and Fits - Inspection of Workpieces SUMMARY* This chapter specifies gages to ISO 1938 Part 1: Plain limit gages of linear size for use with the ISO System of Limits and Fits in ANSI B4.2. The new standard used to be the old Recommendation published in 1971, and GO, NOGO gages made to this standard are available for preferred sizes throughout Europe. This new standard is based on the old recommendation and was finalized in 2012 by TC 213/WG6 hosted by NIST. The standard specifies specific location and limits for the gagemakers tolerances, wear allowances, measurement uncertainties and form controls. This chapter specifies the most important metrological and design characteristics of plain limit gages of linear size and defines the different types of plain limit gages used to prove conformance with linear dimensional specification associated to linear size. It also defines the design characteristics and the metrological characteristics for these limit gages as well as the new or wear limits state Maximum Permissible Errors (MPEs) for these characteristics. The ISO 1938-1 standard also describes the use of limit gages and it covers linear sizes up to 500 mm. It is recommended to specify preferred metric sizes and tolerance zones as shown in Chapter 6 in order to minimize the cost of tooling and gages. By doing so, a matrix of standard plug and ring (snap) GO and NOGO gages may become off-the-shelf available inspection tooling similar to what we see in countries having used the ISO Limits and Fits for more than 70 years.

Chapter 8 Screw Threads SUMMARY The change to the metric system in screw threads gives us a unique opportunity to rationalize the screw thread and fastener sizes. For example, the six first choice thread sizes shown in Table 8-1 are recommended to replace the 61 other thread sizes listed. The first choice sizes are according to the R5’ series of preferred sizes shown in Table 4-1. Less savings will be achieved if you select the twelve ISO (green) first choice sizes shown or the 14 ANSI (bold) first choice sizes. The cost reduction becomes substantial when you figure thousands of dollars savings for each unique fastener size that can be eliminated from the product design. TABLE 8-1 PREFERRED THREAD SIZES

ISO 262 Metric (mm) Unified Inch Coarse (1) Coarse Fine Coarse Fine

R5’ R10’ R20’ mm Inch M2.5 2.51 #3-48 #3-56

M3 2.8 #4-40 #4-48 3.2 #5-40 #5-44 M3.5 (2) 3.5 #6-32 #6-40

M4 4.2 #8-32 #8-36 M4.5 (3) 4.8 #10-24 #10-32 M5 5.5 #12-24 #12-28

M6 6.3 1/4-20 1/4-28 M8 M8x1 7.9 5/16-18 5/16-24

M10 M10x1.25 9.5 3/8-16 3/8-24

10.9 7/16-14 7/16-20 M12 M12x1.25 12.7 1/2-13 1/2-20 M14 (2) M14x1.5 14.3 9/16-12 9/16-18

M16 M16x1.5 15.9 5/8-11 5/8-18 M18 (3) M18x1.5 M20 M20x1.5 19.1 3/4-10 3/4-16 M22 (3) M22x1.5 22.2 7/8-9 7/8-14

M24 M24x2 25.4 1-8 1-12 M27 (3) M27x2 28.6 1 1/8-7 1 1/8-12 M30 M30x2 31.8 1 1/4-7 1 1/4-12

GO CAUTION STOP NOTES: 1. The Metric Coarse Thread designation shown in this table is according to ISO. ANSI standards may specify the thread pitch for both coarse and fine thread pitches. 2. ANSI B1.13M shows the ISO preference rating. 3. Not recommended to be used in the USA. The metric coarse thread pitch is slightly smaller (finer) compared to the customary unified coarse thread pitch. For example; the metric coarse thread M8 has the thread pitch 1.25 mm and the inch thread 5/16-18 has the thread pitch 1.41 mm.

Chapter 9 Fasteners SUMMARY Rationalization — The change to the metric system opens up a tremendous opportunity for USA industry to rationalize on fewer metric fastener sizes used in new products. For preferred metric thread sizes, see Table 8-1 and Table 9-1 for fastener length. Apply the preferred metric sizes shown in Table 4-1 to the fastener length to the extent practical. (Except for the length 250 mm where either 240 or 260 mm should be specified.) Rationalization on fewer standard parts released for production could save your company large sums of money. Each unique standard part creates additional cost in documentation, spare parts, handling, purchasing, quality assurance, inventory, etc., and for many large companies the cost runs into several thousand dollars and more. INTRODUCTION The national standards1 for fasteners are shown in a World Metric Fastener Standards Index, which follows, and the comparison of standards on metric screw threads around the world can be found in Table 8-2. A comprehensive description of the existing ISO fasteners will be given later in this chapter. The following index provides an illustration of each type of fastener with its name in English (E), German (G), French (F), and Italian (I). The applicable national standard number is shown with references as to where to find specific information. 1 For information about the term “standard” as used in this book, please see p. 12. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR FASTENERS HOW TO ORDER METRIC HARDWARE An Order Check List. The proper designation of metric bolts, screws, and nuts should include the following information: 1. General product description such as: bolts, hex cap screws, tapping screws, machine screws, nuts, slotted nuts, rivets, etc., and material if other than steel. Refer to the world index for the fastener name in the required language. 2. The letter M is used for a product with ISO metric screw threads followed by the thread pitch. The designations are as follows: ANSI: M10 X 1.5 10 mm nominal diameter ISO metric screw thread with standard 1.5 mm coarse thread pitch. ISO: M10 10 mm nominal diameter ISO metric screw thread with standard 1.5 mm coarse thread pitch. M10 X 1.25 10 mm nominal diameter ISO metric screw thread with standard 1.25 mm fine thread pitch. 3. Thread fit designation. Refer to Chapter 8, p. 141 for thread fit details. ANSI: M12 X 1.75 - Designates standard thread fit 6H/6g approximately equal to SAE class 2 fit. 6H/6g M12 x 1.75 - Designates close thread fit — 6H/4g6g approximately equal to SAE class 3 fit. 6H/4g6g The medium thread fit is customary in most countries, and need not be specified when ordering fasteners to a specific standard. 4. The length designation is shown in millimeters. Refer to Table 9-1 for the preferred fastener lengths. 5. The standard thread length conforms to ISO recommendations worldwide, and no special call-out for thread length is required (Table 9-3). 6. National standards reference. The threaded fasteners details are defined in industry or national the standards, and a reference to the desired standards must be made when ordering fasteners outside of USA. 7. The strength grade which applies to steel products only, must be specified. See p. 187 for details on strength properties. 8. The surface protection (if required) should be in accordance with company practice or other standards.

WORLD METRIC FASTENER STANDARDS INDEX

STANDARD FIGURE NAME REFERENCE N0. 1 ISO 4014-4016 (E) HEX HEAD CAP SCREW FOR DETAILS SEE

USA ANSI B18.2.3.1M TABLE 9-31 (CAP SCREW)

JAPAN JIS B1180 (G) SECHSKANTSCHRAUBE TABLE 9-32 (FORMED SCR)

GERMANY DIN 931, 960 MIT SHAFT TABLE 9-34 (BOLT)

FRANCE NF E27-311 (F) VIS A TETE NOTE: THE ISO

UK BS 3692 HEXAGONALE DESIGNATES PRODUCTS

ITALY UNI 5737, 5738 (I) VITE A TESTA PARTIALLY THREADED

AUSTRAL AS 1110

ESAGONALE AS BOLTS.

N0. 2 ISO 4017, 4018 (E) HEX HEAD CAP SCREW FOR DETAILS SEE

USA ANSI B18.2.3.1M THREADED TO HEAD TABLE 9-31

JAPAN JIS (G) SECHSKANTSCHRAUBE NOTE: THE ISO DESIGNATES

GERMANY DIN 933, 961 MIT GEWINDE BIS KOPF PRODUCTS THREADED TO

FRANCE NF E27-310 (F) VIS A TETE HEXAGONALE FILETEE HEAD AS SCREWS

UK BS 4190 (BOLTS) JUSQU'A PROXIMITE DE LA TETE

ITALY UNI 5739, 5740 (I) VITE A TESTA

AUSTRAL AS 1111 (BOLTS)

ESAGONALE NO. 3 ISO 272.0000 (E) HEX HEAD BOLT WITH LARGE FOR DETAILS SEE

USA ANSI B18.2.3.1M HEAD (HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL)

TABLE 9-33 (HEAVY SCREW)

JAPAN JIS B1186 (G) SECHSKANTSCHRAUBE

GERMANY DIN 6914 MIT GROSSER SCHLUSSELWEITE TABLE 9-35 (HEAVY BOLT)

FRANCE NF E27-711 (F) VIS A TETE HEXAGONALE

UK BS 4395 LARGE, A COLERETTE TABLE 9-36

ITALY UNI 5712 (I) VITE A TESTA (HEAVY STRUCTURAL BOLT)

AUSTRAL AS 1252

ESAGONALE LARGO NO. 4 ISO 8677 (E) ROUND HEAD SQUARE NECK FOR DETAILS SEE

USA ANSI B18.5.2.1M BOLT (CARRIAGE BOLT) TABLE 9-39 (SHORT NECK)

JAPAN JIS B1171 (G) FLACHRUNDSCHRAUBE

GERMANY DIN 603 MIT VIERKANTANSATZ TABLE 9-40 (LONG NECK)

FRANCE NF E27-350 (F) VIS A TETE BOMBEE

UK BS 4933 A COLLET CARRE TABLE 9-41 (LARGE HEAD)

ITALY UNI 5731. 5732 (I) VITE A TESTA TONDO

AUSTRAL AS 1390

LARGO CON QUARDRA SOTTOTESTA

NO. 5 ISO 5713 (E) ROUND HEAD COUNTERSUNK FOR DETAILS SEE

USA ANSI B18.5.1 SQUARE NECK BOLT (PLOW BOLT) TABLE 9-43

JAPAN JIS B1179 (G) SENKSCHRAUBE MIT

GERMANY DIN 608 VIERKANTANSATZ FRANCE NF E27-354 (F) VIS A TETE FRAISEE

UK BS 4933 COLLET CARRE

ITALY UNI 5735, 6104 (I) VITE A TESTA SVASATA

AUSTRAL AS

CON QUADRA SOTTOTESTA

TABLE 9-31 HEX CAP SCREWS (ANSI B18.2.3.1M) SAMPLE TABLE

D DS S E K KW C DW

Nominal Width Width Washer Washer

Screw Body

Across Across Wrenching

Face Face

Dia and Flats Corners Height Thickness Dia Thread

Diameter

Head Height

Pitch Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Min Max Min Min

M5 x 0.8 5 4.82 8 7.78 9.24 8.79 3.65 3.35 2.4 0.5 0.2 7 M6 x 1 6 5.82 10 9.78 11.55 11.05 4.15 3.85 2.8 0.5 0.2 8.9

M8 x 1.125 8 7.78 13 12.73 15.01 14.38 5.5 5.1 3.7 0.6 0.3 11.6 M10 x 1.5 15 14.73 17.32 16.64 13.6 M10 x 1.5 10 9.78

16* 15.73 18.48 17.77 6.63 6.17 4.5 0.6 0.3

14.6 M12 x 1.75 12 11.73 18 17.73 20.78 20.03 7.76 7.24 5.2 0.6 0.3 16.6

M 14 x 2 14 13.73 21 20.67 24.25 23.35 9.09 8.51 6.2 0.6 0.3 19.6 M 16 x 2 16 15.73 24 23.67 27.71 26.75 10.32 9.68 7 0.8 0.4 22.49

M20 x 2.5 20 19.67 30 29.16 34.64 32.95 12.88 12.12 8.8 0.8 0.4 27.7 M24 x 3 24 23.67 36 35 41.57 39.55 15.44 14.56 10.5 0.8 0.4 33.2

M30 x 3.5 30 29.67 46 45 53.12 50.85 19.48 17.92 13.1 0.8 0.4 42.7 M36 x 4 36 35.61 55 53.8 63.51 60.79 23.38 21.62 15.8 0.8 0.4 51.1

M42 x 4.5 42 41.38 65 62.9 75.06 71.71 26.97 25.03 18.2 1 0.5 59.8 M48 x 5 48 47.38 75 72.6 86.6 82.76 31.07 28.93 21 1 0.5 69

M56 x 5.5 56 55.26 85 82.2 98.15 93.71 36.2 33.8 24.5 1 0.5 78.1 M64 x 6 64 63.26 95 91.8 109.7 104.65 41.32 38.68 28 1 0.5 87.2 M72 x 6 72 71.26 105 101.4 121.24 115.6 46.45 43.55 31.5 1.2 0.6 96.3 M80 x 6 80 79.26 115 111 132.72 126.54 51.58 48.42 35 1.2 0.6 105.4 M90 x 6 90 89.13 130 125.5 150.11 143.07 57.74 54.26 39.2 1.2 0.6 119.2

M100 x 6 100 99.13 145 140 167.43 159.6 63.9 60.1 43.4 1.2 0.6 133 *M10 x 1.5 with 16 mm WAF will be supplied unless the ISO 15 mm WAF is specified. NOTES: 1. Parts made to this standard are interchangeable with parts made to ISO 4014, product grade A. 2. Standard strength property classes are: 5.8, 9.8, and 10.9 (see Table 9-4). 3. Designation example: Hex cap screw, M6 x 1 x 40, class 9.8, zinc plated. 4. See general data on p. 230 or referenced standard.

Chapter 10 Steel Material Data1 SUMMARY Rationalization - The change to metric steel sizes opens up a tremendous opportunity for USA industry to rationalize on fewer steel sheet, plate, wire, bar, tube and section sizes. Some companies have shown remarkably good results when rationalizing, steel plates, for example, from 19 inch sizes to 8 metric sizes. Again, the use of the preferred metric sizes shown in Table 4-1 is the key tool to use. The preference ratings - F for first choice, S for second choice, and T for third choice - are used in the referenced standards to promote usage of fewer sizes. Little rationalization of sizes is achieved in a company if one freely selects from all first-choice sizes listed in the steel tables. 1The World Ferrous Materials Index is given on p. 470 of this chapter. INTRODUCTION The American National Standards Institute issued American National Standard ANSI B32.100 Preferred Metric Sizes for Flat, Round, Square, Rectangular, and Hexagonal Metric Products. References to the following proposed and approved standards, which are in complete agreement with the applicable ISO standards, are also included. ANSI B32.200 Preferred Metric Sizes for Round, Square, and Rectangular Tubular Metal Products Other Than Pipe, and the ANSI B32.300 Preferred Metric Sizes for Equal and Unequal Leg Angles, T- and Channel-Sections, IPN- and Wide Flange-Beams Structural Steel. Major steel-producing countries, such as Japan, Germany, France, and Italy, have produced steel material dimensioned to metric modules for a number of years. The national standards2 for steel sizes reflect the available commercial sizes in the above countries. The European countries just listed have developed coordinated EURONORM steel standards issued by the European Coal and Steel Community. Since 1955, approximately 100 EURONORM standards have been published in German, French, Italian, and Dutch. These standards are available from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstrasse 6 D-1000 Berlin 30, Germany. A number of these EURONORM standards have now been modified and published as new ISO or EN standards. 2For information about the term “standard” as used in this book, please see p.12. description of tables — The steel material dimension tables list standard metric sizes produced in major countries already using the metric system. The ISO and ANSI standards are also shown. Linear dimensions, section areas, and mass per length or area are shown in SI units. The left column in the tables marked ISO, ANSI, or DIN indicates the preference rating in the standard from which the metric sizes are chosen. On the right side of the tables, national standards for the applicable products are listed with their specified preference rating. The tolerances in the tables are given in millimeters, and they are either ISO, EURONORM, or national standard tolerances selected from the ISO system of limits and fits. Steel materials produced to the latter tolerances are standard in all major countries including USA (ANSI B32.100). All conversions and calculations are processed by a computer with the data shown rounded off to the nearest number in each case. The computer exponential E-format was selected to cover a wide range of steel sizes and at the same time to present an accuracy to three significant digits for all numbers shown. The maximum error range is from 0.5 to 0.05%. Some typical examples of the use of E-format are as follows: Computer Listing Decimal Value 0.427E - 01 = 0.427 x 10-1 = 0.0427 0.628E + 00 = 0.628 x 100 = 0.628 0.243E + 01 = 0.243x 101 = 2.43 0.962E + 03 = 0.962 x 103 = 962 The standard density for steel used in ISO and national standards outside Canada and the USA is 1 m3 steel, which has a 7850 kg mass. The standard density factor for steel in the USA is 0.2833 lb/in3, and it differs from the ISO standard by approximately 0.1%. The mass per unit shown in the steel material tables is calculated using the ISO density factor. The conversion factor 2.767990E + 04 was used to compute the pound per cubic inch equivalent. One cubic meter steel has 7842 kg mass using the USA density factor and 7850 kg mass with the ISO factor.

WORLD SHEET METAL STANDARDS Thicknesses. The following discussion is intended to assist the designer in his or her choice of metric sheet metal sizes and qualities anywhere in the world. Standard thicknesses for hot-rolled steel sheets are shown in Table 10-1A and for cold-reduced sheets in Table 10-2A. ANSI B32.100 is a recently released standard drafted by the author, and it is recommended the first choices shown in the USA column be chosen if possible. Use the Preferred Sizes in Table 4-1 p. 75 when selecting among all the third choices shown in the material tables. Most of the above thicknesses are available worldwide. Material. A worldwide comparison of the designations used for hot-rolled and cold-rolled steels is shown in Tables 10-42A and B. The ISO, EURONORM, and national standards for each product are also given for easy reference to further details. Make the material selection from Table 10-42A for hot-rolled and Table 10-42B for cold-rolled steel sheets. Note the ISO standard number where the desired steel grade is specified, and use it to find the appropriate ISO tolerance for the product. When steel is specified to other national standards, specify tolerances and steel grades as shown in that standard. Tolerances. The tolerances for sheet metal are specified in a number of ISO standards and shown in Tables 10-1B through 1H for hot-rolled and in Tables 10-2B through 2E for cold-rolled material. The specific ISO standard number where the tolerances are specified are shown with the table title in parenthesis. Coatings. Select the desired ISO coating grade from the Tables 10-42E through 10-42K or the national standard used to specify the steel sheet product. Order Example. For hot-rolled steel sheets the desired thickness is selected from Table 10-1A, ISO standard number and qualities from Table 10-42A, tolerances from Table 10-1B through 10-1H, and coating from Table 10-42E through 10-42K. A typical example of designation of steel sheet 2 mm thick X 1200 mm wide X 2440 mm long to steel grade HR235, class D (D = CS Special Killed) and tolerance ± 0.17 mm, as specified in ISO 4995, is as follows: “International Standard 4995, hot-rolled steel sheet, structural quality, grade HR235 class D, 2 x 1200 X 2440 mm, 40000 kg, for part No. 2345, roof support, mill edge, furnish report of mechanical properties, maximum lift 4000 kg.” For cold-rolled steel sheets, the desired thickness is selected from Table 10-2A, ISO standard number and material qualities from Table 10-42B, tolerances from Table 10-2B through 2E, and coating from Table 10-42E through 42K. A typical example of designation of cold-rolled steel sheet 1 mm thick X 700 mm wide and 1800 mm long to the steel grade CR220 class B (rimmed or nonrimmed) and tolerance ± 0.09 mm, as specified in the ISO standard, is as follows: “International Standard 4997, cold-rolled steel sheet, structural quality, grade CR220 class B, 1 X 700 X 1800 mm, 40 000 kg, for part No. 3456, seat frame — unexposed, furnish report of mechanical properties, maximum lift 4000 kg.” WORLD STEEL PLATE STANDARDS Thicknesses. The standard steel plate thicknesses in most of the major steel-producing countries are shown in Table 10-3A. Although some differences exist in the various material standards, the first-choice sizes in the ANSI B32.100 standard should be available worldwide. You will note the few thicknesses considered first choice in the German DIN 1543 standard.

TABLE 10-1A HOT-ROLLED STEEL SHEET AND STRIP THICKNESSES (ANSI B32.100) SIZE USA AUSTRAL JAPAN FRANCE UK GERMANY ITALY

ANSI D MASS ANSI AS JIS NF BS DIN UNI B32.100 mm kg/m2 B32.100 1594 G3193 A46-501 1449 1016

F 1 7.85 F F F F F F T 1.1 8.63 T S S 1.2 9.42 S F F 1.25F F T 1.4 11.0 T S F T 1.5 11.8 T F F F 1.6 12.6 F F F F T 1.7 13.7 T F F T 1.8 14.1 T S F S 2 15.7 S F F F F F T 2.2 17.3 T, 2.3T S 2.3F 2.25F F 2.5 19.6 F F F F F F T 2.8 22.0 T S F, 2.6S S 3 23.5 S F 2.9S F F F T 3.2 25.1 T F T 3.5 27.5 T S F T 3.8 29.8 T 3.6F F 4 31.4 F F F F F F 4.2 33.0

T 4.5 35.3 T S F F 4.8 37.7 4.75F

S 5 39.2 S F F F F F T 5.5 43.2 T S 5.6F F 6 47.1 F F F F F F T 7 54.9 T S F, 6.3F F S 8 62.8 S F F F F F T 9 70.6 T S F F 10 78.5 F F F F F T 11 86.3 T F S 12 94.2 S F F 12.5F

NOTES: 1. Mass is calculated on the basis of density of steel of 7.85 kg/dm3. 2. The size is national standard as indicated; F = First Choice; S = Second Choice; T = Third Choice; Number = Other Size. 3. Tolerances are shown in Tables 10-1B-10-1H.

Chapter 11 Nonferrous Material SUMMARY Only copper and aluminum products are covered in this chapter. Major industrial countries, such as Japan, Germany, France, and Italy, have produced nonferrous material dimensioned to metric modules for a number of years, and the material standards1 for nonferrous sizes reflect the available commercial sizes in these countries. The American National Standards Institute issued American National Standards B32.100-2005 for preferred metric sizes for flat, round, square, rectangular, and hexagonal metal products. The preferred metric sizes were the result of the informational input of representatives from industries and professional societies, as well as the experience of other countries where the metric system has been in use. DESCRIPTION OF TABLES The nonferrous material dimension tables given in this chapter list standard metric sizes produced in major countries using the metric system. Linear dimensions, section areas, and mass per length of area are shown both in SI units and in customary inch units in the left-hand portions of each table. The left-most columns in the tables, which are headed in vertical fashion by ISO, ANSI, DIN, or BS, indicates the preference rating in the appropriate standard from which the metric sizes are chosen. In the right-hand portions of the tables, national standards for the applicable products are listed with their specified preference ratings. Tolerances shown in the right-hand portions of the tables are in millimeters, and are listed by column under a heading noting the original standard. Most of the tolerances are specified within the ISO system of limits and fits which is covered in national product standards throughout the world. All conversions and calculations were processed by a computer, and the data shown are rounded off to the nearest number in each case. The computer exponential “E” format (see Table 2-2) was selected in order to cover a wide range of sizes and at the same time present a three-significant-digit accuracy for all numbers shown. The maximum error range is from 0.5% to 0.05%. The standard density for copper used is 8900 kg mass per cubic meter, and for aluminum, 2700 kg mass per cubic meter. The density is not constant, and varies with added alloying materials. WORLD STANDARDS FOR NONFERROUS PLATE AND SHEET Table 11-1. Cold Rolled Copper and Copper Alloy Sheets (ANSI B32.100). The nominal thicknesses in the range from 0.1 to 10 mm have been based on the ANSI B32.100 standard, and the tolerances shown are based on DIN 1751 for cold rolled copper sheets. Table 11-2. Cold Rolled Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Sheets (ANSI B32.100). Aluminum sheets are shown in sizes ranging from 0.25 to 15 mm thicknesses with preference ratings as specified in ANSI B32.100. The tolerances shown are for aluminum sheets of Material Group I in DIN 1783, which is applicable for most aluminum sheet products. Table 11-3. Cold Rolled Copper and Copper Alloy Plates (ANSI B32.100). Copper plates in thicknesses from 3 to 50 mm are shown in Table 11-3, and the selection of sizes has been based on ANSI B32.100. The tolerances listed are those specified in the Japanese Standard JIS H3111 for oxygen-free copper sheets and plates. Table 11-4. Hot Rolled Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Plates (ANSI B32.100). Hot-rolled aluminum plates in thicknesses from 5 to 100 mm have been selected from ANSI B32.100, and some tolerances from DIN 59600 for sheets and rounds made of hot rolled aluminum are also shown.

TABLE 10-1A HOT-ROLLED STEEL SHEET AND STRIP THICKNESSES (ANSI B32.100) SIZE USA AUSTRAL JAPAN FRANCE UK GERMANY ITALY

ANSI D MASS ANSI AS JIS NF BS DIN UNI B32.100 mm kg/m2 B32.100 1594 G3193 A46-501 1449 1016

F 1 7.85 F F F F F F T 1.1 8.63 T S S 1.2 9.42 S F F 1.25F F T 1.4 11.0 T S F T 1.5 11.8 T F F F 1.6 12.6 F F F F T 1.7 13.7 T F F T 1.8 14.1 T S F S 2 15.7 S F F F F F T 2.2 17.3 T, 2.3T S 2.3F 2.25F F 2.5 19.6 F F F F F F T 2.8 22.0 T S F, 2.6S S 3 23.5 S F 2.9S F F F T 3.2 25.1 T F T 3.5 27.5 T S F T 3.8 29.8 T 3.6F F 4 31.4 F F F F F F 4.2 33.0

T 4.5 35.3 T S F F 4.8 37.7 4.75F

S 5 39.2 S F F F F F T 5.5 43.2 T S 5.6F F 6 47.1 F F F F F F T 7 54.9 T S F, 6.3F F S 8 62.8 S F F F F F T 9 70.6 T S F F 10 78.5 F F F F F T 11 86.3 T F S 12 94.2 S F F 12.5F

NOTES: 1. Mass is calculated on the basis of density of steel of 7.85 kg/dm3. 2. The size is national standard as indicated; F = First Choice; S = Second Choice; T = Third Choice; Number = Other Size. 3. Tolerances are shown in Tables 10-1B-10-1H.

Chapter 12 Bearings SUMMARY Roller bearings have been subject to extensive world standardization efforts. Ball and cylindrical roller bearings are the most prevalent bearing types in countries using the metric system. The secretariat for the Technical Committee ISO/TC4 Rolling Bearings is held by Sweden. Its first recommendation, R15 for radial bearings boundary dimensions, was issued in 1955, and the second edition of this important standard1 received worldwide approval in 1968. The largest ball and cylindrical roller bearing manufacturing companies in the world have adhered to the ISO recommendation, so that today a number of bearing types, produced by different manufacturing companies, can be interchanged. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI), representing the USA position on an international level, and the American Bearing Manufacturers Association, Inc. (ABMA), are responsible for rolling element bearing standardization in the USA These standards are published as ANSI/ABMA standards and are available from either of the above organizations. ANSI/ABMA 20 describes metric design radial ball, cylindrical roller, and spherical roller bearings conforming to the basic boundary plans, which contain radial bearing parameters from the following international standards: • ISO 15 (boundary dimensions) • ISO 464 (snap rings and grooves) • ISO 492 (tolerances) • ISO 582 (chamfer dimensions) • ISO 5753 (radial clearances) Thrust bearings of ball cylindrical roller, and spherical roller types are specified in ANSI/ABMA 24.1, which covers thrust bearing parameters from the following international standards: • ISO 104 (boundary dimensions) • ISO 199 (thrust ball bearing tolerances) • ISO 582 (for chamfer dimensions) A commitment to the customary inch measuring system has caused slow progress in the world standardization of such bearing types as needle and tapered roller bearings. The secretariat for ISO/TC123 - Plain Bearings is held by Russia, where several standards have been issued on the subject, as shown on p. 539. self-aligning bushings would fall in the category of TC 123. However, the Russians have no interest in this matter. Self-aligning bushings will be covered by TC4/SC7. Subcommittee 7 is handled by Germany. Self-aligning bushings are now covered in the three-part standard ISO 6124, as shown on p. 542. 1For information about the term “standard” as used in this book, please see p.12. TABLE 12-5A WORLD BALL AND THRUST BEARING STANDARDS - DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARINGS - SINGLE ROW mm

STANDARDS FIGURE DIMENSIONS

ISO 15 BEARING TYPE BC - DIMENSION SERIES 10

USA ANSI/ABMA 20 DESIGNATION d D B r DESIGNATION d D B r

JAPAN JIS B1521 10 BC10 10 26 8 0.3 60 BC10 60 95 18 1.1

GERMANY DIN 625 12 BC10 12 28 8 0.3 65 BC10 65 100 18 1.1

FRANCE NF E22-300 15 BC10 15 32 9 0.3 70 BC10 70 110 20 1.1

UK BS 292 17 BC10 17 35 10 0.3 75 BC10 75 115 20 1.1

ITALY UNI 4473 20 BC10 20 42 12 0.6 80 BC10 80 125 22 1.1

AUSTRALIA AS 25 BC10 25 47 12 0.6 85 BC10 85 130 22 1.1

30 BC10 30 55 13 1 90 BC10 90 140 24 1.5

NOTES: 35 BC10 35 62 14 1 95 BC10 95 145 24 1.5

1. Bearing codes are according to the previous 40 BC10 40 68 15 1 100 BC10 100 150 24 1.5

ISO/R300 standard and ANSI/ABMA 20. 45 BC10 45 75 16 1 105 BC10 105 160 26 2

2. The radii shown are rs min as specified in ISO 15. 50 BC10 50 80 16 1 110 BC10 110 170 28 2

55 BC10 55 90 18 1.1 120 BC10 120 180 28 2

Chapter 13 Mechanical Power Transmission Systems SUMMARY The purpose of this section is to describe world standards1 for the most commonly used power source in industry — the electric motor — and some of the important power transmission components, such as transmission chains and sprockets, endless belt drives, metric module gearing, splines and serrations, and keys and keyways. Some standards for these items have been based on the metric measuring system, and the others on the customary inch system. The main differences will be pointed out in this chapter to facilitate worldwide interchangeability of parts. A number of ISO and IEC standards have been issued on the subject, and some of the most important standards, as well as the ISO technical committee organizing the technical work behind each standard, are listed at the end of the chapter. Note that the technical committees are designated by the letters TC, followed by the appropriate committee number. Information presented in ISO and IEC standards and draft proposals have been included, but since they are subject to change, care should be exercised with some of the material presented. 1For information about the term “standard” as used in this book, please see p.12. ELECTRIC MOTORS INTRODUCTION The material presented in this chapter is intended to give a brief introduction into standards related to the usage of electric motors; IEC has published several important standards on this subject and is active in developing standards for rotating electrical machines through its IEC/TC2 working groups and committees. ROTATING SPEEDS North America uses alternating electrical current with 60 Hz frequency, but most of the world uses 50 Hz power supply. The synchronous rotating speed for induction motors is calculated by using the following formula: F • 120 (rpm) frequency • 120 (rpm) n = --------------- --------------------------- (13-1) p number of poles Electric motors (other than dc) rotate with speeds depending on the frequency of the power supply, and the most commonly used output speeds produced for industry are shown in Table 13-1. POWER OUTPUT RATINGS The nominal power outputs in kilowatts (kW) are specified in IEC 72-1 and shown in Table 13-2 for output ratings from 0.06 to 250 kW. Preferred output powers for larger electric motors in a size range from 280 to 1000 kW are specified in IEC 72-1. TABLE 13-1 NOMINAL SYNCHRONOUS OUTPUT SPEEDS (rpm) FOR MOTORS OPERATING ON A 50 Hz OR 60 Hz ac SUPPLY

SPEED (rpm) POLES 50 Hz 60 Hz

2 3000 3600 4 1500 1800 6 1000 1200 8 750 900 10 600 720

Chapter 14 Fluid Power Systems and Components SUMMARY Fluid power systems are those that transmit and control power through the use of a pressurized fluid (liquid or gas) within an enclosed circuit. Fluid power includes the technologies of hydraulics, pneumatics, and fluid logic. The world standards1 presented in this chapter deal, for the most part, with hydraulic fluid power systems and components. The National Fluid Power Association (NFPA) (see Table 1-1) administers the secretariat of the ISO TC 131 on fluid power, and a number of standards have been approved and published. The ISO standards presented in this chapter conform, with some exceptions, to the national standards and industry practices in all major industrial countries. 1For information about the term “standard” as used in this book, please see p. 12. NOMINAL PRESSURES The recommended SI units for hydraulic pressure is the pascal (1 Pa = 1 N/mm2). The bar was widely used throughout Europe and 1 MPa equals 10 bar and 1 kPa equals 10 mbar (millibar). To bring practical units for volumetric flow in line with theoretical calculations, the cubic meter per second (m3/s) or liter per second (L/s) is recommended for use instead of the cubic meter and liter per minute (simplifications of power calculations). ISO 2944 recommended pressures for fluid power are shown in Table 14-1. TABLE 14-1 NOMINAL PRESSURES-GAGE PRESSURES IN kPa AND MPa1 (ISO 2944)

kPa (kilopascal) MPa (megapascal)

1 10 100 1 10 100

(1.25 (12.5) (125) (1.25) (12.5) 1.6 16 160 1.6 16 (2) (20) (200) (2) 20 2.5 25 250 2.5 25

(3.15) (31.5) (315) (3.15) 31.5 4 40 400 4 40

(5) (50) (500) (5) 50 6.3 63 630 6.3 63 (8) (80) (800) (8) 80

NOTES: 1. Non-preferred values are in parenthesis. 2. 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 10 mbar = 0.145 psi. 3. 1 MPa (megapascal) = 145 psi.

Chapter 15 Manufacturing Engineering SUMMARY The introduction of metric drill sizes to manufacturing creates an opportunity to rationalize the number of drills used. Table 15-1 shows some preferred metric drill sizes, together with the customary inch fraction, number, and letter sizes. The table shows all sizes in decimal millimeter or inch, and it makes it convenient to phase out non-preferred inch sizes.

TABLE 15-1 DRILL SIZES WITH DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS

DRILL SIZE DECIMALS DRILL SIZE DECIMALS mm INCH mm INCH mm INCH mm INCH 0.1 0.0039 0.7 0.0276

NO.97 0.15 0.0059 NO.70 0.71 0.028

NO.96 0.16 0.0063 NO.69 0.74 0.0292

NO.95 0.17 0.0067

NO.94 0.18 0.0071 0.75 0.0295

NO.93 0.19 0.0075 NO.68 0.79 0.031

NO.92 0.2 0.0079 1/32 0.8 0.0313

0.2 0.0079 0.8 0.0315

NO.91 0.21 0.0083 NO.67 0.81 0.032

NO.90 0.22 0.0087 NO.66 0.84 0.033

NO.89 0.23 0.0091

NO.88 0.24 0.0095 0.85 0.0335

NO.87 0.25 0.01 NO.65 0.89 0.035

NO.86 0.27 0.0105

NO.85 0.28 0.011 0.9 0.0354

NO.84 0.29 0.0115 NO.64 0.91 0.036

NO.63 0.94 0.037

0.3 0.0118

NO.83 0.3 0.012 0.95 0.0374

NO.82 0.32 0.0125 NO.62 0.97 0.038

NO.81 0.33 0.013 NO.61 0.99 0.039

NO.80 0.34 0.0135

1 0.0394

0.35 0.0138 NO.60 1.02 0.04

NO.79 0.37 0.0145 NO.59 1.04 0.041

1/64 0.4 0.0156

1.05 0.0413

0.4 0.0158 NO.58 1.07 0.042

NO.78 0.41 0.016 NO.57 1.09 0.043

0.45 0.0177 1.1 0.0433

NO.77 0.46 0.018 1.15 0.0453

NO.56 1.18 0.0465

0.5 0.0197 3/64 1.19 0.0469

NO.76 0.51 0.02

NO.75 0.53 0.021 1.2 0.0472

1.25 0.0492

0.55 0.0217 1.3 0.0512

NO.74 0.57 0.0225 NO.55 1.32 0.052

0.6 0.0236 1.35 0.0531

NO.73 0.61 0.024 NO.54 1.4 0.055

NO.72 0.64 0.025

1.4 0.0551

0.65 0.0256 1.45 0.0571

NO.71 0.66 0.026 1.5 0.0591

GO STOP CAUTION GO STOP CAUTION

TABLE 15-1 DRILL SIZES WITH DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS (CONT'D)

DRILL SIZE DECIMALS DRILL SIZE DECIMALS mm INCH mm INCH mm INCH mm INCH

NO.53 1.51 0.0595 2.45 0.0965

NO.40 2.49 0.098

1.55 0.061

1/16 1.59 0.0625 2.5 0.0984

NO.39 2.53 0.0995

1.6 0.063 NO.38 2.58 0.1015

NO.52 1.61 0.0635

2.6 0.1024

1.65 0.065 NO.37 2.64 0.104

1.7 0.0669

NO.51 1.7 0.067 2.7 0.1063

NO.36 2.71 0.1065

1.75 0.0689 7/64 2.78 0.1094

NO.50 1.78 0.07 NO.35 2.79 0.11

1.8 0.0709 2.8 0.1102

1.85 0.0728 NO.34 2.82 0.111

NO.49 1.85 0.073 NO.33 2.87 0.113

1.9 0.0748 2.9 0.1142

NO.48 1.93 0.076 NO.32 2.95 0.116

1.95 0.0768 3 0.1181

1/64 1.98 0.0781 NO.31 3.05 0.12

NO.47 1.99 0.0785

3.1 0.122

2 0.0787 1/8 3.18 0.125

2.05 0.0807

NO.46 2.06 0.081 3.2 0.126

NO.45 2.08 0.082 NO.30 3.26 0.1285

2.1 0.0827 3.3 0.1299

2.15 0.0846 3.4 0.1339

NO.44 2.18 0.086 NO.29 3.45 0.136

2.2 0.0866 3.5 0.1378

2.25 0.0886 NO.28 3.57 0.1405

NO.43 2.26 0.089 9/64 3.57 0.1406

2.3 0.0906 3.6 0.1417

2.35 0.0925 NO.27 3.66 0.144

NO.42 2.37 0.0935

3/32 2.38 0.0938 3.7 0.1457

NO.26 3.73 0.147

2.4 0.0945 NO.25 3.8 0.1495

NO.41 2.44 0.096

GO STOP CAUTION GO STOP CAUTION

TABLE 15-1 DRILL SIZES WITH DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS (CONT'D)

DRILL SIZE DECIMALS DRILL SIZE DECIMALS mm INCH mm INCH mm INCH mm INCH

3.8 0.1496 13/64 5.16 0.2031

NO.24 3.86 0.152 NO.6 5.18 0.204

3.9 0.1535 5.2 0.2047

NO.23 3.91 0.154 NO.5 5.22 0.2055

5/32 3.97 0.1562

NO.22 3.99 0.157 5.3 0.2087

NO.4 5.31 0.209

4 0.1575

NO.21 4.04 0.159 5.4 0.2126

NO.20 4.09 0.161 NO.3 5.41 0.213

4.1 0.1614 5.5 0.2165

4.2 0.1654 7/32 5.56 0.2188

NO.19 4.22 0.166

5.6 0.2205

4.3 0.1693 NO.2 5.61 0.221

NO.18 4.31 0.1695

11/64 4.37 0.1719 5.7 0.2244

NO.17 4.39 0.173 NO.1 5.79 0.228

4.4 0.1732 5.8 0.2283

NO.16 4.5 0.177

5.9 0.2323

4.5 0.1772 A 5.94 0.234

NO.15 4.57 0.18 15/64 5.95 0.2344

4.6 0.1811 6 0.2362

NO.14 4.62 0.182 B 6.05 0.238

NO.13 4.7 0.185 6.1 0.2402

C 6.15 0.242

4.7 0.185 6.2 0.2441

3/16 4.76 0.1875 D 6.25 0.246

NO.12 4.8 0.189 6.3 0.248

1/4 6.35 0.25

4.8 0.189 E 6.35 0.25

NO.11 4.85 0.191

6.4 0.252

4.9 0.1929 6.5 0.2559

NO.10 4.91 0.1935 F 6.53 0.257

NO.9 4.98 0.196

6.6 0.2598

5 0.1968 G 6.63 0.261

NO.8 5.05 0.199

6.7 0.2638

5.1 0.2008 17/64 6.75 0.2656

NO.8 5.11 0.201 H 6.76 0.266

GO STOP CAUTION GO STOP CAUTION

TABLE 15-1 DRILL SIZES WITH DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS (CONT'D)

DRILL SIZE DECIMALS DRILL SIZE DECIMALS mm INCH mm INCH mm INCH mm INCH

6.8 0.2677 11/32 8.73 0.3438

6.9 0.2717 8.8 0.3465

I 6.91 0.272 S 8.84 0.348

7 0.2756 8.9 0.3504

J 7.04 0.277 9 0.3543

T 9.09 0.358

7.1 0.2795

K 7.14 0.281 9.1 0.3583

9/32 7.14 0.2812 23/64 9.13 0.3594

7.2 0.2835 9.2 0.3622

7.3 0.2874 9.3 0.3661

L 7.37 0.29 U 9.35 0.368

7.4 0.2913 9.4 0.3701

M 7.49 0.295 9.5 0.374

3/8 9.53 0.375

7.5 0.2953 V 9.58 0.377

19/64 7.54 0.2969

9.6 0.378

7.6 0.2992 9.7 0.3819

N 7.67 0.302 9.8 0.3858

W 9.8 0.386

7.7 0.3031

7.8 0.3071 9.9 0.3898

7.9 0.311 25/64 9.92 0.3906

5//16 7.94 0.3125

10 0.3937

8 0.315 X 10.08 0.397

O 8.03 0.316

10.2 0.4016

8.1 0.3189 Y 10.26 0.404

8.2 0.3228

P 8.2 0.323 10.3 0.4058

13/32 10.32 0.4062

8.3 0.3268 Z 10.49 0.413

21/64 8.33 0.3281

10.5 0.4134

8.4 0.3307 27/64 10.72 0.4219

Q 8.43 0.332

10.8 0.4252

8.5 0.3346 11 0.4331

8.6 0.3386 7/16 11.11 0.4375

R 8.61 0.339

11.2 0.4409

8.7 0.3425 11.5 0.4528

GO STOP CAUTION GO STOP CAUTION

TABLE 15-1 DRILL SIZES WITH DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS (CONT'D)

DRILL SIZE DECIMALS DRILL SIZE DECIMALS mm INCH mm INCH mm INCH mm INCH

29/64 11.51 0.4531 18.5 0.7284

11.8 0.4646 47/64 18.65 0.7344

15/32 11.91 0.4688

19 0.748

12 0.4724 3//4 19.05 0.75

12.2 0.4803 49/64 19.45 0.7656

31/64 12.3 0.4844

19.5 0.7677

12.5 0.4921 25/32 19.84 0.7812

1//2 12.7 0.5

20 0.7874

13 0.5118 51/64 20.24 0.7969

33/64 13.1 0.5156

17/32 13.5 0.5313 20.5 0.8071

13/16 20.64 0.8125

13.5 0.5315

35/64 13.89 0.5469 21 0.8268

53/64 21.03 0.8281

14 0.5512 27/32 21.43 0.8438

9//16 14.29 0.5625

21.5 0.8465

14.5 0.5709 55/64 21.83 0.8594

37/64 14.68 0.5781

22 0.8661

15 0.5906 7//8 22.23 0.875

19/32 15.08 0.5938

39/64 15.48 0.6094 22.5 0.8858

57/64 22.62 0.8906

15.5 0.6102

5//8 15.88 0.625 23 0.9055

29/32 23.02 0.9062

16 0.6299 59/64 23.42 0.9219

41/64 16.27 0.6406

23.5 0.9252

16.5 0.6496 15/16 23.81 0.9375

21/32 16.67 0.6562

24 0.9449

17 0.6693 61/64 24.21 0.9531

43/64 17.07 0.6719

11//16 17.46 0.6875 24.5 0.9646

31/32 24.61 0.9688

17.5 0.689

45/64 17.86 0.7031 25 0.9842

63/64 25 0.9844

18 0.7087 1 25.4 1

23/32 18.26 0.7188

GO STOP CAUTION GO STOP CAUTION

Chapter 16 Quality Management and Environmental Management Systems (ISO 9000 and ISO 14000) SUMMARY ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 The ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 families are among ISO's most widely known and successful standards ever. ISO 9000 Quality Management System (QMS) has become an international reference for quality requirements in business to business dealings, and ISO 14000 Environmental Management System (EMS) looks set to achieve at least as much, if not more, in helping organizations to meet their environmental challenges.

The ISO 9000:2000 QMS is replacing the 1994 standards as follows;

ISO 9000:2000, entitled Fundamentals and Vocabulary, describes the fundamentals of a QMS and specifies the terminology for a QMS. It was developed on the basis of previous standards: ISO 8402:1994, Vocabulary, and lS0 9000-1:1994, Selection and Use.

ISO 9001:2000 Quality management systems - Requirements specifies requirements for a QMS where an organization needs to demonstrate its ability to provide products that meet customer requirements and applicable regulatory requirements and aims to enhance customer satisfaction. The three quality assurance requirement standards ISO 9001:1994, ISO 9002:1994, and ISO 9003:1994 are replaced by a single quality management system requirement standard, ISO 9001:2000 Quality management systems - Requirements.

ISO 9004:2000 Quality management systems - Guidelines for performance improvements, QMS, Guidelines for performance improvement, which replaces ISO 9004-1:1994, provides guidelines for both the effectiveness and efficiency of the QMS. The aim of this standard is the improvement of the performance of an organization and the satisfaction of customers and other interested parties. ISO 9004:2000 Quality management systems - Guidelines for performance improvements, although considerably rewritten, was developed using the format and structure of ISO 9001:2000 Quality management systems - Requirements.

ISO 9000 is concerned with "quality management". This means what the organization does to enhance customer satisfaction by meeting customer and applicable regulatory requirements and continually to improve its performance in this regard. ISO 14000 is primarily concerned with "environmental management". This means what the organization does to minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by its activities, and continually to improve its environmental performance.

Worldwide equivalents of the ISO 9000:2000 series standards are shown in Table 16-1A for the eight major industrial countries and in Table 16-1B for 79 countries to the ISO 9000:2000 series standards.

The ISO 14000 EMS includes standards as follows;

ISO launched the new technical committee, ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, in 1993.

TABLE 16-1A WORLDWIDE EQUIVALENCE OF THE ISO 9000: SERIES OF STANDARDS GLOBAL ISO 9000 : 20051 ISO 9001 : 20082 ISO 9004 : 20093 ISO 10012 : 20034 ISO 19011 : 20115

USA ANSI/ASQ Q9000 ANSI/ASQ Q9001 ANSI/ASQ Q9004 ANSI/ASQ Q10012 ANSI/ASQ QE19011 Japan JIS Z9900 JIS Z9901 JIS Z9904

Germany DIN EN ISO 9000 DIN EN ISO 9001 DIN EN ISO 9004 DIN EN ISO 10012 DIN EN ISO19011 France NF EN ISO 9000 NF EN ISO 9001 NF EN ISO 9004 NF EN ISO 10012 NF EN ISO19011

UK BS EN ISO 9000 BS EN ISO 9001 BS EN ISO 9004 BS EN ISO 10012 BS EN ISO19011 Italy UNI EN ISO 9000 UNI EN ISO 9001 UNI EN ISO 9004 UNI EN ISO 10012 UNI EN ISO19011

Canada CAN/CSA ISO 9000 CAN/CSA ISO 9001 CAN/CSA ISO 9004 CAN/CSA ISO 10012 CAN/CSA ISO 19011 Australia AS/NZS ISO 9000 AS/NZS ISO 9001 AS/NZS ISO 9004 AS/NZS ISO 10012 AS/NZS ISO 19011

NOTES: 1. ISO 9000: 2005 Quality management systems — Fundamentals and vocabulary. This standard replaces the former standards ISO 8402 and ISO 9000-1. 2. ISO 9001: 2008 Quality management systems — Requirements. This standard replaces the former standards ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003. 3. ISO 9004: 2009 Quality management systems — Guidelines for performance improvements. This standard replaces the former standard ISO 9004-1. 4. ISO 10012: 2003 Measurement management systems — Requirements for measurement processes and measurement equipment. This standard replaces the former

standards ISO 10012-1 and ISO 10012-2. 5. ISO 19011: 2011 Guidelines for quality and/or environmental management systems auditing. Replaces ISO 10011-1,-2, -3, ISO 14010, ISO 14011, and ISO 14012. 6. The European Union (EU) publish standards identified by the prefix EN. 7. COPANT = Pan American Standards Commission. 8. The countries listed in Table 16-1B adopted the ISO 9000:1987 series standards. Now there are more than twice as many countries adopting the ISO 9000 series

standards.

Chapter 17 Conversion Factors and Program SUMMARY The conversion factors shown in Table 17-1 will satisfy most of your requirements – their accuracy is within 0.2%. Less frequently used rounded conversion factors are shown in Table 17-2. Accurate conversion factors are shown in Table 17-3. Multiplication factors shown with an asterisk “*” are exact, others are rounded to the nearest seventh significant digit in accordance with the ANSI SI 10 standard. There are two conversion programs as follows: (1) Conversion Program (ANSI factors) and (2) Global Conversion Program <http://www.convert-me.com/en/>.

The Conversion Program can use accurate (Table 17-3) or rounded conversion factors, and you may take the simple steps as follows;

1. Select Type of Conversion: inch-metric, metric-inch, inch-inch or metric-metric.

2. Select Class: length, area, volume, mass, etc.

3. Select Unit: From: in, ft, yd, etc. To: mm, m, km, etc.

4. Select number of decimal places shown in output: From 0 to 6.

5. Enter Value to be converted and click on Convert.

6. Read or copy Result.

For more exact results click on Search Accurate Conversion Factor List, and search entries by typing the first few letters in the conversion you are looking for. After you click on that name, the program will enter preferred metric unit and conversion factor. Follow steps 4 through 6 shown above.

TABLE 17-1 CONVERSION FACTORS (ROUNDED)

QUANTITY1 METRIC UNIT2 INCH UNIT3 CONVERSION mm in mm = in x 25.4

Length m ft m = ft x 0.305 km mi km = mi x 1.61 mm2 in2 mm2 = in2 x 645

Area m2 ft2 m2 = ft2 x 0.0929 hm2 (ha) acre hm2 = acre x 0.405

km2 mi2 km2 = mi2 x 2.59

mL(cm3) tsp (1/3 tbs) mL = tsp x 4.93 mL in3 mL = in3 x 16.4

Volume L(dm3) galUSA L = gal x 3.79

L = galImp x 4.55

kL (m3) yd3 kL = yd3 x 0.765

g oz g = oz x 28.3 Mass kg lb kg = lb x 0.454

Mg (t = 1000 kg) tonshort (2000 lb) tonlong (2240 lb)

Mg = tonshort x 0.907 Mg = tonlong x 1.106

oC oF oC = (oF-32)/1.8

Temperature K oF K = (oF-32)/1.8 + 273 K oC K = oC + 273

Speed m/s ft/s m/s = ft/s x 0.305 km/h mi/h km/h = mi/h x 1.61 NOTES; 1. The word QUANTITY means a measurable attribute of a phenomenon or of matter in this publication. 2. METRIC UNITS for Length, Area, Volume, etc are shown in Chapter 2. 3. Other INCH UNITS are shown in Table 17-2.

4. Select any of the 400 conversion factors (ANSI SI 10) shown in Table 17-3 and use for special conversions. Use Conversion Program <http://www.kok.com/conversi.htm>. 5. Inch Units in Metric* such as; Length - one inch = 25 mm (25.4 mm exactly); one foot = 300 mm; one yard = 1 m; one chain = 20 m; one furlong = 200 m;

¼ mile = 400 m; ½ mile = 800 m; one mile = 1600 m; Area - one square foot = 0.1 m2 ; one acre = 4000 m2 ; Volume – one spice measure = 1 mL; one teaspoon = 5 mL; one tablespoon = 15 mL; one fluid ounce = 30 mL; ½ cup = 125 mL; one cup = 0.25 L; one pint = 0.5 L; one fifth gallon = 0.75 L;

one quart = 1 L; one gallon = 4 L; Mass - one pound = 500 g; one ton = 1 Mg (1000 kg). TABLE 17-2 OTHER CONVERSION FACTORS (ROUNDED)

Length Units Mass Units 1 foot = 12 in = 0.305 m 1 ounceavoirdupois = 438 gr = 28.3 g 1 yard = 3 ft = 0.914 m 1 pound = 16 oz = 454 g

1 milestat = 5280 ft = 1.61 km 1 tonshort = 2000 lb = 0.907 Mg 1 mil = 0.001 in = 25.4 µm. 1 tonlong = 2240 lb = 1.106 Mg

1 microinch = 0.000001 in = 25.4 nm 1 grain = 1/7000 lb = 64.8 mg 1 pointprinters = 0.0138 in = 0.351 mm 1 carat = 3.09 gr = 200 mg

1 pointcomputer = 1/72 in = 0.353 mm 1 scruple = 20 gr = 1.30 g 1 footsurvey = 1200/3937 m = 0.3048006 m 1 pennyweight = 24 gr = 1.56 g

1 link = 7.92 in = 0.201 m 1 dram = 27.34 gr = 1.77 g 1 rod = 16.5 ft = 25 link = 5.03 m 1 dramapo = 60 gr = 3.89 g

1 chain = 66 ft = 100 link = 20.1 m 1 ouncetroy = 480 gr = 31.1 g 1 furlong = 660 ft =10 chain = 201 m 1 poundtroy = 12 oztroy = 373 g 1 fathom = 6 ft = 1.83 m 1 stone = 14 lb = 6.35 kg

1 cable length = 600 ft = 183 m 1 slug = 32.2 lb = 14.6 kg 1 milenaut = 6076 ft = 1.85 km 1 hundredweight = 100 lb = 45.4 kg

Area Units Temperature Units 1 in2 = 645 mm2 1 deg Fahrenheit = 1 deg Rankine = 1/1.8 K (kelvin) or oC 1 ft2 = 144 in2 = 0.0929 m2 -40oF = -40oC = 233 K

1 yd2 = 9 ft2 = 0.836 m2 0oF = -17.8oC = 255 K 1 square (roofing) 100 ft2 = 9.29 m2 32oF = 0oC = 273 K

1 acre = 43560 ft2 = 4047 m2 50oF = 10oC = 283 K 1 mi2 = 640 acres = 2.59 km2 68oF = 20oC = 293 K

1 township = 36 mi2 = 93.2 km2 86oF = 30oC = 303 K Volume Units 104oF = 40oC = 313 K

1 in3 = 16.4 mL 212oF = 100oC = 373 K 1 ozUSA fluid = 2 tbs = 8 dramfluid = 29.6 mL Velocity Units

1 cup = 8 ozUSA fluid = 0.237 L linear; 1 pintUSA fluid = 16 ozUSA fluid = 0.473 L 1 foot/sec = 0.305 m/s

1 quartUSA fluid = 32 ozUSA fluid = 0.946 L 1 mile/hour = 1.47 ft/s = 1.61 km/h 1 galUSA 128 ozUSA fluid 3.79 L 1 knot minaut/h = 1.69 ft/s = 1.85 km/h 1 ft3 = 1728 in3 = 28.3 L angular;

1 yard3 27 ft3 = 0.765 kL or m3 1 RPM (r/min) = 1/60 1/s 1 drop = 0.0821 mL 1 deg/min = 0.291 mrad/s

1 babyspoon = 12 dp = 0.986 mL 1 deg/sec = 0.0175 rad/s 1 teaspoon = 60 dp = 4.93 mL frequency

1 tablespoon = 3 tsp = 14.8 mL 1 cycle/min = 1/60 c/s = 1/60 Hz 1 gill = 4 ozUSA fluid = 118 mL Acceleration Units

1 pintUSA dry = 33.6 in3 = 0.551 L linear; 1 quartUSA dry = 67.2 in3 = 1.10 L 1 foot/sec2 = 0.305 m/s2 1 galUSA dry = 269 in3 = 4.40 L 1 in/sec2 = 0.0254 m/s2

1 peck = 2 galUSA dry = 8.81 L angular; 1 bushel = 8 galUSA dry = 35.2 L 1 degree/sec2 = 0.0175 rad/s2 1 galIMP = 277 in3 = 4.55 L gravity;

1 barrelexc oil = 31.5 galUSA = 119 L 1 g (on Earth) = 32.2 ft/s2 = 9.81 m/s2 1 barreloil = 42 galUSA = 159 L Force Unit 1 cord ft = 16 ft3 = 0.453 kL 1 pound force = 4.45 N 1 cord = 8 cord ft = 3.62 kL 1 ounce force = 0.278 N

1 tonregister = 100 ft3 2.83 kL 1 poundal = 1 lb ft/s2 0.138 N 1 acre ft = 43560 ft3 1233 kL 1 kip = 1000 lbf = 4.45 kN

1 tonshort force = 2000 lbf = 8.90 kN

TABLE 17-2 OTHER CONVERSION FACTORS (CONT’D)(ROUNDED)

Force Unit (CONT'D) Density Unit 1 dyne = 0.01 mN mass;

1 kilogram force = 1 kilopond = 9.81 N 1 lb/ft3 = 16 kg/m3 1 tonmetric force = 1000 kgf = 9.81 kN 1 lb/in3 = 27.7 Mg/m3

1 newton 1 N = 1 kg•m/s2 1 lb/gal = 120 kg/m3 Torque Unit 1 kg/dm3 = 1 g/cm3 = 1 Mg/m3

1 lbf x ft = 1.36 N•m gravity force; 1 lbf x in = 0.113 N•m 1 lbf/ft3 = 157 N/m3 1 ozf x in = 7.06 mN•m 1 lbf/in3 = 271 kN/m3 1 kgf x m = 9.81 N•m 1 kgf/dm3 = 9.81 kN/m3

Pressure Unit power; 1 lbf/in2 = 1 psi = 6.89 kPa 1 Btu/(ft2•sec) = 11.3 kW/m2 1 lbf/ft2 = 47.9 Pa 1 cal/(cm2•sec) = 41.8 kW/m2 1 atmint = 14.697 lbf/in2 = 101.325 kPa 1 W/in2 = 1.55 kW/m2

1 bar = 100 kPa Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Unit 1 inch Hg = 3.38 kPa 1/oF = 1.8/oC = 1.8/K

1 inch H2O = 0.249 kPa Thermal Conductivity Unit 1 kgf/cm2 = 1 at = 98.1 kPa 1 Btu in/(h•ft2•oF) = 0.144 W/(m•K) 1 mm Hg = 1 torr = 133 Pa 1 Btu/(h•ft•oF) = 1.73 W/(m•K)

1 mm H2O = 9.81 Pa Fuel Consumption Unit Stress Unit 1 mi/gal = 235 L/(100 km)

1 lbf/in2 = 1 psi = 6.89 kPa 1 mi/gal = 0.425 km/L 1 kip/in2 = 1 ksi = 6.89 MPa 1 lb/(hp•h) = SFC = 0.169mg/J

Work Unit 1 gal/(hp•h) = SFC = 1.41 µL/J energy; 1 g/(kW•h) = 0.278 µg/J

1 lbf x ft = 1.36 N•m = 1.36 J Elasticity Unit 1 Btu = 1.055 kJ linear;

1 calheat = 4.19 J 1 lbf/in = 175 N/m 1 Calnutrition = 4.19 kJ 1 lbf/ft = 14.6 N/m 1 kgf x m = 9.81 J torsion;

1 erg = 1 dyne•cm = 0.1 µJ 1 lbf•ft/rad = 1.36 N•m/rad 1 kilowatt x hour = 3.6 MJ 1 kgf•m/rad = 9.81 N•m/rad

heat capacity; Flow Unit 1 Btu/lb = 2.33 kJ/kg volume; 1 cal/g = 1 kcal/kg = 4.19 kJ/kg 1 GPM = 1 gal/min = 63.1 mL/s

specific heat capacity; 1 CFM = 1 ft3/min = 0.472 L/s 1 Btu/(lb•oF) = 4.19 kJ/(kg•K) 1 gal/h = 1.05 mL/s

Power Unit mass; 1 lbf x ft/sec = 1.36 W 1 lb/min = 7.56 g/s 1 lbf x ft/min = 22.6 mW 1 lb/sec = 0.454 kg/s

1 hpcust = 550 lbf•ft/s = 0.746 kW Mass Moment of Inertia Unit 1 hpmetric = 75 kgf•m/s = 0.735 kW 1 lb•ft2 = 42.1 g•m2 1 Btu/h = 0.293 W 1 lb•in2 = 0.293 g•m2

1 tonrefrig = 3.52 kW Area Moment of Inertia Unit Time Unit Second, Polar;

1 minute (min) = 60 s 1 in4 = 416 000 mm4 1 hour (h) = 3600 s 1 cm4 = 10 000 mm4 1 day (d) = 86 400 s First, Section modulus;

Angle Unit 1 in3 = 16 400 mm3 1 degree (o) = 0.0175 rad 1 cm3 = 1 000 mm3

1 min (') = 0.291 mrad Surface Tension Unit 1 sec (") = 4.84 µrad 1 lbf/ft = 14.6 N/m

Conversion Factors (ACCURATE) Accurate conversion factors are shown in Table 17-3. Multiplication factors shown with an asterisk “*” are exact, others are rounded to the nearest seventh significant digit in accordance with the ANSI SI 10 standard. The computer E format is used to indicate the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied to obtain the correct value. For examples of how to use the E format, see Table 2-7.

TABLE 17-3 CONVERSION FACTORS (ACCURATE) (ANSI SI 10) To convert from to Multiply by abampere ampere(A) 1.000 000*E+01 abcoulomb coulomb (C) 1.000 000*E+01 abfarad farad (F) 1.000 000*E+09 abhenry henry (H) 1.000 000*E-09 abmho siemens (S) 1.000 000*E+09 abohm ohm (Ω) 1.000 000*E-09 abvolt volt (V) 1.000 000*E-08 acre foot (USA survey) meter3 (m3) 1.233 5 E+03 acre (USA survey) meter2 (m2) 4.046 873 E+03 (1) ampere hour coulomb (C) 3.600 000*E+03 are (dam2) meter2 (m2) 1.000 000*E+02 angstrom meter (m) 1.000 000*E-10 astronomical unit meter (m) 1.495 979 E+11 (2) atmosphere (standard) pascal (Pa) 1.013 25*E+05 atmosphere (technical = 1 kgf/cm2) pascal (Pa) 9.806 65*E+04 bar pascal (Pa) 1.000 000*E+05 barn meter2 (m2) 1.000 000*E-28 barrel (for petroleum, 42 gal) meter3 (m3) 1.589 873 E-01 biot (see also abampere) ampere (A) 1.000 000*E+01 board foot meter3 (m3) (3) British thermal unit (International Table) joule (J) 1.055 056 E+03 (4) British thermal unit (mean) joule (J) 1.055 87 E+03 British thermal unit (thermochemical) joule (J) 1.054 350 E+03 British thermal unit (39oF) joule (J) 1.059 67 E+03 British thermal unit (59oF) joule (J) 1.054 80 E+03 British thermal unit (60oF) joule (J) 1.054 68 E+03 Btu (International Table) ft/h•ft2 •oF (k, thermal conductivity) watt per meter kelvin (W/m•K) 1.730 735 E+00 (4) Btu (thermochemical) ft/h•ft2•oF (k, thermal conductivity) watt per meter kelvin (W/m•K) 1.729 577 E+00 (4) Btu (International Table) in/h•ft2•oF (k, thermal conductivity) watt per meter kelvin (W/m•K) 1.442 279 E-01 (4) Btu (thermochemical) in/h•ft2•oF (k, thermal conductivity) watt per meter kelvin (W/m•K) 1.441 314 E-01 (4) Btu (International Table) in/s•ft2 •oF (k, thermal conductivity) watt per meter kelvin (W/m•K) 5.192 204 E+02 (4) Btu (thermochemical) in/s•ft2•oF (k, thermal conductivity) watt per meter kelvin (W/m•K) 5.188 732 E+02 (4) Btu per cubic foot (Btu/ft3) joule per cubic meter (J/m3) 3.725 895 E+04 (4) Btu (International Table)/h watt (W) 2.930 711 E-01 (4) Btu (thermochemical)/h watt (W) 2.928 751 E-01 (4) Btu (thermochemical)/min watt (W) 1.757 250 E+01 (4) Btu (International Table)/s watt (W) 1.054 350 E+03 (4) Btu (International Table)/ft2 joule per meter2 (J/m2) 1.135 653 E+04 (4) Btu (thermochemical)/ft2 joule per meter2 (J/m2) 1.134 893 E+04 (4) Btu (thermochemical)/ft2 watt per meter2 (W/m2) 3.152 481 E+00 (4) Btu (thermochemical)/ft2•min watt per meter2 (W/m2) 1.891 489 E+02 (4) Btu (thermochemical)/ft2•s watt per meter2 (W/m2) 1.134 893 E+04 (4) Btu (thermochemical)/in2•s watt per meter2 (W/m2) 1.634 246 E+06 (4) Btu (International Table)/h•ft2•oF (C, thermal conductance) watt per meter2 kelvin (W/m2•K) 5.678 263 E+00 (4)

TABLE 17-3 CONVERSION FACTORS (ACCURATE)(CONT'D) (ANSI SI 10) To convert from to Multiply by Btu (thermochemical)/h•ft2•oF (C, thermal conductance) watt per meter2 kelvin (W/m2•K) 5.674 466 E+00 (4) Btu (International Table)/s•ft2•oF watt per meter2 kelvin (W/m2•K) 2.044 175 E+04 (4) Btu (thermochemical)/s•ft2•oF watt per meter2 kelvin (W/m2•K) 2.042 808 E+04 (4) Btu (International Table)/lb joule per kilogram (J/kg) 2.326 000*E+03 (4) Btu (thermochemical)/lb joule per kilogram (J/kg) 2.324 444 E+03 (4) Btu (International Table)/lb•oF (c, heat capacity) joule per kilogram kelvin(J/kg•K) 4.186 800*E+03 (4) Btu (thermochemical)/lb•oF (c, heat capacity) joule per kilogram kelvin(J/kg•K) 4.184 000 E+03 (4) bushel (USA dry) meter3 (m3) 3.523 907 E-02 (5) caliber (inch) meter (m) 2.540 000*E-02 calorie (International Table) joule (J) 4.186 800*E+00 (4) calorie (mean) joule (J) 4.190 02 E+00 (4) calorie (thermochemical) joule (J) 4.184 000*E+00 (4) calorie (15oC) joule (J) 4.185 80 E+00 (4) calorie (20oC) joule (J) 4.181 90 E+00 (4) calorie (kilogram, International Table) joule (J) 4.186 800*E+03 (4) calorie (kilogram, mean) joule (J) 4.190 02 E+03 (4) calorie (kilogram, thermochemical) joule (J) 4.184 000*E+03 (4) cal (thermochemical)/cm2 joule per meter2(J/m2) 4.184 000*E+04 (4) cal (International Table)/g joule per kilogram (J/kg) 4.186 800*E+03 (4) cal (thermochemical)/g joule per kilogram (J/kg) 4.184 000*E+03 (4) cal (International Table)/g•oC joule per kilogram kelvin (J/kg•K) 4.186 800*E+03 (4) cal (thermochemical)/g•oC joule per kilogram kelvin (J/kg•K) 4.184 000*E+03 (4)

cal (thermochemical)/min watt (W) 6.973 333 E-02 (4) cal (thermochemical)/s watt (W) 4.184 000*E+00 (4) cal (thermochemical)/cm2•min watt per meter2 (W/m2) 6.973 333 E+02 (4) cal (thermochemical)/cm2•s watt per meter2 (W/m2) 4.184 000*E+04 (4) cal (thermochemical)/cm•s•oC watt per meter kelvin (W/m•K) 4.184 000*E+02 (4) carat (metric) kilogram (kg) 2.000 000*E-04 centimeter of mercury (0oC) pascal (Pa) 1.333 22 E+03 centimeter of water (4oC) pascal (Pa) 9.806 38 E+01 centipoise pascal second (Pa•s) 1.000 000*E-03 centistokes meter2 per second (m2/s) 1.000 000*E-06 circular mil meter2 (m2) 5.067 075 E-10 clo kelvin meter2 per watt (K•m2/W) 2.003 712 E-01 cup meter3 (m3) 2.365 882 E-04 curie becquerel (Bq) 3.700 000*E+10 day (mean solar) seconds (s) 8.640 000 E+04 day (sidereal) seconds (s) 8.616 409 E+04 degree (angle) radian (rad) 1.745 329 E-02 degree Celsius kelvin (K) tK = tC + 273.15 degree centigrade degree Fahrenheit degree Celsius tC = (tF - 32)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit kelvin (K) tK = (tF + 459.67)/1.8 degree Rankine kelvin (K) tK = tR/1.8 oF•h•ft2/Btu (International Table) (R, thermal resistance) kelvin meter2 per watt (K•m2/W) 1.761 102 E-01 oF•h•ft2/Btu (thermochemical) (R, thermal resistance) kelvin meter2 per watt (K•m2/W) 1.762 280 E-01

TABLE 17-3 CONVERSION FACTORS (ACCURATE)(CONT'D) (ANSI SI 10) To convert from to Multiply by denier kilogram per meter (kg/m) 1.111 111 E-07 dyne newton(N) 1.000 000*E-05 dyne•cm newton meter (N•m) 1.000 000*E-07 dyne/cm2 pascal (Pa) 1.000 000*E-01 electronvolt joule (J) 1.602 19 E-19 EMU of capacitance farad (F) 1.000 000*E+09 EMU of current ampere(A) 1.000 000*E+01 EMU of electric potential volt (V) 1.000 000*E-08 EMU of inductance henry (H) 1.000 000*E-09 EMU of resistance ohm (Ω) 1.000 000*E-09 ESU of capacitance farad (F) 1.112 650 E-12 ESU of current ampere(A) 3.335 6 E-10 ESU of electric potential volt (V) 2.997 9 E+02 ESU of inductance henry (H) 8.987 554 E+11 ESU of resistance ohm (Ω) 8.987 554 E+11 erg joule (J) 1.000 000*E-07 erg/cm2•s watt per meter2 (W/m2) 1.000 000*E-03 erg/s watt (W) 1.000 000*E-07 faraday (based on carbon-12) coulomb (C) 9.648 70 E+04 faraday (chemical) coulomb (C) 9.649 57 E+04 faraday (physical) coulomb (C) 9.652 19 E+04 fathom meter (m) 1.828 8 E+00 fermi (femtometer) meter (m) 1.000 000*E-15 fluid ounce (USA) meter3 (m3) 2.957 353 E-05 foot meter (m) 3.048 000*E-01 foot (USA survey)1 meter (m) 3.048 006 E-01 foot of water (39.2oF) pascal (Pa) 2.988 98 E+03 ft2 meter2 (m2) 9.290 304*E-02 ft2/h (thermal diffusivity) meter2 per second (m2/s) 2.580 640*E-05 ft2/s meter2 per second (m2/s) 9.290 304*E-02 ft3 (volume; section modulus) meter3 (m3) 2.831 685 E-02 ft3/min meter3 per second (m3/s) 4.719 474 E-04 ft3/s meter3 per second (m3/s) 2.831 685 E-02 ft4 (moment of section) meter4 (m4) 8.630 975 E-03 (6) ft/h meter per second (m/s) 8.466 667 E-05 ft/min meter per second (m/s) 5.080 00*E-03 ft/s meter per second (m/s) 3.048 000*E-01 ft/s2 meter per second2 (m/s2) 3.048 000*E-01 footcandle lux (lx) 1.076 391 E+01 footlambert candela per meter2 (cd/m2) 3.426 259 E+00 ft•lbf joule (J) 1.355 818 E+00 ft•lbf/h watt (W) 3.766 161 E-04 ft•lbf/min watt (W) 2.259 697 E-02 ft•lbf/s watt (W) 1.355 818 E+00 ft•poundal joule (J) 4.214 011 E-02 free fall, standard (g) meter per second2 (m/s2) 9.806 650*E+00 gal meter per second2 (m/s2) 1.000 000*E-02 gallon (Canadian liquid) meter3 (m3) 4.546 090 E-03 gallon (UK liquid) meter3 (m3) 4.546 092 E-03 gallon (USA dry) meter3 (m3) 4.404 884 E-03 gallon (USA liquid) meter3 (m3) 3.785 412 E-03

TABLE 17-3 CONVERSION FACTORS (ACCURATE)(CONT'D) (ANSI SI 10) To convert from to Multiply by gal (USA liquid)/day meter3 per second (m3/s) 4.381 264 E-08 gal (USA liquid)/min meter3 per second (m3/s) 6.309 020 E-05 gal (USA liquid)/hp•h (SFC, specific fuel consumption) meter3 per joule (m3/J) 1.410 089 E-09 gamma tesla (T) 1.000 000*E-09 gauss tesla (T) 1.000 000*E-04 gilbert ampere(A) 7.957 747 E-01 gill (UK) meter3 (m3) 1.420 654 E-04 gill (USA) meter3 (m3) 1.182 941 E-04 grad degree (angular) 9.000 000*E-01 grad radian (rad) 1.570 796 E-02 grain (1/7000 lb avoirdupois) kilogram (kg) 6.479 891*E-05 grain (lb avoirdupois/7000)/gal (USA liquid) kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 1.711 806 E-02 gram kilogram (kg) 1.000 000*E-03 g/cm3 kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 1.000 000*E+03 gram-force/cm2 pascal (Pa) 9.806 650*E+01 hectare meter2 (m2) 1.000 000*E+04 horsepower (550 ft•lbf/s) watt (W) 7.456 999 E+02 horsepower (boiler) watt (W) 9.809 50 E+03 horsepower (electric) watt (W) 7.460 000*E+02 horsepower (metric 75 kgf•m/s) watt (W) 7.354 99 E+02 horsepower (water) watt (W) 7.460 43 E+02 horsepower (UK) watt (W) 7.457 0 E+02 hour (mean solar) second (s) 3.600 000 E+03 hour (sidereal) second (s) 3.590 170 E+03 hundredweight (long) kilogram (kg) 5.080 235 E+01 hundredweight (short) kilogram (kg) 4.535 924 E+01 inch meter (m) 2.540 000*E-02 inch of mercury (32oF) pascal (Pa) 3.386 38 E+03 inch of mercury (60oF) pascal (Pa) 3.376 85 E+03 inch of water (39.2oF) pascal (Pa) 2.490 82 E+02 inch of water (60oF) pascal (Pa) 2.488 4 E+02 in2 meter2 (m2) 6.451 600*E-04 in3 (volume; section modulus) meter3 (m3) 1.638 706 E-05 (7) in3/min meter3 per second (m3/s) 2.731 177 E-07 in4 (moment of section) meter4 (m4) 4.162 314 E-07 (6) in/s meter per second (m/s) 2.540 000*E-02 in/s2 meter per second2 (m/s2) 2.540 000*E-02 kayser 1 per meter (1/m) 1.000 000*E+02 kelvin degree Celsius tC = tK - 273.15 kilocalorie (International Table) joule (J) 4.186 800*E+03 kilocalorie (mean) joule (J) 4.190 02 E+03 kilocalorie (thermochemical) joule (J) 4.184 000*E+03 kilocalorie (thermochemical)/min watt (W) 6.973 333 E+01 kilocalorie (thermochemical)/s watt (W) 4.184 000*E+03 kilogram-force (kgf) newton(N) 9.806 650*E+00 kgf•m newton meter (N•m) 9.806 650*E+00 kgf•s2/m (mass) kilogram (kg) 9.806 650*E+00 kgf/cm2 pascal (Pa) 9.806 650*E+04

TABLE 17-3 CONVERSION FACTORS (ACCURATE)(CONT'D) (ANSI SI 10) To convert from to Multiply by kgf/m2 pascal (Pa) 9.806 650*E+00 kgf/mm2 pascal (Pa) 9.806 650*E+06 km/h meter per second (m/s) 2.777 778 E-01 kilopond newton(N) 9.806 650*E+00 kW•h joule (J) 3.600 000*E+06 kip (1000 lbf) newton(N) 4.448 222 E+03 kip/in2 (ksi) pascal (Pa) 6.894 757 E+06 knot (international) meter per second (m/s) 5.144 444 E-01 lambert candela per meter2 (cd/m2) 1/π * E+04 lambert candela per meter2 (cd/m2) 3.183 099 E+03 langley joule per meter2(J/m2) 4.184 000*E+04 league meter (m) (1) light year meter (m) 9.460 55 E+15 liter meter3 (m3) 1.000 000*E-03 (8) maxwell weber (Wb) 1.000 000*E-08 mho siemens (S) 1.000 000*E+00 microinch meter (m) 2.540 000*E-08 micron meter (m) 1.000 000*E-06 mil meter (m) 2.540 000*E-05 mile (international) meter (m) 1.609 344*E+03 mile (statute) meter (m) 1.609 3 E+03 mile (USA survey)1 meter (m) 1.609 347 E+03 mile (international nautical) meter (m) 1.852 000*E+03 mile (UK nautical) meter (m) 1.853 184*E+03 mile (USA nautical) meter (m) 1.852 000*E+03 mi2 (international) meter2 (m2) 2.589 988 E+06 mi2 (USA survey)1 meter2 (m2) 2.589 998 E+06 mi/h (international) meter per second (m/s) 4.470 400*E-01 mi/h (international) kilometer per hour (km/h) 1.609 344*E+00 mi/min (international) meter per second (m/s) 2.682 240*E+01 mi/s (international) meter per second (m/s) 1.609 344*E+03 millibar pascal (Pa) 1.000 000*E+02 millimeter of mercury (0oC) pascal (Pa) 1.333 22 E+02 minute (angle) radian (rad) 2.908 882 E-04 minute (mean solar) second (s) 6.000 000 E+01 minute (sidereal) second (s) 5.983 617 E+01 month (mean calendar) second (s) 2.628 000 E+06 oersted ampere per meter (A/m) 7.957 747 E+01 ohm centimeter ohm meter (Ω•m) 1.000 000*E-02 ohm circular-mil ohm millimeter2 per meter per foot (Ω•mm2/m) 1.662 426 E-03 ounce (avoirdupois) kilogram (kg) 2.834 952 E-02 ounce (troy or apothecary) kilogram (kg) 3.110 348 E-02 ounce (UK fluid) meter3 (m3) 2.841 307 E-05 ounce (USA fluid) meter3 (m3) 2.957 353 E-05 ounce-force newton(N) 2.780 139 E-01 ozf•in newton meter (N•m) 7.061 552 E-03 oz (avoirdupois)/gal (UK liquid) kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 6.236 021 E+00 oz (avoirdupois)/gal (USA liquid) kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 7.489 152 E+00 oz (avoirdupois)/in3 kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 1.729 994 E+03 oz (avoirdupois)/ft2 kilogram per meter2 (kg/m2) 3.051 517 E-01

TABLE 17-3 CONVERSION FACTORS (ACCURATE)(CONT'D) (ANSI SI 10) To convert from to Multiply by oz (avoirdupois)/yd2 kilogram per meter2 (kg/m2) 3.390 575 E-02 parsec2 meter (m) 3.085 678 E+16 peck (USA) meter3 (m3) 8.809 768 E_03 pennyweight kilogram (kg) 1.555 174 E-03 perm (0oC) kilogram per pascal second

meter2 (kg/Pa•s•m2) 5.721 35 E-11 perm (23oC) kilogram per pascal second

meter2 (kg/Pa•s•m2) 5.745 25 E-11 perm•in (0oC) kilogram per pascal second

meter (kg/Pa•s•m) 1.453 22 E-12 perm•in (23oC) kilogram per pascal second

meter (kg/Pa•s•m) 1.459 29 E-12 phot lumen per meter2 (lm/m2) 1.000 000*E+04 pica (printer's) meter (m) 4.217 518 E-03 pint (USA dry) meter3 (m3) 5.506 105 E-04 pint (USA liquid) meter3 (m3) 4.731 765 E-04 point (printer's) meter (m) 3.514 598*E-04 poise (absolute viscosity) pascal second (Pa•s) 1.000 000*E-01 pound (lb avoirdupois) kilogram (kg) 4.535 924 E-01 (9) pound (troy or apothecary) kilogram (kg) 3.732 417 E-01 lb•ft2 (moment of inertia) kilogram meter2(kg•m2) 4.214 011 E-02 lb•in2 (moment of inertia) kilogram meter2(kg•m2) 2.926 397 E-04 lb/ft•h pascal second (Pa•s) 4.133 789 E-04 lb/ft•s pascal second (Pa•s) 1.488 164 E+00 lb/ft2 kilogram per meter2 (kg/m2) 4.882 428 E+00 lb/ft3 kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 1.601 846 E+01 lb/gal (UK liquid) kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 9.977 633 E+01 lb/gal (USA liquid) kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 1.198 264 E+02 lb/h kilogram per second (kg/s) 1.259 979 E-04 lb/hp•h (SFC, specific fuel consumption) kilogram per joule (kg/J) 1.689 659 E-07 lb/in3 kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 2.767 990 E+04 lb/min kilogram per second (kg/s) 7.559 873 E-03 lb/s kilogram per second (kg/s) 4.535 924 E-01 lb/yd3 kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 5.932 764 E-01 poundal newton(N) 1.382 550 E-01 poundal/ft2 pascal (Pa) 1.488 164 E+00 poundal•s/ft2 pascal second (Pa•s) 1.488 164 E+00 pound-force (lbf) newton(N) 4.448 222 E+00 (10) lbf•ft newton meter (N•m) 1.355 818 E+00 lbf•ft/in newton meter per meter (N•m/m) 5.337 866 E+01 lbf•in newton meter (N•m) 1.129 848 E-01 lbf•in/in newton meter per meter (N•m/m) 4.448 222 E+00 lbf•s/ft2 pascal second (Pa•s) 4.788 026 E+01 lbf/ft newton per meter (N/m) 1.459 390 E+01 lbf/ft2 pascal (Pa) 4.788 026 E+01 lbf/in newton per meter (N/m) 1.751 268 E+02 lbf/in2 (psi) pascal (Pa) 6.894 757 E+03 lbf/lb (thrust/weight [mass] ratio) newton per kilogram (N/kg) 9.806 650 E+00 quart (USA dry) meter3 (m3) 1.101 221 E-03 quart (USA liquid) meter3 (m3) 9.463 529 E-04

TABLE 17-3 CONVERSION FACTORS (ACCURATE)(CONT'D) (ANSI SI 10) To convert from to Multiply by rad (radiation dose absorbed) gray (Gy) 1.000 000*E-02 rhe 1 per pascal second (1/Pa•s) 1.000 000*E+01 rod meter (m) (1) roentgen coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) 2.58 E-04 second (angle) radian (rad) 4.848 137 E-06 second (sidereal) second (s) 9.972 696 E-01 section meter2 (m2) (1) shake second (s) 1.000 000*E-08 slug kilogram (kg) 1.459 390 E+01 slug/ft•s pascal second (Pa•s) 4.788 026 E+01 slug/ft3 kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 5.153 788 E+02 statampere ampere(A) 3.335 640 E-10 statcoulomb coulomb (C) 3.335 640 E-10 statfarad farad (F) 1.112 650 E-12 stathenry henry (H) 8.987 554 E+11 statmho siemens (S) 1.112 650 E-12 statohm ohm (Ω) 8.987 554 E+11 statvolt volt (V) 2.997 925 E+02 stere meter3 (m3) 1.000 000*E+00 stilb candela per meter2 (cd/m2) 1.000 000*E+04 stokes (kinematic viscosity) meter2 per second (m2/s) 1.000 000*E-04 tablespoon meter3 (m3) 1.478 676 E-05 teaspoon meter3 (m3) 4.928 922 E-06 tex kilogram per meter (kg/m) 1.000 000*E-06 therm joule (J) 1.055 056 E+08 ton (assay) kilogram (kg) 2.916 667 E-02 ton (long, 2240 lb) kilogram (kg) 1.016 047 E+03 ton (metric, Mg) kilogram (kg) 1.000 000*E+03 ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT) joule (J) 4.184 E+09 (11) ton (refrigeration) watt (W) 3.516 800 E+03 ton (register) meter3 (m3) 2.831 685 E+00 ton (short, 2000 lb) kilogram (kg) 9.071 847 E+02 ton (long)/yd3 kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 1.328 939 E+03 ton (short)/yd3 kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) 1.186 553 E+03 ton (short)/h kilogram per second (kg/s) 2.519 958 E-01 ton-force (2000 lbf) newton(N) 8.896 444 E+03 tonne kilogram (kg) 1.000 000*E+03 torr (mm Hg, 0oC) pascal (Pa) 1.333 22 E+02 township meter2 (m2) (1) unit pole weber (Wb) 1.256 637 E-07 W•h joule (J) 3.600 000*E+03 W•s joule (J) 1.000 000*E+00 W/cm2 watt per meter2 (W/m2) 1.000 000*E+04 W/in2 watt per meter2 (W/m2) 1.550 003 E+03 yard meter (m) 9.144 000*E-01 yd2 meter2 (m2) 8.361 274 E-01 yd3 meter3 (m3) 7.645 549 E-01 yd3/min meter3 per second (m3/s) 1.274 258 E-02 year (calendar) second (s) 3.153 600 E+07 year (sidereal) second (s) 3.155 815 E+07 year (tropical) second (s) 3.155 693 E+07

NOTES: 1.Since 1893 the USA basis for length measurement has been derived from metric standards. In 1959 a small refinement was made in the definition of the yard to resolve discrepancies both in this country and abroad, which changed its length from 3600/3937 m to 0.9144 m exactly. The result in the new value being shorter by two parts in a million. At the same time it was decided that any data in feet derived from and published as a result of geodetic surveys within the USA would remain with the old standard (1 ft = 1200/3937 m) until further decision. This foot is named the USA survey foot. As a result the USA land measurements in USA customary units will relate to the meter by the old standard. All the conversion factors in this table for units referenced to this footnote are based on the USA survey foot, rather than the international foot.

Conversion factors for the land measures given below may be determined from the following relationships: 1 league = 3 miles (exactly) 1 rod = 16½ feet (exactly)

1 section = 1 square mile (exactly) 1 township = 36 square miles (exactly)

2. This value conflicts with the value printed in NBS 330. The value requires updating in NBS 330. 3. No conversion factor is given for board foot because the board foot is not a well-defined unit of volume. Calculation of the number of board feet in a piece of lumber is based on the nominal dimension of the cross section. 4.The British thermal unit used in these tables is the International Table Btu. The Fifth International Conference on the Properties of Steam (London, July 1956) defined the calorie (International Table) as 4.1868 J. Therefore the exact conversion factor for the Btu (International Table) is 1.055 055 852 62 kJ. Other conversion factors for the Btu include the following: British thermal unit (mean) 1055.87 J British thermal unit (thermochemical) 1054.350 J British thermal unit (39 oF) 1059.67 J British thermal unit (59 oF) 1054.80 J British thermal unit (60 oF) 1054.68 J The calorie used in these tables is the thermochemical calorie, defined as 4.184 J exactly, which has been widely used in scientific work. Other calories that have been seen practical application include the following: calorie (International Table) 4.186 8 J (by definition) calorie (mean) 4.190 02 J calorie (15 oC) 4.185 80 J calorie (20 oC) 4.181 90 J The International Table calorie has been frequently used in European engineering work. Various kilocalories have often been used, sometimes being called “kilogram-calories.” The so-called “calorie” (or Calorie) used in the field of nutrition is in fact a kilocalorie. 5.Agricultural are sold by the bushel in the USA. The mass per unit volume of such products varies considerably owing to differences in variety, size, or condition of the commodity, tightness of pack, degree in which the container is heaped, etc. The following conversion factors for one bushel are used by the USA Department of Agriculture for statistical purposes: barley 21.8 kg corn, shelled 25.4 kg oats 14.5 kg potatoes 27.2 kg soybeans 27.2 kg wheat 27.2 kg 6.This is sometimes called the moment of inertia of a plain section about a specified axis. 7.The exact conversion factor is 1.638 706 4 E-05. 8.In 1964 the General Conference on Weight and Measures adopted the name liter for the cubic decimeter. Prior to this decision the liter differed slightly (previous value, 1.000 028 dm3) and in expression of precision volume measurement this fact must be kept in mind. 9.The exact conversion factor is 4.535 923 7 E-01. 10.The exact conversion factor is 4.448 221 615 260 5 E+00. 11.Defined (not measured) value.

Conversion and Rounding Guide Definitions A clear understanding of the terms used in this design standard will help ensure reliable conversion and rounding practices. These terms and definitions are as follows:

1. accuracy: The degree of conformity of a measured or calculated value to some referenced value, which may be specified

or unknown. This concept includes the systematic error of an operation, which is seldom negligible or known exactly. See precision.

2. deviation: The algebraic difference between a size and the corresponding basic (nominal) size. 3. digit: One of the ten numerals (0 to 9) in the decimal number system. 4. dimension: A geometric element in a design, such as length or angle, or the magnitude of such a quantity. 5. feature: The general term applied to a physical portion of a part, such as a surface, pin, tab, hole, or slot. 6. figure (numerical): An arithmetic value expressed by one or more digits. 7. inch-pound (inch, customary, or imperial) units: Units based on the yard and the pound commonly used in NA and

defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Note that units having the same names in other countries may differ in magnitude.

8. nominal value (basic size): A value assigned for designation. The size to which limits or deviations are assigned. 9. precision: The degree of mutual agreement between individual measurements, namely their repeatability and

reproducibility. See accuracy. 10. significant digits: Any digits in a number that is necessary to define a numerical value. 11. tolerance: The amount by which the value of a quantity is allowed to vary; thus, the tolerance is the algebraic difference

between the maximum and minimum limits. Engineering specification and drawing conversion. Conversion of critical limit dimensions may require limits to be rounded inwards or maximum size rounded down and minimum size rounded up if existing specified limits must be maintained. It is more precise to convert limits rather than nominal size and tolerance where conversion errors accumulate. See SAE J390 Dual Dimensioning or SAE J916 Rules for SAE use of SI (metric) units. : For everyday rounding of metric values obtained by converting untoleranced inch-pound values, the following simplified rules are suggested; for more sophisticated rounding rules, see ANSI SI 10 or referenced SAE standards. (a) If the inch-pound value is expressed by a combination of units such as feet and inches, or pound and ounces, first express

it in terms of the smaller unit. Example: Change 14 ft 5 in to 173 in. (b) When the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 or more, increase the last digit retained by one unit. Example: 8.3745, if rounded to three digits, would be 8.37; if rounded to four digits, 8.375. (c) Multiply the inch-pound value by the conversion factor. If the first significant* digit of the metric value is equal to or larger

than the first significant digit of the inch-pound value, round the metric value to the same number of significant digits as there are in the inch-pound value.

*One or more zeros at the beginning of a number are not called “significant”. Zeros at the end of a number are not considered significant unless their use results in a number that is closer to the true value than would occur if the number were increased or decreased. Examples: 11 mi x 1.609 km/mi = 17.699 km, which rounds to 18 km. 61 mi x 1.609 km/mi = 98.149 km, which rounds to 98 km. If smaller, round to one more significant digit. Examples: 66 mi x 1.609 km/mi = 106.194 km, which rounds to 106 km. 8 ft x 0.3048 m/ft = 2.438 m, which rounds to 2.4 m. (d) Exceptions: It is sometimes better to round to one less digit than specified above. For example, according to Rule (c), 26

pounds per square inch air pressure in a tire would be converted as follows: Example: 26 psi* x 6.895 kPa/psi = 179.27 kPa, which rounds to 179 kPa. *psi is the abbreviation for pound-force per square inch (lbf/in2). However, 180 kPa – where the zero is not a significant digit – usually would be better, because tire pressures typically are not precise. The rule do not apply to conversion of oF to oC scale.

(e) These simplified rules do not eliminate the necessity for using good judgment. If you believe that a dimension given as 8 ft is valid to the nearest 1/10 inch, you should consider it to mean 96.0 inches [per(a)] and treat it as having three significant digits. The rounded dimension then would be 2.438 m, instead of 2.4 m.

Where an inch-pound value represents a maximum or minimum limit that must be respected, the rounding must be in a direction that does not violate the original limit.

RELATED ISO STANDARDS TC 12 Quantities, units, symbols, conversion factors

Chapter 18 GENERAL INDEX

AFBMA, address of, 18 round head square neck, 228, 229, 253*, 254*, 255* AFNOR, address of, 18 Break mandrel blind rivets, 326, 329*, 331* AGMA, address of, 18 Break mandrel closed end blind rivets, 327, 333*, 335*

gear standards, 652, 653 British gear standards, 617, 654, 655 rating formulas, 623-626 BSI, address of, 19

AISI, address of, 18 Buckingham equations for gearing, 624 American gear standards, 652, 653 Bushings, self-aligning, 589 American National Accreditation Program for Registrar of

Quality Systems, see ANAPRQS Cap screws, hexagon head, 243, 262* American National Standards Institute, see ANSI socket head, 243, 282* ANAPRQS, 753 Carbide inserts and tool holders, indexable throwaway, 721 ANMC, address of, 18 CCPA, address of, 19 ANSI, address of, 18 CDA, address of, 19

catalog, 21 CEE, address of, 19

ANSI INDEX

Standard Page Standard Page Standard Page ANSI/ASME B1.2 171 ANSI/ASME B18.3.3M 243, 267*, 360 ANSI/ASME B29.1 603, 604

ANSI/ASME B1.3M 194 ANSI/ASME B18.3.4M 243, 268*, 360 ANSI/ASME B29.2 606

ANSI/ASME B1.6M 171 ANSI/ASME B18.3.5M 198, 243, 269*, 360 ANSI/ASME B29.3 604

ANSI/ASME B1.7 171 ANSI/ASME B18.3.6M 200, 279, 286*, ANSI/ASME B29.4 604

ANSI/ASME B1.7M 194 287*, 288*, 360 ANSI/ASME B29.8 603

ANSI/ASME B1.10 170, 194 ANSI/ASME B18.5.1 197 ANSI/ASME B29.10 603

ANSI/ASME B1.13M 151, 152, 163, 164

ANSI/ASME B18.5.2.1 M 197,228, 253*, 360 ANSI/ASME B29.12 603, 605

165-168*, 169, 170

ANSI/ASME B18.5.2.2M 229, 254*, 360 ANSI/ASME B29.15 603

171, 172, 194, 232

ANSI/ASME B18.5.2.3M 229, 255*, 360 ANSI/ASME B29.17 603

ANSI/ASME B1.16M 169, 170, 172-174 ANSI/ASME B18.6.4 202, 288 ANSI/ASME B29.19 605

ISO INDEX

Standard Page Standard Page Standard Page ISO 1 70 ISO 251 649 ISO 642 535 ISO 3 75*, 78*, 79*, 81 ISO 252 649 ISO 643 535 ISO 4 69 ISO 252-1 649 ISO 657-1 442*, 532

ISO 7-1 194 ISO 254 648 ISO 657-2 444-445*, 532 ISO 7-2 194 ISO 255 648 ISO 657-5 443*, 532

ISO 8 67 ISO 259 68 ISO 657-11 454*, 532 ISO 9 67 ISO 259-2 68 ISO 657-13 455*, 532

ISO 14 628*, 648 ISO 261 193, 194 ISO 657-14 414-417* ISO 15 592 ISO 262 153, 161* 421-422* ISO 17 81 193, 194 426-427*, 532 ISO 18 67 ISO 263 193 ISO 657-15 456*, 532 ISO 22 648 ISO 272 356 ISO 657-16 457*, 532

ISO 31-0-up 44 ISO 273 229*, 359 ISO 657-18 448-449*, 532 ISO 53 612*, 650 ISO 281 593 ISO 657-19 410-411*, 532 ISO 54 650 ISO 282 649 ISO 657-21 449*, 532

ISO 68-1 162*, 193, 194 ISO 283 649 ISO 657-1-up 532 ISO 68-2 193 ISO 284 649 ISO 666 730

NOTE: *Dimension Table. See page 806 for notes to this Index.