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1
MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSTY
GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES
REGIONAL PLANNING M.S.c.
RP 501 REGIONAL PLANNING STUDIO 2014/2015 FALL
Analysis of Smart-Specialisation Concept and Regional Growth in Turkey
Instructors; Prof. Dr. Ayda Eraydın
Res. Asst. Özge Yersen
Students; Baran Can Karadoğan
Merve Güreş
Özgür Oğuz
Saygın Seven
Selin Adıkutlu
2
Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4
Human Capital ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Research & Develeopment and Innovation ................................................................................................ 12
Human Resources in Science and Technology ........................................................................................ 12
Employment in High-Tech Sectors by NUTS 2 regions - % of total employment ................................... 13
Entrepreneurship .................................................................................................................................... 14
Patent Applications ................................................................................................................................. 15
Production ................................................................................................................................................... 16
Incubation Centers .................................................................................................................................. 16
Location Quotionts ................................................................................................................................. 17
Agriculture Sector LQ for 2013 ............................................................................................................... 17
Industry Sector LQ for 2013 .................................................................................................................... 19
Service Sector LQ for 2013 ...................................................................................................................... 21
Dominant Sectors in Regions for 2006, 2009 and 2013 ......................................................................... 24
Export Capacities Of Regions .................................................................................................................. 25
Export Shares of Regions in Total Export of Turkey ................................................................................ 25
Foreign-owned Companies in Turkey ..................................................................................................... 27
Foreign Owned Companies per Capita ................................................................................................... 27
Manufacturing ............................................................................................................................................ 29
Primacy Index .......................................................................................................................................... 29
TR10 Istanbul Region .............................................................................................................................. 32
TR 21 Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kirklareli Region ................................................................................................ 35
TR22 Balikesir, Çanakkale Region ........................................................................................................... 37
TR31 Izmir Region ................................................................................................................................... 39
TR32 Aydin, Denizli, Mugla Region ......................................................................................................... 41
TR33 Manisa, Afyonkarahisar, Kütahya, Usak Region ............................................................................ 43
TR41 Bursa, Eskisehir, Bilecik Region ...................................................................................................... 45
TR42 Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Yalova Region ................................................................................ 47
TR51 Ankara Region ................................................................................................................................ 49
TR52 Konya, Karaman Region ................................................................................................................. 51
TR61 Antalya, Isparta, Burdur Region ..................................................................................................... 53
3
TR62 Adana, Mersin Region .................................................................................................................... 55
TR63 Hatay, Kahramanmaras, Osmaniye Region.................................................................................... 57
TR71 Kirikkale, Aksaray, Nigde, Nevsehir, Kirsehir Region ..................................................................... 59
TR72 Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat Region ......................................................................................................... 61
TR81 Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartin Region ................................................................................................ 63
TR82 Kastamonu, Çankiri, Sinop Region ................................................................................................. 65
TR83 Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya Region ........................................................................................ 67
TR90 Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüshane Region ............................................................ 69
TRA1 Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt Region ............................................................................................... 71
TRA2 Agri, Kars, Igdir, Ardahan Region ................................................................................................... 73
TRB1 Malatya, Elazig, Bingöl, Tunceli Region ......................................................................................... 75
TRB2 Van, Mus, Bitlis, Hakkari Region .................................................................................................... 77
TRC1 Gaziantep, Adiyaman, Kilis Region................................................................................................. 79
TRC2 Sanliurfa, Diyarbakir Region .......................................................................................................... 81
TRC3 Mardin, Batman, Sirnak, Siirt Region ............................................................................................. 83
Krugman Specialization Index ................................................................................................................. 85
Herfindahl Index...................................................................................................................................... 88
Regions’ Share In National Economy ...................................................................................................... 91
Industries’ Share In Regions’ Manufacturing Sector ............................................................................... 94
Life Standarts and Infrastructure .............................................................................................................. 117
Models to Examine Determinants of Smart Specialization ...................................................................... 125
Final Table ................................................................................................................................................. 141
New Regional Policies for Turkey .............................................................................................................. 149
4
Introduction
In order to deepen the analysis of smart specialization in Turkey's regions firstly
the Europe 2020 document where the concept of smart specialization developed was
taken into consideration to make a comparison with Europe and Turkey and its regions.
The analysis based on education, innovation, digital society, climate, energy and
mobility, employment & skills and fighting poverty areas. From this study, when Turkey
and Europe compared, first of all it can be concluded that Turkey should focus on
education problems primarily. Especially in tertiary education levels Turkey should level
with Europe 2020 targets because this is the cause of another important problem which
is high levels of youth unemployment. Besides, there is a huge difference between EU
and Turkey in terms of the participation of labor force. Moreover, insufficient higher
education level creates snowball effects of inabilities in innovation and R&D sector as
indicated above. This problem takes directly effects in economy of Turkey. In Europe
the rate of high-tech exports in total exports is ten times higher than Turkey. Yet the
digital infrastructure does not allow advancing, it is necessary to increase ICT skills and
knowledge of the European workforce and to connect all Europe online, European
Union invests in broadband infrastructure and professional development in ICT.
However, Turkey should concentrate on providing broadband access for all and
supporting ICT usage in every level of education. As a side benefit of the smart growth
strategies in EU, European Commission aims to decrease emission of greenhouse
gases by %20. However in Turkey, although the emission numbers are higher than
European average, there are only intentions to decrease the emission amount. The
situation where Turkey is much behind from Europe results in high rates of poverty and
because of this Turkey has same level of poverty with poor European countries. From
this frame of reference, study is deepen to regional level in human capital, Research &
Development and Innovation, production, manufacturing, life standards and
infrastructure analysis of 26 NUTS regions.
5
Human Capital
For a region to be a part of smart specialization strategy in the way of economic
development, an essential criteria is the existence of skilled labour and qualified man
power. In order to find out whether there exist skilled labour in the 26 regions of Turkey,
regions were analyzed in terms of education level of local people and labour force and
unemployment rates due to education level.
Firstly, in the 26 NUTS2 regions of Turkey, man power was analyzed according
to the numbers of graduate in doctorate, masters and university degree education level.
From chart 1, university graduate numbers; university graduate numbers per
active population, the annual growth rate of the university graduate numbers per active
population in 26 regions and the average of Turkey can be seen. Maximum growth rate
is in TR A2 region and minimum growth rate is in theTR51 region from 2008 to 2013.
When the rates are compared to the annual average growth rate of Turkey(12,42), TR
51 (8,06), TR31(9,12), TR32(9,89), TR61(10,11), TR21(10,15), TR41(11,18),
TR62(12,0), TR22(12,11) regions are below the Turkey's average and the remaining 18
regions are above it.
From chart 2 master degree graduate numbers; master degree graduate
numbers per active population, the annual growth rate of the master degree graduate
numbers per active population in 26 regions and the average of Turkey can be seen.
Maximum growth rate is in TR90 region and minimum growth rate is in the TR51 region
from 2008 to 2013. When the rates are compared to the annual average growth rate of
Turkey(16,083), TR 51 (12,68), TR B2(12,78), TRC3(13,12), TR10(13,59),
TRA2(13,74), TR63(13,87), TRC2(15,12) regions are below the Turkey's average.
From chart 3 doctorate degree graduate numbers; doctorate graduate numbers
per active population, the annual growth rate of the doctorate graduate numbers per
active population in 26 regions and the average of Turkey can be seen. Maximum
growth rate is in TR 82 region and minimum growth rate is in the TR 51 region from
2008 to 2013. When the rates are compared to the annual average growth rate of
Turkey(15,37), TR 51 (10,25), TR 10(11,87), TR31(12,45), TRb2(12,51), TR62(15,09),
regions are below the Turkey's average.
6
12,92
10,15
12,11
9,12 9,89
17,00
11,18
12,44
8,06
14,06
10,11
12,00
13,49 13,40
15,93
12,87
14,68 15,59
13,47
21,97
24,61
18,17
24,07
17,57
22,67 23,34
12,42
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0,000
0,050
0,100
0,150
0,200
0,250
A
n
n
u
a
l
A
v
e
r
a
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e
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p
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A
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i
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P
o
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l
a
t
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o
n
Chart 1: University
2008 2013 Annual Growth Rate
7
13,59
17,94 19,14
16,39
23,46 24,27
17,22
19,03
12,68
22,64
17,88 16,72
13,87
23,22
25,83
22,99 24,13
27,52
30,05 28,81
13,74
28,06
12,78
25,79
15,12
13,12
16,08
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
0,005
0,01
0,015
0,02
0,025
A
n
n
u
a
l
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
G
r
o
w
t
h
R
a
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N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
M
a
s
t
e
r
D
e
g
r
e
e
G
r
a
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e
s
p
e
r
A
c
t
i
v
e
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
Chart 2:Master
2008 2013 Annual Growth Rate
8
11,87
23,49 22,36
12,45
22,51
28,92
17,53
21,61
10,25
25,97
20,83
15,09
19,63
23,54
32,28
28,91
35,36
25,94
32,95
15,60
18,41
23,50
12,51
27,27
16,24
26,60
15,37
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0,000
0,001
0,002
0,003
0,004
0,005
0,006
0,007
0,008
0,009
Chart 3:Doctorate
2008 2013 Annual Growth Rate
9
After analyzing the education level in the regions the participation to labour force
rates and unemployment rates were analyzed according to the education level. In 26
Regions, across the university graduates participation to labour force rates increases
most in the TR31 İzmir region with 1,66 where the rate is 0,5 in Turkey. On the other
hand, from 2008 to 2013 among the university graduates unemployment rates annual
average growth rate is 0 in Turkey where in 2008 it was 10,3 but it had its climax in
2009 to 12,1 and after 2009 begin to decrease to 10,3 again in 2013. In this frame, 26
NUTS2 regions of Turkey, TR 52 Konya, Karaman Region shows the maximum rate of
decrease in unemployment with 19,25. Moreover, unemployment rates increases most
in TRA2 Ağrı, Kars, Igdır, Ardahan Region with 12,61.
10
-2,5
-2
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
TR1
0 Is
tan
bu
l
TR2
1 T
ekir
dag
, Ed
irn
e, K
irkl
arel
i
TR2
2B
alik
esir
, Çan
akka
le
TR3
1Iz
mir
TR3
2 A
ydin
, Den
izli,
Mu
gla
TR3
3 M
anis
a, A
fyo
nka
rah
isar
,…
TR4
1 B
urs
a, E
skis
eh
ir, B
ileci
k
TR4
2 K
oca
eli,
Saka
rya,
Dü
zce
, Bo
lu,…
TR5
1 A
nka
ra
TR5
2 K
on
ya, K
aram
an
TR6
1 A
nta
lya,
Isp
arta
, Bu
rdu
r
TR6
2 A
dan
a, M
ersi
n
TR6
3 H
atay
, Kah
ram
anm
aras
,…
TR7
1 K
irik
kale
, Aks
aray
, Nig
de
,…
TR7
2 K
ayse
ri, S
ivas
, Yo
zgat
TR8
1 Z
on
guld
ak, K
arab
ük,
Bar
tin
TR8
2 K
asta
mo
nu
, Çan
kiri
, Sin
op
TR8
3 S
amsu
n, T
oka
t, Ç
oru
m, A
mas
ya
TR9
0 T
rab
zon
, Ord
u, G
ire
sun
, Riz
e,…
TRA
1 E
rzu
rum
, Erz
inca
n, B
ayb
urt
TRA
2 A
gri,
Kar
s, Ig
dir
, Ard
ahan
TRB
1 M
alat
ya, E
lazi
g, B
ingö
l, Tu
nce
li
TRB
2 V
an, M
us,
Bit
lis, H
akka
ri
TRC
1 G
azia
nte
p, A
diy
aman
, Kili
s
TRC
2 S
anliu
rfa,
Diy
arb
akir
TRC
3 M
ard
in, B
atm
an, S
irn
ak, S
iirt
Turk
ey
A
n
n
u
a
l
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
G
r
o
w
t
h
R
a
t
e
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
L
a
b
o
r
F
o
r
c
e
R
a
t
e
s
2008
2013
Annual Average Growth Rate
11
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18A
n
n
u
a
l
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
G
r
o
w
t
h
R
a
t
e
U
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
R
a
t
e
s
2008
2013
Annual Growth Rate
12
Research & Develeopment and Innovation
Human Resources in Science and Technology
Human resources in science and technology (HRST) shows the active population in the
age group 15-74 that is classified as HRST (i.e. having successfully completed an
education at the third level or being employed in science and technology) as a
percentage of total active population aged 15-74.
The graph below represents that HRST share in active population and its annual
average increase rate of NUTS 2 regions of Turkey in compare with country averages.
TR10 İstanbul TR31 İzmir
TR41 (Bursa,Eskişehir,Bilecik)
TR42 (Kocaeli,Sakarya,Düzce,
Bolu,Yalova)
Tr51-Ankara
TRA1 (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt)
TRA2 (Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan)
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ave
rage
Sh
are
of
HR
ST i
n a
ctiv
e p
op
ula
tio
n (
20
06
-20
13
)
Annual Average Rate of Increase % (2006-2013)
Human resources in science and technology (HRST) by NUTS 2 regions
13
Employment in High-Tech Sectors by NUTS 2 regions - % of total employment
The data shows the employment in high-tech sectors (code HTC) as a percentage of
total employment. The data are aggregated according to the sectorial approach at NACE
Rev.2 on 2-digit level and is oriented on the ratio of highly qualified working in these
areas.
14
Entrepreneurship
The graph below represents that changing share of employers and sole traders in active
population, in 2004, 2009 and 2013. It helps to understand that entrepreneurial structure
of NUTS 2 regions of Turkey.
15
Patent Applications
The graphs below show that changing number of patent applications to Turkish Patent
Institute and success rate of NUTS 2 regions from 2000 to 2013.
TR10 (İstanbul)
TR41 (Bursa,Eskişehir,Bileci
k) TR42
(Kocaeli,Sakarya,Düzce,Bolu,Yalova)
TR51 (Ankara)
TRA2 (Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan)
TRC1 (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis)
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900An
nu
al A
vera
ge R
ate
of
Incr
ease
% (
20
00
-2
01
3)
Annual Average Number of Patent Applications (2000-2013)
Patent Applications 2000-2013
TR10 (İstanbul)
TR31 (İzmir) TR33 (Manisa,Afyon,
Kütahya,Uşak)
TR41 (Bursa, Eskişehir,Bilecik)
TR42 (Kocaeli,Sakarya, Düzce,Bolu,Yalova)
TR51 (Ankara)
TRB2 (Van, Muş, Bitlis, Hakkari)
TRC2 (Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır)
0,0
50,0
100,0
150,0
200,0
250,0
0,00% 5,00% 10,00% 15,00% 20,00% 25,00% 30,00% 35,00%An
nu
al A
vera
ge N
um
be
r o
f R
egi
ste
red
Pat
en
ts
Annual Average Success Rate %
Success in Patent Applications 2001-2013
16
Production
Incubation Centers
Business incubation is a business support process that accelerates the successful development of start-up and fledgling companies by providing entrepreneurs with an array of targeted resources and services. These services are usually developed or orchestrated by incubator management and offered both in the business incubator and through its network of contacts. A business incubator’s main goal is to produce successful firms that will leave the program financially viable and freestanding. These incubator graduates have the potential to create jobs, revitalize neighborhoods, commercialize new technologies, and strengthen local and national economies. Critical to the definition of an incubator is the provision of management guidance, technical assistance and consulting tailored to young growing companies. Incubators usually also provide clients access to appropriate rental space and flexible leases, shared basic business services and equipment, technology support services and assistance in obtaining the financing necessary for company growth.
In Turkey, the number of incubation centers is not high because it is a new developing trend among companies and firms. There are 12 incubation centers in country and 7 of them are located in İstanbul. There are 3 in Ankara, 1 in İzmir and 1 in Kocaeli. Istanbul based incubation centers are; Etohum, Girişim Fabrikası, AveaLabs, HayalEt, Arı Çekirdek, TEB Incubation Center, Inventram. Ankara based centers are; Viveka ,Metutech Atom, Enkuba. Inovent is in Kocaeli and Embriyonix is in İzmir. Seven of these incubation centers are university based enterprises and the other 5 of them are private ones.
17
Location Quotionts
According to Location Quotient analyzes all regions are examined for three years
(2006,2009 and 2013) in terms of three sectors which are Agriculture, Industry and
Services. All changes among years in increases and decreases are shown below in the
graphics. Also according to different LQ levels of regions for recent year are shown in
the maps below.
Agriculture Sector LQ for 2013
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
Bö
lgel
er
TR1
0 (
İsta
nb
ul)
TR2
1 (
Teki
rdağ
,Ed
irn
e,K
ırkl
are
li)
TR2
2 (
Bal
ıkes
ir,Ç
anak
kale
)
TR3
1 (
İzm
ir)
TR3
2 (
Ayd
ın,D
en
izli,
Mu
ğla)
TR3
3 (
Man
isa,
Afy
on
,Kü
tah
ya,U
şak)
TR4
1 (
Bu
rsa,
Eski
şeh
ir,B
ileci
k)
TR4
2 (
Ko
cael
i,Sak
arya
,Dü
zce
,Bo
lu,Y
alo
va)
TR5
1 (
An
kara
)
TR5
2 (
Ko
nya
,Kar
aman
)
TR6
1 (
An
taly
a,Is
par
ta,B
urd
ur)
TR6
2 (
Ad
ana,
Me
rsin
)
TR6
3 (
Hat
ay,K
ahra
man
mar
aş,O
sman
iye)
TR7
1 (
Kır
ıkka
le,A
ksar
ay,N
iğd
e,N
evş
ehir
)
TR7
2 (
Kay
seri
, Siv
as, Y
ozg
at)
TR8
1 (
Zon
guld
ak, K
arab
ük,
Bar
tın
)
TR8
2 (
Kas
tam
on
u, Ç
ankı
rı, S
ino
p)
TR8
3 (
Sam
sun
, To
kat,
Ço
rum
, Am
asya
)
TR9
0 (
Trab
zon
, Ord
u, G
ire
sun
, Riz
e,…
TRA
1 (
Erzu
rum
, Erz
inca
n, B
ayb
urt
)
TRA
2 (
Ağr
ı, K
ars,
Iğd
ır, A
rdah
an)
TRB
1 (
Mal
atya
, Ela
zığ,
Bin
göl,
Tun
celi)
TRB
2 (
Van
, Mu
ş, B
itlis
, Hak
kari
)
TRC
1 (
Gaz
ian
tep
, Ad
ıyam
an, K
ilis)
TRC
2 (
Şan
lıurf
a, D
iyar
bak
ır)
TRC
3 (
Mar
din
, Bat
man
, Şır
nak
, Siir
t)
Agriculture Sector LQ's
2006
2009
2013
18
AGRICULTURE 2006 2009 2013
REGIONS TR10 (İstanbul) 0,01530154 0,01198752 0,02459668
TR21 (Tekirdağ,Edirne,Kırklareli) 0,87996975 0,90071947 0,72358274
TR22 (Balıkesir,Çanakkale) 1,98263454 1,62420059 1,53976267
TR31 (İzmir) 0,44108354 0,34705141 0,52411672
TR32 (Aydın,Denizli,Muğla) 1,35464145 1,13098784 1,6888737
TR33 (Manisa,Afyon,Kütahya,Uşak) 1,59811138 1,58889188 1,89380634
TR41 (Bursa,Eskişehir,Bilecik) 0,60151263 0,47921234 0,61889059
TR42 (Kocaeli,Sakarya,Düzce,Bolu,Yalova) 0,5607366 0,80130551 0,93734442
TR51 (Ankara) 0,14597885 0,06959131 0,19600512
TR52 (Konya,Karaman) 1,15571004 1,30088452 1,39017055
TR61 (Antalya,Isparta,Burdur) 1,21860919 1,37391968 1,36244959
TR62 (Adana,Mersin) 0,90365341 1,17174471 1,00529036
TR63 (Hatay,Kahramanmaraş,Osmaniye) 1,32321895 1,25194179 1,10242438
TR71 (Kırıkkale,Aksaray,Niğde,Nevşehir) 1,74065751 1,41365607 1,572548
TR72 (Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat) 0,92997496 1,08513401 1,48685485
TR81 (Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartın) 1,45838943 1,99616979 1,58106837
TR82 (Kastamonu, Çankırı, Sinop) 2,4448224 1,74021492 1,72639557
TR83 (Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya) 1,9519038 2,09691569 1,79024788
TR90 (Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane) 2,19640013 2,21722266 1,99766802
TRA1 (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt) 2,15016696 2,19360424 1,88444188
TRA2 (Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan) 2,39384104 2,60459798 2,29252927
TRB1 (Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl, Tunceli) 1,70883907 1,4841833 1,888237
TRB2 (Van, Muş, Bitlis, Hakkari) 2,30122219 1,47559461 1,63521522
TRC1 (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis) 0,85279678 0,99409641 1,01433071
TRC2 (Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır) 1,03352152 1,17392716 1,36120585
TRC3 (Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt) 0,83240382 0,90079384 0,52331271
19
Industry Sector LQ for 2013
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
Industry Sector LQ's
2006
2009
2013
20
2006 2009 2013
REGIONS TR10 (İstanbul) 1,54762193 1,48778383 1,32984155
TR21 (Tekirdağ,Edirne,Kırklareli) 1,13179544 1,29349364 1,37419781
TR22 (Balıkesir,Çanakkale) 0,55716174 0,76906578 0,72932645
TR31 (İzmir) 1,23891677 1,10767664 1,20365168
TR32 (Aydın,Denizli,Muğla) 0,85981749 0,89780367 0,72554851
TR33 (Manisa,Afyon,Kütahya,Uşak) 0,92551549 1,04430068 0,87348855
TR41 (Bursa,Eskişehir,Bilecik) 1,73099029 1,61250191 1,5345983
TR42 (Kocaeli,Sakarya,Düzce,Bolu,Yalova) 1,44100356 1,31705454 1,26099012
TR51 (Ankara) 0,97285907 0,90976867 0,89545187
TR52 (Konya,Karaman) 0,78156448 0,95866034 0,93589548
TR61 (Antalya,Isparta,Burdur) 0,56813419 0,55776124 0,51307837
TR62 (Adana,Mersin) 0,86599939 0,82033683 0,88180799
TR63 (Hatay,Kahramanmaraş,Osmaniye) 0,84790447 1,10503212 1,05216014
TR71 (Kırıkkale,Aksaray,Niğde,Nevşehir) 0,61120147 0,60486949 0,61658015
TR72 (Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat) 0,92399846 1,00141561 0,91981054
TR81 (Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartın) 0,89649159 0,81486828 0,91983444
TR82 (Kastamonu, Çankırı, Sinop) 0,3789327 0,68649561 0,7058655
TR83 (Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya) 0,59730093 0,51109579 0,71263191
TR90 (Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane) 0,43587129 0,50721914 0,54179711
TRA1 (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt) 0,30483574 0,32926363 0,42364817
TRA2 (Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan) 0,21982708 0,24694773 0,5707539
TRB1 (Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl, Tunceli) 0,52714203 0,61765316 0,66822027
TRB2 (Van, Muş, Bitlis, Hakkari) 0,35591052 0,50917057 0,81028397
TRC1 (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis) 1,36498421 1,27984961 1,21107391
TRC2 (Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır) 0,62702356 0,64157508 0,82162953
TRC3 (Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt) 0,66117223 0,8495676 0,98524565
21
Service Sector LQ for 2013
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
Service Sector LQ's
2006
2009
2013
22
SERVICE 2006 2009 2013
REGIONS TR10 (İstanbul) 1,18298491 1,23943752 1,28591052
TR21 (Tekirdağ,Edirne,Kırklareli) 0,98694132 0,90404151 0,93286741
TR22 (Balıkesir,Çanakkale) 0,76105314 0,8096876 0,88864008
TR31 (İzmir) 1,14480565 1,2667698 1,11678091
TR32 (Aydın,Denizli,Muğla) 0,90308356 0,98722987 0,82040331
TR33 (Manisa,Afyon,Kütahya,Uşak) 0,74849745 0,68791491 0,64584033
TR41 (Bursa,Eskişehir,Bilecik) 0,79891279 0,94654753 0,89900429
TR42 (Kocaeli,Sakarya,Düzce,Bolu,Yalova) 0,97702942 0,93746161 0,89190763
TR51 (Ankara) 1,43170067 1,5033099 1,43390068
TR52 (Konya,Karaman) 1,04632308 0,87288782 0,85276651
TR61 (Antalya,Isparta,Burdur) 1,12809171 1,03963002 1,08622864
TR62 (Adana,Mersin) 1,11989902 1,006343 1,06159465
TR63 (Hatay,Kahramanmaraş,Osmaniye) 0,92490175 0,82296739 0,92431943
TR71 (Kırıkkale,Aksaray,Niğde,Nevşehir) 0,84980585 0,9962676 0,92875606
TR72 (Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat) 1,07551297 0,9574067 0,81569708
TR81 (Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartın) 0,83249212 0,60355124 0,76868808
TR82 (Kastamonu, Çankırı, Sinop) 0,63942105 0,78664732 0,81311415
TR83 (Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya) 0,75423146 0,70954805 0,77947095
TR90 (Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane) 0,72263952 0,65033816 0,77189763
TRA1 (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt) 0,81645847 0,75192013 0,8875523
TRA2 (Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan) 0,74371587 0,59135542 0,61774569
TRB1 (Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl, Tunceli) 0,91616348 0,95511076 0,75674729
TRB2 (Van, Muş, Bitlis, Hakkari) 0,71494115 1,01417794 0,80482678
TRC1 (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis) 0,87341656 0,86143125 0,88197987
TRC2 (Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır) 1,1864336 1,09564043 0,92705634
TRC3 (Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt) 1,25823853 1,12485355 1,23237391
23
24
Dominant Sectors in Regions for 2006, 2009 and 2013
25
Export Capacities Of Regions
From 2006 to 2012, export amount of Turkey, has increased more than one and a half times. According to 2012 data, half of the amount of export is done by İstanbul with the amount of 76,620,922 TL. Although, İstanbul region has increased its export amount between 2006 and 2012, the share of this amount in total export decreased nearly %5 in 6 years. In this period, three regions have increased their export shares in total amount. These are TR33 (Manisa, Afyon, Kütahya, Uşak), TR42 (Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Yalova) and TRC1 (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis). Despite İstanbul is carrying out the half amount of the total export of Turkey, for other regions TR42 region is holding the first place in the list of export capacities. Like some of other analyz and examinations again TR42 region is advantageous according to others. Unlike other regions located in eastern and southeastern part of Turkey, TRC1 region has increased its export capacity from 2006 to 2012. This region is mainly exporting goods which are produced by manufacturing. On the other hand, when we look at the sectoral export shares of regions in their own composition, most of the regions are realizing their export in manufacturing sector. Except several regions, in most of them export shares of manufacturing are between %85 and %97. In this point of view some regions such as TR61 (Antalya,Burdur,Isparta), TR62(Adana,Mersin), TR63 (Hatay,Kahramanmaraş,Osmaniye) and TR90 (Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane) are differentiating from other regions in terms of different sectoral exports. These regions are making exports in the sector of Agriculture and Forestry much more than other regions. This could be considered as an advantage or a disadvantage for different purposes and strategies.
Export Shares of Regions in Total Export of Turkey
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
Bö
lgel
er
TR1
0 (
İsta
nb
ul)
TR2
1…
TR2
2 (
Bal
ıkes
ir,Ç
anak
kale
)
TR3
1 (
İzm
ir)
TR3
2 (
Ayd
ın,D
en
izli,
Mu
ğla)
TR3
3…
TR4
1 (
Bu
rsa,
Eski
şeh
ir,B
ileci
k)
TR4
2…
TR5
1 (
An
kara
)
TR5
2 (
Ko
nya
,Kar
aman
)
TR6
1 (
An
taly
a,Is
par
ta,B
urd
ur)
TR6
2 (
Ad
ana,
Me
rsin
)
TR6
3…
TR7
1…
TR7
2 (
Kay
seri
, Siv
as, Y
ozg
at)
TR8
1 (
Zon
guld
ak, K
arab
ük,
…
TR8
2 (
Kas
tam
on
u, Ç
ankı
rı,…
TR8
3 (
Sam
sun
, To
kat,
…
TR9
0 (
Trab
zon
, Ord
u,…
TRA
1 (
Erzu
rum
, Erz
inca
n,…
TRA
2 (
Ağr
ı, K
ars,
Iğd
ır,…
TRB
1 (
Mal
atya
, Ela
zığ,
…
TRB
2 (
Van
, Mu
ş, B
itlis
,…
TRC
1 (
Gaz
ian
tep
, Ad
ıyam
an,…
TRC
2 (
Şan
lıurf
a, D
iyar
bak
ır)
TRC
3 (
Mar
din
, Bat
man
,…
2006
2009
2012
26
2006 2009 2012
REGIONS TR10 (İstanbul) 0,5496665 0,5437524 0,5025707
TR21 (Tekirdağ,Edirne,Kırklareli) 0,0060123 0,006316 0,0051464
TR22 (Balıkesir,Çanakkale) 0,0038684 0,0044146 0,0042323
TR31 (İzmir) 0,0637042 0,0599041 0,0567935
TR32 (Aydın,Denizli,Muğla) 0,0246699 0,021593 0,0234628
TR33 (Manisa,Afyon,Kütahya,Uşak) 0,0117632 0,012916 0,0316791
TR41 (Bursa,Eskişehir,Bilecik) 0,0905852 0,0944494 0,0796307
TR42 (Kocaeli,Sakarya,Düzce,Bolu,Yalova) 0,0934732 0,0630846 0,0961209
TR51 (Ankara) 0,0420549 0,0480825 0,0468179
TR52 (Konya,Karaman) 0,0068171 0,0086321 0,010195
TR61 (Antalya,Isparta,Burdur) 0,0067046 0,0087295 0,0084174
TR62 (Adana,Mersin) 0,0202745 0,021387 0,0211595
TR63 (Hatay,Kahramanmaraş,Osmaniye) 0,0142824 0,0181936 0,0190958
TR71 (Kırıkkale,Aksaray,Niğde,Nevşehir) 0,0014729 0,0022645 0,0025005
TR72 (Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat) 0,0091467 0,0098987 0,0110543
TR81 (Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartın) 0,0021406 0,0050043 0,0032973
TR82 (Kastamonu, Çankırı, Sinop) 0,0008884 0,0011862 0,0007122
TR83 (Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya) 0,002802 0,0043717 0,0045355
TR90 (Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane) 0,016524 0,0140748 0,0136169
TRA1 (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt) 0,0002542 0,0003358 0,0003233
TRA2 (Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan) 0,0009672 0,0012345 0,0008653
TRB1 (Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl, Tunceli) 0,0025728 0,0024737 0,0022653
TRB2 (Van, Muş, Bitlis, Hakkari) 0,0010207 0,0041716 0,0026316
TRC1 (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis) 0,022098 0,0296405 0,0373635
TRC2 (Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır) 0,0013188 0,0023916 0,0020253
TRC3 (Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt) 0,0049174 0,0114972 0,013487
27
Foreign-owned Companies in Turkey
In Turkey according to 2013 data, there are 1147 foreign owned companies. Obivously most of these companies are located in İstanbul with the number of 197. However, to examine in the NUTS2 level, the region of TR42 (Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Yalova) is holding the first place in the list. %20 of foreing owned companies are located in this region. TR42 region is followed by İstanbul, İzmir and TR41 (Bursa, Eskişehir, Bilecik) region. On the other hand, when we look at the number of foreign owned companies per capita, TR42 region has the highest value again. The region is followed by İzmir and TR21 (Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli) region. Because of the high population levels, number of foreign owned companies per capita results are too low in İstanbul. To interpret these analyzes, TR42 region outshines clearly. We can see that, region is attractive for foreign enterprieses and this could be a very strong potential. Advantages of the region such as being close to İstanbul, high indusrty facilities are useful to charm foreign companies as we can see and this could be developed for some purposes.
Foreign Owned Companies per Capita
28
REGIONS Foreign Owned Companies per Capita*1000
TR10 (İstanbul) 0,0139
TR21 (Tekirdağ,Edirne,Kırklareli) 0,0614
TR22 (Balıkesir,Çanakkale) 0,0114
TR31 (İzmir) 0,0401
TR32 (Aydın,Denizli,Muğla) 0,0088
TR33 (Manisa,Afyon,Kütahya,Uşak) 0,0154
TR41 (Bursa,Eskişehir,Bilecik) 0,0387
TR42 (Kocaeli,Sakarya,Düzce,Bolu,Yalova) 0,0681
TR51 (Ankara) 0,0119
TR52 (Konya,Karaman) 0,0056
TR61 (Antalya,Isparta,Burdur) 0,0152
TR62 (Adana,Mersin) 0,0060
TR63 (Hatay,Kahramanmaraş,Osmaniye) 0,0055
TR71 (Kırıkkale,Aksaray,Niğde,Nevşehir) 0,0066
TR72 (Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat) 0,0042
TR81 (Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartın) 0,0029
TR82 (Kastamonu, Çankırı, Sinop) 0,0026
TR83 (Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya) 0,0033
TR90 (Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane) 0,0043
TRA1 (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt) 0,0056
TRA2 (Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan) 0,0009
TRB1 (Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl, Tunceli) 0,0012
TRB2 (Van, Muş, Bitlis, Hakkari) 0,0000
TRC1 (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis) 0,0019
TRC2 (Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır) 0,0009
TRC3 (Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt) 0,0000
29
Manufacturing
Primacy Index
In order to define the dominant sector in the manufacturing industry in Turkey and
26 nuts2 regions, primacy index analysis applied in terms of 1 and 3 dominant sectors.
Dominant sector in Turkey was changed after 2006 from "Manufacture of textiles"
to "Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and dyeing of fur". On the other side the
ratio is decreased from 0,18 to 0,14 which shows that the dominance of 1st sector is
decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.
When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio again that the
dominancy is decreasing and the arrangement in the first 3 sectors are differ periods of
2003-2006, 2007-2008 and after 2009.
High Tech Sectors Mid-High Tech Sectors Mid-Low Tech Sectors Low-Tech Sectors
Manufacture of food products and beverages
Manufacture of tobacco products
Manufacture of textiles
Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and dyeing of fur
Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear
Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials
Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products
Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media
Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
Manufacture of rubber and plastic products
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
Manufacture of basic metals
Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.
Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products
Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c.
Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
Manufacture of other transport equipment
Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c.
Other manufacturing
Repair and installation of machinery and equipment
30
Turkey 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,184 0,168 0,151 0,148 0,140 0,147 0,142 0,149
Sector Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
TURKEY 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,466 0,450 0,411 0,406 0,386 0,392 0,393 0,395
1stSector Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
2ndSector Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
3rdSector Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
31
32
TR10 Istanbul Region
Dominant sector in TR 10 is "Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and
dyeing of fur" from 2003 to 2011. Moreover the ratio of employment in this sector to the
total employment in all manufacturing industries is increasing which shows the
dominance of the wearing apparel industry is increasing. When the 3 sector index
analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is decreasing in terms of
first 3 sectors and the arrangement in the first 3 sectors are differ just in the periods of
2007-2008.
TR10 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,255 0,268 0,234 0,245 0,240 0,260 0,258 0,272
Sector Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
33
TR10 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,503 0,491 0,441 0,448 0,436 0,432 0,427 0,444
1stSector Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing
of fur
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing
of fur
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
2ndSector Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing
of fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing
of fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
3rdSector Manufacture of
food product
s and
beverages
Manufacture of
food product
s and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
34
From primacy index,
dominance of the wearing
apparel industry is increasing
where also the first 3 sectors
are all low tech industries.The
most competitive sector is
manufacture of wood and of
products of wood and cork,
except furniture in the
region.Istanbul has the largest
size in almost every sector, yet
it has the most shares only in
manufacture of wearing apparel
and it is at the last place in
manufacture of food and
beverages.
35
TR 21 Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kirklareli Region
Dominant sector in TR 21 is " Manufacture of textiles " from 2003 to 2011. On the
other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all
manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is
decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.
When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy
is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors and the arrangement in the first 3 sectors
specifically the 3rd sector is changing from 2003 to 2009.
TR21 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,373 0,387 0,380 0,388 0,384 0,336 0,323 0,318
Sector
Manufact
ure of
textiles
Manufac
ture of
textiles
Manufac
ture of
textiles
Manufactu
re of
textiles
Manufactu
re of
textiles
Manufactu
re of
textiles
Manufactu
re of
textiles
Manufactu
re of
textiles
TR21 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,685 0,682 0,679 0,670 0,651 0,613 0,621 0,594
1stSector Manufac
ture of textiles
Manufac
ture of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
2ndSector Manufac
ture of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufac
ture of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
3rdSector Tanning
and dressing
of
leather; manufac
ture of luggage,
handbag
Manufacture of
motor
vehicles, trailers
and semi-
trailers
Manufactu
re of other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of
electrical machinery
and apparatus
n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of
electrical machinery
and apparatus
n.e.c.
36
Dominance of manufacturing
of textile sector is decreasing
and diversity in the employment
in manufacturing sectors, is
increasing. The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of rubber and
plastic products in the region.
The region is above Turkey
average in manufacture of
textiles and manufacture of
wearing apparel. And also it
has the most share in
manufacture and dressing of
leather. In addition to this they
are also above Turkey average
in manufacture of computer,
electronic and optical products
which is a high tech sector
37
TR22 Balikesir, Çanakkale Region
Dominant sector in TR 22 is " Manufacture of food products and beverages " from
2003 to 2011. On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total
employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of
1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is
increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the
dominancy is increasing in terms of first 3 sectors and the arrangement in the first 3
sectors specifically the 3rd sector is changing from 2003 to 2011.
TR22 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,393 0,380 0,323 0,308 0,327 0,386 0,423 0,367
Sector Manufact
ure of food
products
and beverages
Manufact
ure of food
products
and beverages
Manufact
ure of food
products
and beverages
Manufact
ure of food
products
and beverages
Manufact
ure of food
products
and beverages
Manufact
ure of food
products
and beverages
Manufact
ure of food
products
and beverages
Manufact
ure of food
products
and beverages
TR22 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,587 0,599 0,529 0,538 0,595 0,586 0,623 0,598
1stSector Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
2ndSector Manufacture of
wood and
of products
of wood and cork,
except
furniture
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral
products
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral
products
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral
products
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral
products
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral
products
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral
products
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral
products
3rdSector
Manufactu
re of machinery
and
equipment n.e.c.
Manufacture of
wood and of
products of wood
and cork,
except furniture
Manufacture of
wood and of
products of wood
and cork,
except furniture
Manufactu
re of basic metals
Manufacture of
wood and of
products of wood
and cork,
except furniture
Manufacture of
wood and of
products of wood
and cork,
except furniture
Manufactu
re of rubber
and
plastic products
Manufactu
re of furniture;
manufact
uring n.e.c.
38
Dominance of 1st sector
"Manufacture of food products
and beverages" is decreasing
and diversity in the employment
in manufacturing sectors, is
increasing.The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of chemicals and
chemical products in the region.
They are above National
average in Manufacture of food
and beverages and
manufacture of non-metallic
mineral products. But a more
promising attribution is they
have the most growth speed in
manufacture of computer,
electronic and optical products
which is a high tech sector.
39
TR31 Izmir Region
Dominant sector in TR 31 is " Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and
dyeing of fur" from 2003 to 2011. On the other hand the ratio of employment in this
sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that
the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in
manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be
concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is increasing in terms of first 3 sectors.
TR31 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,204 0,215 0,180 0,182 0,165 0,162 0,159 0,179
Sector Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufact
ure of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
TR31 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,418 0,423 0,389 0,377 0,381 0,413 0,389 0,417
1stSector Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
2ndSector
Manufactu
re of food
products and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food
products and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food
products and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food
products and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food
products and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food
products and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food
products and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food
products and
beverages
3rdSector
Manufactu
re of machinery
and equipmen
t n.e.c.
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipmen
t
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipmen
t
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipmen
t
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipmen
t
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipmen
t
Manufactu
re of machinery
and equipmen
t n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of machinery
and equipmen
t n.e.c.
40
The dominance of 1st sector
Manufacture of wearing
apparel; dressing and dyeing of
fur is decreasing and diversity
in the employment in
manufacturing sectors, is
increasing. The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of wood and of
products of wood and cork,
except furniture in the
region.One of the size wise
competitors of TR10 and also
above national average in
manufacture of wearing apparel
and manufacture of refined
petroleum products, in addition
İzmir has the biggest growth
speed in manufacture of paper
products.
41
TR32 Aydin, Denizli, Mugla Region
Dominant sector in TR 32 is " Manufacture of textiles " from 2003 to 2011. On the
other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all
manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is
decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.
When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy
is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors and the arrangement in the first 3 sectors
specifically the 3rd sector is changing from 2009 to 2011.
TR32 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,396 0,360 0,310 0,286 0,270 0,260 0,274 0,257
Sector Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufact
ure of textiles
TR32 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,683 0,670 0,628 0,618 0,586 0,551 0,553 0,561
1stSector Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
2ndSector Manufactu
re of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
3rdSector Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
42
The dominance of 1st sector
Manufacture of textiles is
decreasing and diversity in the
employment in manufacturing
sectors, is increasing The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of other transport
equipment in the region.One of
the most desperate regions,
however it is over Turkey
average in manufacture of non-
metallic mineral products and
manufacture of textiles &
wearing apparel. Also has a fair
growth speed in manufacture
and dressing of leather
products.
43
TR33 Manisa, Afyonkarahisar, Kütahya, Usak Region
Dominant sector in TR 33 is changing between " Manufacture of food products
and beverages " and " Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products" from 2003 to
2011. Moreover the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all
manufacturing industries is increasing which shows the dominance of the industry is
increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the
dominancy is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors and the arrangement.
TR33 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,174 0,183 0,207 0,213 0,195 0,215 0,213 0,197
Sector Manufact
ure of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic
mineral products
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic
mineral products
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic
mineral products
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic
mineral products
Manufact
ure of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic
mineral products
Manufact
ure of food
products
and beverages
TR33 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,501 0,479 0,508 0,491 0,480 0,497 0,528 0,515
1stSector
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic
mineral products
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic
mineral products
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic
mineral products
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic
mineral products
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic
mineral products
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
2ndSector
Manufactu
re of
textiles
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral
products
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral
products
3rdSector Manufacture of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
44
Dominance of the primacy
industry is increasing, diversity
in manufacture industry
decreasing The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of in the region.
Not surprisingly has the most
shares in manufacture of non-
metallic mineral products and
also above national average in
manufacture of computer,
electronic and optical products
& tanning and dressing of
leather products.
45
TR41 Bursa, Eskisehir, Bilecik Region
Dominant sector in TR 41 is " Manufacture of textiles " from 2003 to 2011. On the
other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all
manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is
decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.
When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy
is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors and the arrangement in the first 3 sectors
specifically the 2nd and the 3rd sector are changing from 2008.
TR41 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,285 0,266 0,241 0,230 0,212 0,198 0,211 0,206
Sector Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufac
ture of textiles
Manufac
ture of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
TR41 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,517 0,503 0,454 0,480 0,453 0,454 0,483 0,461
1stSector Manufac
ture of textiles
Manufac
ture of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
2ndSector Manufac
ture of
motor vehicles,
trailers and
semi-trailers
Manufac
ture of
motor vehicles,
trailers and
semi-trailers
Manufactu
re of motor
vehicles, trailers
and semi-trailers
Manufactu
re of motor
vehicles, trailers
and semi-trailers
Manufactu
re of motor
vehicles, trailers
and semi-trailers
Manufactu
re of motor
vehicles, trailers
and semi-trailers
Manufactu
re of motor
vehicles, trailers
and semi-trailers
Manufactu
re of motor
vehicles, trailers
and semi-trailers
3rdSector Manufac
ture of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufac
ture of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufacture of
machinery and
equipment n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
46
The dominance of 1st sector-
Textile- is decreasing and
diversity in the employment in
manufacturing sectors, is
increasing.The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of electrical
machinery and apparatus in the
region. Manufacture of motor
vehicles is just simply
dominates this region’s
economy. Number one in both
shares and growth speed.
47
TR42 Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Yalova Region
Dominant sector in TR 42 is especially from 2007 to 2011 " Manufacture of motor
vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers ". On the other hand the ratio of employment in this
sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that
the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in
manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be
concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is increasing in terms of first 3 sectors.
TR42 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,145 0,164 0,151 0,149 0,140 0,141 0,134 0,139
Sector Manufact
ure of motor
vehicles,
trailers and semi-
trailers
Manufacture of
motor vehicles,
trailers
and semi-
trailers
Manufacture of
motor vehicles,
trailers
and semi-
trailers
Manufactu
re of motor
vehicles,
trailers and semi-
trailers
Manufactu
re of motor
vehicles,
trailers and semi-
trailers
Manufactu
re of motor
vehicles,
trailers and semi-
trailers
Manufactu
re of motor
vehicles,
trailers and semi-
trailers
Manufactu
re of motor
vehicles,
trailers and semi-
trailers
TR42 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,354 0,369 0,366 0,382 0,381 0,377 0,362 0,374
1stSector Manufac
ture of motor
vehicles,
trailers and
semi-trailers
Manufac
ture of motor
vehicles,
trailers and
semi-trailers
Manufacture of
motor
vehicles, trailers
and semi-trailers
Manufacture of
motor
vehicles, trailers
and semi-trailers
Manufacture of
motor
vehicles, trailers
and semi-trailers
Manufacture of
motor
vehicles, trailers
and semi-trailers
Manufacture of
motor
vehicles, trailers
and semi-trailers
Manufacture of
motor
vehicles, trailers
and semi-trailers
2ndSector
Manufac
ture of
food products
and beverag
es
Manufac
ture of
food products
and beverag
es
Manufactu
re of fabricated
metal
products, except
machinery and
equipment
Manufactu
re of fabricated
metal
products, except
machinery and
equipment
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
3rdSector Manufacture of
fabricate
d metal products
, except machine
ry and
equipment
Manufacture of
fabricate
d metal products
, except machine
ry and
equipment
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of
fabricated metal
products, except
machinery
and equipment
Manufactu
re of
fabricated metal
products, except
machinery
and equipment
Manufactu
re of
fabricated metal
products, except
machinery
and equipment
Manufactu
re of
fabricated metal
products, except
machinery
and equipment
48
The ratio of employment in
Manufacture of motor vehicles,
trailers and semi-trailers sector to
the total employment in all
manufacturing industries is
decreasing shows that the
dominance of 1st sector is
decreasing and diversity in the
employment in manufacturing
sectors, is increasingThe most
competitive sector is manufacture
of machinery and equipment in the
region. Share of manufacture of
refined petroleum products and
manufacture of rubber and plastic
products in region’s manufacturing
is the biggest in Turkey. They are
also above national average in
manufacture of chemical products.
49
TR51 Ankara Region
Dominant sector in TR 51 is is especially from 2007 to 2011 " Manufacture of
fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment ".Moreover the ratio of
employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is
increasing which shows the dominance of the industry is increasing. When the 3 sector
index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is also increasing
in terms of first 3 sectors and the arrangement.
TR51 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,144 0,135 0,147 0,151 0,157 0,155 0,188 0,156
Sector
Manufact
ure of
machinery and
equipment n.e.c.
Manufac
ture of fabricate
d metal
products, except
machinery
Manufac
ture of
machinery and
equipment n.e.c.
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipment
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipment
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipment
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipment
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipment
TR51 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,387 0,391 0,411 0,412 0,444 0,401 0,427 0,400
1stSector
Manufacture of
machinery and
equipment n.e.c.
Manufact
ure of fabricated
metal products,
except machinery
Manufacture of
machinery and
equipment n.e.c.
Manufacture of
fabricated
metal products,
except machinery
and equipment
Manufacture of
fabricated
metal products,
except machinery
and equipment
Manufacture of
fabricated
metal products,
except machinery
and equipment
Manufacture of
fabricated
metal products,
except machinery
and equipment
Manufacture of
fabricated
metal products,
except machinery
and equipment
2ndSector Manufact
ure of food
products and
beverages
Manufact
ure of machinery
and equipmen
t n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of
fabricated metal
products, except
machinery
Manufactu
re of machinery
and equipment
n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of machinery
and equipment
n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of machinery
and equipment
n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of machinery
and equipment
n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of machinery
and equipment
n.e.c.
3rdSector
Manufacture of
fabricated
metal products,
except machinery
Manufact
ure of
food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
50
Primacy sector is mid-low and
mid-high tech sector different
from most of other regions and
dominance is increasing.The
most competitive sector is
manufacture of pulp, paper and
paper products in the region.
The capital city holds the most
shares in publishing and
printing, manufacture of
fabricated metal products,
manufacture of machinery and
equipment & manufacture of
computer, electrical and optical
products. It is also TR10’s
biggest rival in size of almost all
sectors.
51
TR52 Konya, Karaman Region
Dominant sector in TR 52 is " Manufacture of food products and beverages " from
2003 to 2011. On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total
employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of
1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is
increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the
dominancy is increasing in terms of first 3 sectors.
TR52 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,273 0,247 0,248 0,266 0,287 0,306 0,287 0,268
Sector Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
TR52 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,492 0,450 0,493 0,521 0,532 0,518 0,527 0,547
1stSector Manufac
ture of food
products and
beverag
es
Manufac
ture of food
products and
beverag
es
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
2ndSector Manufac
ture of machine
ry and equipme
nt n.e.c.
Manufac
ture of machine
ry and equipme
nt n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of machinery
and equipment
n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of machinery
and equipment
n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of machinery
and equipment
n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of
motor vehicles,
trailers and semi-
trailers
Manufactu
re of machinery
and equipment
n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of machinery
and equipment
n.e.c.
3rdSector Manufac
ture of motor
vehicles, trailers
and semi-
trailers
Manufac
ture of motor
vehicles, trailers
and semi-
trailers
Manufacture of
motor vehicles,
trailers and semi-
trailers
Manufacture of
motor vehicles,
trailers and semi-
trailers
Manufacture of
motor vehicles,
trailers and semi-
trailers
Manufactu
re of machinery
and equipment
n.e.c.
Manufacture of
motor vehicles,
trailers and semi-
trailers
Manufacture of
motor vehicles,
trailers and semi-
trailers
52
The dominance of 1st sector-
Manufacture of food products
and beverages- is decreasing
and diversity in the employment
in manufacturing sectors, is
increasing The most
competitive sector is publishing,
printing and reproduction of
recorded media in the region.
TR51 has comparative
advantage in manufacture and
dressing of leather products
and manufacture of machinery
and equipment by being above
national average in shares.
53
TR61 Antalya, Isparta, Burdur Region
Dominant sector in TR 61 is changing between" Manufacture of food products
and beverages " and " Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products" from 2003
to 2011. On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total
employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of
1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is
increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the
dominancy is increasing in terms of first 3 sectors.
TR61 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,187 0,174 0,166 0,171 0,143 0,177 0,244 0,168
Sector Manufact
ure of food
products and
beverages
Manufac
ture of food
products and
beverages
Manufac
ture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of other
non-metallic
mineral products
Manufacture of other
non-metallic
mineral products
Manufacture of other
non-metallic
mineral products
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufacture of other
non-metallic
mineral products
TR61 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,438 0,409 0,430 0,441 0,440 0,466 0,513 0,446
1stSector Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral products
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral products
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral products
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral products
2ndSector Manufac
ture of other
non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufac
ture of other
non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufacture of other
non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of food
products and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food
products and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of other
non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of food
products and
beverages
3rdSector
Manufac
ture of textiles
Manufac
ture of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipment
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipment
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipment
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipment
54
Dominance of 1st sector -
Manufacture of food products
and beverages is decreasing
and diversity in the employment
in manufacturing sectors, is
increasing The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of other transport
equipment in the region.
Manufacture of non-metallic
mineral products in this region
has an above national average
share and TR61 also hast the
biggest growth speed in
manufacture of machinery and
equipment & manufacture of
transport equipment.
55
TR62 Adana, Mersin Region
Dominant sector in TR 62 is " Manufacture of food products and beverages 2003
to 2011. On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total
employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of
1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is
increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the
dominancy is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.
TR62 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,208 0,169 0,178 0,171 0,180 0,225 0,178 0,191
Sector Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
TR62 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,491 0,479 0,420 0,416 0,414 0,403 0,405 0,416
1stSector Manufac
ture of food
products and
beverag
es
Manufac
ture of food
products and
beverag
es
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
2ndSector
Manufac
ture of textiles
Manufac
ture of wearing
apparel; dressing
and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of
fabricated metal
products, except
machinery
and equipment
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel; dressing
and
dyeing of fur
3rdSector Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing
of fur
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
chemicals
and chemical
products
Manufactu
re of fabricated
metal products,
except
machinery and
equipment
Manufactu
re of fabricated
metal products,
except
machinery and
equipment
Manufacture of other
non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufactu
re of fabricated
metal products,
except
machinery and
equipment
56
The dominance of 1st sector-
Manufacture of food products
and beverages is decreasing
and diversity in the employment
in manufacturing sectors, is
increasing The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of basic metals in
the region. Has a comparative
advantage in manufacture of
chemical products by having
most shares in Turkey and also
above average in manufacture
of paper products.
57
TR63 Hatay, Kahramanmaras, Osmaniye Region
Dominant sector in TR 63 is " Manufacture of textiles" 2003 to 2011. Moreover
the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing
industries is increasing which shows the dominance of this industry is increasing. When
the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is
decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.
TR63 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,282 0,268 0,323 0,372 0,329 0,338 0,325 0,314
Sector Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
TR63 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,635 0,587 0,590 0,657 0,618 0,636 0,614 0,604
1stSector Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
2ndSector
Manufacture of basic
metals
Manufacture of basic
metals
Manufacture of basic
metals
Manufacture of basic
metals
Manufacture of basic
metals
Manufacture of basic
metals
Manufacture of basic
metals
Manufacture of basic
metals
3rdSector Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipmen
t
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipmen
t
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipmen
t
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipmen
t
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipmen
t
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipmen
t
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipmen
t
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipmen
t
58
Dominance of Manufacture of
textiles industry is
increasing.The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of rubber and
plastic products in the region.
Shares of manufacture of textile
products and manufacture of
basic metals in this region’s
manufacturing are above
national average.
59
TR71 Kirikkale, Aksaray, Nigde, Nevsehir, Kirsehir Region
Dominant sector in TR 71 is mostly " Manufacture of food products and
beverages " except 2008 where the dominant sector is "Manufacture of machinery and
equipment n.e.c.". On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total
employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of
1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is
increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the
dominancy is increasing in terms of first 3 sectors.
TR71 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,227 0,196 0,185 0,209 0,156 0,220 0,210 0,208
Sector Manufact
ure of food
products and
beverages
Manufact
ure of food
products and
beverages
Manufact
ure of food
products and
beverages
Manufact
ure of food
products and
beverages
Manufact
ure of machinery
and equipmen
t n.e.c.
Manufact
ure of food
products and
beverages
Manufact
ure of food
products and
beverages
Manufact
ure of food
products and
beverages
TR71 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,506 0,487 0,458 0,456 0,420 0,532 0,475 0,513
1stSector Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of machinery
and
equipment n.e.c.
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
2ndSector
Manufactu
re of
machinery and
equipment n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of
machinery and
equipment n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of
machinery and
equipment n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of
machinery and
equipment n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of fabricated
metal products,
except
machinery and
equipment
Manufactu
re of fabricated
metal products,
except
machinery and
equipment
Manufactu
re of fabricated
metal products,
except
machinery and
equipment
3rdSector Manufacture of
furniture;
manufacturing
n.e.c.
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufactu
re of other
non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
rubber
and plastic
products
Manufactu
re of other
non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of other
non-
metallic mineral
products
60
Dominance of 1st sector -
Manufacture of food products
and beverages, is decreasing
and diversity in the employment
in manufacturing sectors, is
increasing. The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of electrical
machinery and apparatus in the
region. Above average in
manufacture of rubber and
plastic products and
manufacture of machinery and
equipment also has the biggest
growth speed in manufacture of
fabricated metals.
61
TR72 Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat Region
Dominant sector in TR 72 is " Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c." .
Moreover the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all
manufacturing industries is increasing which shows the dominance of this industry is
increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the
dominancy is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.
TR72 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,277 0,284 0,303 0,277 0,289 0,265 0,276 0,300
Sector Manufact
ure of
furniture; manufact
uring n.e.c.
Manufact
ure of
furnituremanufact
uring n.e.c.
Manufact
ure of
furnituremanufact
uring n.e.c.
Manufact
ure of
furniture; manufact
uring n.e.c.
Manufact
ure of
furniture; manufact
uring n.e.c.
Manufact
ure of
furniture; manufact
uring n.e.c.
Manufact
ure of
furniture; manufact
uring n.e.c.
Manufact
ure of
furniture; manufact
uring n.e.c.
TR72 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,572 0,582 0,563 0,532 0,529 0,506 0,530 0,543
1stSector Manufacture of
furniture
manufacturing
n.e.c.
Manufacture of
furniture
manufacturing
n.e.c.
Manufacture of
furniture;
manufacturing
n.e.c.
Manufacture of
furniture;
manufacturing
n.e.c.
Manufacture of
furniture;
manufacturing
n.e.c.
Manufacture of
furniture;
manufacturing
n.e.c.
Manufacture of
furniture;
manufacturing
n.e.c.
Manufacture of
furniture;
manufacturing
n.e.c.
2ndSector
Manufactu
re of
textiles
Manufactu
re of
textiles
Manufactu
re of
textiles
Manufactu
re of
textiles
Manufactu
re of
textiles
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
3rdSector
Manufactu
re of food
products and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food
products and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food
products and
beverages
Manufactu
re of
fabricated metal
products, except
machinery
and equipmen
t
Manufactu
re of food
products and
beverages
Manufactu
re of
fabricated metal
products, except
machinery
and equipmen
t
Manufactu
re of
fabricated metal
products, except
machinery
and equipmen
t
Manufactu
re of
fabricated metal
products, except
machinery
and equipmen
t
62
Dominance of Manufacture of
furniture; manufacturing n.e.c.
industry is increasing The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of electrical
machinery and apparatus in the
region. Number one in
manufacture of furniture and
also has a remarkable growth
speed in Repair and
installation of machinery and
equipment.
63
TR81 Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartin Region
Dominant sector in TR 81 is " Manufacture of basic metals." . On the other hand
the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing
industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and
diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector
index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is decreasing in
terms of first 3 sectors.
TR81 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,464 0,435 0,360 0,368 0,357 0,343 0,351 0,355
Sector Manufacture of
basic metals
Manufacture of
basic metals
Manufacture of
basic metals
Manufacture of
basic metals
Manufacture of
basic metals
Manufacture of
basic metals
Manufacture of
basic metals
Manufacture of
basic metals
TR81 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,67 0,64 0,59 0,62 0,63 0,63 0,57 0,61
1stSector Manufactu
re of basic metals
Manufactu
re of basic metals
Manufactu
re of basic metals
Manufactu
re of basic metals
Manufactu
re of basic metals
Manufactu
re of basic metals
Manufactu
re of basic metals
Manufactu
re of basic metals
2ndSector Manufactu
re of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
3rdSector
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of other
transport equipmen
t
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of
wood and of
products of wood
and cork, except
furniture
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
64
Dominance of 1st sector-
Manufacture of basic metals is
decreasing and diversity in the
employment in manufacturing
sectors, is increasing The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of tanning and
dressing of leather;
manufacture of luggage,
handbags, saddlery, harness
and footwear in the region. Has
the most share in manufacture
of basic metals in Turkey and
size-wise the greatest
manufacturer in the country.
Also has an above average
share in manufacture of
electrical machinery and
apparatus.
65
TR82 Kastamonu, Çankiri, Sinop Region
Dominant sector in TR 82 is " Manufacture of food products and beverages". On
the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all
manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is
decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.
When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy
is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.
TR82 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,257 0,232 0,262 0,189 0,210 0,234 0,213 0,244
Sector Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
TR82 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,590 0,585 0,553 0,496 0,573 0,562 0,578 0,533
1stSector Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
2ndSector Manufactu
re of wood and
of
products of wood
and cork, except
furniture
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufactu
re of wood and
of
products of wood
and cork, except
furniture
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
3rdSector Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of
fur
Manufactu
re of wood and
of products
of wood and cork,
except
furniture
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of
fur
Manufactu
re of wood and
of products
of wood and cork,
except
furniture
Manufactu
re of wood and
of products
of wood and cork,
except
furniture
Manufactu
re of wood and
of products
of wood and cork,
except
furniture
Manufactu
re of wood and
of products
of wood and cork,
except
furniture
Manufactu
re of wood and
of products
of wood and cork,
except
furniture
66
Ratio of employment in
Manufacture of food products and
beverages sector to the total
employment in all manufacturing
industries is decreasing shows
that the dominance of 1st sector is
decreasing and diversity in the
employment in manufacturing
sectors, is increasing.The most
competitive sector is manufacture
of electrical machinery and
apparatus in the region. Has the
most shares in manufacturing of
wood and products of woods but
what is more remarkable is TR82
is the fastest growing region in
manufacture textiles, basic metals
and motor vehicles.
67
TR83 Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya Region
Dominant sector in TR 83 is " Manufacture of food products and beverages". On
the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all
manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is
decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.
When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy
is increasing in terms of first 3 sectors.
TR83 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,245 0,246 0,219 0,224 0,268 0,245 0,247 0,212
Sector Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
TR83 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,447 0,475 0,689 0,464 0,481 0,520 0,503 0,518
1stSector Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
2ndSector
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of wood and
of
products of wood
and cork, except
furniture;
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
3rdSector
Manufactu
re of tobacco
products
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
68
Dominance of 1st sector -
Manufacture of food products
and beverages, is decreasing
and diversity in the employment
in manufacturing sectors, is
increasing The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of electrical
machinery and apparatus in the
region. Has comparative
advantage in manufacture of
tobacco products, wood and
products of wood and non-
metallic mineral products by
being above national average.
69
TR90 Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüshane Region
Dominant sector in TR 90 is " Manufacture of food products and beverages". On
the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all
manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is
decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.
When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy
is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.
TR90 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,582 0,569 0,548 0,537 0,480 0,464 0,503 0,481
Sector Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
TR90 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,717 0,698 0,689 0,682 0,662 0,628 0,655 0,671
1stSector Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
2ndSector Manufactu
re of wood and
of
products of wood
and cork, except
furniture
Manufactu
re of wood and
of
products of wood
and cork, except
furniture
Manufactu
re of wood and
of
products of wood
and cork, except
furniture
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
3rdSector Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
furniture; manufact
uring
n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral
products
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral
products
Manufactu
re of wood and
of products
of wood and cork,
except
furniture
Manufactu
re of wood and
of products
of wood and cork,
except
furniture
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral
products
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral
products
70
Dominance of 1st sector -
Manufacture of food products
and beverages, is decreasing
and diversity in the employment
in manufacturing sectors, is
increasing The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of rubber and
plastic products in the region.
Biggest tea and hazelnut
provider of the country has the
most shares in manufacture of
food and beverages and
manufacture of wood and
products of wood
71
TRA1 Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt Region
Dominant sector in TR A1 is " Manufacture of food products and beverages". On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.
TRA1 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,510 0,522 0,436 0,412 0,505 0,389 0,413 0,294
Sector Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
Manufacture of
food products
and
beverages
TRA1 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,689 0,713 0,689 0,682 0,662 0,628 0,655 0,671
1stSector Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
2ndSector Manufactu
re of wood and
of products
of wood
and cork, except
furniture
Manufactu
re of other
non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of wood and
of products
of wood
and cork, except
furniture
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing apparel;
dressing
and dyeing of
fur
3rdSector Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products,
except machinery
and equipmen
t
Manufactu
re of wood and
of
products of wood
and cork, except
furniture
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of wood and
of
products of wood
and cork, except
furniture
Manufactu
re of wood and
of
products of wood
and cork, except
furniture
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
72
Dominance of 1st sector -
Manufacture of food products
and beverages, is decreasing
and diversity in the employment
in manufacturing sectors, is
increasing The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of other non-
metallic mineral products in the
region . Shares of manufacture
of wood and products of wood,
manufacture of food and
beverages, manufacture of
non-metallic mineral products
and manufacture of furniture
are above Turkey average in
this region.
73
TRA2 Agri, Kars, Igdir, Ardahan Region
Dominant sector in TR A2 is " Manufacture of food products and beverages". On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.
TRA2 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,497 0,413 0,536 0,584 0,415 0,518 0,426 0,340
Sector Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
TRA2 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,614 0,689 0,739 0,742 0,694 0,720 0,712 0,621
1stSector Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
2ndSector
Manufactu
re of wood and
of products
of wood
and cork, except
furniture
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
machinery
and equipmen
t n.e.c.
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products / Manufactu
re of
fabricated metal
products
Manufactu
re of other
non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of wood and
of products
of wood
and cork, except
furniture;
Manufactu
re of wood and
of products
of wood
and cork, except
furniture
Manufactu
re of other
non-
metallic mineral
products
3rdSector
Manufacture of
fabricated
metal products,
except machinery
and
equipment
Manufactu
re of machinery
and
equipment n.e.c.
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic
mineral products
Manufacture of
wood and of
products
of wood and cork,
except furniture;
manufact
ure of articles of
Manufacture of
wood and of
products
of wood and cork,
except furniture;
manufact
ure of articles of
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic
mineral products
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic
mineral products
Manufacture of
fabricated
metal products,
except machinery
and
equipment
74
Dominance of 1st sector -
Manufacture of food products
and beverages, is decreasing
and diversity in the employment
in manufacturing sectors, is
increasing The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of rubber and
plastic products in the region.
Has comparative advantage in
only two sectors which are
manufacture of food and
beverages and manufacture of
wood and products of wood.
75
TRB1 Malatya, Elazig, Bingöl, Tunceli Region
Dominant sector in TR B1 is changing between " Manufacture of food products and beverages" and " Manufacture of textiles". On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.
TRB1 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,318 0,303 0,275 0,319 0,233 0,312 0,215 0,295
Sector Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
TRB1 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,640 0,663 0,613 0,648 0,514 0,595 0,528 0,586
1stSector Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
2ndSector
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of textiles
3rdSector Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufactu
re of wearing
apparel;
dressing and
dyeing of fur
76
Dominance of 1st sector -
Manufacture of food
products/manufacture of textiles
and beverages, is decreasing
and diversity in the employment
in manufacturing sectors, is
increasing The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of publishing,
printing and reproduction of
recorded media in the region.
Non of the sectors in this region
has a share above national
average, however growth
speed of manufacture of wood
and products of wood and
manufacture of rubber and
plastic is the highest in Turkey.
77
TRB2 Van, Mus, Bitlis, Hakkari Region
Dominant sector in TR B2 is " Manufacture of food products and beverages" . On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.
TRB2 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,408 0,372 0,443 0,333 0,348 0,350 0,347 0,280
Sector Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
TRB2 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,655 0,580 0,580 0,604 0,698 0,603 0,645 0,539
1stSector Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
2ndSector
Manufacture of
tobacco
products
Manufactu
re of wood and
of products
of wood and cork,
except
furniture
Manufactu
re of wood and
of products
of wood and cork,
except
furniture
Manufactu
re of
fabricated metal
products, except
machinery and
equipmen
t
Manufactu
re of motor
vehicles, trailers
and semi-
trailers
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral
products
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral
products
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral
products
3rdSector Manufactu
re of wood and
of products
of wood
and cork, except
furniture
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products, except
machinery
and equipmen
t
Manufactu
re of other
non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of other
non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of other
non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products, except
machinery
and equipmen
t
Manufactu
re of wood and
of products
of wood
and cork, except
furniture;
Manufacture of
fabricated metal
products, except
machinery
and equipmen
t
78
Dominance of 1st sector -
Manufacture of food products
and beverages, is decreasing
and diversity in the employment
in manufacturing sectors, is
increasing The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of electrical
machinery and apparatus in the
region. Shares of manufacture
of food and beverages ,
manufacture of tobacco
products and publishing and
printing is above national
average.
79
TRC1 Gaziantep, Adiyaman, Kilis Region
Dominant sector in TR C1 is " Manufacture of textiles " . On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is decreasing in terms of first 3 sectors.
TRC1 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,537 0,536 0,549 0,543 0,506 0,419 0,448 0,462
Sector Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufact
ure of textiles
TRC1 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,749 0,738 0,768 0,728 0,724 0,716 0,690 0,714
1stSector Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
2ndSector
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
3rdSector Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufactu
re of rubber
and plastic
products
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
80
Dominance of 1st sector -
Manufacture of textile, is
decreasing and diversity in the
employment in manufacturing
sectors, is increasing The most
competitive sector is
manufacture of pulp, paper and
paper products in the
region.Has the biggest share in
manufacture of textiles in
Turkey also has an above
average share in both
manufacture of paper products
and printing and publishing.
81
TRC2 Sanliurfa, Diyarbakir Region
Dominant sector in TR C2 is differs from periods 2003-2006, 2007-2008 and after 2008 each year first dominant sector is changing from " Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products " to " Manufacture of food products and beverages" to " Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products" . On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is increasing in terms of first 3 sectors.
TRC2 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,303 0,250 0,295 0,229 0,229 0,223 0,263 0,214
Sector Manufact
ure of food
products
and beverages
Manufact
ure of food
products
and beverages
Manufact
ure of food
products
and beverages
Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufact
ure of textiles
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic
mineral products
Manufact
ure of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic
mineral products
TRC2 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,583 0,517 0,604 0,631 0,582 0,567 0,635 0,606
1stSector
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufactu
re of textiles
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic
mineral products
Manufacture of food
products
and beverages
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic
mineral products
2ndSector
Manufactu
re of
textiles
Manufactu
re of
textiles
Manufactu
re of
textiles
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and
beverages
Manufactu
re of
textiles
Manufactu
re of other
non-metallic
mineral
products
Manufactu
re of
textiles
3rdSector Manufacture of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufacture of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
textiles
Manufacture of food
products and
beverages
82
Dominant sector is changing from
“Manufacture of other non-metallic
mineral products “to " Manufacture
of food products and beverages"
to " Manufacture of other non-
metallic mineral products. diversity
in the employment in
manufacturing sectors, is
increasingThe most competitive
sector is manufacture of tanning
and dressing of leather;
manufacture of luggage,
handbags, saddlery, harness and
footwear in the region. Size wise
the biggest leather manufacturer in
Turkey also has an above average
share in manufacture of non-
metallic mineral products.
83
TRC3 Mardin, Batman, Sirnak, Siirt Region
Dominant sector in TR C3 is " Manufacture of food products and beverages " . On the other hand the ratio of employment in this sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing. When the 3 sector index analyzed, it can be concluded from the ratio that the dominancy is increasing in terms of first 3 sectors.
TRC3 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Index 0,257 0,299 0,219 0,219 0,213 0,265 0,292 0,250
Sector Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
Manufacture of
food
products and
beverages
TRC3 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
INDEX 0,468 0,513 0,469 0,493 0,570 0,616 0,666 0,602
1stSector Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
Manufactu
re of food products
and beverages
2ndSector Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
Manufactu
re of
other non-
metallic mineral
products
3rdSector Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufactu
re of furniture;
manufacturing
n.e.c.
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufactu
re of furniture;
manufacturing
n.e.c.
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
Manufacture of
wearing
apparel; dressing
and dyeing of
fur
84
Dominance of 1st sector -
Manufacture of food products
and beverages, is decreasing
and diversity in the
employment in manufacturing
sectors, is increasing.The
most competitive sector is
manufacture of publishing,
printing and reproduction of
recorded media in the region.
Shares of manufacture of non-
metallic mineral products and
manufacture of electrical
machinery and apparatus.
Also has the highest growth
speeds in manufacture of food
and beverages, manufacture
of wearing apparel and
publishing and printing.
85
Krugman Specialization Index
All 26 NUTS 2 regions have examined with the analyze of Krugman specialization index
to find out that some of them are specialized regions or not. According to the analyze
resulting values should between the interval of 0 and 2. The more high value means the
more specialized region in the country. However, in Turkey there is not a region that
holds a value higher than 1. So that we could see that there is not any region that is
specialized in any sector deeply. Krugman specialization index has calculated for all
regions and for three years which are 2003, 2007 and 2011. The highest values are
owned by the region of TRA2 for 2007 and 2011 with the values of 1,09 and 0,97.
However, this doesn’t mean that this region is highly specialized on a sector and region
is generating values for country. For people who know the structure of Turkey and its
driving factors, it can easily understood that in this region there is a major manufacturing
industry that nearly all people living there are working for it, which is manufacturing of
food and beverage. However, it doesn’t mean that TRA2 region is a specialized region
on the sector of food and beverage. Specialization is a bit a different thing in concept. A
high share of employment in a sector is not enough for being specialized. On the other
hand, the lowest value is hold by the region of TR31 (İzmir) for the years of 2007 and
2011. In 2011 Krugman specialization index for İzmir region is nearly 0,3 but it doesn’t
mean that the region is in a bad situation in overall Turkey. The share of employment in
manufacturing industry is not accumulated in only one branch but it allocated in different
branches. Although, the region is not a specialized one, the potential of manpower in
this region should not be underestimated. Presence of various people with different
knowledge could be an advantage for different purposes. When we look at the growth
rates of Krugman specialization index values, the region of TR71 showed a great
increase between years of 2007 and 2011. The basic reason behind this increase is the
increase in the employment of the sector of manufacture of basic metals. In 4 years the
region has increased the number of employees in basic metals manufacturing sector 13
times. For 2011 results, region TR71 is holding the value of 0,972 which is very close
the highest value in the country and this region and the manufacturing of basic metals
sector should be considered together. On the other hand, the highest decrease is seen
in the region of TRB2. While this region was holding the highest value in country in
2003, in 2011 this value is decreased from 1.15 to 0.79. The most important reason
behind this fall is migration. Because of the trend of migrate from eastern part of country
to western parts, region has lost most part of its employment share in the sector of
manufacturing of food and beverage in 8 years. To conclude, the regions with multiple
sectors are showing low values of Krugman specialization index analyze such as
İstanbul, İzmir and Adana, Mersin regions. On the other hand, eastern and north parts
of the country are holding highest values because of the accumulation of employment
shares in one or two sectors which are mainly manufacturing depends on agriculture.
86
Krugman Specialization Endex 2003 2007 2011
TR10 (İstanbul) 0,33416 0,34646 0,4097
TR21 (Tekirdağ,Edirne,Kırklareli) 0,54681 0,60047 0,57005
TR22 (Balıkesir,Çanakkale) 0,7905 0,76011 0,77276
TR31 (İzmir) 0,33601 0,27427 0,30282
TR32 (Aydın,Denizli,Muğla) 0,61589 0,53588 0,52316
TR33 (Manisa,Afyon,Kütahya,Uşak) 0,50217 0,63749 0,5217
TR41 (Bursa,Eskişehir,Bilecik) 0,41136 0,39228 0,45724
TR42 (Kocaeli,Sakarya,Düzce,Bolu,Yalova) 0,60454 0,60543 0,53724
TR51 (Ankara) 0,5777 0,58368 0,54712
TR52 (Konya,Karaman) 0,73265 0,68458 0,68402
TR61 (Antalya,Isparta,Burdur) 0,55426 0,61751 0,58918
TR62 (Adana,Mersin) 0,3419 0,37554 0,33485
TR63 (Hatay,Kahramanmaraş,Osmaniye) 0,66143 0,8039 0,76958
TR71 (Kırıkkale,Aksaray,Niğde,Nevşehir) 0,69857 0,59219 0,97273
TR72 (Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat) 0,59221 0,54234 0,63819
TR81 (Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartın) 0,949 0,89407 0,75013
TR82 (Kastamonu, Çankırı, Sinop) 0,72966 0,64096 0,66368
TR83 (Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya) 0,63062 0,50537 0,46769
TR90 (Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane) 1,04294 0,95896 0,77937
TRA1 (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt) 1,02301 0,95359 0,81458
TRA2 (Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan) 1,00197 1,09245 0,97738
TRB1 (Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl, Tunceli) 0,63576 0,61291 0,54961
TRB2 (Van, Muş, Bitlis, Hakkari) 1,15268 0,90453 0,7957
TRC1 (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis) 0,81575 0,82075 0,84249
TRC2 (Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır) 0,61409 0,71286 0,70066
TRC3 (Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt) 0,78145 0,68149 0,78583
87
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
TR1
0 (
İsta
nb
ul)
TR2
1 (
Teki
rdağ
,Ed
irn
e,K
ırkl
are
li)
TR2
2 (
Bal
ıkes
ir,Ç
anak
kale
)
TR3
1 (
İzm
ir)
TR3
2 (
Ayd
ın,D
en
izli,
Mu
ğla)
TR3
3 (
Man
isa,
Afy
on
,Kü
tah
ya,U
şak)
TR4
1 (
Bu
rsa,
Eski
şeh
ir,B
ileci
k)
TR4
2 (
Ko
cael
i,Sak
arya
,Dü
zce
,Bo
lu,Y
alo
va)
TR5
1 (
An
kara
)
TR5
2 (
Ko
nya
,Kar
aman
)
TR6
1 (
An
taly
a,Is
par
ta,B
urd
ur)
TR6
2 (
Ad
ana,
Me
rsin
)
TR6
3 (
Hat
ay,K
ahra
man
mar
aş,O
sman
iye)
TR7
1 (
Kır
ıkka
le,A
ksar
ay,N
iğd
e,N
evş
ehir
)
TR7
2 (
Kay
seri
, Siv
as, Y
ozg
at)
TR8
1 (
Zon
guld
ak, K
arab
ük,
Bar
tın
)
TR8
2 (
Kas
tam
on
u, Ç
ankı
rı, S
ino
p)
TR8
3 (
Sam
sun
, To
kat,
Ço
rum
, Am
asya
)
TR9
0 (
Trab
zon
, Ord
u, G
ire
sun
, Riz
e, A
rtvi
n,…
TRA
1 (
Erzu
rum
, Erz
inca
n, B
ayb
urt
)
TRA
2 (
Ağr
ı, K
ars,
Iğd
ır, A
rdah
an)
TRB
1 (
Mal
atya
, Ela
zığ,
Bin
göl,
Tun
celi)
TRB
2 (
Van
, Mu
ş, B
itlis
, Hak
kari
)
TRC
1 (
Gaz
ian
tep
, Ad
ıyam
an, K
ilis)
TRC
2 (
Şan
lıurf
a, D
iyar
bak
ır)
TRC
3 (
Mar
din
, Bat
man
, Şır
nak
, Siir
t)
2003
2007
2011
88
Herfindahl Index
In the 26 NUTS2 regions of Turkey in order to find out the specialization level of manufacturing sectors according to the distribution of employment in sectors are calculated with Herfindahl index. From the first chart, the diversity of the sectors in 26 regions can be understand. Chart shows that there exist a continuous difference between regions from 2003 to 2011. Diversity is higher so the index is lower in the regions where the technology and development level is already higher like TR 10, TR 31, TR 42 and TR51.
89
90
91
Regions’ Share In National Economy
As we divide a region’s total employment with Turkey’s total employment for each
region, our aim is to determine the shares of the regions in national economy and to
see if the distribution is balanced.
In the graphic above, we see that apart from three big cities, there are only two other
regions above national average (TR41 and TR 42). Istanbul alone creates the
anomaly as Its number is almost three times more than the closest region, also it can
say that the distribution among other twenty five regions is balanced.
92
When we do the same calculation for manufacturing only, the picture does not
change much. Istanbul alone holds %30 of manufacturing employment while the
other regions share what is left in a more balanced way. However the two regions
over the national average which were mentioned in national employment share
example, TR41 and TR42, are now in second and third place getting ahead of İzmir
and Ankara.
93
Tr
Kısım D - Section D-Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning supply
Manufacture of food products and beverages
Manufacture of tobacco products
Manufacture of textiles
Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and dyeing of fur
Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags,
saddlery, harness and footwear Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture;
manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials
Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products
Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media
Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
Manufacture of rubber and plastic products
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
Manufacture of basic metals
Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and
equipment
Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.
Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products
Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c.
Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
Manufacture of other transport equipment
Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c.
-1,000
-0,500
0,000
0,500
1,000
1,500
2,000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ind
ust
rie
s' N
atio
nal
Gro
wth
20
03
-20
11
in
Turk
ey
Industries
94
Industries’ Share In Regions’ Manufacturing Sector
In this anaysis we tried to find out an industry’s share in a region’s manufacturing
employment and compare it with same industry’s share at national level. So that we will be able to see if a region has a comperative advantage in a specific industry, or in other words which regions are specialised in which industries. To generate these graphs we used datas of three different years (2003,2007,2011) and do the same analysis for each industry at NUTS2 level.
Then we also calculated the average growth speed for each industry by using all employment datas from 2003 to 2011 (except 2005) and put it on a two axis scattargram with the base year employment numbers on X axis. Also, to compare the growth speeds with national average we added a horizontal line which represents Turkey’s national growth speed in that industry.
Manufacture of food products and beverages
In this graph we see that more than half of the regions are above Turkey average,
but five regions seem to have greater shares TR22, TR90, TRA1, TRA2 and TRB1. For some of those regions the reason for having more share in food industry is their small capacity in manufacturing since we also observe an up-and-down trend in those regions trough years.
95
Manufacture of tobacco products
As you can see in the graph very few of the regions have tobacco ındustry inside
their borders. Also some of the regions data is missing because of restrictions. However what we can observe from what we have is tobacco industry’s share is shrinking in Turkey.
TR10
TR31
TR32
TRA1
TRC3
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
14,00
5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 45 000
96
Manufacture of textiles
What we can see from this table is there is a nation wide decrease in textile industry’s share at both national and regional level. Some of the regions seem to protect their advantage over time, such as;TR21, TR32, TR41, TR63 and TRC1.
TR10
TR41
TR63
TR82
TRC3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
20 000 40 000 60 000 80 000 100 000 120 000 140 000 160 000
97
Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and dyeing of fur
Apperently manufacture of wearing appereal has the most shares among other
industries. Most of the regions seem to be below national average but 4 regions, İstanbul, İzmir, TR31 and TR32 have their comperative advantages. However the growth speeds are clustered mostly at the same point with some exceptions such as TR10 because of its high number of employees.
TR10
TR83
TRC3
0
5
10
15
20
25
50 000 100 000 150 000 200 000 250 000
98
Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear
Althogh leather industry generally has a small share, only very few of regions
managed to stay above national average through years. However we can also observe some extreme cases in TR22(2007) and TRC1(2011) but rest of the regions looks stabilised as same as national average.
TR32
TR61 TR72
TR81
TRC2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
99
Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials
Manufacture of wood products is also another shrinking industry as we can see in the table almost all the regions above national average experienced a decrese in their share. Althugh TR82 is an extreme example rest of the regions are looking more leveled at national average. When we look at the growth speeds we can observe that although they lost some of the share regions below national level have greater growth speeds.
TR10
TR63
TRB1
TRB2
TRC3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 45 000 50 000
100
Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products
In paper production industry we can see an uneven distribution among regions through time and also only İzmir and İstanbul managed to stay above the national average but even these regions has very low shares in this industry.
101
Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media
In publishing industry graph we see Ankara and İzmir above national average as
expected. But there are also some more regions which are way above national average due to their small capacity of manufacturing as we look at the base year employment axis in growth rate graphic below we see those regions are experiencing greater rates however their base year employments are clustered around bottom.
TR10
TRA2
TRC3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000
102
Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel
Petroleum production graph shows us only three regions have all three years data
which shows us after 2011 in 8 more regions started producing. However this might be caused because of data gathering restrictions.
103
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
Production of chemicals is one of the high tech industries, so we can see in the graph that only more developed parts of Turkey has shares above national average. Although we would like to see an increase in shares there are ups-and-downs through years however in growth rate graphic we can see that numbers are prety promising.
TR10
TRB1
TRC3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 45 000
104
Manufacture of rubber and plastic products
Almost all regions increased their share in plastic production esspecially in 2011. Before 2011 there were only 2 regions above national level, but after 2011 this number reaches to 10. When we look at the growth rates we can see that there are very high numbers and almost all are above national average.
TR10
TRA2
TRB1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 45 000
105
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
Manufacture of mineral products is pretty much same with the plastic production
graph, there is an increasing trend and after 2011 number of regions with shares above national level explodes. However the regions with smallest capacity have the higgest rates of growth as always but again increasing trend effect all country.
TR10
TRB2 TRC3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000
106
Manufacture of basic metals
In this table we see two extreme cases TR63 and TR82 which clearly have a
greater share than all other however when we look at the growth rate table we see that base year employment of those two regions are not as musch as their share but they have a high growth rate.
TR10 TR81
TR82
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000 14 000 16 000 18 000
107
Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
Anaother industry that has a increasing trend at both regional and national level,
also after 2011 it experienced a boost in employment number. When we look at the growth rates we see istanbul at middle right as always but regions with small capacity of manufacturing does not have the higher rates in fabricated metal products.
TR10
TR71
TRC2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 45 000 50 000
108
Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.
Machinery production requires a very skilled human capital so we can observe at
the graph that regions with small manufacturing capacity are almost totaly below the national average. Ankara and TR52 leading the shares however as always İstanbul has the highest base year employment while those with smaller capacity still has the higher rates.
TR10
TR61 TRC3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 45 000 50 000
109
Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products
Graph shows one of the most important parts of high tech development yet Only
in three big cities the shares are above national average. However in TR33 region we can see a dramatic change in 2007 which we believe caused by only one brand but we can not see what happenned in 2011 becused of restriction again.
TR10
TR21 TR22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000 14 000
110
Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c.
Whith some anomalies we can see that share are scattered under %5 which is
also the national average. When we take look at the growth rate table, we see some really extra ordinary growth rates which caused by a great amount of new enterprises started in those regions.
TR10
TR71
TR82
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000
111
Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
With some exceptions we can see that TR41 and TR42 are way above the
national avarege which is where multinational automotive giants are located, so the growth rate table also shows those two with the highest base year employment numbers. But there is one serioslly extreme case TR82, in growth rate table which was caused by missed data between years.
TR41 TR42
TR82
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000
112
Manufacture of other transport equipment
In the graph we can see a higly unbalanced distribution among regions and years, but anyways there was a significant increase in 2007 which seemed to have disappeared in 2011.
TR10
TR71 TR61
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000
113
Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c.
With the exceptions of Ankara and TR72 regions furniture production we see a very fair distribution across country around %10 which is pretty high compared two most other industries, however even though the shares of those two regions are really high, we cant see them in top parts of growth rate and base year employment chart.
TR10
TR21
TR31
TR42
TR52
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000
114
Other manufacturing
Because of insufficient data we werent able to complete the share graph for other manufacturing, however we can still see which regions are above national average. Since we have the numbers of 2009, 2010 and 2011 we were able to calculate the growth rates, although there are some extreme examples, two graphs are matching yet still unreliable.
TR10
TRB2
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000
115
Repair and installation of machinery and equipment
Because of the changes made in NACE classification we were not able to complete the analysis for this section. But we used 2009-2011 data as much as we can to see which regions have comparetive advantage among others.
TR10
TR72
TRC2 0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000
116
Recycling
*Insufficent data
117
Life Standarts and Infrastructure
In the last section of the report, social development indicators and infrastructure of the regions are analysed to monitor the development of welfare or quality of life as well as changes in the social structure. Main focus of this section is to refocus attention on the importance of non-monetary measures of human progress. In order to demonstrate social development in regions, five concepts are identified which are welfare, health sevices, social security, access to information and leisure and culture.
For the concept of welfare, basic measure is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, is the value of all goods and services produced within a region over a given time period, averaged per person.
This graph shows changes in Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 2 regions according to years. The vertical axis indicates GDP per capita in years 2009 and 2011. The green dots in the left hand side show annual average growth rates of regions. Since the base level GDP in TRC3 Mardin subregion is the smallest, annual average growth rate of this region is the highest; though the net amount of increase in TR42 Kocaeli subregion is the highest. The highest net GDP increase is observed in TR42, TR21 and TR10 and the lowest increase is observed in TRB1, TRA1-2.
14,00
14,50
15,00
15,50
16,00
16,50
17,00
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
TR
TR 1
0
TR 2
1
TR 2
1
TR 3
1
TR 3
2
TR 3
3
TR 4
1
TR 4
2
TR 5
1
TR 5
2
TR 6
1
TR 6
2
TR 6
3
TR 7
1
TR 7
2
TR 8
1
TR 8
2
TR 8
3
TR 9
0
TRA
1
TRA
2
TRB
1
TRB
2
TRC
1
TRC
2
TRC
3
An
nu
al A
vera
ge G
row
th R
ate
GD
P
NUTS 2 Regions
GDP per Capita (Euro)
118
Another social development concept is health services. For the concept of health services, to make a quantitative capacity comparison the most important parameters are number of beds in hospitals and number of doctors per inhabitant.
This graph indicates changes in number of beds in hospitals per inhabitant according to years. In vertical axis, there are number of beds in hospital in 2008 and 2011 and the yellow dots in the left hand side, they show annual average growth rates. According to graph, it can be observed that the decrease in the beds in hospitals per inhabitant. When we compare annual average growth rates, Turkey’s average is 8.5% and the highest average rate belongs to TR10 with 9.4% while TR52 has 6.5% the lowest average growth rate.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0,0000
200,0000
400,0000
600,0000
800,0000
1.000,0000
1.200,0000
TR
TR 1
0
TR 2
1
TR 2
1
TR 3
1
TR 3
2
TR 3
3
TR 4
1
TR 4
2
TR 5
1
TR 5
2
TR 6
1
TR 6
2
TR 6
3
TR 7
1
TR 7
2
TR 8
1
TR 8
2
TR 8
3
TR 9
0
TRA
1
TRA
2
TRB
1
TRB
2
TRC
1
TRC
2
TRC
3
An
nu
al A
vera
ge G
row
th R
ate
Bed
s in
Ho
spit
al
NUTS 2 Regions
Beds in Hospitals per Inhabitant
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0,0000
200,0000
400,0000
600,0000
800,0000
1.000,0000
1.200,0000
1.400,0000
TR
TR 1
0
TR 2
1
TR 2
1
TR 3
1
TR 3
2
TR 3
3
TR 4
1
TR 4
2
TR 5
1
TR 5
2
TR 6
1
TR 6
2
TR 6
3
TR 7
1
TR 7
2
TR 8
1
TR 8
2
TR 8
3
TR 9
0
TRA
1
TRA
2
TRB
1
TRB
2
TRC
1
TRC
2
TRC
3
An
nu
al A
vera
ge G
row
th R
ate
Do
cto
rs
NUTS 2 Regions
Doctors per Inhabitant
119
This graph demonstrates changes doctors per inhabitant in regions according to years. In vertical axis, there are number of doctors in 2008 and 2011 and the yellow dots in the left hand side, they show annual average growth rates. According to graph, it can be observed that the decrease in doctors per inhabitant in regions in terms of years. When we compare annual average growth rates, Turkey’s average is 8.6% and the highest average rate belongs to TR51 with 11.5% while TRA2 has 7.07% the lowest average growth rate.
For the concept of social security, basic measure is public safety and crime. The data pertaining to the type and the trend of crime for three years from the year 2008 to the year 2010 has been analysed in the present study. The four major crime types -homicide, robbery, domestic burglary and motort vehicle theft- are taken into consideration in the analyse.
It shows number of crime in regions. In the graph, vertical axis demonstrates number of crimes that commited in the regions according to years 2008 and 2010. The green dots in the left hand side shows annual average growth rate. According to graph, it can be interpreted that crime numbers in west part of the Turkey are decreasing while numbers in east part of Turkey are increasing. Also, when average growth rates are analyesed, west part of Turkey is below the Turkey’s rate. The lowest rate belongs to Istanbul with 8.20% and the highest rate is Gaziantep subregion TRC1 with 16.57%. The reason of the high rates in the east part of the Turkey can be immigration from Syria. The highest net increase in crime is observed in TR21, TRB2 and TRC2 and the lowest increase is observed in TR10, TRA32 and TR81.
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
14,00
16,00
18,00
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
TR
TR 1
0
TR 2
1
TR 2
1
TR 3
1
TR 3
2
TR 3
3
TR 4
1
TR 4
2
TR 5
1
TR 5
2
TR 6
1
TR 6
2
TR 6
3
TR 7
1
TR 7
2
TR 8
1
TR 8
2
TR 8
3
TR 9
0
TRA
1
TRA
2
TRB
1
TRB
2
TRC
1
TRC
2
TRC
3
An
nu
al A
vera
ge G
row
th R
ate
Nu
mb
er o
f C
rim
e
NUTS 2 Regions
Crime
120
For the concept of access to information, basic measure are identifed as internet usage.
Computer and internet usage rate was 53.8% and 53.5% respectively in individuals and in the 16-74 age group. When we compare the number with previous year, in 2013 computer and internet usage rates, 49.9% and 48.9%. This ratio was 62.7% in men and 63.5% and 44.3% and 44.1% for women. Percentage of households with Internet access has reached 60.2% in 2013. This graph shows broadband internet user percentage in years 2012 and 2013. As it can be seen in the graph, Istanbul has the highest percentage of internet access and Ankara has the second highest percentage. TRC3 and TRB2 are at the end of the list with the lowest percentage of internet access. Also, comparision of 2012 and 2013, it can be said that there is an growing percentage of ınternet access except for TRA1.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
TRA
1
TRA
2
TRB
1
TRB
2
TRC
1
TRC
2
TRC
3
TR1
0
TR2
1
TR2
2
TR3
1
TR3
2
TR3
3
TR4
1
TR4
2
TR5
1
TR5
2
TR6
1
TR6
2
TR6
3
TR7
1
TR7
2
TR8
1
TR8
2
TR8
3
TR9
0
TR
Inte
rnet
Use
r P
erce
nta
ge
NUTS 2 Regions
Broadband Internet User Percentage
121
For the last concept leisure and culture, basic measures are data of cinema and theather audiences and facilites, number of library and museums. That data provides interpretation about quality of life in the regions.
This graphic indicates number of moviehalls in regions. In vertical axis, there are number of cinema theater in 2006 and 2012 and the green dots in the left hand side shows annual average growth rate. According to graph, it can be observed that the increase number of movie hall in regions among years. The hightes rate belongs to Mardin subregion TRC3 with 60.44% and the lowest rate belongs to Kastamonu subregion TR82 6.42%. According to that graphic, in every region provinces have more than one moviehall.
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
TR 1
0
TR 2
1
TR 2
1
TR 3
1
TR 3
2
TR 3
3
TR 4
1
TR 4
2
TR 5
1
TR 5
2
TR 6
1
TR 6
2
TR 6
3
TR 7
1
TR 7
2
TR 8
1
TR 8
2
TR 8
3
TR 9
0
TRA
1
TRA
2
TRB
1
TRB
2
TRC
1
TRC
2
TRC
3 TR
An
nu
al A
vera
ge G
row
th R
ate
Nu
mb
er o
f C
inem
a Th
eate
r
NUTS 2 Regions
Cinema theater
122
This graph demonstrates the percentage of cinema audiences in regions according to years. In vertical axis, there are number of moviegoers in 2006 an 2012 and the green dots in the left hand side, they show annual average growth rates. According to graph, it can be observed that the increase in the number of cinema audiences in regions in terms of years.that indicates that there is a growing interest in watching movie. When we compare annual average growth rates, Turkey’s average is 10.93% and the highest average rate belongs to TRC3 with 111.93% while Istanbul has 13.76% average growth rate. Although, Istanbul has the highest change in the number of moviegoers in terms of years, since TRA2, TRC2, TRB1-2 and TRB3 has lowest number of cinema audience in base year 2006, their average growth rates stands very top of the Turkey’s rate.
0,00
20,00
40,00
60,00
80,00
100,00
120,00
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
TR 1
0
TR 2
1
TR 2
1
TR 3
1
TR 3
2
TR 3
3
TR 4
1
TR 4
2
TR 5
1
TR 5
2
TR 6
1
TR 6
2
TR 6
3
TR 7
1
TR 7
2
TR 8
1
TR 8
2
TR 8
3
TR 9
0
TRA
1
TRA
2
TRB
1
TRB
2
TRC
1
TRC
2
TRC
3 TR
An
nu
al A
vera
ge G
row
th R
ate
The
Per
cen
tage
of
Cin
ema
Au
die
nce
s in
R
egio
ns
NUTS 2 Regions
The percentage of Cinema Audiences
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row
th R
ate
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mb
er o
f Th
eate
r Se
ats
in R
egio
ns
NUTS 2 Regions
Theater Seats
123
This graphic indicates number of theater seats in regions in 2006 and 2012. In vertical axis, there are number of theater seats in 2006 and 2012 and the green dots in the left hand side shows annual average growth rate. According to graph, it can be observed that the increase number of theater seats in regions among years. Unlike the other graphics the hightes rate belongs to Aydın subregion TR32 with 199.71% and the lowest rate belongs toTR22, TR71, TR81 and TRC3 . According to that graphic, it can be said that the increasing number of theater seats but in 2012 there are regions still have no theater facilities.
This graph demonstrates the percentage of theather audiences in regions according to years. In vertical axis, there are number of playgoers in 2006 an 2012 and the green dots in the left hand side, they show annual average growth rates. According to graph, it can be observed that the increase in the number of theater audiences in regions in terms of years except for Ankara, TRA1, TRA2 and TRB2.That indicates that there is a growing interest in watching plays. When we compare annual average growth rates, Turkey’s average is 13.46% and the highest average rate belongs to TR32, Aydın subregion with 108.93% while Istanbul has 15.45% average growth rate
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1
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2
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2
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3 TR
An
nu
al A
vera
ge G
row
th R
ate
The
Per
cen
tage
of
Thea
ter
Au
die
nce
s in
R
egio
ns
NUTS 2 Regions
The Percentage of Theater Audiences
124
This map shows number of libraries in regions in year 2004. According to map, west part of Turkey has more interest on literature. As it can be seen in the map, the highest number of library in Istanbul. The lowest number of library located north and east parts. It can be interpreted that reading rates are low in that regions.
This map demonstrates number of museums in regions in year 2004. According to map, almost every region has a museum. However, there is no information about visitor number, it can not be made an right inference from this map.
125
Models to Examine Determinants of Smart Specialization Is human capital a significant matter which effects regional growth ?
The idea of smart specialization is based on the notion that regions cannot do
everything in STI (science, technology and innovation), in particular in time of scarcity
of resources, so it is important for them to focus and concentrate resources on
certain domains of expertise. To be able to that regions would be in need of a
skilled/qualified labor pool. Achievement of such goal lies in human capital. But how
much does human capital effects growth? In this matter of perspective; smart growth.
To see if it significantly effects growth rates, some independent variables are needed.
While choosing those variables it is crucial to look into the original sectorial smart
specialization logic. In such sectorial perspective we should be able to examine the
importance of; domain, connectedness of the domain (access to learning), relevant
size and entrepreneurial search potential. (McCann and Ortega-Argiless, 2011).
As we question growth in the persective of human capital, the domain is the labor
pool. As the interest is in smat growth we should be able to see skilled labor. So in
this case our domain is workers whom are tertiary education graduetes in active
population for each region and in adition to this unemployed tertiary education
graduates is also included to see negative effects of the domain’s charateristics. To
be able to examine the effects of connectedness of the domain, using the percentage
of university graduates in active population is logical as we look to find out how
access to learning drives growth in a region. When we want to look into the relevant
size, examining the value added in a region seem to fit. The last variable we use is
the entrepreneurship rates which would help to understand entrepreneurial search
potentials effects on smart growth.
As we look at the model summary we see that Sig. F Change number is way
below 0,05 which means our variables explains the changes in growth rates pretty
well. Another indicater of the success of the model is the R Square, which is closer to
1 rather than 0.
Model Summary
Model R R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the Estimate
Change Statistics
Durbin-Watson
R Square Change
F Change df1 df2
Sig. F Change
1 ,820a ,673 ,591 ,0620400 ,673 8,238 5 20 ,000 1,443
a. Predictors: (Constant), entrepreneurship, unemployment, value added, university, labor force
b. Dependent Variable: growth rate
126
Coefficients
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized Coefficients
t Sig.
95,0% Confidence Interval for B
B Std. Error Beta Lower Bound
Upper Bound
1 (Constant) -,124 ,090 -1,377 ,184 -,313 ,064
labor force -,126 ,313 -,061 -,402 ,692 -,779 ,527
unemployment -,048 ,027 -,244 -1,794 ,088 -,105 ,008
university ,288 ,086 ,479 3,362 ,003 ,109 ,467
value added 1,194 ,292 ,570 4,092 ,001 ,585 1,802
entrepreneurship -,007 ,105 -,011 -,068 ,947 -,225 ,211
a. Dependent Variable: growth rate
When we examine the coeffcient table we see that in the unstandardized
coefficients/ B; particapation to labor force, unemployment and entrepreneurship has
negative effects on growth rates. All of them have small effects yet all being negative
needs some explanation. Unemployment should effect growth negatively that is
understanable but participation to labor force having a negative affect on growth is
abit odd. The reason for this occurance might be that the university graduates usually
does not tent to stay in where they studied their tertiary education which means
having more participants causes loss of more. The reason for entrepreneurship’s
negative effects is more basic, the data we used in this variables happen to include
individual non-innovative initiatives which causes the negative effect. However,
percentage of university graduates and value added has positive considerable effects
on growth as expected.
To sum up, we can say that having a skilled labor pool is not enough, a region
should be able to keep the qualified man power inside the region. To be able to do
that you need extend your number of graduates and the wellfare level along with
quality of education.
127
128
How much effective the R&D and Innovation Factors in Regional Growth?
Foray et al. stated that empirical results show that the geography of innovation
is much more complex than the simple core/periphery model proposed in the smart
specialization debate (2009). The territorial patterns for innovation, so as the capacity
to turn knowledge and innovation into regional growth differs among regions. As
Capello and Lenzi (2012) stated; the foremost territorial pattern for innovation is the
one in which regions are endowed with local conditions for knowledge creation and
for turning knowledge into innovation, so as to guarantee productivity increase and
regional growth.
In this work, some R&D and innovation factors, namely; human resources in
science and technology (hrst), employment in high tech sectors, patent applications
per million, and R&D density of regions are accepted as local conditions for
knowledge creation and for turning knowledge into innovation, and it is examined that
effectiveness of these local R&D and innovation factors in the growth rates of these
regions at NUTS2 level between 2008 and 2011 years in Turkey. For this reason,
growth rates of regions between these years are taken as dependent variable, and
above mentioned innovativeness factors are taken as other variables.
Model Summary
Model R R
Square
Adjusted
R
Square
Std. Error
of the
Estimate
Change Statistics
R
Square
Change
F Change df1 df2 Sig. F
Change
1 ,685a ,469 ,367 ,0772012 ,469 4,629 4 21 ,008
a. Predictors: (Constant), RD expenditure, patent, employment in high tech, hrst
b. Dependent Variable: growth rate
As we look at the model summary we see that Sig. F Change number is way
below 0,05 which means our variables explains the changes in growth rates pretty
well. Another indicator of the success of the model is the R Square, which is closer to
1 rather than 0. We can understand from R Square value (, 469) of the model above
mentioned local innovativeness factors do not fully explain the growth of regions but
partly do.
129
Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig. 95.0% Confidence Interval for B Correlations Collinearity
Statistics
B Std.
Error
Beta Lower Bound Upper
Bound
Zero-
order
Partial Part Tolerance VIF
1
(Constant) ,289 ,060
4,808 ,000 ,164 ,414
hrst ,002 ,003 ,104 ,539 ,596 -,005 ,009 -,153 ,117 ,086 ,676 1,479
employment
in high tech
,298 ,074 ,681 4,017 ,001 ,144 ,452 ,665 ,659 ,639 ,881 1,136
patent ,010 ,012 ,134 ,841 ,410 -,015 ,036 ,164 ,180 ,134 ,992 1,008
RD
expenditure
-,012 ,032 -,067 -,361 ,722 -,079 ,056 -,147 -,078 -
,057 ,733 1,365
a. Dependent Variable: growth rate
Coefficients table of model helps us to understand which variable, in which
pole (negatively or positively), and how much affects the growth rates of regions.
When we examine the table, we see that employment in high tech sectors variable is
positively effective in growth of regions, while patent applications per million, R&D
expenditure density, and human resources in science technology variables have
almost no effect on growth rates of regions.
To conclude, we can understand from R Square value (, 469) of the model
above mentioned local innovativeness factors do not fully explain the growth of
regions but partly do. This view corresponds with Camagno and Capello’s (2013)
thoughts which are;
“Economic growth is not necessarily linked with cognitive or technological catching-
up. The strong economic performance of new member countries up to 2008 is certainly not
related to growth of the knowledge economy, as these countries (and their regions) have
witnessed a weak performance in scientific indicators both of input (R&D) and of output
(patenting activity) (ESPON KIT 2012).”
They also show the way of integrating technological and knowledge
advancement forms for economic growth of regions:
“Of course, if some forms of technological or knowledge advancement had taken
place, economic growth in these countries could have been more robust or continuous. But
these advancements should not have taken the form of a traditional, generic investment in
R&D but rather the form of knowledge spillover generation from large multinational plants
into the local fabric of SMEs supported by public/private bargaining and agreements (the
equivalent of the old-established practice of agreements on “local content”) and creatively
utilized by local potential entrepreneurs. (Camagno and Capello, 2013)”
For this reason, as Capello and Lenzi stated the identification of regional specificities
in innovation patterns is essential for building targeted normative strategies to
achieve a cohesion policy goal of European Commission. So, territorial approach is
130
essential for regions in developing strategies on smart specialization. Compromising
by outputs of this model, it is obvious that maximum return to R&D investments may
be the right goal for a region specialized in knowledge creation, but it cannot at the
same time be the right policy goal for regions that innovate by exploiting external
knowledge, or for regions that imitate innovation processes (Capello and Lenzi,
2012).
131
Is specialization, in 26 regions of Turkey related to the factors of
“Participation of University graduates to labourforce, Internet usage, Human
resources in science and technology and competitiveness”?
With the aim of the examination of smart specialization concept in Turkey regions,
the concept of specialization should be examined. For this purpose, Krugman
specialization index values are calculated for each region for the year of 2011. In the
results of this analysis, every region has given us some values between 0 and 2. The
region which is holding the highest value means that it is the most specialized region
in a sector. In this respect, to find the answer of question above, regression analysis
has made which is trying to find is there relevance between Krugman specialization
index value and participation of university graduates to labourforce, Internet usage,
Human resources in science and technology, competitiveness. As we thought, for the
specialization concept, participation to labor force of University graduates and the
human resources in science and technology are important issues. Qualified workers
and employees are important factors for a region to be specialized in a sector in most
cases. Moreover, information infrastructure is another issue that probably effective for
a region which has been measured by the accessibility amounts to Internet in
regions. Finally, competitiveness, which is the most important factor for us to
determine the specialization, has taken into consideration. High levels of
competitiveness could be provided by specialization in regions to make a difference.
In other words, a specialized region can maximize its profit and production and this
gives it a higher place in the competitiveness list. In the light of these indicators, a
regression analysis has been made to see whether is there a relationship or not
between them and Krugman Specialization Index values.
As we look at the Summary of Model the value of Significant F Change is close to
0,05 and this means that the variables in the analysis does not explaning the values
of Krugman Specialization Index well. Moreover, the value of R Square which
indicates the success rate of the model is close to 0 rather than 1. Value of 0,377
Model Summary
Mod
el
R R
Square
Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error
of the
Estimate
Change Statistics
R Square
Change
F
Change
df1 df2 Sig. F
Change
1 ,614a ,377 ,258 ,15391260
2 ,377 3,178 4 21 ,034
a. Predictors: (Constant), Competitiveness, Internet, Laborforce, Human resource in Science and
Technology
b. Dependent Variable: Krugman Specialization Index
132
means that there is not such strong relationship between Dependent Variable and
others.
As the results of Coefficients Table, we can see that amount of Internet usage and
Human resource in science and technology has almost no effect on specialization.
Although, we can say that Internet and HRST has got negative effects on
specialization, as we can see values are too low so that these effects could be
ignorable. Moreover, participation of university graduates to labourforce although it is
positive, is also too low so it is again an irrelevant variable with the value that we are
trying to explain. As we can see the highest B value is owned by the variable of
Competitiveness. The concept of competitiveness which is measured by the
difference between the growth rate of a sector between national and regional
although has got the most relevant relation with the value of Krugman Specialization
Index, the value is also too low and not significant. As we can suppose, to be
competitive the region should follow a different way of production to make a
difference and in Turkey regions specialization is a way of this.
To conclude, in the regions of Turkey, specialization is even if just a bit related with competitiveness values but not with Internet, participation of university graduates to labourforce or human resource in science and technology. . This means that, the specialized sectors in Turkey does not require qualified workers, internet infrastructure or science and technology. When we look at the most specialized
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standar
dized
Coeffici
ents
t Sig. 95,0%
Confidence
Interval for B
Correlations Collinearity
Statistics
B Std.
Error
Beta Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
Zero-
order
Parti
al
Part Toler
ance
VIF
(Constan
t) ,668 ,749
,892 ,383 -,889 2,224
Labor
force ,003 ,009 ,074 ,375 ,711 -,015 ,022 ,288 ,082 ,065 ,758
1,31
9
Internet -,007 ,005 -,462
-
1,41
7
,171 -,017 ,003 -,584 -,295 -,244 ,279 3,58
9
HRST -,003 ,011 -,092 -,276 ,785 -,025 ,019 -,536 -,060 -,048 ,266 3,75
3
Competi
tiveness ,054 ,074 ,138 ,731 ,473 -,099 ,207 ,262 ,158 ,126 ,827
1,20
9
a. Dependent Variable: Krugman Specialization Index
133
region in Turkey according to Krugman Specialization Index; the highest specialization index value is owned by the region of TRA2 (Ağrı,Kars,Iğdır,Ardahan) according to 2011 data. As we know about the data and the structure of region, the specialized sector is most probably agriculture and its products. As implemented due to the results of the analysis, the interpretations are parallel with the case. This specialized sector does not need any qualified workers or technology or internet. On the other side, is it obvious that this region is specialized in the sector, or there is no sector to work in the region that’s why region is holding the highest value in the country?
134
How Does Region's Level Of Smart Specialization Affected By Significant
Indicators?
Smart specialization concept is one of the core concept of Innovation Union flagship of Europe 2020 strategy- smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. There exist several definitions for smart specialization policies for regions that mostly compatible with each other in core concepts. As it was defined by Foray, David and Hall, for a region or country in order to be a part of smart specialization strategy, it was suggested that entrepreneurial process of discovery that can reveal its best in terms of science and technology is essential. Moreover, to identify a region's most promising areas of specialization and also the weaknesses which hamper innovation, businesses, research centers and universities should work together (EC COM,2010). Furthermore, asserts that understanding the region’s knowledge assets is achieved, not through a top-down approach driven by public leaders, but by involving key innovation stakeholders and businesses in what is called a process of ‘entrepreneurial discovery’. (Sturesson, Galal and Probst,2012). So in the way of analysis smart specialization in 26 regions, a variable was designated as human resources in science and technology. On the other hand, as it was highlighted in many, both entrepreneurial business and academia are envisioned to work together to develop policies to specialize and innovate. In that framework, beside the entrepreneurial level, in the big picture the human capital acts as a key factor. So, just as indicated in Europe 2020 strategies accomplishing education agendas need to complement the knowledge agenda. By this way, the education should facilitate the development, attraction, retention and mobilization of the talent to counter the risk of brain drain as Sturesson, Galal and Probst remarked. Up on these, another in the design of the analysis another indicator should be the doctorate degree people's share in the active population and the percent of participation to labor force of higher education graduate people. Creating the smart specialization policy framework, it was highlighted that universities and research and development initiatives should be aligned with business needs for competitive growth in emerging and complementary industries where the infrastructure should support the innovation agenda in a sustainable way.( , Galal and Probst,2012). So the employment in high tech sectors and broadband access was the 4th and last indicators of the analysis. On the theoretical basis, discriminant analysis was done to find the indicators of smart specialization level in the 26 NUTS regions in Turkey. In discriminant analysis, the dependent variable was denoted on the primacy index analysis for first 3 sectors that was grouped by the level of technology in 3 groups 0-1-2 for 2011 base year. The independent variables was denoted as the base year values of labor force participation percentages, doctorate graduates per active population in 2011, broadband access, human resources in science and technology and employment in high tech sectors.
135
Points Region Groups
14 TR10 (İstanbul) 0
16 TR21 (Tekirdağ,Edirne,Kırklareli) 0
16 TR22 (Balıkesir,Çanakkale) 0
16 TR31 (İzmir) 0
12 TR32 (Aydın,Denizli,Muğla) 0
16 TR33 (Manisa,Afyon,Kütahya,Uşak) 0
20 TR41 (Bursa,Eskişehir,Bilecik) 1
26 TR42 (Kocaeli,Sakarya,Düzce,Bolu,Yalova) 2
26 TR51 (Ankara) 2
24 TR52 (Konya,Karaman) 2
20 TR61 (Antalya,Isparta,Burdur) 1
14 TR62 (Adana,Mersin) 0
18 TR63 (Hatay,Kahramanmaraş,Osmaniye) 1
18 TR71 (Kırıkkale,Aksaray,Niğde,Nevşehir) 1
14 TR72 (Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat) 0
20 TR81 (Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartın) 1
12 TR82 (Kastamonu, Çankırı, Sinop) 0
14 TR83 (Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya) 0
14 TR90 (Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane) 0
18 TRA1 (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt) 1
18 TRA2 (Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan) 1
12 TRB1 (Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl, Tunceli) 0
18 TRB2 (Van, Muş, Bitlis, Hakkari) 1
12 TRC1 (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis) 0
18 TRC2 (Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır) 1
16 TRC3 (Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt) 0
136
Tests of Equality of Group Means
Wilks'
Lambda F df1 df2 Sig.
laborforce ,968 ,375 2 23 ,691
doctorate ,745 3,927 2 23 ,034
hrst ,745 3,946 2 23 ,034
internet ,751 3,803 2 23 ,037
hightechshare ,863 1,829 2 23 ,183
From the test of equality of group means, it can be seen that apart from the percentage of labor force participation rates of higher education graduates and employment in high technology, all other independent variables are significant for the analysis of smart specialization level in regions as significance values are smaller than 0,05 with 0,034 and 0,037. Moreover, from the Group statistics table, it can be concluded firstly that, most of the regions are in the 0 group where the first 3 industries were low tech and mid-low tech manufacturing industries. On the other hand, the least of the regions are in the group 2 where the first 3 industries were mid-high and mid-low manufacturing industries. Hence, as the most of the regions do not have high tech industries, the tertiary level education graduates' participation to labor force ratios and employment in high tech industries' share was not significant for this test.
Group Statistics
V1 Mean Std.
Deviation
Valid N (listwise)
Unweighted Weighted
0 laborforce 80,1642857 3,51756191 14 14,000
doktora ,0017043 ,00073521 14 14,000
hrst 17,6178571 4,70652604 14 14,000
internet 37,0000000 10,06899277 14 14,000
hightechshare ,8142857 ,65027467 14 14,000
1 laborforce 81,6777778 4,80592805 9 9,000
doktora ,0015698 ,00067200 9 9,000
hrst 15,9111111 3,37377550 9 9,000
internet 31,6666667 12,69842510 9 9,000
hightechshare ,5666667 ,11180340 9 9,000
2 laborforce 80,8000000 4,43057558 3 3,000
doktora ,0032936 ,00230283 3 3,000
hrst 25,3333333 10,27160325 3 3,000
internet 52,0000000 10,14889157 3 3,000
hightechshare 1,3666667 1,33166562 3 3,000
Total laborforce 80,7615385 3,98718717 26 26,000
doktora ,0018411 ,00106770 26 26,000
hrst 17,9173077 5,63030980 26 26,000
internet 36,8846154 12,23871537 26 26,000
hightechshare ,7923077 ,65110557 26 26,000
137
Eigen values table of the discriminant analysis shows, the difference between the smart specialization levels between regions was explained 51% by first function and %13 by 2nd function.
Eigenvalues
Function Eigenvalue % of
Variance Cumulative
% Canonical Correlation
1 ,513a 79,3 79,3 ,582
2 ,134a 20,7 100,0 ,344
The structure matrix indicates, 1st function explains first 4 variables and the 2nd function explains the percentage of labor force participation rates of higher education graduates variable.
Structure Matrix
Function
1 2
doktora ,810* -,195
hrst ,784* -,457
internet ,731* -,650
hightechshare ,487 -,528*
laborforce ,006 ,493*
Pooled within-groups correlations between discriminating variables and standardized canonical discriminant functions Variables ordered by absolute size of correlation within function. *. Largest absolute correlation between each variable and any discriminant function
In addition to the eigen values, the Functions of group centroids table shows that variables in the structure matrix where the function 1 explained negatively the group 0 and 1. From this data it can be said that as the level of technology is lower and mid low, doctorate graduate number, HRST, broadband access and employment in high tech sector are less.
Functions at Group Centroids
V1
Function
1 2
0 -,246 -,293
1 -,239 ,457
2 1,864 -,005
Unstandardized canonical discriminant functions evaluated at group means
All in all, as the analysis showed, the level of education, level of human resources in science and technology ,number of employees in high tech industries and development in infrastructure to access the information directly affect the level of smart specialization level in regions.
138
What does affect changes in share of high-tech manufacturing employment in
the total manufacturing employment to achieve smart growth ?
Since smart specialization is finding ways to exploite knowledge networks and scale
effects in domain where regions had both existing strengths and the potential for
diversification into related sectors and activities. Also, technologies, innovation,
knowledge and R&D is important issues for smart growth (Juceviciusi liugailaite-
Radzvickiene,2013). Moreover, according to Camagni and Capello (2012), in order to
achive sustainable smart innovation policies enchancing research and innovation,
promoting R&D investment, supporting technology and applied science are priorities.
Changes in share of high-tech manufacturing employment in the total manufacturing
employment represent achieving or not smart growth. To explain that changes, we
formulated a question: What does affect changes in share of high-tech manufacturing
employment in the total manufacturing employment to achieve smart growth? The
aim of the question is indicating that increasing or decreasing share of high-tech
manufacturing employment in between 2008 and 2011 depends or not selected
indicators which are share of human resources employed in science and technology,
share of tertiary education graduates in active population, total R&D intensity and
value-added. The indicators have been grouped around three dimension: human
resources, technology and economy which are also considered as indicators of smart
specialization (Mccann, Ortega-Argilés, 2013). The first and the second independent
variable, share of human resources employed in science and technology occupations
and share of tertiary education graduates in active population related to human
resources. The third indicator, total R&D intensity related to technology. The last
independent variable, value-added related to economy.
In order to answer our question, we built a multiple linear regression model. Changes
in share of high-tech manufacturing employment in the total manufacturing
employment is our depended variable and human resources employed in science
and technology, share of tertiary education graduates in active popuation, total R&D
intensity and changes in value-added are independent variables that explains
dependent variable. According to build model our equation is Y= β0+ β1x1+ β2x2+
β3x3+ β4x4. X1 represent HRST, x2 represents R&D intensity, x3 represent share of
tertiary education graduates in active popuation and x4 represents value added.
Result of our analysis shows that mean of the residuals are 0 so that we may
interpret about our analysis.
ANNOVA
Model
Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regressio
n
1,446 4 ,362 4,682 ,007b
Residual 1,621 21 ,077
Total 3,067 25
139
When we look at the ANOVA table, since significance is 0,007 and it is smaller than
0.05 we may denay the assumption that all independent variables are zero
simultaneously. So, our independent variables are not zero at the same time. By
mean that, our model is meaningful and Y can be explained with β’s.
Model Summary
Model R R
Squa
re
Adjust
ed R
Squar
e
Std.
Error
of the
Estima
te
Change Statistics
R
Squar
e
Chan
ge
F
Chan
ge
df
1
df
2
Sig. F
Chan
ge
1 ,68
7a
,471 ,371 ,27786
91
,471 4,682 4 2
1
,007
a. Predictors: (Constant), value added, uni, RD density, hrst
b. Dependent Variable: high tech
When we look at the model summary, we can see how much of the model can be
explained. R2 has 0,471 of explanation rate which means that our dependent
variable (Y), can be explained by independent variables (X1,X2,X3,X4) with the 0,471
ratio.
Model Unstandardi
zed
Coefficients
Standardi
zed
Coefficien
ts
t Sig
.
Correlations Collinearity
Statistics
B Std.
Error
Beta Zer
o-
ord
er
Parti
al
Pa
rt
Toleran
ce
VIF
1 (Consta
nt)
-,026 ,507 -
,05
1
,96
0
hrst -,273 ,339 -,173 -
,80
6
,43
0
-
,35
7
-
,173
-
,12
8
,547 1,8
29
RD
density
,096 ,108 ,154 ,89
6
,38
0
,18
3
,192 ,14
2
,857 1,1
68
uni -
1,32
0
,398 -,608 -
3,3
17
,00
3
-
,64
9
-
,586
-
,52
6
,748 1,3
36
140
value
added
2,00
1
1,53
8
,265 1,3
01
,20
7
-
,04
9
,273 ,20
6
,608 1,6
44
When we examine the coeffcient table we see that in the unstandardized
coefficients/ B; human resources employed in science and technology and share of
tertiary education graduates in active popuation have negative effects on changes in
share of high-tech manufacturing employment in the total manufacturing
employment. It needs an explenation. Negative effect of tertiary education graduates
in active popuation is understandable. Because, the reason of inverse effect between
them is low level share of high-tech graduates in total university graduates and that
university graduates work in other employment types rather than high tech
employment. Moreover, since HRST means that human resources in science and
technology as a share of the active population in the age group 15-74 at the regional
NUTS 2 level, it contains both white color and blue color. However, high tech
employment composes of only white color, increasing in HRST affects negatively
changes in share of high-tech manufacturing employment in the total manufacturing
employment. Total R&D intensity and value-added have a positive effect on changes
in share of high-tech manufacturing employment in the total manufacturing
employment which means that one unit of change in total R&D intensity stimulates
our depended variable in 0,0096 ratio. Because any investment in R&D sector
provide a growth in employment of high-tech. Likewise, one unit change in value-
added increases our depended variable in 2,001 ratio. Increasing level of value-
added means that production of good requires technolgy increases and this
stimulates employment in high tech employment.
141
Final Table
Human Capital Human Resources in Science and
Technology Production Manufacturing Life Standards and
Infrastructure
TR10 (İstanbul)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is always higher than the Turkey average from 2008 to 2013 where annual growth rates are similar to Turkey's average Participation of university graduates to labor force is similar to Turkey average where annual growth rate is higher than Turkey average Unemployment rate were almost same with Turkey's average both in 2008 to 2013.
İstanbul region has the second highest percentage in terms of human resources in science and technology and employment in high-tech sectors in Turkey. 40 % of Turkey’s total patent applications is made by İstanbul region.
According to specialization index, region is not holding a high value because of multisectoral structure. Region is making the %50 export of the country however since 2006 this share has decreased %4. There are 7 incubation centers and the dominant sector is Industry in the region. There are 197 foreign owned companies in the region, however according to the analysis per capita; it is holding one of the lowest values because of the high population.
From primacy index, dominance of the wearing apparel industry is increasing where also the first 3 sectors are all low tech industries.The most competitive sector is manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture in the region.Istanbul has the largest size in almost every sector, yet it has the most shares only in manufacture of wearing apparel and it is at the last place in manufacture of food and beverages.
TR10 is above the country average growth rate in health indicators –beds and doctor per inhabitant-. Likewise in social indicators like number of cinema and theatre hall is again above the average and it has the most libraries and museums. For the last indicator, broadband internet usage percentage TR10 is much higher than the Turkey average.
TR21 (Tekirdağ,Edirne,Kırklareli)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is always lower than Turkey average where annual growth rate of masters degree and doctorate are higher than Turkey's average. Participation of university graduates to labor force is similar to Turkey average where there exist a 20% decline in participation rates from 2008 to 2013
Patent applications per million is very high. Also, annual average increase in patent applications is high.
The region is not specialized at all and owns a little share of export in the country. The basic sector is industry because of the relationship between Istanbul. There are 99 foreign owned companies which is higher then most of regions. According to foreign owned companies per capita, region is holding one of the highest values in the country. There are not any incubation centers.
Dominance of manufacturing of textile sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.The most competitive sector is manufacture of rubber and plastic products in the region. The region is above Turkey average in manufacture of textiles and manufacture of wearing apparel. And also it has the most share in manufacture and dressing of leather. In addition to this they are also above Turkey average in manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products which is a high tech sector.
TR21 is above the country average in beds per inhabitant and doctor per inhabitant. But social indicators is below the average. Broadband internet usage percentage is also above the average.
TR22 (Balıkesir,Çanakkale)
University graduates per active population and annual growth rate are similar to Turkey average. Masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population and annual growth rate
The region is the one of the most progressive regions in terms of HRST in country, but it is still below the country average.
This region is more specialized according to other regions but it is not doing so much export. Since 2006, the basic sector in the region is Agriculture. There are not any incubation centers. There are 19 foreign owned companies in the region.
Dominance of 1st sector "Manufacture of food products and beverages" is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.The most competitive sector is manufacture of chemicals and chemical products in the region. They are above National average in Manufacture of food and beverages and manufacture of non-metallic mineral products. But a more promising attribution is they have the most growth speed in manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products which is a high tech sector.
TR22 is above the country average in beds per inhabitant whereas it is below the average in doctor per inhabitant. Number of cinema and theatre hall is below the Turkey average. But broadband internet usage percentage is above the average.
142
TR31 (İzmir)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is always higher than the Turkey average from 2008 to 2013 where annual growth rates are lower than Turkey's average Participation of university graduates to labor force is lower than Turkey's average both in 2008 and 2013 but average annual growth rate is the highest among 26 regions and Turkey's average. Unemployment rate were lower in 2008 but unemployment rates are increasing fast so that in 2013 unemployment rates of university graduates are higher than Turkey's average
The region has the third highest percentage in terms of human resources in science and technology and employment in high-tech sectors in Turkey.
According to Krugman Specialization Index, the region owns the lowest values in both 2007 and 2011. Despite decrease in export capacity since 2006, region is making high amounts of exports when compared to the most of the other regions. In the region basic sector was services in 2006 and 2009 but now the basic sector is Industry. There are 163 foreign companies and according to foreign owned companies per capita, region is holding one of the highest values in the country. There is one incubation center in the region.
The dominance of 1st sector Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and dyeing of fur is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.The most competitive sector is manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture in the region.One of the size wise competitors of TR10 and also above national average in manufacture of wearing apparel and manufacture of refined petroleum products, in addition İzmir has the biggest growth speed in manufacture of paper products.
TR31 is above the average growth rate in health indicators. Also, it is again far above the country average in social indicators. After İstanbul, TR31 is second in number of libraries and museums. Usage of internet percentage is above the Turkey average.
TR32 (Aydın,Denizli,Muğla)
University, master’s degree and doctorate graduates per active population are all lower than Turkey's average where growth rate of university is also lower but master and doctorate growth rate is higher than Turkey's average rate. Participation of university graduates to labor force and also unemployment rate is close to the Turkey's average but unemployment of university graduates are increasing from 2008 to 2013.
The region has the lowest share in terms of the employment in the high tech sectors in country.
This region is also not specialized at all according to the analysis. Export levels are low and the basic sector in the region is agriculture. There are 25 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.
The dominance of 1st sector Manufacture of textiles is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of other transport equipment in the region.One of the most desperate regions, however it is over Turkey average in manufacture of non-metallic mineral products and manufacture of textiles & wearing apparel. Also has a fair growth speed in manufacture and dressing of leather products.
TR32 is above the average in both health indicators. Also, it is again above the average in number of cinema and theatre hall. In fact TR32 has the highest average in both social indicators. Usage of internet percentage is again above the Turkey average.
TR33 (Manisa,Afyon,Kütahya,Uşak)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population are all lower than Turkey's average where annual growth rates are all higher than Turkey's growth rate. Participation of university graduates to labor force is similar to Turkey average where annual growth rate is higher than Turkey average. Unemployment rates are increasing with a high annual increase rate.
The region is the least progressive region in terms of HRST in country. The success rate of region in patent applications is highest.
The specialization values in the region are not high and the export levels are low. However, in passing 6 years region increased its export capacity significantly. The basic sector in the region is agriculture since 2006 and according to 2013 data; region owns one of the highest LQ values in the sector of agriculture in the country. There are 46 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.
Dominance of the primacy industry is increasing, diversity in manufacture industry decreasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of in the region. Not surprisingly has the most shares in manufacture of non-metallic mineral products and also above national average in manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products & tanning and dressing of leather products.
TR33 is below the Turkey average growth rate in both health indicators. Yet, it is above the average in the number of cinema and theatre hall. Broadband internet usage percentage is below the average.
143
TR41 (Bursa,Eskişehir,Bilecik)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population are close to Turkey's average Participation of university graduates to labor force is similar to Turkey average where annual growth rate is higher than Turkey average. Unemployment rates decrease for university graduates
Both annual growth rate and average percentage of HRST in the region are above the Turkey’s average. The success rate of region in patent applications is very high, also Patent applications per million is highest.
This region is also not specialized at all according to the analysis. Despite decrease in export capacity since 2006, region is making high amounts of exports when compared to the most of the other regions. The basic sector in the region is industry since 2006 and according to 2013 data; region owns one of the highest LQ values in the sector of industry in the country. There are 145 foreign owned companies in the region and according to per capita values the region owns a well place in the list relatively. There are not any incubation centers.
The dominance of 1st sector- Textile- is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.The most competitive sector is manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus in the region. Manufacture of motor vehicles is just simply dominates this region’s economy. Number one in both shares and growth speed.
TR41 is above the average in both health indicators. Also, it is again above the average in number of cinema and theatre hall. Usage of internet percentage is again far above in the average.
TR42 (Kocaeli,Sakarya,Düzce,Bolu,Yalova)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population are close to Turkey's average Participation of university graduates to labor force is similar to Turkey average Unemployment rates drops from 2008 to 2013
The region is the most progressive region in HRST in country. The success rate of region in patent applications is very high.
The region is not specialized at all. Export levels of the region are high when compared to other regions after Istanbul. The most of the other regions. The basic sector in the region is industry since 2006 and according to 2013 data; region owns one of the highest LQ values in the sector of industry in the country. There are 235 foreign owned companies in the region. This is the highest amount in the country, also highest according to per capita. There is one incubation center in the region which is located in Kocaeli.
The ratio of employment in Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasingThe most competitive sector is manufacture of machinery and equipment in the region. Share of manufacture of refined petroleum products and manufacture of rubber and plastic products in region’s manufacturing is the biggest in Turkey. They are also above national average in manufacture of chemical products.
TR42 is above the average in beds per inhabitant and doctors per inhabitant. Also, it is again above the average in number of cinema and theatre hall. Usage of internet percentage is again far above in the average.
TR51 (Ankara)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is always higher than the Turkey average from 2008 to 2013 with the highest of all 26 regions Participation of university graduates to labor force is lower than Turkey's average Unemployment rates increases
Ankara region has the highest percentage in terms of human resources in science and technology and employment in high-tech sectors in Turkey. The region also has lowest share of employers and sole traders in active population because of its dominant public sector officials’ class. The R&D expenditure per capita in the region is similar with Europe level.
This region is not also too much specialized in the country. The export levels are not high but not that much low. The basic sector in region is services since 2006 and region owns the highest amount of LQ levels in country. There are 60 foreign owned companies and there are 3 incubation centers.
Primacy sector is mid-low and mid-high tech sector different from most of other regions and dominance is increasing.The most competitive sector is manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products in the region. The capital city holds the most shares in publishing and printing, manufacture of fabricated metal products, manufacture of machinery and equipment & manufacture of computer, electrical and optical products. It is also TR10’s biggest rival in size of almost all sectors.
TR51 is above the average in beds per inhabitant and doctors per inhabitant. In fact region has the highest average in doctor per inhabitant. Also, it is again above the average in number of cinema and theatre hall. Usage of internet percentage is again far above in the average.
144
TR52 (Konya,Karaman)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than Turkey average where growth rate is higher than Turkey's average TR52 shows the maximum rate of decrease in unemployment
The R&D expenditure per capita in the region is similar with Europe level.
Specialization levels in the region are higher than most of regions. Export levels are not high. Basic sector in the region is agriculture and the LQ values are intermediate. There are 13 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.
The dominance of 1st sector- Manufacture of food products and beverages- is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media in the region. TR51 has comparative advantage in manufacture and dressing of leather products and manufacture of machinery and equipment by being above national average in shares.
TR52 is below the average in beds per inhabitant and doctors per inhabitant. It is above the average in cinema hall whereas below the average in theatre hall. Region has low average in internet user percentage than Turkey average.
TR61 (Antalya,Isparta,Burdur)
University graduates is higher than Turkey's average where master and doctorate numbers are close to it. Unemployment in region increases so that participation to labor force decreases more than Turkey's average.
In the HRST, the region at the average of Turkey. The R&D expenditure per capita in the region is very low.
Specialization levels in the region are higher than most of regions. Export levels are not high. Basic sector in the region is agriculture and the LQ values are intermediate. There are 43 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.
Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of food products and beverages is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of other transport equipment in the region. Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products in this region has an above national average share and TR61 also hast the biggest growth speed in manufacture of machinery and equipment & manufacture of transport equipment.
TR61 is below the average growth rate both health indicators. Also, it has low average in social indicators. Yet, it is above the average in usage of internet percentage
TR62 (Adana,Mersin)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is closer to Turkey average where growth rate is a bit higher than Turkey's average Unemployment rates were the highest in the base year but it decreases with a high rate so that participation to labor force rates get close to Turkey's average.
The R&D expenditure per capita in the region is very low.
The region is holding one of the lowest values of specialization. Export amounts are above the average and export type differentiates from other regions. Unlike most of the regions, it exports in the sector of agriculture and forestry. The basic sector of the region is services; however it was agriculture in 2009. There are 23 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.
The dominance of 1st sector- Manufacture of food products and beverages is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of basic metals in the region. Has a comparative advantage in manufacture of chemical products by having most shares in Turkey and also above average in manufacture of paper products.
TR62 is above the average in beds in per inhabitant whereas below the average in doctors per inhabitant. Region has low average in both social indicators. Also, broadband internet usage percentage is below the average.
TR63 (Hatay,Kahramanmaraş,Osmaniye)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lowest among 26 regions where growth rate similar to Turkey's average Participation of university graduates to labor force is close to Turkey's average where unemployment level decreases from 2008 to 2013.
The R&D expenditure per capita in the region is very low.
Specialization levels in the region are high. Export amounts are above the average and export type differentiates from other regions. Unlike most of the regions, it exports in the sector of agriculture and forestry. The basic sector in the region is agriculture and LQ values are intermediate. There are 17 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.
Dominance of Manufacture of textiles industry is increasing.The most competitive sector is manufacture of rubber and plastic products in the region. Shares of manufacture of textile products and manufacture of basic metals in this region’s manufacturing are above national average.
TR63 is below average growth rate in both health indicators. Yet, it is above the average in both cinema and theater hall numbers. Broadband internet usage percentage is again below the average.
145
TR71 (Kırıkkale,Aksaray,Niğde,Nevşehir)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than the Turkey average from 2008 to 2013 where growth rates are higher than average. Participation to labor force is lower than Turkey's average where unemployment rates are also lower
The annual average rate of increase in HRST is very high, but it is still below the country average.
The region owns the highest value of Krugman Specialization Index in the country with TRA2 region. It showed a great increase between years of 2007 and 2011. The basic reason behind this increase is the increase in the employment of the sector of manufacture of basic metals. In 4 years the region has increased the number of employees in basic metals manufacturing sector 13 times. Export levels of region are too low. Basic sector in the region is agriculture. There are 10 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.
Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of food products and beverages, is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus in the region. Above average in manufacture of rubber and plastic products and manufacture of machinery and equipment also has the biggest growth speed in manufacture of fabricated metals.
TR71 is below the average growth rate both health indicators. Also, it has low average in social indicators and it is below the average in usage of internet percentage
TR72 (Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than the Turkey average from 2008 to 2013 where there exist a larger growth rate in doctorate graduates than university and masters Participation to labor force is similar with Turkey's average where unemployment is increases.
In the region, specialization levels are above the average. Also, the region owns lowest levels of export in the country. The basic sector in the region is agriculture and LQ values are intermediate. There are 10 foreign owned companies and there are not any incubation centers.
Dominance of Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c. industry is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus in the region. Number one in manufacture of furniture and also has a remarkable growth speed in Repair and installation of machinery and equipment.
TR72 is below average in both health indicators. Yet, it is above the average in both cinema and theater hall numbers. Broadband internet usage percentage is again below the average
TR81 (Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartın)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than the Turkey average from 2008 to 2013 Participation to labor force is increases to a higher amount than Turkey's average Unemployment is increases most in this regions
The R&D expenditure per capita in the region is very low.
Region owns a high value of specialization according to analysis. On the contrary, export levels are so low. The basic sector of the region is agriculture and LQ values are intermediate. There are 3 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.
Dominance of 1st sector- Manufacture of basic metals is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear in the region. Has the most share in manufacture of basic metals in Turkey and size-wise the greatest manufacturer in the country. Also has an above average share in manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus.
TR81 is above the average in beds per inhabitant whereas it is below the average in doctors per inhabitant. Region is above the average in number of cinema hall whereas is below the average in number of theatre hall. and it is above the average in usage of internet percentage
146
TR82 (Kastamonu, Çankırı, Sinop)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than the Turkey average from 2008 to 2013 where Growth rate of doctorate graduates is highest in this region. Participation to labor force decreases with a larger amount
The R&D expenditure per capita in the region is very low.
Specialization levels are high in the region. Export capacities are much below the average. The basic sector in the region is agriculture. LQ values are intermediate. There are 2 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.
Ratio of employment in Manufacture of food products and beverages sector to the total employment in all manufacturing industries is decreasing shows that the dominance of 1st sector is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.The most competitive sector is manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus in the region. Has the most shares in manufacturing of wood and products of woods but what is more remarkable is TR82 is the fastest growing region in manufacture textiles, basic metals and motor vehicles.
TR82 is above the average in beds per inhabitant whereas it is below the average in doctors per inhabitant. Region is above the average in number of cinema hall whereas is below the average in number of theatre hall. it is below the average in usage of internet percentage.
TR83 (Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than the Turkey average from 2008 to 2013 where Growth rates of master's and doctorate graduates is higher than Turkey's average Participation to labor force decreases with a larger amount where unemployment is increases in this region
The R&D expenditure per capita in the region is very low.
The region is not much specialized the value is below the average. Export capacities are much below the average. The basic sector in the region is agriculture. LQ values are intermediate. There are 9 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.
Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of food products and beverages, is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus in the region. Has comparative advantage in manufacture of tobacco products, wood and products of wood and non-metallic mineral products by being above national average.
TR83 is above the average in beds per inhabitant whereas it is below the average in doctors per inhabitant. It is below the average in both social indicators. Also, it is below the average in usage of internet percentage.
TR90 (Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than the Turkey average from 2008 to 2013 where Growth rates of master's and doctorate graduates are one of the highest in 26 regions. Participation to labor force annual average growth rate is the lowest in this region where unemployment is decreases
The region has the highest share of employers and sole traders in active population. It is because of production scale of the basic sector. It shows partly entrepreneurship of the region.
In the region specialization level is much higher than the average. The region is differentiating from other regions in terms of different sectoral exports. This region is making exports in the sector of Agriculture and Forestry much more than other regions. The basic sector in the region is agriculture since 2006 and according to 2013 data; region owns one of the highest LQ values in the sector of agriculture in the country. There are 11 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.
Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of food products and beverages, is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of rubber and plastic products in the region. Biggest tea and hazelnut provider of the country has the most shares in manufacture of food and beverages and manufacture of wood and products of wood.
TR90 is above the average in beds per inhabitant whereas it is below the average in doctors per inhabitant. Region is above the average in number of cinema hall whereas is below the average in number of theatre hall. It is below the average in usage of internet percentage.
147
TRA1 (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is similar to Turkey's average where rate of growth of master degree graduates is one of the highest Participation to labor force annual average growth rate is similar to Turkey's average where unemployment annual average growth rate is one of the highest in 26 regions
In terms of Human resources in science and technology TRA1 is the most developing region in Turkey.
In the region specialization level is much higher than the average. Exports are scarcely any in the region. The basic sector in the region is agriculture since 2006 and according to 2013 data; region owns one of the highest LQ values in the sector of agriculture in the country. There are 6 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.
Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of food products and beverages, is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products in the region . Shares of manufacture of wood and products of wood, manufacture of food and beverages, manufacture of non-metallic mineral products and manufacture of furniture are above Turkey average in this region.
TRA1 is below the average in beds per inhabitant and doctors per inhabitant. It is above the average in cinema hall whereas below the average in theatre hall. It is below the average in usage of internet percentage.
TRA2 (Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than Turkey's average Participation to labor force annual average growth rate is larger than Turkey's average where unemployment annual average growth rate is one of the highest in 26 regions
In terms of Human resources in science and technology, TRA2 region has lowest percentage. There is no patent applications from this region.
The highest values of Krugman Specialization Index are owned by this region for 2007 and 2011 with the values of 1,09 and 0,97. Exports are scarcely any in the region. The basic sector in the region is agriculture since 2006 and according to 2013 data; region owns one of the highest LQ values in the sector of agriculture in the country. There is just one foreign owned company. There are not any incubation centers.
Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of food products and beverages, is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of rubber and plastic products in the region. Has comparative advantage in only two sectors which are manufacture of food and beverages and manufacture of wood and products of wood.
TRA2 is below the average in beds per inhabitant and doctors per inhabitant. In fact it has the lowest average in doctors per inhabitant. It is above the average in cinema hall whereas below the average in theatre hall. . It is below the average in usage of internet percentage.
TRB1 (Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl, Tunceli)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than Turkey's average Participation to labor force is lower than Turkey's average Unemployment level of university graduates is highest in this region
This region, in all of these indicators, is below the average of Turkey.
Specialization level in the region is intermediate according to average. Exports are scarcely any in the region. The basic sector in the region is agriculture since 2006 and according to 2013 data; region owns one of the highest LQ values in the sector of agriculture in the country. There are 2 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.
Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of food products/manufacture of textiles and beverages, is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media in the region. Non of the sectors in this region has a share above national average, however growth speed of manufacture of wood and products of wood and manufacture of rubber and plastic is the highest in Turkey.
TRB1 is below the average in beds per inhabitant and doctors per inhabitant. It is above the average in cinema hall whereas below the average in theatre hall. It is below the average in usage of internet percentage.
TRB2 (Van, Muş, Bitlis, Hakkari)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than Turkey's average where annual average growth rate of university and master degree graduates is in the highest group. Participation to labor force is higher than Turkey's average where Unemployment level of university graduates is decreasing.
In terms of Human resources in science and technology, TRB2 region has one of the lowest percentages.
In the region specialization level is much higher than the average. On the other hand, the highest decrease is seen in this region. While this region was holding the highest value in country in 2003, in 2011 this value is decreased from 1.15 to 0.79. Exports are scarcely any in the region. The basic sector in the region is agriculture. LQ values of agriculture are intermediate. There is not any foreign owned company or incubation center.
Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of food products and beverages, is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus in the region. Shares of manufacture of food and beverages , manufacture of tobacco products and publishing and printing is above national average.
TRB2 is above the average in beds per inhabitant whereas it is below the average in doctors per inhabitant. It is below the average in both social indicators. In fact it has the lowest average growth rate in number of theater hall. Also, region is one of the lowest number of library. Broadband internet usage percentage is the lowest in the country.
148
TRC1 (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than Turkey's average where annual average growth rate of university and master degree graduates is in the highest group. Participation to labor force is higher than Turkey's average where unemployment level decreases with the highest amount in this region
The region has the lowest success rate in patent applications, but annual average rate of increase in patent applications is very high. The annual average rate of increase in HRST is very high, but it is still below the country average. The R&D expenditure per capita in the region is very low.
In the region specialization level is much higher than the average. The export capacity of this region is above the average and much higher than other eastern and southeastern regions. Unlike other regions located in eastern and southeastern part of Turkey, TRC1 region has increased its export capacity from 2006 to 2012. While the basic sector in the region was Industry in 2006 and 2009; according to 2013 data basic sector in the region is agriculture. LQ values are intermediate. There are 5 foreign owned companies. There are not any incubation centers.
Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of textile, is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing The most competitive sector is manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products in the region.Has the biggest share in manufacture of textiles in Turkey also has an above average share in both manufacture of paper products and printing and publishing.
TRC1 is above the average in beds per inhabitant whereas it is below the average in doctors per inhabitant. . It is below the average in both social indicators. In fact it has the lowest average growth rate in number of cinema hall. . It is below the average in usage of internet percentage.
TRC2 (Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than Turkey's average Participation to labor force is lower than Turkey's average where unemployment level of university graduates increases.
The region has the second lowest success rate in patent applications. The R&D expenditure per capita in the region is very low.
Region owns a high value of specialization according to analysis. On the contrary, export levels are so low. In 2006, the basic sector of the region was services. However, now basic sector is agriculture. LQ values are intermediate. There are 3 foreign owned companies and there are not any incubation centers.
Dominant sector is changing from " Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products " to " Manufacture of food products and beverages" to " Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products. diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasingThe most competitive sector is manufacture of tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear in the region. Size wise the biggest leather manufacturer in Turkey also has an above average share in manufacture of non-metallic mineral products.
TRC2 is below the average in beds per inhabitant and doctors per inhabitant. It is above the average in cinema hall whereas below the average in theatre hall. It is below the average in usage of internet percentage.
TRC3 (Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt)
University, masters degree and doctorate graduates per active population is lower than Turkey's average where annual average growth rate of university is highest in this region Participation to labor force is higher than Turkey's average where unemployment level of university graduates increases
The R&D expenditure per capita in the region is very low. Employment share in high tech sectors is higher than country average.
In the region specialization level is much higher than the average. In terms of export capacity, region comes forward after the region of TRC1 in the eastern part of the country. Since 2006, the basic sector in the region is services. After TR51 region, this region owns the highest LQ values of the sector of services. There are not any foreign owned companies or incubation centers.
Dominance of 1st sector - Manufacture of food products and beverages, is decreasing and diversity in the employment in manufacturing sectors, is increasing.The most competitive sector is manufacture of publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media in the region. Shares of manufacture of non-metallic mineral products and manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus. Also has the highest growth speeds in manufacture of food and beverages, manufacture of wearing apparel and publishing and printing.
TRC3 is below the average in beds per inhabitant and doctors per inhabitant. In fact is has the lowest average growth rate in beds per inhabitant. It is below the average in both social indicators. Also, it has the lowest number of library and museums in Turkey. It is below the average in usage of internet percentage.
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New Regional Policies for Turkey
This last chapter includes regional policies in implementing smart specialisation
which highlighted by previous chapters in this paper. Regional Policy can unlock the
growth potential of the regions in Turkey by promoting innovation in all regions, while
ensuring complementarity between national and regional support for innovation,
R&D, entrepreneurship and ICT. Indeed, regional policy is a key means of turning
the priorities of the smart specialisation into practical action on the ground. It does so
by creating favourable conditions for innovation, education and research so
encouraging R&D and knowledge-intensive investment and moves towards higher
value added activities. It can so help meet the major challenge for regions with
innovation capacity and R&D in businesses and strengthening their links with
universities and research centres. Regions have a central role as they are the
primary institutional partner for universities, other research and education institutes
which are key to the process of innovation, making them a necessary part of the
smart specialisation policies in Turkey.
To reach the smart specialization objective, the full innovation potential of regions
needs to be mobilized. Innovation is important for all regions; for advanced ones to
remain ahead while keep moving forward and lagging ones to catch up. The
knowledge and innovation capacity of regions depends on many factors, in our study
we chose our variables among those which were significant in explaining growth,
specialization and smart specialization Such as; unemployment among tertiary
education graduates, broadband internet accessibility, human resources in science &
technology, R&D density, university graduates, market share, doctorate graduates
and employment in high tech sectors. To be able to see how performance in R&D
and innovation varies across Turkey, a grouping index was created. Which is called
“Regional Innovation Potential Index”, index is a composite indicator of all of the
factors above. The national average was the main indicator to determine which
region will be in which group so that we will be able to see where a region stands
among all others in Turkey.
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Suitability
Points
Unemployment (Among tertiary
Education Graduates)
2011
Broadband Accessibility
2011
Human Resources In Science
And Technology
2011 R&D Density
2011
University Graduates
2011
Market Share 2011 (as % of TR)
Doctorate Graduates
2011
Employment In High Tech
Sectors 2011
TR10 (İstanbul) 5 10,7 59 27,4 0,68570575 0,126541492 27,15779111 0,003304001 2,9
TR21 (Tekirdağ,Edirne,Kırklareli) 4 9,9 41 20,75 0,610405002 0,093055911 2,709269067 0,001433706 1
TR22 (Balıkesir,Çanakkale) 2 9,2 42 17 0,610405002 0,102162141 2,142417817 0,001598138 0,7
TR31 (İzmir) 5 12,6 56 27,8 0,671523813 0,131924492 6,599326778 0,003131655 1
TR32 (Aydın,Denizli,Muğla) 0 10,8 36 17,15 0,671523813 0,100051645 3,486168856 0,001661335 0,3
TR33 (Manisa,Afyon,Kütahya,Uşak) 0 7,5 32 13,15 0,671523813 0,081606218 3,590316514 0,001290626 0,7
TR41 (Bursa,Eskişehir,Bilecik) 6 9,1 53 21,15 1,594682968 0,109010897 6,39123173 0,002120596 0,7
TR42 (Kocaeli,Sakarya,Düzce,Bolu,Yalova) 4 13,7 54 21,35 1,594682968 0,096592991 6,281954963 0,001766229 0,7
TR51 (Ankara) 7 8 61 37 2,492020679 0,177167131 8,631790876 0,00594234 2,9
TR52 (Konya,Karaman) 2 10,4 41 17,65 2,492020679 0,087677239 2,34406045 0,002172264 0,5
TR61 (Antalya,Isparta,Burdur) 4 11 42 20,3 0,55100525 0,11664002 3,976372135 0,002076884 0,7
TR62 (Adana,Mersin) 1 10,4 32 17,75 0,55100525 0,098838131 3,957510523 0,001667664 0,6
TR63 (Hatay,Kahramanmaraş,Osmaniye) 0 13,1 28 14,6 0,55100525 0,074439512 2,589480355 0,00119561 0,5
TR71 (Kırıkkale,Aksaray,Niğde,Nevşehir) 0 10,2 34 17,25 0,72909077 0,07828018 1,54510144 0,001367568 0,5
TR72 (Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat) 0 13,9 35 16,85 0,72909077 0,090214329 2,286656286 0,001898856 0,6
TR81 (Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartın) 0 13,2 41 15,65 0,523793466 0,084430013 1,277984953 0,001277427 0,7
TR82 (Kastamonu, Çankırı, Sinop) 0 7,4 32 13,95 0,523793466 0,074956822 0,712645194 0,001010363 0,4
TR83 (Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya) 0 9,2 34 15,8 0,523793466 0,083611277 2,689689739 0,001505489 0,5
TR90 (Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane) 0 12,6 31 13,45 0,61316528 0,088065285 2,437902342 0,001498446 0,4
TRA1 (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt) 2 6,7 32 17,1 0,841833444 0,09453701 0,920717815 0,002956459 0,5
TRA2 (Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan) 0 10,9 26 11,55 0,841833444 0,058014205 0,668013216 0,000978693 0,4
TRB1 (Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl, Tunceli) 3 11,5 38 15,15 0,897340975 0,090921862 1,394927657 0,0020399 0,8
TRB2 (Van, Muş, Bitlis, Hakkari) 1 9,9 14 12,1 0,897340975 0,054099415 1,042184823 0,000958229 0,5
TRC1 (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis) 0 9,6 22 13,5 0,495968967 0,065369975 1,763523983 0,001222362 0,4
TRC2 (Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır) 0 5 15 13,5 0,495968967 0,05256182 2,02165966 0,00119634 0,6
TRC3 (Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt) 0 10,7 28 16,95 0,495968967 0,055957861 1,381301721 0,000597245 1,1
Means 10,2 36,88 17,91 0,85 0,091 3,8 0,0018 0,79
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Strategic intelligence is needed to identify the high value-added activities which offer the best chance of strengthening a region’s competitiveness. To have most impact, R&D and innovation resources need to reach a critical mass and to be accompanied by measures to increase skills, education levels and knowledge infrastructure. National and regional governments should, accordingly, develop smart specialization strategies to maximize the impact of Regional Policy in combination with other national policies. Smart specialization strategies can ensure a more effective use of public funds and can stimulate private investment. They can help regions to concentrate resources on few key priorities rather than spreading investment thinly across areas and business sector. They can also be a key element in developing multi-level governance for integrated innovation policies. Moreover they have to be closely linked with other policy domains and require an understanding of regional strengths relative to other regions and of the possible gain for inter-regional and trans-national cooperation. Rather than being a strategy imposed from above, smart specialization involves businesses, research centers and universities working together to identify a region’s most promising areas of specialization, but also the weaknesses that hamper innovation. It takes account of the differing capacities of regional economies to innovate. While leading regions can invest in advancing a generic technology or service innovation, for others, investing in its application to a particular sector or related sectors is often more fruitful. The sustainability of the strategy will depend on the timeliness and coordination of policy measures, and on governance, including ways of engaging stakeholders. It must include mechanisms for policy learning, in particular through peer reviews, involving public officials, practitioners and regional stakeholders. Smart specialization needs to exploit regional diversity, stimulate cooperation across national and regional borders and open up new opportunities, by avoiding fragmentation and ensuring that knowledge flows more freely across Turkey.
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Policies for Group IV Regions
According to our classification, Group 4 is the lowest one in the grading smart
specialization indicators. This group contains TR32, TR33, TR62, TR63, TR71, TR72,
TR81, TR82, TR83, TR90, TRA2, TRB1, TRC1, TRC2 and TRC3. These regions have 1
or 0 point in overall scoring. Therefore, Group 4 is below the Turkey average in selected
indicators which means that these regions are far away from concept of smart
specialization. For this reason, fundamental strategy for Group 4 shoul be enchancing
regions and bringing them into a certain level which is above the Turkey average.
Primarily issues are to develop unemployment among university graduates, tertiary
graduates and value-added for Group 4. With other indicators, these are very below
from the average of Turkey. For unemployment among universities, Turkey average is
10,2 whereas for TR63 it is 13,1 and for TR90 it is 12,6 which means that university
graduates cannot find jobs in the regions. Likewise, average of tertiary graduates for
Turkey is 0,091 whereas it is 0,055 for TRC3 and it is 0,065 for TRC1 which means that
number of university graduates are scarce. Similarly, for value-added Turkey average is
3,8 whereas it is 1,54 for TR71, 0,92 for TRA1 and it is 0,66 for TRA2 which means that
GDP per capita is small in the regions. In order to enchancing regions, value-added and
tertiary graduates values should be come up average of Turkey and unemployment
among university graduates values should be reduced Turkey average. In this way,
basic parameters for smart specialization is prepared in the regions. First of all, in order
to reduce unemployment, it should be created jobs opportunities in the regions by state
hand or supporting private sectors. By doing that path dependency and local resources
should be taken into account. This also helps to incerase income of the regions and by
this way level of value-added can be increased above the average. After creation of job
opportunities in order to increase skilled man power, tertiary graduates should be
supported by openning new universities. Also, coorporation between sectors and
universities provides easiness to find jobs after graduation. Therefore, private sectors
should be supported to work with universities. In conclusion, in order to develope Group
4 issues that supported primarily are identifes as unemployment among tertiary
graduates, tertiary graduates and value-added.
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Policies for Group III Regions
As specified in Europe 2020 Growth Strategy, science, technology and innovation are
significant drivers to the end that European Union as smart, sustainable and inclusive
economy. Regarding Turkey as a country which is in EU harmonization process,
innovation in Turkey in comparison to Europe matters profoundly. For this reason, in this
part, understanding the level of group 3 regions comparing with Europe’s average is
aimed in terms of science, technology and innovation. The main goal for the group 3
regions is to increase their statistics primarily in; broadband internet accessibility, R&D
expenditure and human resources in science and technology.
Research and development expenditure, by sectors of performance % of GDP
The significance of R&D for a country or region can be understood by examining the
share of R&D expenditure in total GDP of that country or region. In Europe this rate is
around 2% where in Turkey it is 0.87 %. However, both EU and Turkey aim to increase
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this rate to 3% by 2020. As we can understand, Turkey’s aim does not reflect reality.
Besides, current tendencies show that Turkey’s rate will be around 1.5 % by 2020.
The role of the state (national and local) should be to provide and appropriate
regulatory framework that will steer social an economic forces needed to mobilize action
in R&D. Preferably the concept of the “ensuring state” to that of the “enabling state” is
more suitable. The idea of the enabling state suggest that the role of the state is
confined to stimulating others to action and than letting them get on with it. The ensuring
state is an enabling state, but one that is expected or obligated to make sure such
processes achive certain defined outcomes. In the case of R&D expenditure and HRST
the bottom line is meeting set targets for Europe 2020 goals.
On the other hand, the share of sectors in R&D expenditures is also essential. Private
sectors share in Europe is around 55% where in Turkey is 45%. The aim of EU is to
increase 67% by 2020.
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) by source of funds, % of total GERD
Business Enterprise Sector Government Sector
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The discrepancy, we see below, in the rates of gross domestic expenditure on R&D by
source of funds between Turkey and Europe, originates from structural differences in
research and development implementations between Turkey and Europe.
Higher Education Sector Private Non-profit Sector
Human Resources in Science and Technology (% of active population)
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Human Resources in Science and Technology by NUTS2 (% of active population)
Research infrastructure is central to knowledge-based innovation systems. A three-pronged approach is needed to help regions to realize their full potential: (i) develop world-class research and ICT infrastructure, building on existing regional scientific excellence through Structural Fund support, (ii) establish networks of research facilities for less research-intensive countries and (iii) develop Regional Partner Facilities (RPF). The further development and use of ICT-based e-infrastructure to interconnect and facilitate collaboration between geographically dispersed research teams and the sharing of scientific resources and knowledge is a key means of doing this.
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Broadband Accessibility and Internet Speed&Quality
The aim is to deliver sustainable economic and social benefits from a Digital Single
Market based on fast and ultra fast internet and interoperable applications, with
broadband access for all by 2013, access for all to much higher internet speeds (30
Mbps or above) by 2020, and 50% or more of European households subscribing to
internet connections above 100 Mbps.Howeveri in Turkey we are in a better position
than Europe. Although number of households with broadband internet accessibility is
lower than EU as we speak of individuals using internet for a specific period, Turkey is
way ahead of EU.
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Policies for Group II Regions
As specified in Europe 2020 Growth Strategy, science, technology and innovation
are significant drivers to the end that European Union as smart, sustainable and
inclusive economy. Regarding Turkey as a country which is in EU harmonization
process, innovation in Turkey in comparison to Europe matters profoundly. As Capello
and Lenzi (2012) stated; territorial approach is essential for regions in developing
strategies on smart specialization. As we see in the regional innovation potential index,
TR10 İstanbul; TR31 İzmir; TR41 Bursa, Bilecik, Eskisehir regions; and especially TR51
Ankara region come to forefront with their Suitability Points for Smart Specialization
policies.
When we take into consideration this relatively high level of suitability of these
regions for smart specialization, the answers of questions; what actions should be taken,
what policies should be followed and which strategies can be developed; are essential.
As a matter of fact, targets of these regions should be similar with the ones in Europe
2020 Strategy Paper.
As we examined before, Human Resources in Science and Technology (HRST)
would ideally refer to the human resources actually or potentially devoted to the
systematic generation, advancement, diffusion and application of scientific and
technological knowledge (Canberra Manual", OECD, Paris, 1995).
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Regarding the high HRST level of these regions we can entitle these regions as
regions specialized in knowledge creation. According to Capello and Lenzi (2012);
“It is obvious that maximum return to R&D investments may be the right goal for a region specialized in knowledge creation, but it cannot at the same time be the right policy goal for regions that innovate by exploiting external knowledge, or for regions that imitate innovation processes.”
To conclude, increasing the R&D investments comes forefront as most apparent
and prominent strategy for this group of regions in Turkey. Require amount of this aimed
increase was given in Europe 2020 Strategy Paper as a headline target by EU
Commission that 3% of the EU's GDP should be invested in R&D. Therefore, the main
policy for group 2 regions should be shifting their R&D Density 2% of GDP to 3%. This
target, unlike the ones belong to responsible institutions in Turkey, would be more
realistic and consistent in the situations of regions in the country.
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Conclusion
To conclude, when Turkey and Europe compared, Turkey should focus on
education problems primarily. Especially in tertiary education levels Turkey should level
with Europe 2020 targets because this is the cause of another important problem which
is high levels of youth unemployment. Besides, there is a huge difference between EU
and Turkey in terms of the participation of labor force. Moreover, insufficient higher
education level creates snowball effects of inabilities in innovation and R&D sector as
indicated above. This problem takes directly effects in economy of Turkey. In Europe the
rate of high-tech exports in total exports is ten times higher than Turkey. Yet the digital
infrastructure does not allow advancing, it is necessary to increase ICT skills and
knowledge of the European workforce and to connect all Europe online, European Union
invests in broadband infrastructure and professional development in ICT. However,
Turkey should concentrate on providing broadband access for all and supporting ICT
usage in every level of education. The situation where Turkey is much behind from
Europe results in high rates of poverty and because of this Turkey has same level of
poverty with poor European countries.
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