Name:Abhishek KumarRoll no: 13A51A02E9

Advanced Power SystemsMICRO GRID

(An Autonomous institute)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali

Aditya Institute of Technology And Management Approved by AICTE , Permanently Affiliated to JNTU ,Kakinada

TOPIC: Micro Grid

WHAT IS A MICROGRID?

A microgrid is a local energy grid with control capability, which means it can disconnect from the traditional grid and operate autonomously.

 A group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. • E nables local power generation for local loads. C omprises of various small power generating sources that makes it highly flexible and efficient.

MICROGIRD A microgrid is a small-scale power grid that can

operate independently or in conjunction with the area’s main electrical grid. 

Any small-scale localized station with its own power resources, generation and loads and  definable boundaries qualifies as a microgrid. Microgrids can be intended as back-up power or to bolster the main power grid during periods of heavy demand. Often, microgrids involve multiple energy sources as a way of incorporating renewable power. Other purposes include reducing costs and enhancing reliability.

The practice of using microgrids is known as distributed, dispersed, decentralized, district or embedded energy generation.

MICRO GRID CLASSIFICATION Most microgrids can be further described by one of four

categories:

Off-grid microgrids including islands, remote sites, and other microgrid systems not connected to a local utility network. 

Campus microgrids that are fully interconnected with a local utility grid, but can also maintain some level of service in isolation from the grid, such as during a utility outage. Typical examples serve university and corporate campuses, prisons, and military bases.

Community microgrids that are integrated into utility networks. Such microgrids serve multiple customers or services within a community, generally to provide resilient power for vital community assets.

Nanogrids comprised of the smallest discrete network units with the capability to operate independently. A nanogrid can be defined as a single building or a single energy domain.

HOW DOES A MICROGRID WORK?

To understand how a microgrid works, you first have to understand how the grid works.

The grid connects homes, businesses and other buildings to central power sources, which allow us to use appliances, heating/cooling systems and electronics. But this interconnectedness means that when part of the grid needs to be repaired, everyone is affected.

This is where a microgrid can help. A microgrid generally operates while connected to the grid, but importantly, it can break off and operate on its own using local energy generation in times of crisis like storms or power outages, or for other reasons.

A microgrid can be powered by distributed generators, batteries, and/or renewable resources like solar panels. Depending on how it’s fueled and how its requirements are managed, a microgrid might run indefinitely.

HOW DOES A MICROGRID CONNECT TO THE GRID?

A microgrid connects to the grid at a point of common coupling that maintains voltage at the same level as the main grid unless there is some sort of problem on the grid or other reason to disconnect. A switch can separate the microgrid from the main grid automatically or manually, and it then functions as an island.

WHY WOULD A COMMUNITY CHOOSE TO CONNECT TO MICROGRIDS?

A microgrid not only provides backup for the grid in case of emergencies, but can also be used to cut costs, or connect to a local resource that is too small or unreliable for traditional grid use. A microgrid allows communities to be more energy independent and, in some cases, more environmentally friendly.

HOW MUCH CAN A MICROGRID POWER?

A microgrid comes in a variety of designs and sizes. A microgrid can power a single facility like the Santa Rita Jail microgrid in Dublin, California. Or a microgrid can power a larger area. For example, in Fort Collins, Colorado, a microgrid is part of a larger goal to create an entire district that produces the same amount of energy it consumes.  

NEED OF SMART GRID

Microgrid projects are driven by factors that can be very different from one deployment to another. Some key drivers include:

Need for electrification in remote locations and developing countries

Customer need for more reliable, resilient, and sustainable service

Grid security and survivability concerns Utility needs for grid optimization, investment

deferral, congestion relief, and ancillary services Demand for lower-cost energy supplies than are locally

available (especially at remote sites, such as islands, military or mineral/resource installations, and isolated communities relying on expensive, high-polluting fuels)

Environmental, efficiency, and renewable energy benefits

CONVENTIONAL GRID VS. MICROGRID:

Conventional Grid vs. Microgrid Efficiency of conventional grid is very low as compared to Microgrid . Large amount of energy in the form of heat is wasted in conventional grid . Power sources in case of Microgrid (often referred to as Microsources ) are small and are located in close proximity to load

CHALLENGES In many areas, however, microgrids face

challenges and uncertainties across a range of issues -- including: 

Government policy, regulation,  Utility tariffs, contracting,  Financing, risk management Interconnection, interoperability Resource planning, 

System operations Technology and Fuel supply trends

DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURSES DERs and technologies available to make

microgrids work:

Gas or diesel cogeneration / CHP Fuel cells and microturbines Photovoltaic (PV) modules Wind, biomass, small hydro Storage capacity Energy management and  automation systems

CONLUSSION Future scope In the near future when cost of

Microgrid system will be affordable then Microgrids will become more popular and conventional grid will be replaced by Micro grid. Research are going such as to increase stability and reliability of the Microgrid for effecttive working. 

Micro-Grid gives chance to the use of Renewable sources of energy. Reliability is achieved due to decentralization of supply. In an event of Power Grid failure Micro-Grid is one of the best alternatives .