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Historical IntroductionHistorical Introduction
Medical MicrobiologyMedical Microbiology
Dr.N.Bharathi Santhose MD.,
Assistant Professor of Microbiology
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What is Microbiology?
Micro - too small to be seen with the naked eye
Bio - life
ology - study of
Microbiology Science about small living things
The morphology and structures Physiology
Pathogenesis and Immunology (medical microbiology)
Treatment and prevention (medical microbiology)
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Organisms included in the study
of Microbiology1. Bacteria
2. Parasites
3. Yeasts and Molds
Fungi
4. Viruses
Bacteriology
Parasitology
Mycology
Virology
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Organisms Related To Medical
Microbiology
Acellular microbes
Viruses
Prokaryotic microbes
Bacteria
Eubacteria Chlamydia
Spirochetes Rickettsiae
Mycoplasma Actinomycetes
Eukaryotic microbes
Fungi
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Brief History of Microbiology
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
In 1674 -1st person to actually see living microorganisms
wee animalcules
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Robert Hook -1678
Developed compound microscope & confirmed
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Spontaneous Generation Theory that life just
spontaneously
developed from non-livingmatter
Example:
toads, snakes and mice -
moist soil
flies and maggots - manure
and decaying flesh
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Spallanzani -1769
O pposed spontaneous generation theory
- Organic contents supported the microbial growth
when exposed to air
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Experiments to disprove Spontaneous Generation
Francesco Redi 1668
Rudolph Virchow 1858
Theory of Biogenesis - Cells can only arise
from preexisting cells
Louis Pasteur 1861
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Louis Pasteur designed special swan-necked flasks
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) French chemist
Interest in fermentation
experiments
Established that
fermentation was caused
by microbial agents
Father of Microbiology
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Important contributions Microbial theory of fermentation
Proved that life including microorganisms arise
from their like not spontaneously Principles & Practices of sterilization
Development of initial bacteriological techniques& methods
Principle of Attenuation of Micro organism Developed vaccine against chicken cholera,
Anthrax & Rabies.
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Germ theory of Diseases
1867 -Father of Antiseptic Surgery1846 discovered importance of sterilityin medical operations
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Important Contributions Perfected Bacteriological Techniques
Introduced methods for isolation of pure strains of
bacteria Introduced staining techniques for visualization ofmicroorganisms
Discovery & use of solid medium in Bacteriology
Discovery of causative agents of Tuberculosis,Anthrax & Cholera
Use of laboratory animals for ExperimentalInfections
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Kochs Postulates1. The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given disease.
2. The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture.
3. The isolated organism must reproduce thesame disease when inoculated into a healthy
susceptible animal.
4. The original organism must again bere-isolated from the experimentally infected
animal.
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Exceptions to Kochs Postulates
Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)
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Paul Ehrlich (1854 -1915) German Scientist
Father of Chemotherapy
Discovered salvarsan-as a
chemotherapeutic agent for
syphilis
Opened the new branch ofmedicine chemotherapy
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Important Contribution Refined the science of staining the organism
Identified that mycobacteria have acid fastness
nature
Proposed the theory for antibody production
Side chain theory
Introduced methods of standardizing toxin and
antitoxin
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Discovery of Virus By the end of 19th century existence of
ultra microscopic microbes was
proved
Dimitri Iwanovski (1892)
a Russian chemist
Father of Virology
Martinus Beijerinck confirmed
Walter Reed, USA (1902)
Yellow fever virus
Ist human disease of viral origin
Tobacco mosaic disease, caused by the
tobacco mosaic virus
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Contd.. Good Pasture (1930 )developed techniques for
viral cultivation in chick embryo
Ruska (1934) introduced Electron Microscope
Enders (1940) developed Tissue culture
techniques for viral isolation
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THANK YOU