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Microbiology Review
Bacteria, viruses, diseases
1. What natural host do we use to mass-produce vaccines?
• Chicken eggs/embryos
2. Why don’t we have a vaccine for the common cold?
• Cold virus is always changing/mutating
3. What killed 1/3 of the population in Europe?
• Bubonic plague• Virus or bacteria?• BACTERIA • (make sure you know your bacterial illnesses
versus viral illnesses)• Transmitted from fleas on rats
4. What farm animals help cause the mutations in the flu virus?
• Ducks and pigs• The virus gets transferred between species
and each time, it changes a little• When it gets re-transferred back to that
species, it has changed enough that the body doesn’t recognize it and sickness occurs
5. What does CDC stand for? Where is it?
• Center for Disease Control• Atlanta, GA
6. What was the Salk vaccine used for?
• Polio• Virus or bacteria?• VIRUS!
7. What did scientists do with mosquitoes they caught in the rain forest, and why?
• Caught them, froze them, crushed them up into a liquid
• Inject the liquid into rats• Observe how the rats react (do they have any
symptoms of an “emerging virus”?)• Have found 40 viral strains the world never
knew about
8. What causes AIDS?
• HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)• Retrovirus (makes DNA copy to inject into a
cell. The DNA lays hidden and cannot be targeted by any vaccine (yet!) )
• Origin: Mutation of monkey virus (monkey blood used in sacrifices/rituals)
9. What microorganism that makes you sick can you get from undercooked hamburger?
• E. coli• Virus or bacteria?• BACTERIA
10. What percent of bacteria is ‘pathogenic’? What is ‘pathogenic’?
• Less than 1%• Pathogenic = causes disease
11. What did Sadam Hussein have that we were so concerned about?
• Anthrax (biological weapon)
12. This type of bacteria causes one of the most dangerous toxins on the earth
• Botulinum bacteria – causes botulism
13. What is the specific name for how bacteria reproduce?
• Binary Fission
14. How often do bacteria reproduce?
• Every 20 minutes
15. What virus is carried by field mice?
• Hanta virus
16. Rod shaped bacteria are called?
• Bacillus (plural bacilli)
17. Spherical bacteria are called
• Coccus (plural cocci)
18. Spiral bacteria are called
• Spirilla (plural spirilli)
19. What medical treatment is used to prevent bacterial and viral infections?
• Vaccine!• Get a weakened/dead form of the virus or
bacteria• Body recognizes it and builds immune
response, but you don’t get sick• If you encounter it in the future, body has
immunity ready to go
20. What medical treatment is taken to kill a bacterial infection?
• Antibiotic• Kills the cells specifically targeted by the
antibiotic• Some bacteria develop adaptations that
protect them from the antibiotic = • Antibiotic resistance
21. The outside of a virus is called:
• Capsid
22. What is a worldwide epidemic called?
• Pandemic• Name a few pandemics that have occurred
throughout history or currently• Influenza, AIDS, malaria
23. What disease is associated with the iron lung?
• Polio• Iron lung is a pressurized chamber to help
breathing (esp children)
24. Where do you find bacteria?
• Everywhere• Soil, anywhere there is water, the air
25. How many cold viruses do people usually come in contact with in their lifetime?
• 50 different strains in your lifetime• It is an ever-changing virus so although it feels
the same each time, you are actually getting a slightly different version of the virus
26. Who discovered the first vaccine?
• Edward Jenner
27. What was the first vaccine made for?
• Small pox – how did he do it?• Edward Jenner saw that milk maids who worked
closely with cows were not getting small pox (cow pox in cows is similar to smallpox)
• He took pus from blisters of people infected with cowpox and inoculated his own son
• His son initially showed sickness, but fought it off and never contracted cowpox or smallpox again
28. What piece of equipment is necessary to view a virus?
• Electron Microscope• 7000x magnification
29. What caused the pandemic in 1918 that killed 20 million people?
• Influenza• Bacteria or virus?• VIRUS!• Why did it kill so many…
30. What was the name of the first antibiotic? Who discovered it?
• Penicillin• Alexander Fleming (British scientist)
31. Where did the first antibiotic come from?
• Mold called penicillium
32. What did bacteria remove from the Homestake Gold Mine in Lead, SD?
• Cyanide – used to dissolve gold into solution• Bacteria removed cyanide before the water
went back to the environment• Trout proved it worked
33. Describe the lytic cycle of a virus
Inyourbook…
34. Structure of a bacterium (20.2)
In your book
35. What did you learn from the bacteria lab?
• Think about…• Techniques – sterile practices, making a streak
plate, using agar to grow bacteria, using an incubator, taking bacteria samples from various locations
• Analyzing results – how do you know the product was effective?
Measuring antibiotic resistance
• Testantibiotics on
differentbacteria• Which
antibiotics areeffective?
Each disc is soaked in an antibiotic and placed on the bacteria cultureIn this case, only 1 species of bacteria is being tested to determine its resistance to various antibiotics
What kinds did you see?