Microcontroller

Presented byHasnain Heickal (07), Sabbir Ahmed(08) and Zakia Afroze Abedin(19)

Overview Microcontroller Microcontroller and Microprocessor Embedded System Internal Architecture Programming Language Applications Conclusion

Microcontroller A small computer system on a single IC First used in 1975(Intel 8048) The introduction of EEPROM in 1993, allowed

microcontrollers to be electrically erased The same year, Atmel introduced the first

microcontroller using Flash memory.

Microprocessor and Microcontroller A microcontroller is a specialized form of

microprocessor Designed to be self-sufficient and cost-

effective Microprocessor is typically designed to be

general purpose Microcontroller incorporates features of

Microprocessor (CPU, ALU, Registers) Additional features

RAM,ROM,I\O ports, counter etc. Control the operation of machine using fixed

program stored in Rom

Embedded System A computer system designed to perform one

or a few dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints.

Controlled by one or more main processing cores that is typically either a microcontroller or a digital signal processor.

Implementation of Embedded System Microcontroller

Independent System consisting of all components PLC (Programmable Logic Control)

Microcontroller or Microprocessor is the core Used in industrial projects

Microcontroller's fundamental components

The CPU core Memory (both ROM and RAM) Some parallel digital I/O

Basic microcontroller architecture (1/3)

Basic microcontroller architecture (2/3) Memory

RAM ROM Store data and code

CPU Mathematical and logical operation Memory units are called Register

Basic microcontroller architecture (3/3)• BUS– Group of 8,16 or more wires– Three type, address bus, data bus and control bus

• Input-output unit– port A, port B, port C … …– Input, output and bidirectional ports

• Serial communication• Timer unit• Watchdog– Automatic reset to prevent stall

• Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)

Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) Needs to convert analog signal to digital signal for

processing Not so fast and accurate Atmega8 contains 10 bit approximation ADC Internal and external reference voltage can used Result may from differ 2% to 3% Absolute accuracy can be achieved by using

external ADC

Block diagram of Microcontroller

Microcontroller Programming (1/3) Writing a program which is executed while the

microcontroller runs. Can be written in assembly, C or Basic

Microcontroller Programming (2/3) Assembly

Takes up least amount of spaces Best result in terms of speed

C Easier to write and understand Slower than Assembly

Basic Nearest a man’s way of reasoning

Microcontroller Programming (3/3) Microcontroller understands only hex code Any language must be converted to a

equivalent hex code The hex code may differ from architecture to

architecture

Hex code generator Used to generate the hex codes from the

language Avr tools

Simulator Shows the internal processor state as well as

the outputs Allows input signal to be generated The quickest way of debugging and analyze

problem MPLAB Proteus

Applications Is used in any smart system Suitable for light weight electronic devices Used in microwaves to automobiles Electronic locks Calculating devices Automatic ticketing system And many more

Microcontroller and Robotics Microcontrollers are vastly used in robotics Are used to control the robots Can be automated or outside controlled Limited intellegence

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