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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 1 Microscopy in Cell Biophysics Light Microscopy (200 nm) – Brightfield – Phasekontrast – Fluorescence – Advanced Electron Microscopy (1 nm) – Scanning – Transmission Scanning Probe Microscopy (AFM, STM) • Contrast • Spatial and temporal resolution • Environmental conditions
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Page 1: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 1

Microscopy in Cell Biophysics

• Light Microscopy (200 nm)– Brightfield– Phasekontrast– Fluorescence– Advanced

• Electron Microscopy (1 nm)– Scanning– Transmission

• Scanning Probe Microscopy (AFM, STM)

• Contrast • Spatial and temporal resolution• Environmental conditions

Page 2: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 2

1901W. C. Röntgen (Germany, 1845-1923)Discovery of X rays

1953F. Zernike (Netherlands)Phase-Contrast Microscopy

1986Ernst Ruska (Germany, 1906 - 1988)Gerd Binnig (Germany)Heinrich Rohrer (Switzerland)Electron microscope and raster tunnel microscope, respectively

2003 Paul C. Lauterbur (USA)Sir Peter Mansfield (United Kingdom)for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging

Nobel prizes directly related to „bioimaging“

phasencontrast (Zernike)

bright field

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 3

Grundlagen: optisches Mikroskop

Δ: Tubuslänge

Vergrößerung des Sehwinkels

Page 4: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Optisches Mikroskop

OkularObjektiv

2-100x10-20x

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 5

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 6

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 7

Immunhistochemie

Anfärbung durch „Elektroadsorption“Schichtdicken ca. 10µm

Page 8: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 8

bright field phase contrast

Normaski DIC dark field

Phase Contrast Microscopy

Page 9: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 9

Abbesche Abbildungstheorie

Entstehung einesFourierbildes in derBrennebene einer Linse

Darstellung der Hin-und Rücktransformationdurch Anordnung zweierLinsen

Page 10: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 10

OptischeDatenverarbeitungim Fourier-Raum

Originalbild

Bild mit Rasterpunkten

Entfernung der periodischenRasterpunkten durch Blendeim Fourierbild

Page 11: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 11

Das Phasenkontrastmikroskop

Kondensor

Ringblende

Probe

Objektiv

ungebeugtes Lichtgebeugtes Licht

Phasenring

Der Phasenring verschiebt dasungebeugte Licht um 90 Grad.Zusätzlich wird das ungebeugte Lichtauch noch abgeschwächt, damit dieIntensitäten der beideninterferierenden Komponentenähnlich sind.

90 Grad verschoben

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 12

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/darkfield/cardioid/index.html

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 13

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 14

Fluoreszenz

495 nm 520 nm

Stokes Shift is 25 nmFluorescein

Fluo

resc

nece

Inte

nsity

Wavelength

Chromophore (Farbstoffe) enthalten große delokalisierte π-Elektronensysteme. Oft sind dies aromatische Ringe.

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 15

Fluoreszenz

ENER

GY

S0

S1

S2

T2

T1ABS FL I.C.

ABS - Absorbance S 0.1.2 - Singlet Electronic Energy LevelsFL - Fluorescence T 1,2 - Corresponding Triplet StatesI.C.- Nonradiative Internal Conversion IsC - Intersystem Crossing PH - Phosphorescence

IsC

IsCPH

[Vibrational sublevels]

Jablonski Termschema

Vibrational energy levelsRotational energy levelsElectronic energy levels

Singlet States Triplet States

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 16

Dichroitischer Spiegel

Objektiv

Bogenlampe

Emissionsfilter

Anregungsblende

Okular

Anregungsfilter

EPI-Beleuchtung

Fluoreszenzmikroskop

Page 17: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 17

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 18

!D

D

!" #= 22,1min

Lage des ersten Beugungsminimums

Beugung an einer kreisrunden Öffnung

Page 19: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 19

Auflösungsbegrenzung durch Beugung:

Für zwei selbstleuchtende Objekte istder kleinste auflösbare Abstand Δx :

!

"

sin

61.0min

#

#=$n

x

Wobei λ die Wellenlänge undn sinα die numerische Apertur ist.(α: Öffnungswinkel der Linse)

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 20

Objective

n=1.52

n = 1.52

n = 1.52

Specimen

Coverslip

Oil

n=1.33

n = 1.52

n = 1.0

n = 1.5

Water

Air

Ölimmersion erhöht die numerische Apertur

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 21

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 22

Wellencharakter massiver Teilchen:

Page 23: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 23

Elektronen Mikroskop

vm

h

p

h==!

(de Broglie Beziehung)

em

Ue !=2

v

Uem !=2

2

1vElektronenbeschleunigung

!

" nm[ ] =h

2mee #U

=1.23

U V[ ]

z.B. 100keV λ~3pm

Page 24: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 24

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

• Operates in vacuum• Specimen usually fixed, embedded, sectioned, and stained with

an electron-dense material• typical specimen thickness 50nm

Special techniques:• Metal shadowing: visualize surface structures, cell components• Cryoelectron: visualize unfixed, unstained samples• Freeze fracture, freeze etch: visualize membrane interior• Freeze etch: visualize cell interior

Page 25: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 25

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 26

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 27

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)• Can visualize surfaces of tissues, cells, isolated cell parts• Specimen is fixed and coated with thin layer of heavy metal• Images secondary electrons, resolution = 10 nm

Page 28: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 28

STEM

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 29

A) REMB) opt. Mic. C) TEM

Drei Bildgebende Techniken im Vergleich

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 30

Negative staining and freeze fracture

actin filaments

Myosin molecules

Page 31: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 31

Page 32: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32

Helium-Ion Microscope

The helium ion beam has a DeBrogliewavelength that is approximately 300times smaller than an electron beamresulting in much less diffraction.

See low-Z materials, like carbonnanotubes, with resolution andsurface information unavailablefrom a typical SEM.Orion He-Ion Microscope (Zeiss)

Quelle: Zeiss

He++: ion beam energie : meV

Page 33: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 33

TEM Bilder sind Projektionen !

Page 34: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 34

A deconvolution algorithm subtractsout-of plane image information usingstacks of image data

Page 35: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 35

DasKonfokaleMikroskop

Objektiv

Laser

Emissionsblende

Anregungsblende

PMT

Emissions-filter

Anregunsfilter

Page 36: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 36

KonfokalKonventionellesFluoreszenzmikroskop

Page 37: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 37

Two-Photon Excitation

<P> ≈ mW P > MW => ps Pulse

Virtuallevel

Point-spreadfunction!

1.5µm

Page 38: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Single-photonexcitation(488 nm)

Two-photonexcitation(900 nm)

Because simultaneousabsorption of two photonsis required for excitation,the emission depends onthe square of the intensity,rather than being linearlyproportional.

Significant excitation occursonly in the focal volume(at “normal” imagingintensities - mW range).

F

Ix

Femtosecond pulsetrain @ 80 MHz

Two photon excitation is spatially localized

0 5 10 15 20 25

Page 39: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 39

Page 40: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 40

STED-Mikroskopie schlägt das BeugungslimitSTED:Stimulated Emission Depletion

Der Anregungsfokus wird „maßgeschneidert“.

Page 41: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 41

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 42

Electron tomographyof vitrified cells is a noninvasive three-dimensional imaging technique that opensup new vistas for exploring the supramolecular organization of the cytoplasm.

Further reading:Macromolecular Architecture in Eukaryotic CellsVisualized by Cryoelectron TomographySCIENCE VOL 298 (2002) p.1209

W. Baumeister (MPI Biochemie)

Page 43: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 43

Purification of cells and organells by flowcytometry

Requires fluorescent tag for desired cell

Page 44: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 44

Purification of cell parts

• Understanding the roles of each each cell component depends on methodsto break open (lyse) cells and separate cell components for analysis

• Cell lysis is accomplished by various techniques:blender, sonication, tissue homogenizer, hypotonic solution

• Separation of cell components generally involves centrifugation

Page 45: Microscopy in Cell Biophysics - uni-muenchen.de...Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 32 Helium-Ion Microscope The helium ion beam has a DeBroglie wavelength that is approximately 300

Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 45

Cell fractionation by differential centrifugation

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Rädler SS08 Biophysik der Zelle 46

Organelle separation by equilibriumdensity-gradient centrifugation


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