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Intel GatheringDomestic surveillance is a means to collect non-specifc

inormation or the purpose o preventing an attackthis

MUST be bulk data collection as distinguished rom the

use o an inormation or the use to prevent attack!Specifcall" #$%&'''" (IS)" and the *atriot act provide

the authorit or this in the United States!

Small +, Matthew L. Small, Presidential Fellow at the Center for the Study of the Presidency,Student at the United States Air Force Academy, now serves as an Oerational Analyst at the UnitedStates Air Force, !""# $%&is 'yes are (atchin) *ou+ omestic Surveillance, Civil Li-erties and 'ecutivePower urin) /imes of 0ational Crisis,1 Paer Pu-lished -y the Center for the Study of the Presidency,Availa-le Online at htt+22csc.nonro3tsoa-o.com2stora)e2documents2Fellows!""#2Small.df,Accessed "45665!"67, . !589

:efore one can ma;e any sort of assessment of domestic surveillanceolicies , it is 3rst necessary to narro the scope of the term %domestic

surveillance.1 Domestic surveillance is a subset o intel ligencegathering. Lin3eld 6DD", 669. /hese committeesservedto reort troo stren)th -ac; to(ashin)ton. /hese or)aniEations were loose and not rofessionally or)aniEed. (ashin)ton held domesticsurveillance in hi)h re)ards. 0early 66 ercentof(ashin)tonswar funds went into domesticsurveillance and other forms ofesiona)e $Jnott6DD=, 6@9. /he Continental Con)ressauthoriEedthe rocurement of such funds used elicitlyfor intelli)ence oerationsthrou)h the Secret Committee $Iournalsofthe Continental Con)ress 644=,D#79. /he Continental Con)ressfunded (ashin)tonsneeds withoutre?uirin) anysortof formal recountin) of the sendin) of war funds. (ashin)ton merelycommentedthat he would eend the funds %as the ei)ency of the service may re?uire1 $(ashin)ton tothe President of Con)ress9.

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:ritish troostren)th and the intentions ofthe royal crown $Jnott 6DD=, !"9. /he a-use ofthis action drew con)ressional scrutiny -ut reresentativesnever curtailed the action $Jnott 6DD=,!!9. Geli)ion also faced intrusion. (ashin)ton used Catholic rieststo suort the American war eKort.

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Attorney Heneral ma;es the certi3cations re?uired accordin) tothe (orei)nIntelli)ence Surveillance)ct N1 Iimmy Carter, 'ecutive Order 6!68D, Forei)n

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constraint. Studies show that from 6D4@ to 6D#8 Americans erceived little imact of rivacy invasion, inits rare instances, on their lives $JatE and /assone 6DD", 6!79. Simultaneously, however, Americans didnot, and still do not,64 favor wiretas re)ardless of the resence of warrants $JatE and /assone 6DD",68"56869. esite this, it aears that the u-lic realiEes the necessity of the ower of the resident toa-rid)e certain ri)hts in order to ensure national security. /he u-lic voices its concern -ut stos farshort of forcin) the )overnment to restrain itself. Le)islatures listen to the %-road climate of oinion1$Handy Ir. !""8, !#79 and that climate allows President :ush to act as he did.6# Li;e A-raham Lincoln,President :ush realiEed inade?uacy within the )overnment institutions tas;ed with ;eein) America safe

throu)h the collection of information on internal threats.

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surveillance olicies are commensurate with the actual national securitythreat. Althou)h the war has no foreseea-le end, the residents actions must have one. That endmust be in concert ith 4ongressand must demonstrate to the American eole thatthe security of the US, and -y default their own freedom, is -etter -ecause of it.

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wal;ed across the room to a small -oo;shelf. %< want to show you somethin),1 he said, and handed me a tattered coy of his fathers -oo;.

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had disallowed. On Octo-er 86st, the cover term for the ro)ram was chan)ed toS/'LLAG(

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On ecem-er 6=, !""7, the /imes -ro;e the news a-out some asects of thePresidents four5ron)ed surveillance ro)ram. After the story aeared, :ush addressed the country to defendthe P.S.P., callin) it the %/errorist Surveillance Pro)ram.1&e claimed that it had -een %thorou)hly reviewed -ythe Iustice eartment and 0.S.A.s to le)al oKicials,1 and that 0.S.A. analysts %receive etensive trainin) to insure they erform their duties consistent with the letterand intent of the authoriEation.1 (yden didnt ;now whether to -e more shoc;ed -y the details of the 0.S.A. ro)ram or -y the way he learned a-out it. %< read a-out itin the 0ew *or; /imes,1 he told me. /he /imes had uncovered many details a-out the two ro)rams that collected the content of e5mails and hone calls, and won aPulitEer for its investi)ation, -ut the two metadata ro)rams run -y the 0.S.A. were still lar)ely un;nown, even to most mem-ers of the Senate

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communications to and from the U.S./he F it no lon)er had to arove each tar)et. Con)ress assed the F

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the entire Con)ress with details a-out the metadata ro)rams. On ecem-er 6@th, the Iustice eartment sent a 3ve5a)e classi3ed document elainin) them. Mostmem-ers of the &ouse and the Senate were learnin) a-out them for the 3rst time. /he document was ;et in secure rooms for a limited eriod of time> no coies wereallowed and no notes could -e removed.

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the year, in corresondence that remains secret, he reeatedly challen)ed the 0.S.A.s contention that the ro)ram was eKective.

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htt+22www.rand.or)2content2dam2rand2u-s2mono)rahs2!""D2GA0^MH#"7.eu- , Accessed "45665!"67, . 8@58#9

(hat do we mean -ythe term domestic intelli)ence The term intelligencesparks a range o associations, many of which stem from intelli)encesconnection with the secret activities of )overnmentssee;in) to advance their interests in

international aKairs. Milli)an, Clemente, and Schader, !""=> GatcliKe, !""!> Peterson, !""79.

Use of the term intelli)ence has also sread -eyond )overnmentor)aniEationsinto rivate5sector or)aniEations and elsewhere.6 /o some, the term ismost closelassociated ith the collection o inormation> others see intelli)ence as a more )eneral

cate)ory that includes a much -roader ran)e of activities. Such varietyin the use and understandin) of theseterms complicates polic debate, and the lac; of standard de3nitionsforintelli)ence activitiesfocused on homeland security and domestic counterterrorism $C/9 eKorts has

been cited as a signifcant impediment to designing and assessingpolic in this area$Masse, !""8, !""=9.

/o )uide the wor; reorted in this volume,e defne domestic intelligence as

e7orts b government organi0ations to gather" assess" and act on

inormation about individuals or organi0ations in the United States or

U!S! personselsewhere! that are not related to the investigation o a

knon past criminal act or specifc planned criminal activit!8

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AStarting the debate at imperialism and colonialism masks

the insidious appropriation that started it all- that o the

sovereign hich determined the threshold o the 0oe and

the bias reducing citi0ens to that o the @omo Sacer)gamben %B5 Hior)io, Professor of Philosohy at Accademia di Architturadi Mendrisio, Geciient of the Pri 'uroeen de

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transformation of the constitutional concet realiEed throu)h what he calls aoliticiEation$Poliiisierun)9 of citiEenshi. (hereas -efore, social -elon)in) was de3nedrimarily -y conditions and statuses of various ;inds $no-les and mem-ers of reli)ious communities, easants and merchants, heads of householdsand relatives, inha-itants of the city and of the countryside, lords and clients9and only secondarily -y citiEenshi with theri)hts and duties it imlied , now citiEenshi as such -ecomes the olitical

criterion of social identity.

/hus was -orn 1, he writes,

a seci3cally Hree; oliticalidentity of citiEenshi. /he eectation that citiEens would -ehave ascitiEens$-`)erlich9, that is in the Hree; sense, olitically, found an institutional form. /his identity was not si)ni3cantlyrivaled -y other )rou loyalties, such as those that constituted economic, rofessional, wor;,reli)ious or other communities .... /o the etent that they would devote themselves to olitical life,

citiEens in the Hree; democracie s saw themselves rimarily as articiantsin the olis> and the olis itself was constituted essentially -y their sharedinterest in order and ustice, which was the -asis of their solidarity .. .Polisand oliteia in this sense de3ned each other . Politics thus -ecame for a relatively wide sectrum of citiEens a vital content$Le-ensinhalt9 and a form of life .. . /he olis -ecame a shere of citiEens clearly distin)uished from the home and olitics, a shere searate from the realm of necessity $anan;aia91 $Meier, 6D4D, a)e !"@9.

Accordin) to Meier,this rocess of oliticiEation of citiEenshi is seci3cally Hree; andhas -een transmitted from Hreece , with alterations and -etrayals of various ;inds, to (estern olitics .

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and the olitical institutions9, in all ;inds of ways tar)et those who do not -elon) with them on account oftheir race, class, )ender, and so on , -ut a-ove all, on account o their a o lieand a o thinking. /hese are the multitudes of eole who, for onereason or the other, are liable or scrutin and surveillance" e.tortion$tyically, in the form of over5 taation and 3nes9 and arrest" brutalit" torture" and violent death. /he

soverei)ns tar)et anyone who, as Hior)io A)am-en $6DD#9 shows with the 3)ure of homo sacer, can be killedithout being sacrifce dZ anyone who can -e reduced to the aradoical and ultimately imossi-le condition of -are life, whose only horiEon is death itself. rather, it wants not to -e dominated ./his means that it reects dominationas such. /he reection of domination also imlies the reection of violence, and < have already so;en a-ove of the meanin) of counter5violence in this sense. /o ut it another way, with Melvilles

$!"6!9 :artle-y, this other side ould preer not toE -e dominated, and it %wouldrefer not to1 -e forced into the aradi)m of violence . *et, for this reference,

this desire, to ass from otentiality into actuality, action must be taken Zan action which is a return and a going under" an uprising and ahurricane. Gevolution is to turn oneself away from the terror and violence ofthe soverei)n elites toward the horiEon of freedom and care, which is there5 eistin) ontolo)ical )round of the diKerence mentioned -y Machiavelli -etween the no-les and the eole, the 6 $touse a terminolo)y diKerent from Machiavellis9 and the DD. (hat is imortant is that the soverei)n elite and itswar machine, its olice aaratuses, its false sense of the law, be done ith.

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pro.imit to the criminalE$!"""+ 6"49and that the be dealt ith accordingl.

For this to haen, a true sense of the law must -e recuerated, one where-y the la isalso immediatel ethics./he soverei)ns will -e brought to ustice. /herocess is lon), -ut it is in many ways already underway. /he recent newsthat a human ri)hts lawyer will lead a U0 investi)ation into the ?uestion of

drone stri;es and other forms of tar)eted ;illin)$/he 0ew *or; /imes, Ianuary !@, !"689

is anindication o the act that the movement o those ho do not ant tobe dominated is not ithout e7ect.An initiative such as this is erhas necessarily timid at the outset and it may -e sidetrac;ed in manyways -y owerful interests in its course. *et,even positing, at that institutional level, the possibilitthat drone stri;es -e a form of unlawful ;illin) and war crime is a clearindication of what common reason $one is temted to say, the Heneral

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sanit, atly evo;ed caitis diminutio, which corresonds to the Hree; atimia.9/his law seems to con3rm -eyond any dou-t theosition of civil war as the threshold of oliticiEation2deoliticiEation in theHree; city. Althou)h this document is mentioned not only -y Plutarch, Aulus Hellius, and Cicero, -ut also with articular recision -y Aristotle $Ath. Const., Q

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aKection received insofar as it is in relation with another -ody .Use, in this sense, isthe aKection that a -ody receives inasmuch as it is in relation with another-ody$or with ones own -ody as other9.

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AThe a7irmative/s legalistic solution to surveillance ignores

the usion o surveillance and corporate capitalism

Morozov 13 (Evgeny, the Snowden saga heralds a radical shift in

capitalism, Financial Times, 12-27)

Following his revelations this year ao!t "ashington#s spying e$cesses, Edward Snowdennow faces

a growing wave of s!rveillance fatig!e among the p!lic- and the reason is that the%ational Sec!rity &gency contractor t!rned whistlelower has revealed too many !ncomfortale tr!ths

ao!t how today#s world wor's Technical infrastructure and geopolitical power

rampant consumerism and !i*!ito!s surveillance the lofty rhetoric of

+internet freedom+ and the soer reality of the ever-increasing internet

control - all these are interconnected in ways most of !s wo!ld rather not

ac'nowledge or thin' ao!t. nstead, we have foc!sed on !st one element in

this long chain - state spying - !t have mostly ignored all others .!t thespying debate has *!ic'ly turned narrow and !nearaly technical

iss!es s!ch as the so!ndness of /S foreign policy, the amivalent f!t!re of

digital capitalism, the relocation of power from Washington and .r!ssels

to Silicon Valley have not received due attention .!t it is not !st the

%S& that is ro'en0 the way we do -and pay for - o!r comm!nicating today is

ro'enas well &nd it is ro'en for political and economic reasons, not !st legal

and technological ones0too many governments, strapped for cash and low on infrastr!ct!ralimagination, have s!rrendered their comm!nications networ's to technology companies a tad too soon r

Snowden created an opening for a muchneeded global debate that

co!ld have highlighted many of these iss!es !las, it has never arrived The

revelations of the "S#s surveillance addiction were met with a rather

lac'l!stre$ onedimensional response !ch of this overheated rhetoric- tinged

with anti-&mericanism and channelled into !nprod!ctive forms of reform - has een !seless any

foreign leaders still cling to the fantasy that, if only the /S wo!ld promise them

a no-spy agreement, or at least stop monitoring their gadgets, the perversionsrevealed y

r Snowden wo!ld disappear ere the politicians are ma'ing the same mista'e as

r Snowdenhimself, who,in his rare !t tho!ghtf!l p!lic remar's, attri!tes those misdeeds

to the over-reach of the intelligence agencies ronically, even he might not e f!lly aware

of what he has !ncoveredThese are not isolated instances of power a!se that can

e corrected y !pdating laws, introd!cing tighter chec's on spying, !ildingmore privacy tools, or ma'ing state demands to tech companies more transparent 3f co!rse, all those

things m!st e done0 they are the low-hanging policy fr!it that we 'now how to reach and harvest &t the

very least, s!ch meas!res can create the impression that something is eing done .!t what goodare these steps to co!nter the m!ch more dist!ring trend wherey o!r

personal information- rather than money - ecomes the chief way in which we pay

for services- and soon, perhaps, everyday oects - that we !se4 %o laws and tools will protect

citizens who, inspired y the empowerment fairy tales of Silicon 5alley, are

r!shing to become data entrepreneurs, always on the loo%out for new,

*!ic'er, more pro&table ways to monetise their own data - e it informationao!t their shopping or copies of their genome These citi6ens want tools for disclosing their data, not

g!arding it %ow that every piece of data, no matter how trivial, is also an asset in disg!ise, they !st need

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to nd the right !yer 3r the !yer might nd them, o8ering to create a convenient service paid for y

their data - which seems to e 9oogle#s model with 9mail, its email service "hat el!des r Snowden -

along with most of his detractors and s!pporters - is that we might e living thro!gh a

transformation in how capitalism wor's, with personal data emerging as an

alternative payment regime The enets to cons!mers are already ovio!s the potential costs

to citi6ens are not &s mar'ets in personal information proliferate, so do the

e$ternalities - with democracy the main victimThis ongoing transition frommoney to data is !nli'ely to wea'en the clo!t of the %S& on the contrary,

it might create more and stronger intermediaries that can ind!lge its data

osession So to remain relevant and have some political teeth, the

surveillance debate must be lin%ed to debates about capitalism- or ris% obscurity in the highly legalistic ghetto of the privacy debate3ther overloo'ed dimensions are as cr!cial Sho!ld we not e more critical of the rationale, advanced y

the %S& and other agencies, that they need this data to engage in pre-emptive prolem-solving4 We

should not allow the falling costs of preemption to crowd out more

systemic attempts to pinpoint the origins of the problems that we are

trying to solve :!st eca!se /S intelligence agencies hope to one day ran'

all ;emeni 'ids ased on their propensity to low !p aircraft does not oviatethe need to address the so!rces of their discontent - one of which might e

the e$cessive !se of drones to target their fathers /nfort!nately, these

iss!es are not on today#s agenda, in part eca!se many of !s have o!ght

into the simplistic narrative - convenient to oth "ashington and Silicon 5alley - that we !st

need more laws, more tools, more transparency "hat r Snowden has revealed

is the new tension at the very fo!ndations of modern-day capitalism and

democratic life & it more imagination is needed to resolve it

2eoliberalism perpetuates structural violenceto remain

silent is to be complicit in the abuse

Springer '1((Simon, assistant %eolieralising violence0 of the e$ceptional and

the e$emplary in coalescing moments?, @oyal 9eographical Society, "iley

3nline) AA@9=

.!t what is not spo'en in Blein#s acco!nt, nor is it foregro!nded in most treatments of neolieralism in the

literat!re, is that neolieralism has gone eyond the CoorishD phase of o!r relationship t has

ecome so entrenched and comfortale in its place at the head of the tale that

neolieralism has now t!rned a!sive (.!miller 2) &!se is a form of

violence that involves the mistreatment of another (an C3therD),

leading to physical or emotional in!ry t is !tilised to e$cl!sively enet

the interests of the a!ser, and is not at all ao!t serving the interests of victims

di8erently, a!se is related to e$ercising dominance, which is a co!rse of action

that e$plicitly ettisons any sort of iopolitical logic concerned with

c!ltivating life This is precisely how neolieralism operates in a

disciplinary capacity, employing a variety of reg!latory, s!rveillance and policing mechanisms toens!re neolieral reforms are instit!ted and Cloc'ed inD, in spite of what the pop!lace might desire ( 9ill

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2012.01084.x/full#b8http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2012.01084.x/full#b16http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2012.01084.x/full#b8http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2012.01084.x/full#b16

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1GGH) 3!r silence on this !nfolding violent matrimony is what allows this

a!ser to ecome more and more s!re in the application of its

domination , and increasingly ra6en in the e$ec!tion of what has

ecome and overtly CnecropoliticalD agenda (eme 2I)To contin!e to

emrace the maligned doctrine of neolieralism and the malevolence it

!nleashes is to stay the co!rse of attery, e$ploitation and assa!lt , andto aandon those most emattled y its e$cl!sions, and most scarred

y its e$ceptional violence (ie the poor, people of colo!r, the

!nemployed, women, the lesian, g ay, ise$!al and t ransgender

comm!nity, ethnic minorities , the yo!ng and old, disaled peoples, the

homeless etc) to the f!ll f!ry of its wrath Than'f!lly geographers have een vocal intheir calls for the indictment of neolieral ideas (England and "ard 27

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versions, enterprises have the rights to !se and draw income

from their assets,whereas investment agencies own the capital and ta'e strategic

management decisions .!t each enterprise has a democratic form, and

employeesD control is one of them & conse*!ence of a

mar'et socialist policy is that companies which fail thep!lic and are clearly lac%ing in public responsibility

would be socializedM!rrently, the an'ing, energy ind!stries and rail transport wo!ld

e prime candidates conomic policies could e carried o!t within

the capitalist framewor% to restore growth and

employment t wo!ld allow forms of indicative planning to e introd!ced which wo!ld f!rther

enhance p!lic control

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o!tweighs the loss of the scope and p!rity of the socialist agenda Sociali6ation of the economy as well as

p!lic control co!ld e introd!ced in a piecemeal fashion forming a hyrid system

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TerrorismThe risk o a successul attack on the homeland is highin

the status :uo! Domestic surveillance capabilities are

absolutel vital to deterrence and disruption!

1t0ioni F%e7re 4!" *roessor o *olitical Science = Indiana-

3loomington" Director = 4enter or the Stud oDemocrac and *ublic 8ie" *h!D! = 9ale" Dissent Maga0ine"

B?L&" 1nds" Means" and *oliticsE" Spring" *ro:uest

As writers such as 0iccolo Machiavelli, Ma (e-er, Geinhold 0ie-uhr, and&annah Arendt have tau)ht, an unyieldin) concern with moral )oodnessundercuts olitical resonsi-ility . /he concern may -e morally lauda-le,reectin) a ;ind of ersonal inte)rity, -ut it suKers from three fatal aws+$69 -ut if such tactics entail imotence , then it is hard to view them asservin) any moral )ood -eyond the clean conscience of their suorters >$!9 it fails to see that in a world of real violence and inustice, moral urity isnot simly a form of owerlessness> it is often a form of comlicity ininustice . /his is why, from the standoint of olitics55as oosed to reli)ion55aci3sm is always a otentially immoral stand. and $89 it fails to see that olitics is as much a-out unintendedconse:uences as it is a-out intentions > it is the eKects of action, ratherthan the motives of action, that is most si)ni3cant. Iust as the ali)nmentwith %)ood1 may en)ender imotence, it is often the ursuit of %)ood1 that

)enerates evil. /his is the lesson of communism in the twentieth century+ itis not enou)h that ones )oals -e sincere or idealistic> it is e?uallyimortant, always, to as; a-out the eKects of ursuin) these )oals and to

ud)e these eKects in ra)matic and historically contetualiEed ways. Morala-solutism inhi-its this ud)ment.

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The ecological crunch is coming = overhelming scientifc

evidence proves an impending environmental crisis risks

e.tinction

Shearman and Smith +;

$avid Shearman T Ioseh (ayne Smith, M> Professor at University ofAdelaid, Au)ust 8", Ph and solicitor of the Sureme Court of SouthAustralia , /he Climate Chan)e Challen)e and the Failure of emocracy,Pa)es @5=, MX9

/his imendin) crisis is caused -y the acceleratin) dama)e to the naturalenvironment on which humans deend for their survival. /his is not to deny that thereare other means that may -rin) catastrohe uon the earth. Iohn Hray for eamle7 ar)ues that destructive war isinevita-le as nations -ecome loc;ed into the stru))le for diminishin) resources.

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increased human welfare and less consumtion of ener)y and materials.

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to rimacy of inte)rity and ecolo)ical virtue5 how are the necessary chan)esto come a-out Qalue chan)e reresents the -estlon)5term hoe -ut theecolo)ical crisis is not a lon)5term ro-lem. /hese chan)es have to -eintroduced :uickland -efore there has -een time to inculcate value shifts inthe oulation. /he down)radin) of ri)hts and li-erties has to be achieved

through polic and institutional chan)e, even while the ?uestion of a lon)5term chan)e of values is alsoaddressed. For -oth these tas;s what is re?uired isolitical leadershi and the institution ofthe state. /he immediate ro-lem lies in the collective action ro-lem that arises in resect of the loomin) ecolo)ical constraints oneconomic activity and the otential collase of the )lo-al commons. /he end of the )olden a)e of material a-undance, as we slide -ac;down the other side of &u--erts imle will -rin) a-out intense cometition for scarce resources. /o understand olitics under thesecircumstances, we have to turn -ac; to &o--es and :ur;e, the ol itical hilosohers who concetualised life under conditions of scarcity,and also to Plato, commended for his healthy mistrust of democracy. For Ohuls a crucial element of olitical hilosohy is the de3nition of

reality itself> olitical hilosohy carries within it an ontolo)ical comonent whichsets out the foundations of olitical ossi-ility. /he contemorary (esthe sees asde3ned -y the hilosohers of the )reat frontier Loc;e, Smith, and Mar./hese are theolitical hilosohers of a-undance. For Loc;e the roviso of always leavin) as muchand as )ood for others in aroriation could always -e met even when there was no unaroriated land left, as the roductivity of theland ut to useful wor; would always create -etter oortunities for those comin) later. Smiths invisi-le hand thesis was also deendent

uon the assumtion that the material )oods would always -e availa-le for individual to accomlish their own economic lans. For

Mar the hi)her hase of communist society arrives after the roductiveforces have ... increased with the all5round develoment of the individual,and all the srin)s of co5oerative wealth ow more a-undantly $Mar, 6D4"+ 6D9. ForOhulsthese areall the olitical hilosohies of a-undance. 'colo)ical crisis, however,returns us to the &o--esian stru))le of all a)ainst all$&eil-roner, 6D4@+ #D9. (ith ecolo)icalscarcity we return to the classical ro-lems of olitical theory that @"" years of a-normal a-undance has shielded us from $Ohuls, 6D44+

6=@9. :oth li-eralism and socialismreresent the olitics ofthis a-normala-undance and with the demise of this eriod we return to the eternalro-lems of olitics. &o--es, then, is seen as the olitical hilosoher of ecolo)ical scarcity avant la lettre. &ardins lo)icof the commons is simly a secial version of the )eneral olitical dynamic of &o--es state of nature $Ohuls, 6D44> 6@#9.

Cometition over scarce resources leads to conict, even when all thoseinvolved realise that they would -e collectively -etter oK if they could co5

oerate, to -rin) a-out the tra)edy of the commons it is not necessary that men -e -ad, only that they not -e actively )ood $Ohuls,6D44+ 6@D9.