Middle Ages700-800’s Frankish Kingdom expands-

Charlemagne as king- controls much of western Europe- defends/ spreads Catholicism encourages learning sons are weak rulers and kingdom splits

800- Violent Invasions from the Vikings in the North,

1000 Maygars and Arabs in the east. Constant danger and fear leads to the creation of the feudal system

The Feudal system-social and economic system

Social pyramid- (pics of each)

King

Noble Bishop(wealthy, land owning) (wealthy, land owning)

Knight Knight Knight Knight(fights for noble in exchange for fiefs, land)

Peasant Peasant Peasant Peasant Peasant(poor, tied to the land they work, pay large amount to knight and nobles).

Start of Feudalism

Manor- Lord’s (noble) estate Born into place in society Peasants do all the work on the manor Peasant- works the land called a fief pay high taxes to the nobles/lords and church. Receive land to farm, protection, housing Serfs could not leave the land they worked Self- sustaining- food, clothing, tools, building

material, fuel found or made on manor

Knights, Chivalry and Battle (Pg 328)

Middle Ages Europe is a battleground of Nobles fighting for land, each had private army of knights. Knights rewarded with land and peasants to work it.

700’s- Knights on horseback become common/ important part of army.

1100’s Code of Chivalry- fight bravely for Noble, God and Lady Tournaments- mock battles and war skills.

1100’s Europe is covered with Castles- homes of Lord, Lady and fortress

Battle- used Trebuchets, catapults, battering rams, siege towers, VS Arrows, boiling water, tar, lead, oil.

Literature and music idolize (make seem really nice, don’t talk about the bad stuff) Knighthood, Chivalry and Love

Feudalism spurred the rise of powerful leaders in Europe that would create large and lasting nations.

Life

The Church Clergy- religious officials stabilizing, gives sense of security, and

community in which to belong. Religious and social gatherings Religious holidays large celebrations and feasts Everyone subject to cannon law, law of the

church, courts to try those who broke laws. If you don’t you are excommunicated- kicked out

of both religious and social community, denied salvation

800- 1100 Holy Roman empire- gains strength after Charlemagne, controls Europe, continued fight for power between king and church

1000+ Reform in the church- Ending of marriage of priests Pope’s advisors create the cannon (church law) and act as

court Pope’s power increases through Europe Renewed importance in holiness and devotion to religion

1100-1300 New styles of Cathedrals- Gothic

Crusades (pg 344)-(note 346 and 347)

Pope call for people to recover Jerusalem from Muslims, protect Constantinople. Combination of nobles, knights and peasants from several European nations

1097- 1198 1st four crusades- only first two successful in capturing Jerusalem and surrounding area. Later into North Africa, however little land was gained

1000-1300 Cities, trade, learning, population expands use of horse instead of oxen, plow faster three field system, more land planted (more food) market days in town craft guilds started, bakers, tailors, glassmakers Jews- moneylending Serfs leave owners for towns University develops- scholars meet and discuss, look at others-

Greece, Rome, Muslim

Bubonic Plague1300’s Bubonic Plague- Black Death (358)

killed 1/3 of the population (25 million) started in Asia moved along trade routes 75% death rate Jews blamed Prices, wages rose, trade fell

Crusades bring back good and ideas from the middle east which creates more demand for eastern goods, and new ways of thinking, challenging old ideas. Bubonic plaque creates new appreciation for life, questioning of church.

Renaissance 1300- 1600 = rebirth- starts in Italy (1300) and moves

north and west, along trade routes (1450) Growth in cities, trade Humanism- Focus on Individual achievement, worth of a

person Antiquity- return to learning and study of classical

subjects, classical art/ architecture, ancient manuscripts rediscovered from falling Byzantine empire

Art flourishes- supported by pope, church, wealthy nobility, new techniques, Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael (420),

New World View- enjoyment of worldly pleasure- nice clothes, good food, entertainment, Secular- movement away from church but still religious

Increase in learning, studying, literature Renaissance man- skilled many areas, educated, artist, good

social skills, sing/ dance, athletic, write poetry 1440 Gutenburg invents the printing press, in 60 years

books become widely available Renaissance ideas continue to influence European

thought, belief in the dignity of the individual played a key role in the gradual rise of democratic ideas. (417)

How did the Renaissance influence/ help to create the reformation? Pg 428

Reformation- splitting of the Christian faith1500’s Problems in the church- popes/ clergy spent lots of money and lived extravagantly/ richly

while the poor starved clergy- often committing sins- gambling, drinking, affairs with

women call for reform from within widely available Bible for people to read for themselves1517 a monk named Martin Luther- enraged over some of the

churches actions wrote a paper criticizing the church and hung it on the door so that someone could debate him

Luther’s statements gain popularity Main points-

Salvation through faith alone Church teachings based on Bible All people were equal and able to read and understand the Bible for

themselves

Protestantism is born- many new groups are born- Lutheran, Calvinism, Church of England- fighting breaks out between groups

Catholics respond with reform- pope reforms- Council of Trent

Luther is excommunicated- but not as serious of a threat that it used to be- trial of Worms, later hid by German prince

Legacies- Challenge of authority (pope) Individual reading and thinking for themselves Exposure to new ideasWhy is the Reformation significant? This is the start of the revolutions against the church.

Smashing tradition- held strong for almost 1000 years. The church is beginning to lose political power.

Renaissance- Exploration