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Census Data Dissemination Workshop

Migration Profile of Tripura

Indraneel Bhowmik

Venue: Tripura University, Agartala

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Migration Profile of Tripura

Migration means movement from one place

to another.

In Economics, migration is movement fromone place to another for an economic

activity.

Theories on Migration in most cases havebeen regarding developing countries.

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Migration

Rural to Urban

1. Urban- rural incomedifferential

2. Probability of Obtaining

an urban job

3. Unemployment in therural sector

Migration

Rural to Rural

1. Lack of opportunities2. Lack of agricultural

land

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Major literature on Migration ---- Arthur Lewis ( Economic Development with Unlimited

Supplies of Labour, 1954)

Michael Todaro ( A Model of Labour Migration and UrbanUnemployment , 1969)

John Harris & Michael Todaro (Migration, Unemploymentand Development: A Two-Sector Analysis1970)

T.W. Schultz ( Agriculture in an Unstable Economy, 1945)

Gustav Ranis and John Fei ( A Theory of EconomicDevelopment1961)

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Major literature on Migration ----(contd.) G. Fields ( Rural- Urban Migration, Urban Unemployment

and Underemployment, and Job Search Activity in LDCs,1975)

L.Y.L.Yap (The Attraction of Cities: A Review of theMigration Literature,1977)

A.S. Oberai & H.K. Manmohan Singh (Migration,Employment and the Urban Labour Market: A Study in the

Indian Punjab1984) Biswajit Banerjee ( Information flow, expectations and job

search: rural-to-urban migration process in India, 1984)

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Migration Profile of Tripura

Migrants by place of birth are those whoare enumerated at a village/town at the time

of census other than their place of birth.

Migrant by place of last residence are

those who have changed their place of livingduring the interim period of census.

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Migration Profile of Tripura

In 1991ExcludedJ&KNote:

-11.66.96.1Abroad

54.527.242.3Inter-state

29.559.176.8Inter-district

32.6136.2181.7Intra-district

216.7Female

90.4Male

32.9229.8307.1Persons

Variation

(%)

1991

Census

2001

Census

Total

Migrants

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Migration Profile of Tripura

Reasons _- All India level

Work/ Employment..14.7%

Business 1.2%

Education.. 3.0%

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Migration Profile of Tripura

Marriage.... 43.8%

Moved after birth.. 6.7%

Moved with household.. 21.0%

Other. 9.7%

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Migration Profile of Tripura

Marriage is the most important cause for

migration among females.

Work/Employment is the most importantreason for migration among males.

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Migration Profile of Tripura

International Migration

97% of the migrants from the neighbouringcountries

3.0 million from Bangladesh, 0.9 million fromPakistan, 0.5 million from Nepal and 0.1 millionfrom Sri Lanka

Considerable migration from China

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Migration in India- four types Rural to Rural: 56.52%

Rural to Urban: 21.74%

Urban to Rural: 6.57%

Urban to Urban: 15.16%

N.B.- Computed from Table D-2, Census of Indiaexcluding international and unclassified migrants

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Migration Profile of Tripura

Intra state migrants

Rural to Rural: 60.5%

Rural to Urban: 17.6%Urban to Rural: 6.5%

Urban to Urban: 12.3%

Unclassified: 3.1%

Inter state migrants

Rural to Rural: 26.6%

Rural to Urban: 37.9%Urban to Rural: 6.3%

Urban to Urban: 26.7%

Unclassified: 2.6%

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Migration Profile of Tripura

Rural to Rural Migration Bihar, Jharkhand,Uttar Pradesh, Assam

Rural to Urban Migration- Mizoram, Jammu& Kashmir, Maharastra, Tamil Nadu

Urban to Rural Migration- Goa, Kerala,Sikkim, Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh

Urban to Urban Migration- Tamil Nadu, Goa,Mizoram, Nagaland

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Migration Profile of Tripura

Tripura Total Migrants- 961,653

Male- 42%, Female-58%

National - 72.69% (M-38.42%,F-61.58%)

Within State-90.89% (M-37.48%, F- 62.52%)

Within District-84.38%(M-37.03%,F- 62.97%)

Other States- 63778 (M-47.83%, F- 52.17%) Other Districts- 99369(M-39.88%, F- 60.12%)

International 27.21% (M-51.59%, F-48.41%)

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Migration Profile of Tripura

Maximum number of immigrants from-

Mizoram(28,292), followed by Assam

(17827).

No immigrants from Daman &Diu,

Lakshadeep, Dadra & Nagar and

Pondicherry.

International immigrants from Bangladesh,

Nepal, Burma, Pakistan etc.

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Migration Profile of Tripura

Out migrants from Tripura during 1991-2001:23,538.

In-migrants from other states( 1991-2001):40,262.

In migrants from abroad (1991-2001):11,246.

5 migrants from Europe.

65509 migrants in Agartala- 32237 males &33272 females.

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Migration Profile of Tripura

Causes of Migration:

27.9755.4639.52Others

21.5527.3623.99Moved with household

0.370.790.55Moved after birth

48.002.0328.69Marriage

0.461.550.92Education

0.152.050.95Business1.4910.765.38Work / Employment

FemaleMalePersonsCauses (in %)

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Causes for International migration

29.4149.3539.70Others

46.5941.9444.19Moved with household

0.180.460.24Moved after birth22.530.6511.26Marriage

0.150.700.44Education

0.191.530.88Business

0.885.523.28Work / Employment

FemaleMalePersonsCauses (in %)

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Migration Profile of Tripura

Others is the most important factor formigration in Tripura.

It includes widespread internaldisplacement due to insurgency andethnic unrest.

More than 10000 persons have

migrated from Takarjala & Jampuijala.

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Migration Profile of Tripura

Several persons in the state who havebeen forced to migrate due toexogenous factors for more than twice.

Huge migration from areas once usedfor resettlement of refugees after

partition.

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Migration from Mizoram is highest for other

causes.

Male majority migration from Mizoram andBangladesh.

More migration in the offing- regrouping of

villages by the state government.

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Migration Profile of Tripura

More than 30% of the people in the state areconsidered to be migrants.

Marriage is the most important cause forintra state migration.

Out migration from the state mostly to WestBengal.

Second to Arunachal in terms of migrationrate.

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