Date post: | 26-Oct-2014 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | vaibhav-mehta |
View: | 92 times |
Download: | 8 times |
MITHI MORPHOSIS
University Seat Number:
TYBSc
Life Sciences
MITHI MORPHOSIS
CONTENTS‘MITHI’ morphosis! Biggest ever river rejuvenation
experiment in Mumbai!!! Will it succeed???
ABSTRACT:.........................................................................2
ARTICLES............................................................................4
OBJECTIVE:.........................................................................6
EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED:.........................................6
MATERIALS:.......................................................................6
METHOD:.............................................................................7
RESULT:.............................................................................11
OVERALL RESULTS......................................................15
DISCUSSION......................................................................16
CONCLUSION...................................................................18
INTERVIEW.......................................................................19
REFERENCES....................................................................20
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................21
Page 1
MITHI MORPHOSIS
‘MITHI’ morphosis! Biggest ever river rejuvenation experiment in Mumbai!!!
Will it succeed???
ABSTRACT:
River eco systems play a vital role, inter alia, in protecting a city from natural calamities like
floods. However, Mithi river, located in Mumbai, has long been famous for its stink, filled
with debris and sewage. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the changes in the
water quality in the river Mithi in response to the probiotic treatment viz., PERSNICKETY
713 being executed, at present, by government of Maharashtra to reduce odour, sludge, silt
and to improve its purity.
The treatment PERSNICKETY 713 is a Bioremediation process, wherein the
anaerobic micro-organisms that are introduced into the water would purify the water with
respect to its colour, odour and decrease the levels of the pollutants in Mithi river and bring
back the quality to its best uses. Water samples were collected from two different areas of
the river - one where the probiotic solution is diffused directly from the tanks through pipes
into the river and the second sample from Vakola Nullah, up-stream, in order to determine
the physical, chemical and microbial properties of water. These samples were then compared
and results were obtained. It was observed from our study that bioremediation treatment was
indeed effective during the period under study, and the levels of BOD, COD and other
elements such as phosphorus were in accordance with the standard WHO values
Page 2
MITHI MORPHOSIS
INTRODUCTION: Mithi River also known as Mahim River is located in Salsette Island on which the
Mumbai city is situated. The river is 18 km long and actually the merging of the tail water
that is discharged from the Pawai and Vihar lakes. It is a seasonal river which feeds on
monsoons. It merges with Arabian Sea at Mahim creek. The area where the river meets
Arabian Sea is a nominated bird sanctuary where migratory birds come for nesting. This part
is full of mangroves. As it is polluted today, it has been used as a sewer over the years, its
importance as a storm water drain has reduced.
How the river got polluted?
Citizens have dumped raw sewage, industrial waste and municipal waste into the
river. Besides this, illegal activities like washing vessels, animals and oily drums, discharge
of unauthorized hazardous waste are also carried out along the course of this river. The
organic waste, sludge and garbage dumping has reduced the carrying capacity of the river.
The water with mixture of sewage and industrial waste has caused death of aquatic fauna.
It is for this reason that an anoxic (anaerobic decomposition) bioremediation process
has been undertaken to clean up the river and reduce its odour. The organic matter which is
decomposed with the help of biological products to remove the pollution is called
“bioremediation”. Hence a probiotic solution named Persnickety 713 is used. It is precisely
balanced blend of naturally occurring strict and facultative anaerobic live bacterial strains that
start dispersing immediately as diluted in water. This is highly effective biological product to
control odour generation and emission and to reduce BOD, COD and oil accumulation in
sewage, polluted water and solids.
Page 3
MITHI MORPHOSIS
ARTICLES
1) MUMBAIMMRDA looks at new ways to rid Mithi of stink
July 14, 2010 | TNN
MUMBAI: A Rs 1.2-crore experiment has not been able to rid the Mithi of its stink. So the MMRDA is back to its favorite olfactory laboratory in the city, the bed of the Mithi. The MMRDA will commission on July 23 a new experiment to stop the stench at the Vakola nullah. "Earlier, the Florida-based Environmental Consulting & Technology Inc (ECT) had installed two machines to purify a 300-metre stretch of the Mithi in BKC a year ago. Though it improved the water quality and removed the stink, it was not an effective solution to treat the massive quantity of flowing water," said MMRDA commissioner Ratnakar Gaikwad . The new method will diffuse the poisonous gases in the river to bring down the biological oxygen demand (BOD).
2) MUMBAI
Mithi river project set to get costlier by Rs 1.15 crore
December 6, 2011 | Shawan Sen, TNN
MUMBAI: The Mithi River Development Project Phase 2 is set to get a little more expensive. The civic administration has floated a Rs 1.15 crore proposal to allow the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT-B) to check for the presence of rocks on the riverbed. The proposal will be tabled in the civic standing committee this week. The project involves the construction of a retaining wall, beautification along the river and constructing service roads.
3) MUMBAI
Discord over who will desilt Mithi river as rains near
Ashley D'Mello May 13, 2011, 12.54am IST, DNA
MUMBAI: With only three weeks to go before the monsoon hits the city, there is discord over who should desilt the Mithi River, which had flooded its banks, causing havoc and destruction in 2005.
The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA), which is in charge of part of the river's desiltation and beautification, had made it clear that it was not interested in doing the work, and felt it should instead be done by the municipal corporation. The state government has not taken a clear stand on the issue.
Page 4
MITHI MORPHOSIS
4) MUMBAI
Choked Mithi joins world river conscience
25 March 2010, Hindustan Times
About 50 people joined a world movement to perform the Wild River Dance near the
badly polluted Mithi River, to bring in World Water Day, which was last Monday. Gathering
at Vakola Nullah, they recorded individual dances on video, to be later uploaded on the
website of International Rivers, a California-based welfare group working to save the rivers
of the world. The idea of the movement is to focus awareness on local water bodies, and get
people to appreciate them.
The Wild River Dance contest was launched by the group on International Day of
Action for Rivers on March 14. Concerned citizens from across the world were invited to
dedicate a recorded dance at a river near them. The videos will be put together and aired on
US television.
Janak Dafftary of the NGO Mithi Nadi Sansad, who organised the programme, said:
“For the first time, the Wild River Dance will take the problem of Mithi’s pollution before a
world community.”
5) MUMBAIRemove debris from Mithi river in 10 days: HC
Mumbai, December 03, 2011, HT Correspondent, Hindustan Times
The Bombay high court has given the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development
Authority (MMRDA) and the state government 10 days to rid the Mithi River of debris and
encroachment. Despite this, both the government and the civic agency have conveyed their
inability to evict encroachers from around the river.
The counsel for MMRDA argued that mangroves weren't always present around the
Mithi and it was the civic agency that had planted 10 lakh mangrove saplings. “You have to
maintain it then,” justice Dalvi told the MMRDA.
Page 5
MITHI MORPHOSIS
Page 6
MITHI MORPHOSIS
OBJECTIVE: To check the working of the probiotic solution in reducing the pollution in the river
and to create awareness amongst the people as crores of rupees of public money is
involved.
EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED:I. Biological: colour, odour, pH, turbidity, hardness.
II. Chemical: DO, BOD, COD and estimation of phosphorus.
III. Bacteriological: Coliform count using most probable number (MPN)
MATERIALS:- Total Hardness :
0.01M EDTA, Alkaline Buffer – Ph1, Erichrome black T indicator, Burette,
Pipettes and Conical Flask.
- DO :
0.025N Sodium Thio Sulphate, Winkler’s A Reagent, Winkler’s B Reagent,
Starch, Conc.H2SO4, Conical Flask, Pipettes, Beaker, and Amber Coloured
Bottles.
- BOD :
0.025N Sodium Thio Sulphate, Winkler’s A Reagent, Winkler’s B Reagent,
Starch, Conc.H2SO4, Conical Flask, Pipettes, Beaker, and Amber Coloured
Bottles.
- COD :
80N KMnO4, 1:4 H2SO4, 80N Na2S2O3, KI, Starch Indicator, Burette, Pipettes
and Conical Flask.
- Estimation of Phosphorous:
Standard Phosphorus, Distilled Water, Ammonium Molybdate, ANSA,
Colorimeter. Cuvettes, Pipettes and Test tubes.
Page 7
MITHI MORPHOSIS
- MPN :
Sterile Double strength Mac Conkey’s broth, Sterile single strength Mac
Conkey’s broth, Sterile pipettes, Sterile tubes, Durham’s tube, Platinum loop
and Mac Crady’s table.
METHOD:I. BIOLOGICAL:
- Colour, odour and turbidity are checked.
- pH is checked using pH meter.
- For Total Hardness :
i. Take 10ml of sample into a conical flask.
ii. Add 1ml of alkaline buffer solution and mix well.
iii. Add a pinch of Erichrome black T indicator. At this point the solution
turns purple or wine red.
iv. Titrate against o.o1M EDTA solution.
v. At the end point, colour changes from wine red to blue
II. CHEMICAL:
- DO :
i. Fill the DO bottles with the sample avoiding any air bubbles
ii. Add 2ml of Winkler’s A reagent and 2ml of Winkler’s B reagent to the
sample.
iii. Replace the stopper of the Do bottles without allowing air bubbles to
enter
iv. Invert the bottle and mix the contents thoroughly.
v. Allow the flocks to settle for a few minutes.
vi. Remove the stopper and add 2ml of conc. H2SO4 carefully to dissolve
the flocks. Mix well till the liberated I2 is uniformly dispersed.
vii. Take 100ml of sample in a conical flask and titrate against 0.025N
Na2S2O3 till the pale yellow colour appears.
Page 8
MITHI MORPHOSIS
viii. Add a few drops of starch indicator and continue titrating till the blue
colour disappears.
- BOD :
i. Incubate the sample water in BOD bottles filled completely for 5 days
at 20oc
ii. Fill another BOD bottle with the sample water. This is the non-
incubated sample
iii. Add 2ml of Winkler’s A reagent and 2ml of Winkler’s B reagent to the
samples.
iv. Replace the stopper of the bottles without allowing air bubbles to enter.
v. Invert the bottles and mix the contents thoroughly.
vi. Allow the flocks to settle for a few minutes.
vii. Remove the stopper and add 2ml of conc. H2SO4 carefully from the
sides of the bottles to dissolve the flocks. Mix well till the liberated I2
is uniformly dispersed.
viii. Take 100ml of each sample in separate conical flask and titrate against
0.025N Na2S2O3 till the pale yellow colour appears.
ix. Add a few drops of starch indicator and continue titrating till the blue
colour disappears.
- COD:
i. Take 10ml of water sample in a conical flask (B). Dilute the sample to
50ml using distilled water (i.e. 40ml).
ii. Take a 50 ml of distilled water in a 250 ml conical flask (A).
iii. Add 10 ml of 1:4 H2SO4 and add 40ml of 80N kmno4 in each flask.
iv. Mix well by gentle rotation and plug it with cotton.
v. Place it in hot water bath at 70ocfor 30 min.
vi. Cool and add 3.5gms of KI in each flask and gently swirl till it
dissolves. Plug it again and keep it for 30 mins.
vii. Titrate against 80N nas2o3 using starch indicator.
Page 9
MITHI MORPHOSIS
- For estimation of phosphorous :
Follow the given table:
Tube
No.
Standard
phosphorus
(ml)
D/W
(ml)
Ammonium
molybdate
(ml)
ANSA
(ml)
Amount of
phosphorus
(mg/ml)
1 - 5.0 1 0.4 -
2 0.5 4.5 1 0.4 0.004
3 1.0 4.0 1 0.4 0.008
4 1.5 3.5 1 0.4 0.012
5 2.0 3.0 1 0.4 0.016
6 2.5 2.5 1 0.4 0.020
7 3.0 2.0 1 0.4 0.024
8 3.5 1.5 1 0.4 0.028
9 4.0 1.0 1 0.4 0.032
10 4.5 0.5 1 0.4 0.036
11 5.0 - 1 0.4 0.040
Probiotic
sample5.0 - 1 0.4 -
River
sample5.0 - 1 0.4 -
Page 10
MITHI MORPHOSIS
III. BACTERIOLOGICAL
- Coliform count using Most Probable Number
i. Using a sterile pipette, add the following amounts of sample water
a) 10ml of water sample to each of the 5 tubes with 10ml of sterile
double strength Mac conkey’s broth.
b) 10ml of water sample to each of the 5 tubes with 10ml of sterile
single strength Mac conkey’s broth.
c) 0.1ml of water sample to each of the 5 tubes with 10ml of sterile
single strength Mac conkey’s broth.
ii. Incubate all the tubes for 37oc for 24 hours.
iii. After incubation examine all the tubes for:
Growth
Acid production (a pink colouration of Mac conkey’s
broth)
Gas (trapped in durham’s tube)
iv. Now derive the Mac crady index
v. Now refer to Mac crady’s table to determine the most probable number
Page 11
MITHI MORPHOSIS
RESULT:I. BIOLOGICAL
Thus colour, odour, turbidity, pH for the two samples were observed.
- Total hardness
1) Solution in burette: 1M EDTA
2) Solution in conical flask: 10ml sample + 1ml alkaline buffer solution
3) Indicator: Erichrome Black T
4) End point: Wine red to blue
5) Pilot reading: R.S. = 1.0 cm3 to 2.0 cm3
P.S. = 4.0 cm3 to 5.0 cm3
Observation table:
Sr.no.Initial reading
(cm3)
Final reading(cm3)
Difference(cm3)
C.B.R(cm3)
R.S P.S R.S P.S R.S P.S1 0.0 7.9 22.9 7.9 22.9
7.9 22.92 0.0 7.9 22.9 7.9 22.93 0.0 7.9 22.9 7.9 22.9
Therefore, total hardness due to calcium in river sample is 320.4 mg/L and in
probiotic sample is 921.8 mg/L.
II. CHEMICAL
- DO:
1) Solution in burette: 0.025N Na2S2O3
2) Solution in conical flask: 100ml of sample + Winkler’s A + Winkler’s B
+ Conc. H2SO4
3) Indicator: 1% Starch solution
4) End point: Blue to colourless
5) Pilot reading: nil
Page 12
MITHI MORPHOSIS
a) For Plain River Water:
CBR = 0.0 cm3
b) For Probiotic Sample
CBR = 0.0 cm3
Therefore, dissolved oxygen was found to be nil for both samples.
- BOD:
1) Solution in burette: 0.025N Na2S2O3
2) Solution in conical flask: 100ml of sample + Winkler’s A + Winkler’s B +
Conc. H2SO4
3) Indicator: 1% Starch solution
4) End point: Blue to colourless
For non incubated samples:
(R.S. - river sample; P.S. –probiotic sample)
Pilot reading: R.S. = 1.0cm3 – 2.0cm3
P.S. = 0.0cm3 – 1.0cm3
Observation table:
Sr.no.Initial reading
(cm3)
Final reading(cm3)
Difference(cm3)
C.B.R(cm3)
R.S P.S R.S P.S R.S P.S1 0.0 1.4 0.6 1.4 0.6
1.4 0.62 0.0 1.4 0.6 1.4 0.63 0.0 1.4 0.6 1.4 0.6
For incubated samples (after 5 days):
(R.S. - river sample; P.S. –probiotic sample)
Pilot reading: R.S. = 0.0cm3 – 1.0cm3
P.S. = 0.0cm3 – 1.0cm3
Observation table:
Sr.no.Initial reading
(cm3)
Final reading(cm3)
Difference(cm3)
C.B.R(cm3)
R.S P.S R.S P.S R.S P.S1 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3
Page 13
MITHI MORPHOSIS
2 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.33 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3
Therefore, BOD was 0.9 mg/L for river sample and 0.3 mg/L for probiotic
sample by calculations.
- COD
For blank-
1) Solution in burette: N/80 Na2S2O3
2) Solution in conical flask: 50ml of d/w + 10 ml of 1:4 H2SO4 + 40ml
KMnO4 + 3.5g KI
3) Indicator: 1% Starch solution
4) End point: Blue to colourless
5) Pilot reading: 38.0cm3 to 39.0cm3
Observation table:
Sr.no.Initial reading
(cm3)Final reading
(cm3)Difference
(cm3)C.B.R(cm3)
1 0.0 38.1 38.138.12 0.0 38.1 38.1
3 0.0 38.1 38.1
For sample water-
1) Solution in burette: N/80 Na2S2O3
2) Solution in conical flask: 40ml of d/w + 10 ml of sample 1:4 H2SO4 +
40ml KMnO4 + 3.5g KI
3) Indicator: 1% Starch solution
4) End point: Blue to colourless
(R.S. - river sample; P.S. –probiotic sample)
5) Pilot reading: R.S. = 31.0cm3 to 32.0cm3
P.S. = 32.0cm3 to 33.0cm3
Observation table:
Sr.no. Initial reading(cm3)
Final reading(cm3)
Difference(cm3)
C.B.R(cm3)
Page 14
MITHI MORPHOSIS
R.S P.S R.S P.S R.S P.S1 0.0 31.7 32.0 31.7 32.0
31.7 32.02 0.0 31.7 32.0 31.7 32.03 0.0 31.7 32.0 31.7 32.0
Therefore, COD for river sample is 64 mg/L and for probiotic sample is 61
mg/L.
- Estimation of phosphorus
Tube
No.
Standard
phosphorus
(ml)
D/W
(ml)
Ammonium
molybdate
(ml)
ANSA
(ml)
Amount of
phosphorus
(mg/ml)
OD at
660nm
1
(blank)- 5.0 1 0.4 - 0.0
2 0.5 4.5 1 0.4 0.004 0.01
3 1.0 4.0 1 0.4 0.008 0.09
4 1.5 3.5 1 0.4 0.012 0.16
5 2.0 3.0 1 0.4 0.016 0.23
6 2.5 2.5 1 0.4 0.020 0.29
7 3.0 2.0 1 0.4 0.024 0.36
8 3.5 1.5 1 0.4 0.028 0.42
9 4.0 1.0 1 0.4 0.032 0.49
10 4.5 0.5 1 0.4 0.036 0.55
11 5.0 - 1 0.4 0.040 0.62
Probiotic
sample5.0 - 1 0.4 - 0.14
River
sample5.0 - 1 0.4 - 0.43
Therefore, the amount of phosphorus present in the river sample is 29 mg/L and
in the probiotic sample is 9 mg/L.
Page 15
MITHI MORPHOSIS
OVERALL RESULTS
SR.NO. TESTSPLAIN RIVER
WATER
SAMPLE WHERE
PROBIOTIC SOLUTION
IS ADDED
I BIOLOGICAL1 COLOR Colorless Colorless
2 ODOUR Strong rotten egg odour No specific odour
3 TURBIDITY Slightly turbid No turbidity
4 pH 6.24 7.32
5 TOTAL HARDNESS 320.4 mg/L 921.8 mg/L
II CHEMICAL1 DO Nil Nil
2 BOD 0.9 mg/L 0.3 mg/L
3 COD 64 mg/L 61 mg/l
4 PHOSPHORUS 29 mg/L 9mgL
III BACTERIOLOGICAL1 MPN >1800/100ml >1800/100ml
Page 16
MITHI MORPHOSIS
DISCUSSIONWater quality assessment remains a useful tool for pollution control. Observations of
some of the physical and chemical properties are presented in the table.
BOD tests only measure biodegradable fraction of the total potential DO consumption of a water sample, while COD tests measure the oxygen demand created by toxic organic and inorganic compounds as well as by biodegradable substances [Sawyer et al., 1994; Donaldson, 1977).
High BOD levels indicate decline in DO (Table 1) because the oxygen that is available in the water is being consumed by the bacteria leading to the inability of fish and other aquatic organisms to survive in the river. The high BOD/COD ratios indicate that water is polluted and is relatively biodegradable. The high concentrations of phosphates in river waters indicate that the polluted Mithi river will eventually lead to the quick growth as well as death of plants and algae.
The treated river water samples however showed an improved BOD/COD levels indicating the decrease in the aerobic microbial growth. The decrease in the phosphorous levels also shows the efficacy of the treatment. After the probiotic treatment, it was observed that there is a significant improvement in the physical properties of the water like Odour, turbidity, pH, etc. which again proves the efficacy of the treatment.
Page 17
MITHI MORPHOSIS
Page 18
OD
OU
R CO
NTR
OL
AND
TO
XICI
TY
CON
TRO
L
P E R S N I C K E T Y R
7 1 3
CORR
OSI
ON
CO
NTR
OL
C O S T E F F E C TI V E
OIL
AN
D
GRE
ASE
CON
TRO
L
SL U D G E C O N T RE C O
F R I E N D L Y
A LL
P E R F O
MITHI MORPHOSIS
CONCLUSION The sample containing the probiotic solution has decreased concentration of odor and
silt to a large scale. The high readings of total hardness and coli form count show that Mithi river water is
not potable for household as well as for industrial use, as said by the project officials. The WHO (1971) permissible standard for phosphate is 0.4 mg/l. The high readings
indicate that the polluted waters have above the permissible levels. However after the probiotic treatment the marginal decrease in the levels indicates that the treatment is effective.
Page 19
MITHI MORPHOSIS
INTERVIEWIn order to get more knowledge MMRDA’s main aim behind the project and to know the
working of persnickety a few questions were asked to the project head Mr. S.V. Arlikar,
Superintendent engineer, MMRDA and his colleague Mr. S.R. Patil, Executive engineer,
MMRDA and their team to give us more details on the project and we came to know that:
1) Before persnickety oxygenators named DYNAMOX units were planted. These units
were removed because they didn’t gave approximate results. Only during the initial ½
hr ,i.e. only during the diffusion of liquid oxygen. As soon as its working was ceased,
the river again started to stink and became polluted.
2) The latest used is a bioremediation method in which certain probiotic factors are
implanted so that non aerobic environment in river gets converted to aerobic bacteria.
In this method aerobic bacteria feeds on anaerobic bacteria. This reduces odour and
pollution and suppresses an aerobic bacterial growth.
3) This idea came to them from an incident that occurred in Virar where probiotic
powder was added and thus the river was cleaned.
4) Earlier the dissolved oxygen in the river was 0mg/l, but thanks to this method the
expected rise in DO is 2mg/l per month.
5) After cleanup the water will not be portable.
6) Due to inflow and outflow of water the solution is to a greater extent mixed.
7) This project is conducted in the entire river under the MMRDA control.
8) The basic chemical tests performed are DO, BOD, COD, pH and ammonia.
9) The residents and the industries still continue to leave waste and effluents in the river
thus polluting the water.
10) The company providing the PERSNICKETY 713 solution is JM Enviro Technologies
Pvt. Ltd.
11) This method is still on trial and error method for a period of 6 months.
12) If this method is successful then the river will start to clean itself further because of
the thermal rays. This is not possible now due to the black coloration caused by
sludge, sewage and silt deposited not allowing the sun rays to pass through.
Page 20
MITHI MORPHOSIS
REFERENCES1. Asadi SS, Azeem S, Prasad AVS, Anji RM (2008). Analysis and mapping of soil
quality in Khandaleru catchment area using remote sensing and GIS. Curr. Sci., 95(3): 391-396.
2. Sawyer, C.N. Mc Carty, P.L. and Parkin, G.F. 1994.Chemistry for Environmental Engineering 4th Ed. McGraw- Hill Int. Editions.
3. Trivedy RK, Goel PK (1986). Chemical and Biological methods for water pollution studies. Env. Publishing, Karad, India.
4. World Health Organization (WHO, 1971): International standards for drinking water. 3rd edition. World Health Organisation, Geneva
Page 21
MITHI MORPHOSIS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Mr. S. V. R. Srinivas
IAS, AMC, MMRDA
Mr. S.V. Arlikar
Supritendent engineer, MMRDA
Mr. S.R. Patil
Executive engineer, MMRDA
And their team to give us more details on the project
Mrs. Yasmina Dordi Avari
Head of Life Science Department
Jai Hind College
For permitting us to perform the practical in the lab
Mrs. Srilatha Srinivas
Assistant professor, Jai Hind College
For guiding us through out the project
Page 22