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Source Rocks Evaluation of Sidi Salem-1 Well in the Onshore Nile DeltaEgyptM. M. El Nadya; F. M. HarbaaEgyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Hei Al-Zehour, Cairo, Egypt

Online publication date: 03 August 2010

To cite this ArticleNady, M. M. El and Harb, F. M.(2010) 'Source Rocks Evaluation of Sidi Salem-1 Well in the OnshoreNile Delta, Egypt', Petroleum Science and Technology, 28: 14, 1492 1502

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Petroleum Science and Technology, 28:14921502, 2010

Copyright Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute

ISSN: 1091-6466 print/1532-2459 online

DOI: 10.1080/10916460903096848

Source Rocks Evaluation of Sidi Salem-1 Wellin the Onshore Nile Delta, Egypt

M. M. EL NADY1

AND F. M. HARB1

1Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Hei Al-Zehour,

Cairo, Egypt

Abstract Ten core samples representing the subsurface formation of Sidi Salem well

No. 1, in the onshore Nile Delta, Egypt. The samples were subjected to comprehensive

organic geochemical studies (such as rock-eval pyrolysis, gas chromatograph [GC]and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [GC-MS]) aiming to evaluate potentialsource rocks, organic matters types, depositional environments, and maturation. The

results revealed that the source rocks in the drilled sections are marginally mature tomature zone and have fair to good potential for generating oil and gas. These rocks

are dominated by organic matter derived mainly from mixed organic matters (marineand terrestrial) with contributions from algae and bacteria deposited under anoxic to

suboxic saline environments.

Keywords Egypt, GC, GC-MS, onshore Nile Delta, pryolysis, Sidi Salem-1 well

Introduction

The Nile Delta basin contains potential hydrocarbon source rocks that are generated

essentially from gas and condensates. Although the Nile Delta has been predominantly

considered as an important gas province, the analyses of potential source rocks in the

Miocene sequences have indicated the presence of oil in a number of wells, which may

indicate the possible presence of commercial oil occurrence (Abdel Halim, 2001). The

Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation (EGPC, 1994) suggested that the Oligocene

Miocene sediments include the best source rocks in the northern Delta as indicated from

total organic carbon (TOC) and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data. This region is divided into

two subprovinces: the South Nile Delta block and the North Nile Delta basin separated

by flexure zone (Zaghloul, 1976). The South Delta block is characterized by a gradualnorthward dip of top Middle Eocene carbonates. The North Delta basin is characterized

by two main structure patterns, deep pre-Tortonian and shallow post-Meissinian fault

patterns. The Nile Delta basin has been initiated by structures occurring in the Mesozoic

and Cenozoic times in successive tectonic events that took place since the Paleozoic and

mainly include (1) E-shears in the Mesozoic times and rejuvenated during the Tertiary;

(2) NE-SW Palusium shear during the TriassicJurassic time onward associated with

opening of the Tethys; (3) ENE Syrian Arc movements in the Late CretaceousEarly

Tertiary associated with closure of the Tethys; (4) Tertiary transform faults including

Address correspondence to Mohamed M. El Nady, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute,Exploration Department, Ahmed El Zumer Street, Nasr City, Hei Al-Zehour, Cairo, 11727 Egypt.E-mail: elnady1963@live.com

1492

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1494 M. M. El Nady and F. M. Harb

Figure 2. The compiled lithology and stratigraphic subdivision of Sidi Salem-1 well subsurface

section, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt.

Techniques

1. Rock-Eval pyrolysis was performed using a LECO CR 12 organic analyzer. Samples

were Soxhlet extracted using chloroform. The extraction was fractionated using open-

column liquid chromatography to saturates, aromatics, and asphaltenes.

2. Gas chromatographic analysis of the saturated hydrocarbon fractions of some core

samples was achieved using a Perkin Elmer Instrument Model 8700 (Waltham, MA)

provided with a flame ionization detector (FID). Oven temperature was programmed

for 100

C to 320

C at 3

C/min and final time 20 min. The SPB-1 capillary columnwas 60 m in length. Nitrogen was used as carrier gas; the optimum flow rate was

6 mL/min.

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Source Rocks Evaluation 1495

3. Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) used a 50 m 0.25 mm fused

silica capillary column of bonded SE 54 installed with a Finnigan MAT TSQ-70

combined gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectrometer (Waltham, MA). The

column oven was programmed from 100C to 310C at 4C/min.

Pyrolysis and gas chromatographic analyses of the source rocks were done in thelaboratories of the Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI). Gas chromatography

mass spectrometric analyses were done in the laboratories of the StratoChem (Cairo).

Results and Discussion

Rock-Eval Pyrolysis

In Sidi Salem-1 well, the El Wastani Formation possesses fair organic richness with TOC

value of 0.56 wt% and poor generative potential with S2 value of 0.41 (mg HC/g rock;

Table 1, Figure 3a). The organic matter of this formation included gas-prone kerogen

(Figure 4) with hydrogen index value (HI) of 73 mg HC/g TOC and quality index

(S2/S3) of 0.46 (Table 1).

Total organic carbon content of Kafer El Sheikh Formation varies from 0.52 to 0.76

wt% (Table 1), indicating fair organic richness (Figure 3a). The pyrolysis-derived S2

values are 0.38 to 0.40 (mg HC/g rock; Table 2), indicating poor generating potential

(Figure 3b). The hydrogen index values (HI) of 53 to 77 mg HC/g TOC and quality index

(S2/S3) ranging from 0.45 to 0.60 (Table 1) indicate that the shales of Kafer El Sheikh

Formation contain mainly type III kerogen (mainly gas-prone organic matter; Figure 4).

Abu Madi Formation has a TOC content of 0.54 wt%, S2 value of 0.54 (mg HC/g

rock), HI value of 100 mg HC/g TOC, and S2/S3 ratio of 0.60 (Table 1), indicating fair

organic richness and poor generating potential to generate gas and minor oil, respectively(Figures 3a, 3b, 4).

Table 1

Pyrolysis analyses of the Sidi Salem-1 well, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt a

Core

no.

Depth,

m Formations TOC S1 S2 S3 S2/S3 HI OI Tmax PI

1

2

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

1004

1288

16982120

2440

2725

2990

3324

3466

3660

El Wastani

Kafer El Sheikh

Kafer El SheikhKafer El Sheikh

Kafer El Sheikh

Abu Madi

Sidi Salem

Sidi Salem

Sidi Salem

Sidi Salem

0.56

0.52

0.620.76

0.73

0.54

0.91

1.34

1.60

1.88

0.16

0.13

0.650.57

0.66

0.45

3.28

3.73

4.21

3.83

0.41

0.38

0.390.40

0.56

0.54

2.10

2.50

2.61

2.11

0.89

0.68

0.820.88

0.94

0.90

1.14

1.44

1.73

1.28

0.46

0.56

0.480.45

0.60

0.60

1.84

1.74

1.51

1.65

73

73

6353

77

100

231

187

168

112

159

131

132116

129

167

125

107

108

145

434

435

434435

434

435

435

435

436

438

0.48

0.45

0.500.59

0.54

0.45

0.61

0.52

0.62

0.64

aTOC: total organic carbon (weight percentage of the whole rock); S1: low hydrocarbon yieldand values are mg hydrocarbon/g rock; S2: residual petroleum potential (mg HC/g rock); S3:organic CO2-kerogen derived (mg CO2/g rock); S2/S3: hydrogen/oxygen ratio (quality index); HI:

hydrogen index (mg HC/g TOC); OI: oxygen index (mg CO2/g TOC); Tmax: temperature at whichmaximum emission of high temperature (S2) hydrocarbons occurs (C); PI: production index DS1/S1 C S2.

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1496 M. M. El Nady and F. M. Harb

Figure 3. Geochemical evaluation (Peters, 1986) of studied formations in the Sidi Salem-1 well,

Nile Delta, Egypt.

Sidi Salem Formation possesses fair to good organic richness with TOC values

ranging from 0.91 to 1.88 wt% and fair generative potential with S2 values from 2.10 to

2.61 mg HC/g rock (Table 1, Figure 3). The organic matter of this formation comprised

both gas- and oil-prone kerogen (Figure 4) with hydrogen index values (HI) of 112

to 231 mg HC/g TOC (Table 1) and quality index (S2/S3) ranging from 1.51 to 1.84(Table 1).

Figure 4. HI versus OI of organic matters types (Espitalie et al., 1977) of the studied formations

in the Sidi Salem-1 well, Nile Delta, Egypt.

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Source Rocks Evaluation 1497

Table 2

GC and GC-MS analyses of the Sidi Salem-1 well, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt a

Core

no.

Depth,

m Formations

Pr/

Ph

Pr/

n-C17

Ph/

n-C18 CPI

Ts/

Tm Indexa

Indexb

Indexc

C29(20S)/20

(S CR)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1004

1288

1698

2120

2440

2725

2990

3324

3466

3660

El Wastani

Kafer El Sheikh

Kafer El Sheikh

Kafer El Sheikh

Kafer El Sheikh

Abu Madi

Sidi Salem

Sidi Salem

Sidi Salem

Sidi Salem

1.61

2.25

1.11

2.35

1.44

1.38

2.20

1.30

0.74

0.66

0.32

0.46

0.25

0.56

0.37

0.37

0.15

0.16

0.10

0.13

0.28

0.51

0.29

0.63

0.48

0.39

0.34

0.49

0.45

0.33

1.01

1.03

0.90

0.99

0.89

1.02

1.07

1.04

1.01

0.95

0.73

0.59

0.61

0.52

0.71

0.54

0.80

0.53

0.68

0.63

0.17

0.12

0.19

0.34

0.45

0.57

0.39

0.06

0.03

0.01

0.56

0.64

0.5

0.49

0.57

0.65

0.58

0.38

0.18

0.35

0.05

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.08

0.04

0.71

0.08

0.04

0.06

0.51

0.63

0.57

0.49

0.75

0.63

0.58

0.53

0.59

0.64

a

Pr/Ph: pristane/phytane ratio; Pr/n-C17: pristane/n-alkane ratio; Ph/n-C18 : phytane/n-alkane ratio; CPI:carbon preference index D odd/even carbon atoms; Ts/Tm: trisnorhopanes/trisnorneohopanes ratios; Indexa

homohopane index D (C35 homohopane S C R)/(C31 C C32 C C33 C C34 C C35 homohopanes S C R);

Indexb: gammacerane index D gammacerane/(gammaceraneCC30 hopane); Indexc: diasteranes indexD (C27

diasteranes S C R)/[(C27 diasteranes CR) C C29 steranes S C R)]

Biological Markers Characteristics

Normal Alkanes. The distribution of normal alkanes and isoprenoids in the source rocks is

helpful in identifying the genetic origin and source environments (Peters and Moldowan,

1993). Fingerprints of gas chromatography for the saturated hydrocarbons of the studied

formations are shown in Figure 5. It is obvious that n-alkanes in the range ofn-C15 to n-

C25 are more abundant (Figure 5a), suggesting marine organic matters with contribution

from algae and planktons (Peters and Moldowan, 1993). The pristane/phytane (pr/ph)

ratios are 0.66 and 2.35 (Table 2), reflecting source rock deposited under anoxic to

suboxic conditions. The isoprenoids/n-alkanes ratios (pr/n-C17 and ph/n-C18) are 0.10

0.46 and 0.280.63, respectively (Table 2), suggesting contribution from mixed or-

ganic sources mainly from Type II algal marine deposited under reducing conditions

(Figure 6).

Tricyclic Terpanes. The concentration of tricyclic terpanes in crude oils is more sensitiveto the specific paleoenvironments (Waples and Machihara, 1992; Andrew et al., 2001).

Also, it has been used as a qualitative indicator of maturity (Van Grass, 1990). In our

study the concentration of tricyclic terpanes (22R and 22S, peaks A and B; see peak

identifications in Table 3) is slight higher in the source rocks of the Sidi Salem formations

(Figure 7). This indicates mature source rocks that are mainly of marine origin. This

result is supported by other parameters such as the ratio of Ts (trisnorneohopane) to

Tm (trisnorhopane), which is more than 0.5 (Table 2) that increases as the portion of

shale in calcareous facies decreases (Riva et al., 1989; Hunt, 1996). The concentration of

C29 norneohopane (peak G) is lower than C30 hopane (peak I); a low abundance of C30

moretane, gammacerance, and slightly highly concentration of bisnorhopanes (Figure 7,peaks E, J, and K, respectively) also indicate thermal maturity according to Philip (1985),

Mann et al. (1987), Riediger et al. (1990), and Waples and Machihara, (1992).

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1498 M. M. El Nady and F. M. Harb

Figure 5. Representative gas chromatograms of studied formations in the Sidi Salem-1 well,

onshore Nile Delta, Egypt.

Steranes. The source rocks of Sidi Salem well have a relatively high percentage of C28steranes (20S and 20R; peaks F to I) and C29 steranes (peak J) compared to C27 steranes

(20S and 20R; peaks C and D), and a low concentration of C 27diasteranes peaks A and B

(Figure 8a; see peak identifications in Table 3) indicates terrestrial organic origin. On the

other hand, the diasterane index of these formations ranging from 0.03 to 0.08 (Table 2)

confirms this conclusion. The Abu Madi Formation C27 and C29 diasteranes (20S and

Figure 6. Plot of pristane/n-C17 versus phytane/n-C18 (Shanmugam, 1985) showing the organic

sources and maturation of studied formations in the Sidi Salem-1 well, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt.

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Source Rocks Evaluation 1499

Table 3

Identification of peaks in triterpanes (m/z 191) and steranes (m/z 217)

mass fragmentograms

Triterpanes (m/z 191) Steranes (m/z 217)

Peaks Compound name Peaks Compound name

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

IJ

K

L

M

Tricyclic terpane (22R)

Tricyclic terpane (22S)

Trisnorhopane (Ts)

Trisnorhopane (Tm)

Bisonorhopans

C29 Norhopanes

C29 Norneohopane

C29 Normoretane

C30 HopaneC30 Moretane

C30 Gammacerance

C31 Homohopane (22S)

C31 Homohopane (22R)

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

IJ

C27 diasterane (20S)

C27 diasterane (20R)

C27 sterane (20S)

C27 sterane (20S)

C29 diasterane (20R)

C28 sterane (20S)

C28 sterane (20R)

C28 sterane (20S)

C28 sterane (20R)C29 sterane (20S)

20R) are high (peaks A, B, and E, Table 3 and Figure 8c) with relatively high diasteranes

index value (0.71, Table 2). This reflects source rock rich in terrestrial organic matters

(Waples and Machihara, 1992; Hunt, 1996).

This conclusion agrees very well the environment assigned independently by theInternational Egyptian oil based on a biostratigraphic basis. El Wastani Formation of

fluvial-marine environments, Kafer El Skeikh of marine environment at top and volatile

Figure 7. Ion fragmentograms of triterpanes (m/z 191) of studied formations in the Sidi Salem-1

well, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt.

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1500 M. M. El Nady and F. M. Harb

Figure 8. Ion fragmentograms of steranes (m/z 217) of studied formations in the Sidi Salem-1

well, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt.

at bottom. Abu Madi is possibly fluvial-marine. Sidi Salem is very possibly a marine

environment. Actually, the environment of deposition in general seem to be oscillating

between fluvial and marine.

Maturation

Tmax values of the Sidi Salem formations ranged from 434C to 438C (Table 1),

indicating marginally mature source rocks. The Tmax values indicate marginally mature

source rocks for El Wastani, Kafer El Sheikh, and Abu Madi formations and the Tmax

for Sidi Salem Formation (Figure 3c) indicates mature source rocks. This agrees with

the production index (PI), where it ranges from 0.45 to 0.64 (Table 1, Figure 3d). The

C29 steranes 20S/20S C 20R ranged from 0.51 to 0.75. Ts/Tm ratios ranged from 0.33

to 0.80 (Table 2), indicating mature source rocks (Petersen et al., 2000; Andrew et al.,

2001).

Conclusions

Rock-Eval pyrolysis and biomarker analyses of the subsurface rocks (El Wastani, Kafer

El Sheikh, Abu Madi, Sidi Salem) in drilled sections of Sidi Salem-1 well in the onshore

Nile Delta revealed that the source rocks are marginally mature to mature and have fair

to good potential for generating oil and gas. These rocks are dominated by organic matter

derived mainly from mixed marine and terrestrial sources with contributions from algae

and bacteria deposited under anoxic to suboxic saline environments.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the authorities of the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation

for permitting the publication of this work. Thanks are due to the StratoChem and

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Source Rocks Evaluation 1501

Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Cairo, Egypt, for the different organo-

geochemical analyses.

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