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Source Rocks Evaluation of Sidi Salem-1 Well in the Onshore Nile DeltaEgyptM. M. El Nadya; F. M. HarbaaEgyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Hei Al-Zehour, Cairo, Egypt
Online publication date: 03 August 2010
To cite this ArticleNady, M. M. El and Harb, F. M.(2010) 'Source Rocks Evaluation of Sidi Salem-1 Well in the OnshoreNile Delta, Egypt', Petroleum Science and Technology, 28: 14, 1492 1502
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Petroleum Science and Technology, 28:14921502, 2010
Copyright Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute
ISSN: 1091-6466 print/1532-2459 online
DOI: 10.1080/10916460903096848
Source Rocks Evaluation of Sidi Salem-1 Wellin the Onshore Nile Delta, Egypt
M. M. EL NADY1
AND F. M. HARB1
1Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Hei Al-Zehour,
Cairo, Egypt
Abstract Ten core samples representing the subsurface formation of Sidi Salem well
No. 1, in the onshore Nile Delta, Egypt. The samples were subjected to comprehensive
organic geochemical studies (such as rock-eval pyrolysis, gas chromatograph [GC]and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [GC-MS]) aiming to evaluate potentialsource rocks, organic matters types, depositional environments, and maturation. The
results revealed that the source rocks in the drilled sections are marginally mature tomature zone and have fair to good potential for generating oil and gas. These rocks
are dominated by organic matter derived mainly from mixed organic matters (marineand terrestrial) with contributions from algae and bacteria deposited under anoxic to
suboxic saline environments.
Keywords Egypt, GC, GC-MS, onshore Nile Delta, pryolysis, Sidi Salem-1 well
Introduction
The Nile Delta basin contains potential hydrocarbon source rocks that are generated
essentially from gas and condensates. Although the Nile Delta has been predominantly
considered as an important gas province, the analyses of potential source rocks in the
Miocene sequences have indicated the presence of oil in a number of wells, which may
indicate the possible presence of commercial oil occurrence (Abdel Halim, 2001). The
Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation (EGPC, 1994) suggested that the Oligocene
Miocene sediments include the best source rocks in the northern Delta as indicated from
total organic carbon (TOC) and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data. This region is divided into
two subprovinces: the South Nile Delta block and the North Nile Delta basin separated
by flexure zone (Zaghloul, 1976). The South Delta block is characterized by a gradualnorthward dip of top Middle Eocene carbonates. The North Delta basin is characterized
by two main structure patterns, deep pre-Tortonian and shallow post-Meissinian fault
patterns. The Nile Delta basin has been initiated by structures occurring in the Mesozoic
and Cenozoic times in successive tectonic events that took place since the Paleozoic and
mainly include (1) E-shears in the Mesozoic times and rejuvenated during the Tertiary;
(2) NE-SW Palusium shear during the TriassicJurassic time onward associated with
opening of the Tethys; (3) ENE Syrian Arc movements in the Late CretaceousEarly
Tertiary associated with closure of the Tethys; (4) Tertiary transform faults including
Address correspondence to Mohamed M. El Nady, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute,Exploration Department, Ahmed El Zumer Street, Nasr City, Hei Al-Zehour, Cairo, 11727 Egypt.E-mail: [email protected]
1492
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1494 M. M. El Nady and F. M. Harb
Figure 2. The compiled lithology and stratigraphic subdivision of Sidi Salem-1 well subsurface
section, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt.
Techniques
1. Rock-Eval pyrolysis was performed using a LECO CR 12 organic analyzer. Samples
were Soxhlet extracted using chloroform. The extraction was fractionated using open-
column liquid chromatography to saturates, aromatics, and asphaltenes.
2. Gas chromatographic analysis of the saturated hydrocarbon fractions of some core
samples was achieved using a Perkin Elmer Instrument Model 8700 (Waltham, MA)
provided with a flame ionization detector (FID). Oven temperature was programmed
for 100
C to 320
C at 3
C/min and final time 20 min. The SPB-1 capillary columnwas 60 m in length. Nitrogen was used as carrier gas; the optimum flow rate was
6 mL/min.
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Source Rocks Evaluation 1495
3. Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) used a 50 m 0.25 mm fused
silica capillary column of bonded SE 54 installed with a Finnigan MAT TSQ-70
combined gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectrometer (Waltham, MA). The
column oven was programmed from 100C to 310C at 4C/min.
Pyrolysis and gas chromatographic analyses of the source rocks were done in thelaboratories of the Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI). Gas chromatography
mass spectrometric analyses were done in the laboratories of the StratoChem (Cairo).
Results and Discussion
Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
In Sidi Salem-1 well, the El Wastani Formation possesses fair organic richness with TOC
value of 0.56 wt% and poor generative potential with S2 value of 0.41 (mg HC/g rock;
Table 1, Figure 3a). The organic matter of this formation included gas-prone kerogen
(Figure 4) with hydrogen index value (HI) of 73 mg HC/g TOC and quality index
(S2/S3) of 0.46 (Table 1).
Total organic carbon content of Kafer El Sheikh Formation varies from 0.52 to 0.76
wt% (Table 1), indicating fair organic richness (Figure 3a). The pyrolysis-derived S2
values are 0.38 to 0.40 (mg HC/g rock; Table 2), indicating poor generating potential
(Figure 3b). The hydrogen index values (HI) of 53 to 77 mg HC/g TOC and quality index
(S2/S3) ranging from 0.45 to 0.60 (Table 1) indicate that the shales of Kafer El Sheikh
Formation contain mainly type III kerogen (mainly gas-prone organic matter; Figure 4).
Abu Madi Formation has a TOC content of 0.54 wt%, S2 value of 0.54 (mg HC/g
rock), HI value of 100 mg HC/g TOC, and S2/S3 ratio of 0.60 (Table 1), indicating fair
organic richness and poor generating potential to generate gas and minor oil, respectively(Figures 3a, 3b, 4).
Table 1
Pyrolysis analyses of the Sidi Salem-1 well, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt a
Core
no.
Depth,
m Formations TOC S1 S2 S3 S2/S3 HI OI Tmax PI
1
2
34
5
6
7
8
9
10
1004
1288
16982120
2440
2725
2990
3324
3466
3660
El Wastani
Kafer El Sheikh
Kafer El SheikhKafer El Sheikh
Kafer El Sheikh
Abu Madi
Sidi Salem
Sidi Salem
Sidi Salem
Sidi Salem
0.56
0.52
0.620.76
0.73
0.54
0.91
1.34
1.60
1.88
0.16
0.13
0.650.57
0.66
0.45
3.28
3.73
4.21
3.83
0.41
0.38
0.390.40
0.56
0.54
2.10
2.50
2.61
2.11
0.89
0.68
0.820.88
0.94
0.90
1.14
1.44
1.73
1.28
0.46
0.56
0.480.45
0.60
0.60
1.84
1.74
1.51
1.65
73
73
6353
77
100
231
187
168
112
159
131
132116
129
167
125
107
108
145
434
435
434435
434
435
435
435
436
438
0.48
0.45
0.500.59
0.54
0.45
0.61
0.52
0.62
0.64
aTOC: total organic carbon (weight percentage of the whole rock); S1: low hydrocarbon yieldand values are mg hydrocarbon/g rock; S2: residual petroleum potential (mg HC/g rock); S3:organic CO2-kerogen derived (mg CO2/g rock); S2/S3: hydrogen/oxygen ratio (quality index); HI:
hydrogen index (mg HC/g TOC); OI: oxygen index (mg CO2/g TOC); Tmax: temperature at whichmaximum emission of high temperature (S2) hydrocarbons occurs (C); PI: production index DS1/S1 C S2.
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1496 M. M. El Nady and F. M. Harb
Figure 3. Geochemical evaluation (Peters, 1986) of studied formations in the Sidi Salem-1 well,
Nile Delta, Egypt.
Sidi Salem Formation possesses fair to good organic richness with TOC values
ranging from 0.91 to 1.88 wt% and fair generative potential with S2 values from 2.10 to
2.61 mg HC/g rock (Table 1, Figure 3). The organic matter of this formation comprised
both gas- and oil-prone kerogen (Figure 4) with hydrogen index values (HI) of 112
to 231 mg HC/g TOC (Table 1) and quality index (S2/S3) ranging from 1.51 to 1.84(Table 1).
Figure 4. HI versus OI of organic matters types (Espitalie et al., 1977) of the studied formations
in the Sidi Salem-1 well, Nile Delta, Egypt.
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Source Rocks Evaluation 1497
Table 2
GC and GC-MS analyses of the Sidi Salem-1 well, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt a
Core
no.
Depth,
m Formations
Pr/
Ph
Pr/
n-C17
Ph/
n-C18 CPI
Ts/
Tm Indexa
Indexb
Indexc
C29(20S)/20
(S CR)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1004
1288
1698
2120
2440
2725
2990
3324
3466
3660
El Wastani
Kafer El Sheikh
Kafer El Sheikh
Kafer El Sheikh
Kafer El Sheikh
Abu Madi
Sidi Salem
Sidi Salem
Sidi Salem
Sidi Salem
1.61
2.25
1.11
2.35
1.44
1.38
2.20
1.30
0.74
0.66
0.32
0.46
0.25
0.56
0.37
0.37
0.15
0.16
0.10
0.13
0.28
0.51
0.29
0.63
0.48
0.39
0.34
0.49
0.45
0.33
1.01
1.03
0.90
0.99
0.89
1.02
1.07
1.04
1.01
0.95
0.73
0.59
0.61
0.52
0.71
0.54
0.80
0.53
0.68
0.63
0.17
0.12
0.19
0.34
0.45
0.57
0.39
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.56
0.64
0.5
0.49
0.57
0.65
0.58
0.38
0.18
0.35
0.05
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.08
0.04
0.71
0.08
0.04
0.06
0.51
0.63
0.57
0.49
0.75
0.63
0.58
0.53
0.59
0.64
a
Pr/Ph: pristane/phytane ratio; Pr/n-C17: pristane/n-alkane ratio; Ph/n-C18 : phytane/n-alkane ratio; CPI:carbon preference index D odd/even carbon atoms; Ts/Tm: trisnorhopanes/trisnorneohopanes ratios; Indexa
homohopane index D (C35 homohopane S C R)/(C31 C C32 C C33 C C34 C C35 homohopanes S C R);
Indexb: gammacerane index D gammacerane/(gammaceraneCC30 hopane); Indexc: diasteranes indexD (C27
diasteranes S C R)/[(C27 diasteranes CR) C C29 steranes S C R)]
Biological Markers Characteristics
Normal Alkanes. The distribution of normal alkanes and isoprenoids in the source rocks is
helpful in identifying the genetic origin and source environments (Peters and Moldowan,
1993). Fingerprints of gas chromatography for the saturated hydrocarbons of the studied
formations are shown in Figure 5. It is obvious that n-alkanes in the range ofn-C15 to n-
C25 are more abundant (Figure 5a), suggesting marine organic matters with contribution
from algae and planktons (Peters and Moldowan, 1993). The pristane/phytane (pr/ph)
ratios are 0.66 and 2.35 (Table 2), reflecting source rock deposited under anoxic to
suboxic conditions. The isoprenoids/n-alkanes ratios (pr/n-C17 and ph/n-C18) are 0.10
0.46 and 0.280.63, respectively (Table 2), suggesting contribution from mixed or-
ganic sources mainly from Type II algal marine deposited under reducing conditions
(Figure 6).
Tricyclic Terpanes. The concentration of tricyclic terpanes in crude oils is more sensitiveto the specific paleoenvironments (Waples and Machihara, 1992; Andrew et al., 2001).
Also, it has been used as a qualitative indicator of maturity (Van Grass, 1990). In our
study the concentration of tricyclic terpanes (22R and 22S, peaks A and B; see peak
identifications in Table 3) is slight higher in the source rocks of the Sidi Salem formations
(Figure 7). This indicates mature source rocks that are mainly of marine origin. This
result is supported by other parameters such as the ratio of Ts (trisnorneohopane) to
Tm (trisnorhopane), which is more than 0.5 (Table 2) that increases as the portion of
shale in calcareous facies decreases (Riva et al., 1989; Hunt, 1996). The concentration of
C29 norneohopane (peak G) is lower than C30 hopane (peak I); a low abundance of C30
moretane, gammacerance, and slightly highly concentration of bisnorhopanes (Figure 7,peaks E, J, and K, respectively) also indicate thermal maturity according to Philip (1985),
Mann et al. (1987), Riediger et al. (1990), and Waples and Machihara, (1992).
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1498 M. M. El Nady and F. M. Harb
Figure 5. Representative gas chromatograms of studied formations in the Sidi Salem-1 well,
onshore Nile Delta, Egypt.
Steranes. The source rocks of Sidi Salem well have a relatively high percentage of C28steranes (20S and 20R; peaks F to I) and C29 steranes (peak J) compared to C27 steranes
(20S and 20R; peaks C and D), and a low concentration of C 27diasteranes peaks A and B
(Figure 8a; see peak identifications in Table 3) indicates terrestrial organic origin. On the
other hand, the diasterane index of these formations ranging from 0.03 to 0.08 (Table 2)
confirms this conclusion. The Abu Madi Formation C27 and C29 diasteranes (20S and
Figure 6. Plot of pristane/n-C17 versus phytane/n-C18 (Shanmugam, 1985) showing the organic
sources and maturation of studied formations in the Sidi Salem-1 well, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt.
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Source Rocks Evaluation 1499
Table 3
Identification of peaks in triterpanes (m/z 191) and steranes (m/z 217)
mass fragmentograms
Triterpanes (m/z 191) Steranes (m/z 217)
Peaks Compound name Peaks Compound name
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
IJ
K
L
M
Tricyclic terpane (22R)
Tricyclic terpane (22S)
Trisnorhopane (Ts)
Trisnorhopane (Tm)
Bisonorhopans
C29 Norhopanes
C29 Norneohopane
C29 Normoretane
C30 HopaneC30 Moretane
C30 Gammacerance
C31 Homohopane (22S)
C31 Homohopane (22R)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
IJ
C27 diasterane (20S)
C27 diasterane (20R)
C27 sterane (20S)
C27 sterane (20S)
C29 diasterane (20R)
C28 sterane (20S)
C28 sterane (20R)
C28 sterane (20S)
C28 sterane (20R)C29 sterane (20S)
20R) are high (peaks A, B, and E, Table 3 and Figure 8c) with relatively high diasteranes
index value (0.71, Table 2). This reflects source rock rich in terrestrial organic matters
(Waples and Machihara, 1992; Hunt, 1996).
This conclusion agrees very well the environment assigned independently by theInternational Egyptian oil based on a biostratigraphic basis. El Wastani Formation of
fluvial-marine environments, Kafer El Skeikh of marine environment at top and volatile
Figure 7. Ion fragmentograms of triterpanes (m/z 191) of studied formations in the Sidi Salem-1
well, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt.
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1500 M. M. El Nady and F. M. Harb
Figure 8. Ion fragmentograms of steranes (m/z 217) of studied formations in the Sidi Salem-1
well, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt.
at bottom. Abu Madi is possibly fluvial-marine. Sidi Salem is very possibly a marine
environment. Actually, the environment of deposition in general seem to be oscillating
between fluvial and marine.
Maturation
Tmax values of the Sidi Salem formations ranged from 434C to 438C (Table 1),
indicating marginally mature source rocks. The Tmax values indicate marginally mature
source rocks for El Wastani, Kafer El Sheikh, and Abu Madi formations and the Tmax
for Sidi Salem Formation (Figure 3c) indicates mature source rocks. This agrees with
the production index (PI), where it ranges from 0.45 to 0.64 (Table 1, Figure 3d). The
C29 steranes 20S/20S C 20R ranged from 0.51 to 0.75. Ts/Tm ratios ranged from 0.33
to 0.80 (Table 2), indicating mature source rocks (Petersen et al., 2000; Andrew et al.,
2001).
Conclusions
Rock-Eval pyrolysis and biomarker analyses of the subsurface rocks (El Wastani, Kafer
El Sheikh, Abu Madi, Sidi Salem) in drilled sections of Sidi Salem-1 well in the onshore
Nile Delta revealed that the source rocks are marginally mature to mature and have fair
to good potential for generating oil and gas. These rocks are dominated by organic matter
derived mainly from mixed marine and terrestrial sources with contributions from algae
and bacteria deposited under anoxic to suboxic saline environments.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the authorities of the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation
for permitting the publication of this work. Thanks are due to the StratoChem and
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Source Rocks Evaluation 1501
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Cairo, Egypt, for the different organo-
geochemical analyses.
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