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© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1

Mobile WiMax Overview and Architecture

Peter Gaspar - [email protected] System Engineer, CEE SP Mobile


WiMAX

Worldwide Interoperability

ForMicrowave Access


Agenda

WiMAX Introduction

WiMAX Forum Update

Radio Interface

Core Architecture

Cisco WiMax Products

Q & A


Agenda

WiMAX Introduction

WiMAX Forum Update

Radio Interface

Core Architecture


Q & A


IMT-2000 Approval of WiMAX

The ITU-R approved the WiMAX Forum's version of IEEE Standard 802.16 as an IMT-2000 technology’

This significantly escalates opportunities to deliver mobile internet in the the 2.5-2.69 GHz band, for both rural and urban markets.

This is the first time that a new air interface has been added to the IMT-2000 set of standards since the original technologies were selected nearly a decade ago.

WiMAX technology currently has the potential to reach 2.7 billion people.


WiMax Standards

IEEE 802.16 – specifies radio aspects of WiMax802.16-2004 (known as 802.16d) – Fixed WiMax

802.16e-2005 – Mobile WiMax

802.16m – next generation of WiMax

WiMax Forum – specifies subsets of 802.16 functionality for certification and the network architecture

WiMax System Profile Release 1

WiMax Forum Network Architecture Release 1


Broadband Wireless Market Adoption Reason for WiMAX as preferred technology is simple…

Higher throughput per subscriber, lower latency, built for IPBusiness Case for 802.16 better than traditional 3G systemsModels the successful “plug & play” scheme of Wi-FiFirst licensed-RF technology to enable “personal wireless

broadband”Taiwan picked WiMAX due to extraordinary expense of 3G


The Real Opportunity Country Transformation and ‘Digital Inclusion’

0% 140%

Bro

adba

nd P

enet

ratio

n—20

06

20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Wireless Penetration—2006

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

120%

Source: EIU, Telegeography, Point Topic, Cisco Analysis

Broadband Wireless Solutions Enable ‘Digital Inclusion’

Emerging MarketsGDP Growth +5%Mexico Turkey

Brazil ColombiaSouth Africa

ArgentinaRussiaIndia

Philippines

China

Hong Kong

South Korea

FranceUK

SingaporeUSA Germany

AustraliaJapan


Radio Networks

Signaling Networks

Roaming Exchanges

IP Media Partners

UMTS / HSPA

CDMA

Wireless Mesh

WiMAX

WiFiITPITPITPITP

IP Transfer Point

Content Services Gateway

Service Control

Session Border

Controller

Corporate VPNs

Subscriber Profiles

Policies

Billing AAA

Logging

DNS

VoIP

VoD

Broadcast

Music

Location Services

News Portals

GGSN

PDSN

ASN-GW

Wireless LAN

Controller

Mobile Service ExchangeIP Anchor

PointIP Service

Control

Multiservice IP/MPLS Core

Internal Services and Operations External Services

Application Partners

Subscriber Packet Gateways

Mobile IP Home Agent

Internet

Persistent Roaming Across Wireless Access Networks Subscriber-Differentiated IP Service Delivery

Cisco IP Next Generation Networks IP Forms the Foundation for True Mobility for WiMAX

Presenter�

Presentation Notes�

Here we show a generalized mobile data network architecture. It’s important to note that in a little less than a decade mobile data networks have evolved from being circuit and TDM-based with little connectivity to the ‘outside’ world to being almost completely IP-based with connections to tens or even hundreds of external networks. In fact, some of the largest mobile operators have some of the most ‘connected’ networks in the world, with connectivity not only to the Internet, but to thousands of corporate customers, dozens of application providers, several roaming exchanges, and multiple signalling networks Note also that instead of providing simply a transit path between subscribers and other external networks and services in the model of traditional service providers, many mobile operators provide innovative and profitable IP-based services directly to their subscribers.�

http://www.reshalls.org/borah/cd-rom/mv_animal_large.wmv

http://www.reshalls.org/borah/cd-rom/mv_animal_large.wmv


Wholesale Services

Residential Services Business Services

WiMAX Services

Internet AccessParental ControlResidential VoiceWalled Garden

Managed Services

L2 VPN

L3 VPN (MPLS)

Internet access and presence

Backhaul of Hotspots

Internet Access

Voice Services

Consumer Services

Internet Access

Voice Services


WiMAX Value Summary

WiMAX value proposition is for operators to make money out of delivering services on the new Internet model

WiMAX is free from the legacy wire line-cellular because it’s roots are derived from the Internet

WiMAX will match speeds of LTE (current proposal of 20 MHz now part of 1.5 Release.)

WiMAX will have a cellular-based flavor of multicasting available via HSPA called Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service or MBMS

WiMAX embraces QoS controls and tools which allow operators to embrace multi-tier service pricing and level marketing.

WiMAX is excellent where countries – locations have no existing infrastructure


Agenda

WiMAX Introduction

WiMAX Forum Update

Radio Interface

Core Architecture


Q & A


The WiMAX Forum – 519 Members

27%

137 Content Eco-systems

25%

127 System Vendors

31%

161 Service Providers

17%

87 Components Silicon Mfrs

•Deliver a trusted certification process

•Develop a framework for a high performance end to end IP mobile network architecture supporting all usage models

•Promote WiMAX as the leading business model to deliver global wireless broadband services

•WiMAX Forum contributes to foster a thriving ecosystem


WiMAX forum’s nine working groupsApplications Working Group: Define applications over WiMAX™ that are necessary to meet core competitive offerings and that are uniquely enhanced by WiMAX technology.

Certification Working Group: Handles the operational aspects of the WiMAX Forum Certified program.

Evolutionary Technical Working Group: Maintains existing OFDM profiles, develops additional fixed OFDM profiles, and develops technical specifications for the evolution of the WiMAX Forum's OFDM based networks from fixed to nomadic to portable, to mobile.

Global Roaming Working Group: Assures the availability of global roaming service for WiMAX networks in a timely manner as demanded by the marketplace.

Marketing Working Group: Influences WiMAX technology adoption worldwide. Promotes WiMAX products, brands and standards, which form the basis for global interoperability of wireless broadband Internet anytime anywhere.

Network Working Group: Creates higher level networking specifications for fixed, nomadic, portable and mobile WiMAX systems, beyond what is defined in the scope of 802.16.

Regulatory Working Group: Influences worldwide regulatory agencies to promote WiMAX-friendly, globally harmonized spectrum allocations. Chair: Tim Hewitt, BT

Service Provider Working Group: Gives service providers a platform for influencing BWA product and spectrum requirements to ensure that their individual market needs are fulfilled.

Technical Working Group: The main goal is to develop technical product specifications andcertification test suites for the air interface based on the OFDMA PHY, complementary to the IEEE 802.16 standards, primarily to allow interoperability and certification of Mobile Stations, Subscriber Stations and Base Stations conforming to the IEEE 802.16 standards.


WiMAX Intellectual Property Rights

Oct 2006


Mobile Certification in 2008

Backward Compatible More Features Tested


Mobile Wimax Roadmap

2007 2008 2009 2010

30mbs @ 30MPH 100mbs @ 70MPH 100mbs @ 300MPH


Mobile WiMAX Technology Evolution Vision

A fully backward compatible evolution on standards and productsProjections subject to change


Agenda

WiMAX Introduction

WiMAX Forum Update

Radio Interface

Core Architecture


Q & A


Multiple Access Technologies

Power

Freq

uenc

y

Power

Freq

uenc

y

Power

Freq

uenc

y

Time

Power

Power

FDMA

CDMA

OFDM

TDMA

OFDMA

Sub-

Cha

nnel

(Gro

up o

fFr

eque

ncie

s)

Sub-

Cha

nnel

(Gro

up o

fFr

eque

ncie

s)


802.16 vs. 802.16-2004 and 802.16e-2005 Features

802.16 802.16-2004 802.16e-2005

Date completed December 2001 June 2004 December 2005

Spectrum 10-66 GHz < 11 GHz < 6 GHz

Channel Conditions LOS only NLOS NLOS

Bit Rate 32-134 Mbps in 28 MHz channel bandwidth

Up to 75 Mbps in 20 MHz channel bandwidth

Up to 15 Mbps in 5 MHz channel bandwidth

Air Interface TDMA with TDD and FDD

OFDM & OFDMA with TDD & FDD

Scalable OFDMA with TDD & FDD

Mobility Fixed Fixed, portable Nomadic portability, Full mobility

Channel Bandwidths 20, 25, 28 MHz Scalable 1.5 to 20 MHz

Scalable 1.5 to 20 MHz

Typical Cell Radius 2-5 km 7-10 km 2-5 km

Source: WiMAX Forum as of December, 2007


Scalable-OFDMA

Why go scalable?Various bandwidth sizes are required to meet numerous worldwide needs

What does it mean to be scalable?# of sub-carriers available is dependent on the bandwidth size

802.16e-2005 standard specifies bandwidths ranging from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz

WiMAX Forum supports:3.5 MHz with 512 FFT5 MHz with 512 FFT7, 8.75, or 10 MHz with 1024 FFT


WiMAX – Time DimensionThe Sampling Rate is a basic concept in WiMAX. For the bandwidths that are multiple of 1.25 MHz (that is, 1.25, 5, 10, and 20 MHz) it is defined as 28/25 of the bandwidth, but for other bandwidth a different fraction is used. In the case of 5 MHz, the Sampling Rate is 28/25×5 MHz = 5.6 MHz.

The Symbol Period PS is a basic time unit defined as 4 × the inverse of the Sampling Rate: 4/5.6 MHz = 0.7143 µs. Base on the PS, the following time intervals are defined:

OFDM Symbol (or just “Symbol”, for short)= 144×PS = 102.86 µs

Useful Time Tu of a symbol = 8/9 of the Symbol duration = (8/9)×102.86 µs = 91.43 µs

Transmit-to-Receive Gap (TTG) = 148×PS = 0.105 ms

Receive-to-Transmit GAP (RTG) = 84×PS = 0.060 ms

Frame = 47×Symbol + 1×TTG + 1×RTG = 5.0 ms

The 47 symbols in a frame are subdivided into DL Sub-frame (with 35 to 26 symbols) and UL Sub-frame (with the reminding 12 to 21 symbols). The number of symbols in each sub-frame is configurable. Navini uses the combination of 32 symbols in the DL and 15 in the UL

32 symbols(3.292 ms)

15 symbols(1.543 ms)

(0.1

05 m

s)

(0.0

60 m

s)

One Frame (5.000 ms)

timeDL SUBFRAME UL SUBFRAMETTG

RTG

Primary limit to 8.5Km Range

Presenter�


Follow the bullets. Sampling rate – Defined as 28/25 × bandwidth. Its applies to all bandwidths that are multiple of 1.25 MHz (1.25, 5, 10, and 20 MHz). For other bandwidth a different fraction is used PS – Notice that the GUI has it in lower case (ps) which may be confusing because lower-case “ps” is the abbreviation of “picosecond” (10-12). This unit is used to define the “OFDMA Symbol” duration (from now on referred to simply as a “symbol”), and the two “gaps”: TTG and RTG. Notice that a symbol is divided into Useful part (8/9) and guard time (1/9). (The useful part will appear again in the next slide) Emphasize the fact that a frame always has 47 symbols (it used to be 48 before the last revision of the standard). The number of symbols in the DL subframe can be any number between 35 and 12. The number of symbols in the UL is 47 minus the number of symbols in the DL. This is configurable In the resource allocation diagrams, time is represented horizontally, starting from 0 and increasing from left to right. THAT IS WHY WE HAVE A HORIZONTAL ARROW POINTING RIGHT IN THIS SLIDE �


WiMAX – Frequency DimensionTone (a.k.a. “sub-carrier”): a sinusoidal voltage, which is modulated with coded information and then converted to RF. This RF is radiated by the transmitting antenna and carries the information to the receiving antenna at the speed of light

There are 512 tones in 5 MHz of bandwidth

Tone Separation: 1 / Useful Symbol Time = 1 / Tu = 1 / 91.43 = 10.94 kHz

Types of tones: Active Tones

Data tones – for data transmission

Pilot tones – continuous signal for channel tracking and synchronization

Null tones –not used for transmission

Guard bands

DC carriers

Sub-Channel: a group of active tones

Permutation: a scheme for grouping active tones into sub-channelsSome of the tones in a sub-channel are pilot tones, others are data tones

Which tones are used for data and which for pilot may change from one symbol to the next and depends on the permutation scheme

The tones making up a sub-channel may or may not be adjacent

•••

5 M

Hz

(512

tone

s)

Presenter�


Follow the bullets. A tone is a sinusoidal wave that can be modulated. Remember that a sinusoid has three attributes that could be modulated (changed) in order to convey information. They are: Frequency, amplitude and phase. We modulate the amplitude and the phase, but not the frequency. (More about this later). The tones are also referred to as “sub-carriers” because once they are modulated and radiated they propagate away from the transmitting antenna carrying away the information at the speed of light. We prefer to avoid the term “sub-carrier” and use instead its synonym, “tones”, to avoid confusion with the term “sub-channel” defined below. The tone separation is defined as the inverse of the Useful symbol time (refer to the previous slide). This is the distance between two adjacent sinusoidal tones. The tone separation is always the same, regardless of the bandwidth. This is called “Scalable OFDMA”, meaning that the number of tones “scales” up or down proportionately to the bandwidth available. For example: for 5 MHz the number of tones in 5 MHz is 512, for 10 MHz (2×5) it is 1024 (2×512), for 1.25 MHz (5 ÷ 4) it is 128 (512 ÷ 4), and for 20 MHz (5 × 4) it is 2048. Explain the different types of roles a tone could play (guard, DC, pilot and data). The data and pilot tones are called active tones. The guard and DC tones are called null tones. A sub-channel is just a group of active tones (data and pilot tones). A permutation is just a way of grouping active tones (data and pilot tones) to make up sub-channels. In the resource allocation diagrams, the sub-channels are represented vertically, with the logical number of the sub-channels starting from 0 and increasing from top to bottom. THAT IS WHY WE HAVE A VERTICAL ARROW POINTING DOWN IN THIS SLIDE�


DL sub-frame UL sub-frameTTG RTG

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47. . .. . .1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 0 1 2 3

DL-

MA

P

DL

burs

t #1

(car

ryin

g th

e U

L-M

AP)

Prea

mbl

e

0123456789

101112131415161718

N

FCH

5 ms frame

DL burst #3

DL burst #9

DL burst #5

DL burst #6

DL burst #7

DL burst #8

DL burst #4

0123456789

101112131415161718

N

ACK-CH

Ran

ging

0123456789

101112131415161718

M

192021

Mobile WiMAX TDD Frame Structure

Fast Feedback(CQICH)

UL burst #1

UL burst #2

UL burst #3

UL burst #4

UL burst #5

UL burst #6

UL burst #7

UL burst #8

UL burst #9

DL burst #2

···

···

···

···

DL-

MA

PD

L bu

rst #

1 (c

arry

ing

the

UL-

MA

P)

FCH

Prea

mbl

e

···

···


PUSC, FUSC, and AMC Allocation Schemes

AMC• DL & UL• Used with data bursts• Supports adaptive coding & modulation

• Provides better protection against fading and interference for poor quality sub-carriers & better throughput for good quality sub-carriers

• In 5 MHz system, has 24 sub-channels in both the DL and UL

PUSC• Default DL & UL method• Reduces interference• Provides robustness• Used to send critical info such as preambles, allocation messages, & BS parameters

• In 5 MHz system, has 15sub-channels in the DL and 17 sub-channels in the UL

FUSC• Optional for DL only• Maximizes throughput• All usable sub-carriers used across all cells

• Power control is critical• Supports real-time and non real-time traffic

• In 5 MHz system, has 8 sub-channels in the DL

Allocation SchemesPermutation Types

ContiguousDistributed

PUSC FUSC


Channel Coding & Modulation

Randomization – about 50% of the original bits change (1 0 and 0 1), the rest do not. The result is a stream with about the same number of 1’s as of 0’sForward Error Correction – redundancy is added to make possible a certain degree of error detection and correction at the receiving end

Reed Solomon – not suported at this timeConvolutional Coding – characterized by the “constraint length” and the “rate”

Interleaving – the coded bits are rearranged in a predefined way so that the bits that were produced together are not transmitted together

Helps fight noise bursts

The randomized, coded and interleaved bits are mapped into the desired modulation scheme and the data tones are modulated and then radiated

RandomizationFEC

(ConvolutionalCoding)

Interleaving Modulation RFDATA


QPSK and 16QAM

Each state is defined either by the distance from the center (amplitude) and the angle (phase) OR by the horizontal (I) and vertical distance (Q) from the center

4 possible states(each state = 2 bits)

00, 01, 10, 11

I01

1

0

135°1,1

45°0,1

225°1,0

315°0,0

Q

I01

1

0

135°1,1

45°0,1

225°1,0

315°0,0

01

1

0

135°1,1

45°0,1

225°1,0

315°0,0

Q

QPSK

0001

01

00

10

11

0001 1011

0011 1011

1001

0111

0101

1111

1101

0000

0010

1000

1010

0100

0110

1100

1110

I

Q

0001

01

00

10

11

0001 1011

0011 1011

1001

0111

0101

1111

1101

0000

0010

1000

1010

0100

0110

1100

1110

0001

01

00

10

11

0001 1011

0011 1011

1001

0111

0101

1111

1101

0000

0010

1000

1010

0100

0110

1100

1110

0001

01

00

10

11

0001 1011

0011 1011

1001

0111

0101

1111

1101

0000

0010

1000

1010

0100

0110

1100

1110

I

Q

16 possible states (each state = 4 bits)

0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0101, 0110, 0111, 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, 1111

16QAM


Adaptive Modulation

QAM4, QAM8

QAM4(QPSK)

QAM8

More attenuation of the signal

Less attenuation of the signal

QAM16

QAM64

Base Station

QAM4 QPSK QPSK

More attenuation of the signal

Less attenuation of the signal

QAM16 QAM64

Base Station

QPSK


Beamforming Basics

Makes Zero-install, plug-n-play, mobile, personal BB a realityDownlink performance improved by 18dB {20log(N)}– more capacity & building penetrationUplink performance improved by 9dB {10log(N)} – larger cell sizes

Additional capacity and better frequency reuse due to reduced interferenceUplink gain permits reduced radiated power by subscriber devices – size, cost & battery life

Energy Dispersed in All Directions Energy Directed to the Intended User

Non Beam-Forming Smart Beam-Forming + MIMO

Inefficient Spectral Use

Less Coverage

Efficient Spectral Use

Long Range

Presenter�


070509a Smart WiMAX Sales Presentation.ppt The only technology slide. All other systems Use energy inefficiently – like a light bulb => Need lots of power, cause interference since everyone sees everyone’s energy We work more like a flashlight => (all else being equal) we get a 64 times power multiplier compared to non smart antenna systems => 1.) We can deliver on the promise of plug and play broadband 2.) more importantly “non smart antenna based systems “realistically” cannot �


Switched Lobe Smart Antenna (Vendor X)Cheap, but inflexible, Uses multiple small, immobile “sub sectors”. Base Station selects which sub sector to use based on strongest signal received. Suffers from limited gain.

Dynamically Phased Array/Beam Steering (Vendor Y)Uses multiple small, immobile “sub sectors”. Base Station selects which sub sector to use based angle of arrival, and steers beam. Suffers from multipath interference.

Adaptive Antenna Array - CiscoBest performance. System measures angle, phase and strength of arrival from uplink sounding. Uses results to send downlink using all available multipaths to add constructively at the source.

Mult

ipath

In

terfe

renc

e

Cisco BeamformingNot all Beamforming approaches are equal…


Noise floor

DSP

Resultant signal integration before DSP

S/N

S/N

8-antennas

The DSP engine applies complex algorithms on the I & Q portions of the signals such that they would add more “constructively” with the resultant U/L output signal being 9 dBs larger than a non-BF system.

Similarly on the D/L in combination of the DSP engine & 8 PAs, the 8-signals coming from 8 different antennas add constructively within a couple of meters from the CPE resulting in a signal that is 18 dB larger than the CPE would have seen had the BTS had only 1 antenna.

Resultant signal integration after DSP

U/L signal from CPE to BTS

How Beamforming Works

+ + +++ +

+

++ ++ ++++++ ++

++


Multiple Input/Multiple Output (MIMO)MIMO systems employ multiple antennas at both Base Station and SS device

Two types of Simple MIMOd ta

sedas nt

“da s nt“ + “d ta se ” = “data sent”

as fast

Twice

“Twice” + “as fast” = “Twice as fast”

In Wave 2, WiMAX certified SS devices must be able to support both types of MIMO

Matrix A Matrix B


Agenda

WiMAX Introduction

WiMAX Forum Update

Radio Interface

Core Architecture


Q & A


WiMAX End to End Network Reference Model

R1: 802.16e (MSS-ASN)

R2: MSS – CSN

R3: ASN GW – HA

R4: Inter-ASN

R5: CSN-CSN

R6: BS - ASNGW

R8: Inter BS

MSS – Mobile Subscriber Station

NAP – Network Access Provider

NSP – Network Service Provider

ASN

MSS

CSN

R2

R3

AnotherASN

R4

ASP NetworkOr Internet

V-NSP

NAP

ASN

R1ASNGW

BS

BS

R6

HAR8

CSN

H-NSP

R5HA

AAA AAA

DHCPDNS

DHCPDNS

ACCESS SERVICE NETWORK (ASN)Access gateway (ASN GW) – provides the micro-mobility anchor point and supports bearer services. Also supports the Foreign Agent.Base station (BS) – provides the radio dependent functions and has limited IP functionality

CORE SERVICES NETWORK (CSN)Home agent (HA) – provides the macro-mobility anchor point and supports bearer services, if roaming/mobility is desired. Other Network Elements such as AAA, DHCP servers and more are also in the CSN.


Separate ASNG, BS and Split RRM

ASN Profile A - removed from Standards

P

P

PE

PE

P

PP P

ASPASP MPLS COREMPLS CORE NSP SERVICESNSP SERVICESCPECPE

ISPInternet

Residential

Residential

Business

Corporate

BRAS

PE

Voice

HomeAgent AAA

R1

R4

R6

R2

R3

- HO- Data Path 1 & 2- Authentication Relay- Paging Agent- Key Receiver- Context- RRA- SF Management

- HO- Data Path 1 & 2- Authenticator- Key Distributor- Context- RRC- SF Authorization

- DHCP Proxy/Relay- MIP FA- Location Register- PMIP Client- AAA Client- Paging Controller

ASNProfile A

BS ASN-GW

R3

R4

R6

ASNGW/FA

ASNGW/FA

BS


Separate BS, ASN-Gateway, RRM in BS

ASN Profile B – no future development

P

P

PE

PE

P

PP P


ISPInternet

Residential

Residential

Business

Corporate

BRAS

PE

Voice

HomeAgent AAA

R1

R4

R2

R3

- HO- Data Path 1 & 2- Authenticator- Key Rec. &Dist.- Context- RRA + RRC- SF Auth & Mgt

- DHCP Proxy/Relay- MIP FA- Location Register- PMIP Client/Assist- AAA Client

ASNProfile B

R3

R4BS+

ASNGW/FA

BS+ASNGW/FA


Separate ASNG, BS and RRM in BS

ASN Profile C - approved and current development

P

P

PE

PE

P

PP P


ISPInternet

Residential

Residential

Business

Corporate

BRAS

PE

Voice

HomeAgent AAA

R1

R4

R6

R2

R3

- HO- Data Path 1 & 2- Authentication Relay- Paging Agent- Key Receiver- Context- RRA + RRC- SF Management

- HO- Data Path 1 & 2- Authenticator- Key Distributor- Context- SF Authorization

- DHCP Proxy/Relay- MIP FA- Location Register- PMIP Client- AAA Client- Paging Controller

ASNProfile C

BS ASN-GW

R3

R4

R6

ASNGW/FA

ASNGW/FA

BS


Profile Comparison ASN Profile Description Pro Con

Profile A

(Deprecated)

Centralized platform

Separate BS and ASNGW

Split RRM: RRA at BS

and RRC at ASN-GW

PHY and partly MAC in BTS

Handover-Control (RRM) in ASN- GW. Routing and AAA/Paging in ASN-GW

Able to provide simplified pico-cell

Able to provide soft handover

Fewer backhauls for RRM messages

Difficult Interoperability between BS and ASNGW from different vendors

Heavy workload at ASN- GW

Fewer vendors

Profile B

(No further

Development)

Distributed platform

Combined BS and ASNGW

BS anchored by standard router

Inter-BS control over Ethernet

Simple architecture

Suitable for small-scale deployment

Difficult to customize IP and wireless functions for operators

Expensive for large scale deployment

Profile C

(Standards

Track)

Distributed platform

Separate BS and ASNGW

All RRM functions in BS Handover-Control (RRM) in BS

Routing and AAA/Paging in ASN- GW

Able to provide simplified pico-cell

Open – multi -vendors can supply BS and ASNGW

Extra backhauls for RRM messages


“Mobile” Context & Industry Timing

Fixed wireless – assumes an externally mounted antenna or a modem in the home and AC power

Nomadic -- Very much the WiFi experience of carrying your laptop around and logging-in again every time you move

Portable – Pedestrian speed mobility (<5 mph)

Simple mobility – Lower speeds (<60 mph) and slower handoffs (>1 sec)

Full mobility – High speed


InternetInternet

Migration – Fixed

AGGRouter/switch

Corerouter

BS BSBS

IP IP IP

Fixed addresses, No mobilityAccess could be all layer 2


Migration – Fixed/Nomadic

InternetInternet

ASN/GW

Corerouter

BS BSBS

AAADHCP

IP IP IP

Add DHCP and AAA, for ability of end user to move and reconnectAccess could be all layer 2 or IP


Migration – Mobility (2008)

InternetInternet

ASNGWFA/PMIP

HA

BS BSBS

AAA

IP IP IP

Adds MIP

Basic R6

Radio IndependenceFunctionality at BS only

no RRM for fast mobility

ASNGWFA/PMIP

BS BS

IP IP


Migration – Full Mobility (2009)

InternetInternet

ASNGWFA/PMIP

HA

BS BSBS

AAA

RadioMgmt

IP IP IP

• Adds WiMAX Forum standard interfaces

• R4 for Inter FA handoff

• R6 for micro mobility

• Rx for RRM interface

• Radio Independent Functionality

• Policy support

• Dynamic service flow creation

• Multicast

• VoIP

R6Rx

R4 (optional) ASNGWFA/PMIP

BS BS

IP IP

R6

R3


WiMAX Convergence Sub-layers Optimized for Service Delivery

IP-CS (Simple IP)Stationary/Nomadic/Portable usage model R6 Bearer path terminates at the ASNGW for policy enforcementDynamic SF to meet application SLAIntra-ASN Mobility

IP-CS (PMIP)Mobile usage modelBearer path terminates at the HA for policy enforcementInter-ASN Mobility

Ethernet-CSStationary/Nomadic/Portable usage modelCentralized control plane via ASNGWBearer path terminates at BS (decoupled from R6)Interworking with Carrier Ethernet for Ethernet Services


WiMAX IP-CS (Simple IP)

R6 User-Plane based on GRE between BS and ASN GW

R6 Control Plane handles Authentication, SF Assignment, etc

SF Session per user uniquely identified through GRE-Key

GRE to VRF at ASN GW for service separation

Targets Residential and Nomadic model plus managed Voice

EoMPLS

IP-CS

ASNGW

R6 GRE

IP IP

IP CS IP CS GRE GRE MPLSMAC MAC IP IP MAC

802.16 802.16 ETH ETH PHYClientETH ETH

IP IP IP

CPE Base station ASN Gateway


WiMAX IP-CS (PMIP)

R6 Control Plane handles Authentication, SF Assignment, etc

SF Session per user uniquely identified through GRE-Key

PMIP Client and FA embedded in ASN GW

HA is the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA)

EoMPLS

IP-CS

ASNGW

R6 GRE Mobile IP

HA

PMIP

PHY PHYPHY PHY PHY PHY

MAC MACLNK LNK LNK LNK

.16eCtrl .16eCtrlIP IP IP IP

ASNctrl ASNctrl CSNctrl CSNctrlControl (UDP 2231/R6)

GRE

LNKPHY LNKLNK

GREIP IP IPMAC

PHY

Micro Mobility

LNK

IP IP

IP

IPLNK

MACIP-CSIP-CS MIP MIPMacro Mobility

IP-CS Data Path (PMIP)


WiMAX Ethernet-CS Control Plane de-coupling (Future..)

Decouples the Bearer Path from R6 (local breakout at BS)R6 Control Plane handles Authentication, SF Assignment, etcService Interworking with Carrier EthernetEnables Integration with DSL TR-101 (V-Interface)Avoids turning the ASN GW into L2 bridgeTargets business and wholesale model

EoMPLS

Eth-CS

PHY PHYPHY PHY

PHY PHYMAC MAC

LNK LNK

ETH ETHETH-CS ETH-CS

IP IPGRE GRE

ETHETH ETH ETH

ETH-CS Data PathPPPoEVlanQinQL2vpnMetroE

PHY PHYPHY PHY

MAC MACLNK LNK

.16eCtrl .16eCtrlIP IP

ASNctrl ASNctrlControl (UDP 2231/R6)


WiMAX 802.16 Service Flow Model Definitions

• Packets are associated with a service flow, which is the central concept of the MAC protocol

• Service flow = an unidirectional flow of packets with a particular QoS

• Service flow has parameters like bandwidth, latency, jitter and other QoS-related variables

• When data comes to MAC layer, the convergence sublayer gives it an connection ID (CID)

• The service flow is mapped to this ID {CID,SFID}

• The Service Flow ID is fixed across Base-Stations. Each Base- Station maps a SFID to a new CID.Created on-demand or pre-provisioned

On-demand SF creation subject to authorization against permitted QoS parameters


WiMAX QoS & Scheduling Schemes Specifications & Applications…

Service Flows:Mechanism defined in Mobile WiMAX to

provide QoS

Uni-directional flow of packets associated with certain defined QoS parameters for traffic

Connections:Unidirectional logical link between BS and CPE

Each connection is associated with a service flow delivering the necessary QoS over the air interface

Packet Classifiers:Each service flow also has packet classifiers

associated with it to determine criteria used by the MAC layer to associate packets into service flows

Mobile WiMAX scheduling based on QoS service Flows associated with each packet

QoS Category Applications QoS Specifications

UGSUnsolicited Grant

Service

VoIP •Maximum Sustained Rate•Maximum Latency•Jitter Tolerance

rtVRReal-Time Variable Rate

Service

Streaming Audio or Video

•Minimum Reserved Rate•Maximum Sustained Rate•Maximum Latency•Traffic Priority

ErtVRExtended Real-Time Variable Rate Service

Voice with Activity Detection (VoIP)

•Minimum Reserved Rate•Maximum Sustained Rate•Maximum Latency•Jitter Tolerance•Traffic Priority

nrtVRNon-Real-Time Variable

Rate Service

FTPFile Transfer Protocol

•Minimum Reserved Rate•Maximum Sustained Rate•Traffic Priority

BEBest-Effort Service

Data, Web Browsing, etc.

•Maximum Sustained Rate•Traffic Priority


WiMAX Solution QOS Architecture using IP-NGN

Voice and Video traffic Utilize Per-Service Diff-Serv QoS Model in Access, Aggregation and Core

Consumer and Business Traffic Utilize Per-Subscriber or Per Service QoS Model in Access, Aggregation and Core

Business

Corporate

Residential

STB

BusinessCorporate

BusinessCorporate

SIP

DSL Access Node

Distribution Node

BRAS

MPLS PE

SCE

Aggregation Node

Aggregation Node

Core NetworkIP/MPLS

VoD

Content Network

TV

Aggregation Node

SiSi

SiSi

SiSi

SiSi

SiSi

Ethernet Access Node

Aggregation NetworkMPLS, Ethernet, IP

Distribution Node

Access L2/3 Edge

Access Node

Identity Address Mgmt

Portal Subscriber Database

Monitoring Policy Definition

Billing

Policy Control Plane (Per Subscriber)

Internet

Business

Corporate

Traffic Class

Core /Edge/ Aggregation Access UNI

MPLS/IP Ethernet DSL, ETTX DSL WiMAX

PHB DSCP MPLS EXP 802.1P 802.1P ATM 802.16

Control ProtocolsNetwork Management AF 48 6 (6) (6) VBR-nrt nrtPS

Residential Voice EF 46 55 and 7

5 or 7 VBR-rt rtPS

Business Real-time EF 56 7

Residential TV and VoD AF 32 44 and 3 4 VBR-nrt NA

Residential D-Server Video AF 24 3

Business Critical In ContractBusiness Critical Out of Contract AF 16

821 2 and 1 2

1 VBR-nrt nrtPS

Residential HSIBusiness Best Effort BE 0 0 0 0 UBR Best Effort


Cisco WiMAX Solution ASN-gw QoS Models

Pre-Provisioned Service Flow: Profile Downloaded from AAA at registration may indicate number of pre-provisioned service flows, and/or default behaviour (e.g: default service flow)A service flow request initiated by the MS or BS is evaluated against the provisioned information, and the service flow is created if permissible

Dynamic Service Flow :Triggered by the network with Application Function Interaction– External Application FunctionMS initiated based on classification policy


WiMAX Solution Security and Authentication Framework Overview…

PKMv2 FrameworkMobile WiMax uses the Privacy and Key Management Protocol Version 2 (PKMv2) to manage all

security, authentication and encryption schemes over the air interface

PKMv2 manages AK security using PKM messaging between BS and CPE

Device and User authentication:User authentication in Mobile WiMAX is done using EAP authentication schemes.

Navini Mobile WiMAX solution supports EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and EAP-AKA etc

Device authentication done using X.509 certificates in WiMAX CPE

Traffic Encryption:Traffic encryption using 128 bit AES encryption scheme

AES encryption keys derives from EAP authentication and transported over PKMv2 framework

Security context and associations:All security and encryption contexts and associations maintained over mobility events and other

network events

Presenter�


What is AC�


Agenda

WiMAX Introduction

WiMAX Forum Update

Radio Interface

Core Architecture


Q & A


Cisco ASNgw Overview

Release 1 Features• Authentication/Security• QoS• Mobility (micro)• IP address allocation• Initial Network Entry of a user • Service Flow creation for a user (with only pre-provisioned service flows)• De-registration of a MS• Support for unpredicted Hard Handoff • Support for IP Convergence sublayer (CS) only

Software

C7600 basedService ModuleCarrier Class Features

• ASNgw Clustering using ASNgw-SLB• Geographic Load Balancing & Scaling• Stateful 1:1 Redundancy

• Deep Packet Inspection & Accounting• Carrier-grade billing support using CSG2 (pre & postpaid)

Architecture

Carrier Class Performance• 8 Gbps per card using IMIX packet• 100K Subscribers, 30% active, 70% idle• Unlimited # of sessions per Subscribers

Scaling

A smaller “standalone”, 1RU high appliance based ASN-gw based on C7301 is available for Field/Demo trials


Navini provides Cisco with a full-range, industry-leading portfolio of IEEE 802.16e-2005 compliant products and technologies

What is Cisco Acquiring? Advanced WiMAX Broadband Wireless BTS & CPE

RipWave® MX Antenna Systems

Software upgradeable for WiMAX 802.16e-2005 Wave 2 certification Unmatched radio link budgets

Multi-antenna configuration for beam-forming and MIMO Omni-directional and sector configurationsMarket-leading gain, reliability and availability

Zero-install, plug-and-play portable/mobile operation Sleek, appealing retail-friendly design Over-the-air activation

RipWave® MX Customer Premise Equipment

RipWave® MX BTS MX

First to support WiMAX Advanced Antenna Systems (AAS) for Beam-Forming


Carrier Ethernet Aggregation System

Identity Address Mgmt

Portal Subscriber DatabaseMonitoring Policy

DefinitionBilling

Service Exchange

VoD

Content Network

TV SIP

Core NetworkIP / MPLS

VoD

Content Network

TV SIP

Aggregation Node

Aggregation NetworkMPLS/IP

Carrier Ethernet Aggregation

DSL Access Node

Residential BNG

Business MSE

Access Edge

Distribution Node

Distribution Node

Aggregation Node

Aggregation Node


Aggregation Node

STP ETTX Access Rings

Business

Corporate

Residential

STB

Residential

STB

Business

Corporate

Business

Corporate

Residential

STB


WiMAX


The SEF Building Blocks

Internet

Core

NASS/ AAA

VoIP/IMS

IPTV/ VOD server

Other

Policy Server

Service Control (SCE, CSG)

Access Aggregation

(ASNGw)

Border Control (SBC, FW)

http://www.nortel.com/


Cisco Softswitch Solutions Broadband VoIP Residential & Business Services

AGGREGATIONCPE CORE

12000/10000

Mediation Server

Network resources

CAT

TRUNKING

MGX 88xx

Voice Mail LIServer

BTS10200Billing Server

SS7

Announce. Server

ITP

PGW2200

PSTN

Call Control

IPBackbone

VV

VV

ESR10000

Aggr. RouterDSLAM

HFC Plant

uBR7246/uBR10012

MTA / EMTA / SMTA

Cable

DSL

T1 / E1

Cable

ATA Catalyst 3550

ETTxMetroEthernet

T1/E1

DSL

Catalyst 3550

ETTxWiMAX

RipWave®MX BTS MXRipWave® MX

Antenna Systems

RipWave®

MX CPE


Agenda

WiMAX Introduction

WiMAX Forum Update

Radio Interface

Core Architecture


Q & A


Date post:	22-May-2018
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