Course Title: MODERN Course Title: MODERN CHINA AND EAST ASIACHINA AND EAST ASIACourse Description: This course is a study and analysis of the historical forces that developed in China starting from the middle part of the 19th century when the Opium war began up to the present period of the 21st century under Communist.
It will also bring into focus the activities that evolved in China and its neighbors in East Asia in terms of their socio-cultural, political, economic and historical developments.
Course Objectives:Course Objectives:
GENERAL: At the end of the semester, the students are expected to ascertain the ideological changes that swept China from the time Europeans divided the country into spheres of influence to the rise of Communism and after.
Specific: at the end of the course, the student is expected to:
1. To acquire an updated, realistic view from within and China from without.
2. To develop the attitude, skills and perspectives necessary for the understanding of China per se and China Vis-à-vis the Philippines and the world.
3. To acquire knowledge, understanding and appreciation of the culture and history of China and East Asia regardless of race, religion, nationality and economic status.
4. Make a list of the important economic and cultural achievements that happened in China from the old democratic revolution to the rise of communism and the effects of this to her East Asian neighbors.
5. Review the historical context from which China emerged from a “Sleeping Giant” into one of the great nations if not yet a great power in the world.
6. Write a paper underlining China’s on going relevance and importance in East Asia.
Course OutlineCourse Outline1. China: The Giant’s
Geographya) Geological originsb) Topography and Climatec) Populationd) Political Divisions/ Regionse) Ethnic Composition
2. China’s Changing Pre-history: A Survey
a) Geological Originsb) Human Imprintsc) New Archeological Data
3. The passage of the Dynasties (Xia-Qing)
4. Transformation to a Modern State
a) The European Expansion Objectives- commercial, technological and religious
b) Rivalries for China’s Handc) Opium Wars
d. Taiping Rebellione. Boxer Rebellionf. Double Ten Rebelliong. Sun Yat Sen’s Republich. The May 4th Movementi. Opposing Ideologies
i. Guomindang (KMT)- CCPii. USA-USSR
j. Japan in East Asiai. Invasion of Mongolia
ii. Invasion of Manchuriaiii. Massacre in Nanjing
k. The Pacific Wari. China in the Big Four
l. The Civil Wari. The United Frontii. The Long March
iii. The Communist Victoryiv. Chiang Kai Shek in Taiwan
5. The People’s Republic of China
a. China under Mao Zedongi. The Great Leap Forward
ii. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
iii. Soviet Tiesiv. The Korean War
v. The Sino-Soviet Splitvi.The passing of Zhou Enlai
and Mao Zedong b. The “Gang of Four”
c. The Rise of Deng Xiao Pingd. The occupation of Tibete. The Four Modernizationsf. The Open-Door Policyg. One Country-Two Systems Policyh. Tien An Men Tragedy
i. Pro-Democracy Movement
6. China Todaya. Hongkong Handover (1997)
and aftermath
b. Macau Handover (1997) and aftermath
c. Taiwan Reunification Issued. Issue on North and South Koreae. Issue on Tibet and Dalai Lamaf. Issue on Spratly’s Islands
7. The Future: China in the Asia- Pacific Theatre
a. The Economy (Capitalist market)b. Education and Technologyc. The Armed Forcesd. Foreign Relations
CHINACHINARepresents one of the earliest civilizations in the world (alongside that of Greece, Egypt, India, etc.).Has a recorded history of about 3,600 years. Like other nations, in its development, passed three stages of :
Primitive societySlave society Feudal society
It was during the middle part of the 19th century where capitalist forces from foreign countries started invading China and from then on, China was transformed into a:
Semi-colonial (and)Semi-feudal society
It marked its entry into the socialist stage only during the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PROC) in 1949 by Mao Tse Dong.
One of the areas in the world where man had its first beginning.
As early as 1M years ago, primitive man where believed to have existed in China.
Yunnan ManYunnan Man
Discovered in Yunnan Province. -Lived approximately 1.7M years
ago.
Lantian ManLantian Man
-Discovered in Lantian, Shaanxi Province.
-“Ape-man” whose fossil was found to have lived 800,000 years ago
LANTIAN MAN
Peking or Beijing Man Peking or Beijing Man (Sinanthropus pekinensis)(Sinanthropus pekinensis) -Lived around 500,000 years ago. -Possessed to have
characteristics of a human being because he walked erect on two legs.
-Creatively known to have use fire, simple tools and knew how to hunt.
PEKING MAN
It took such a long time before the early primitive people in China gradually progressed as living together in group and a clan.
These people lived first in Matriarchal and then lived in Patriarchal communes of a given society (the woman became the head of the family).
Yangshao CultureYangshao Culture -Major representative of matriarchal
society. -Existed around 6,000-7,000 years
ago. -Have already acquired the skill of
making stone and bone instruments. -Learned how to manufacture bows
and arrows as well as pottery. -Agriculture and animal raising
appeared. -Knew how to spin and weave clothing.
Pottery Porcelain
Longshan CultureLongshan Culture Major representative of patriarchal
society. -Existed in China 5,000 years ago and
mostly settled along the Huangho River and Yangtze River.
-Copper had already been discovered. -Fermentation of grain to make wine
was invented. -Domestication of animal started to
exist (horse, ox, sheep, chicken, dog and pig).
-Technology in pottery-making was improved.
With the rapid development of the Longshan culture, the standard of living were improved and this also started the dissolution of a primitive society in ancient China.
As China established an Imperial institution, The Emperor (Son of Heaven) headed the royal house.
Emperor:Emperor: -Quasi –divine figure, part king, part
pope. -Parent of the realm and also clan
patriarch. -Responsible for selecting and
educating his successor, usually a son.
-His political power was projected over the peasants by the imperial bureaucracy.
CHINESE DYNASTIESCHINESE DYNASTIES
Xia (Hsia) Dynasty Xia (Hsia) Dynasty (21(21stst-16-16thth century BC) century BC)
-First dynasty to introduce the slave society.
-Major occupation was agriculture.
-Capital was centered in Henan (Shaanxi).
Shang (Yin) Dynasty Shang (Yin) Dynasty (16(16thth century- 1066 BC) century- 1066 BC) -Development of slave society. -Expansion of agriculture and
animal raising. -Silk raising, weaving and bronze
making were raised to a high level.
-Immolated (killed as a sacrifice) slaves were found buried beside their masters.
Zhou (Chou) DynastyZhou (Chou) Dynasty(1006-221 BC)(1006-221 BC) Western Chou (1006-770 BC)
Eastern Chou (770-221 BC)◦Spring and Autumn Period◦Warring State Period
-Agricultural production expanded and many breweries were set up.
-Transactional phase from slave to feudal society.
-Rise of the landlord class. -Known to historians as Classical Age
for there were abundant historical records at this time.
-Considered as the Golden Age of Chinese Philosophy for we find the appearance of the first Chinese organized philosophical school of thought.
Confucian School -----------Confucius and Mencius
Mohist School----------------Mo Zi Taoist School------------------Lao Zi and Shang Zi
Legalist School----------------Han Fei Zi and Shang Yang
Qin (Chin) Dynasty (221-206 Qin (Chin) Dynasty (221-206 BC)BC)-Marked the beginning of China’s
medieval history.-First centralized, unified, multi-
national feudal state in Chinese history; first real dynasty of China.
-Established by Chin Shi Huang Ti, who fostered feudal landownership, developed communications and unified the written language, currency and weight and measure.
-Believed that China got its name from this dynasty.
CURRENCY
Han Dynasty (206 BC- 220 Han Dynasty (206 BC- 220 AD)AD)-Golden Age of Chinese History.
-Sima Qian (Ssu Ma Chien) wrote the first complete general history of China in his Shi Ji (historical records).
-Agriculture, iron smelting, silk weaving and handcrafts expanded.
-Farming technique improved and many irrigation projects were put into operation.
-Commerce flourished and foreign trade between East and West were opened.
-“Silk Road”, a trade route leading from Chinese capital and passing thru Yellow river, Sinkiang, Afghanistan, Iran, Asia Minor and Europe was used.
-Buddhism was introduced.
Three Kingdoms Period Three Kingdoms Period (220-280 AD)(220-280 AD)(Wei, Shu, Wu)(Wei, Shu, Wu)
Western Jin (Chin) Dynasty Western Jin (Chin) Dynasty (265-316 AD)(265-316 AD)
Southern Jin (Chin) Dynasty Southern Jin (Chin) Dynasty and 16 states and 16 states (317-439 AD)(317-439 AD)
Eastern Jin (Chin) Dynasty Eastern Jin (Chin) Dynasty (386-439 AD)(386-439 AD)
Southern and Northern Southern and Northern Dynasty (386-581 AD)Dynasty (386-581 AD)
-Barbarian invasion of China.-China’s dark ages.
Sui Dynasty (581-618 AD)Sui Dynasty (581-618 AD)One of the shortest dynasties
which was ruled by only two emperors.
-Strengthen the administrative system in government; the civil service exam introduced.
-Made remarkable accomplishments in science and culture.
Tang Dynasty (618-907 Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD)AD)-Most powerful of all the dynasties since
the time of the Han. -Chinese culture reached its
highest development during this period. -Gunpowder (for war) and
woodblock printing were used. -Flourishing of literature, art,
music and printing. -Flourishing of freedom of thought
and belief. -Opening of Chinese schools to the
outside people.
Five Dynasties and 10 Five Dynasties and 10 Kingdoms Period (907-960 Kingdoms Period (907-960 AD)AD)Late Liang, Tang, Tsing, Han, Late Liang, Tang, Tsing, Han, ChouChou-Merely a prolongation of the civil
war in the last year of the Tang Dynasty.
Sung Dynasty (960-1279 Sung Dynasty (960-1279 AD)AD)-Golden Age of Chinese Commerce
and Trade-Compass began to be used in
navigation-Sung porcelain and celadon
became famous (glazed, unglazed and crackle glaze)
-Rise of neo-Confucianists Philosophy
-period of literary activity
CELADON
Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368 Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368 AD) – MongolAD) – Mongol-First foreign dynasty-Kublai Khan was the famous
Mongol leader.- Commerce and foreign trade
flourished.-Merchants and travelers came to
China from abroad Marco Polo (Venetian) Ibn Batuta (Moroccan)
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD)AD)-Administrative machineries were
inherited from past dynasties.-Rudiments of Capitalism
appeared. -Increased communications
with foreign countries and the Ming renewed contacts with
the west.
Qing (Ching) Dynasty (1644-Qing (Ching) Dynasty (1644-1911 AD)- Manchu1911 AD)- Manchu-Second foreign dynasty ruled by
Manchurians.-Last imperial dynasty-The most anti-foreign dynasty
(nationalism)
EUROPEAN EXPANSIONEUROPEAN EXPANSION
Factors that contributed Factors that contributed greatly to the renewal of greatly to the renewal of trade between the East and trade between the East and the West.the West.
CrusadesCrusades-Facilitated the diffusion of Arab
culture among western lands because Muslims came to adopt the finer manners and customs of the East.
RenaissanceRenaissance-The reflowing of knowledge
especially in arts and science, influenced new life in geographical science.
-False belief about geography slowly gave way to scientific concepts.
Medieval TravelersMedieval Travelers -Stories about the wonders of the
Orient were enhanced by those Europeans who had traveled to the East.
Reasons why Europeans Reasons why Europeans (West) came to Asia(West) came to Asia
GodGodconvert the people to a new
religion and use that religion to fool the people. (Paganism)
GoldGoldBecause Asia had abundant
natural resources (ie. Spices) they can establish trade and make money.
GloryGlory-To establish colonies. The more
colonies they have the more powerful and glorified they become to their European neighbors
3 Trade Routes Between 3 Trade Routes Between Europe and AsiaEurope and Asia
Northern Route Northern Route - (river, caravan and interior
seas) China, Bokhar, Samarkand, Caspian Sea, Black Sea-> Constantinople
Middle Route Middle Route -Malacca westward to Indian
Ocean, Persian Gulf, Persia, Syria.
Southern RouteSouthern Route- (by water) Malacca, Indian
Ocean, India, Red Sea, Alexandria (Egypt)
1263 – Nicolo and Marco Polo (Venetian) reached China and presented themselves to Kublai Khan.
1271- Marco Polo (Nicolo’s Son) accompanied them in the trip.
1292- Left China1298- Marco Polo was captured during a civil
war and while in prison, he wrote a book of his accounts in China.◦ His Cellmate (Rusticiano of Pisa) exposed his book.◦ This fired the imagination of the Europeans who
became determined to visit the East.1453 -Constantinople fell to the Ottoman
Turks◦ Closed the sea route used by the Europeans◦ Europeans were forced to find a new trade route to
the East.◦ This started new voyages for exploration and
discovery.Spain and Portugal – 2 foremost countries
who led the search of a new trade route.
MODERN PERIOD (1840-1919)MODERN PERIOD (1840-1919)CHINA IN THE 19CHINA IN THE 19THTH CENTURY CENTURY
The period of approximately 80 years from 1840 when the Opium War began to 1919 when the May Fourth Movement started, was the Modern period of China. During this period, the Ching Dynasty ended and the Republic of China began. It was a period when imperialism from abroad and feudalism at home combined to reduce China to semi-colonial and semi-feudal status. It was also a period when the Chinese people waged a heroic struggle against the imperialist and their running dogs in China. It was a period of democratic revolution led by the Bourgeoisie. After 1919, the leadership of the democratic revolution was taken over by the proletariat and its political party. We call the period before 1919 the period of old-democratic revolution and the period after 1919 the period of new-democratic revolution.
RIVALRIES FOR CHINA’S RIVALRIES FOR CHINA’S HANDHANDEuropean presence in the Far
East date back to 16th century, but by the second decade of the 19th century, with the end of the North American and Napoleonic Wars, England and France were ready to expand their territories to Asia on a widened scale.
The US still had a continent to cross before reaching the Pacific Ocean but Great Britain and British traders were already active as rivals and partners of the Europeans in the South China waters.
The ambitions of these powers intersected in and around China, forming a destructive rivalry for China (which is not their territory) which the Chinese call IMPERIALSM.
England having established its colony in India and extended to parts of Burma became interested in expanding its operations in China, whether commercial or military.
1760- Manchu court designated CANTON as the sole open port for the British.
TEA- Main item the British brought from the Chinese.◦ -English were fond of tea and consumed
enormous quantities of it.◦ -10% of its revenue was paid for the tea ◦ - English paid in silver for tea, silk and
other commodities but did not sell anything to the self-sufficient Chinese. No two-way trade until they found a market for Opium.
Opium- Grown in Bengal, India◦Commodity which corrected the
imbalance of payments.◦By the 3rd decade of the 18th century,
opium sales to China were soaring, and instead of silver flowing to China, it was flowing out in massive amounts because Chinese were addicted to Opium.
◦This started the Opium War (1840)
FOREIGN TRADE IN CANTON: FOREIGN TRADE IN CANTON: BACKGROUND OF THE OPIUM BACKGROUND OF THE OPIUM WAR (1840-1842)WAR (1840-1842)
Before the fourth decade of the 19th century, Britain was the most developed capitalist country in the world. Having strengthened its control over India, it immediately targeted China as its next object of aggression.
It was only in Canton (Guangzhou) where the British and foreign merchants were permitted and allowed to conduct their trade to a group of Chinese monopolist known as “HONG”, or “COHONG”. This Hong merchants had to pay taxes to the state, but they had a wonderful opportunity of enriching themselves through their business with the Europeans.
The British concentrated mainly on the purchase of silk, tea, and other products which commanded a good price in Europe. As a result, British capitalist must ship a huge amount of Silver to China in exchange for tea, silk and other products.
Their main problem was what to export to China? Europeans Woolens, cotton textile, food stuffs and other luxury goods could not be sold because transporting this is too expensive and besides the Chinese people are able to produce food, clothing, and other daily necessities so these are not well received in China.
To rob China off its wealth, the British capitalist resorted to armed smuggling and bribery of Chinese officials who then allowed them to ship large quantities of OPIUM which they carried from India is the only product that can be easily sold to China because the Chinese were familiar with opium and they readily bought it.
From 1800 onwards, opium became the chief article of trade, especially from the British, who were able to bring it conveniently from India. Though it is harmful to the people, so many Chinese merchants were able to enrich themselves by selling this, and a great deal of Chinese money went abroad.
Because the number of opium smokers increased by the thousands, the feudal rulers of China became more and more corrupt and the fighting capacity of the Chinese army deteriorated steadily. The government became apprehensive and decided to send its commissioner to stop and prohibit the Opium Trade (1839). The action of the commissioner angered the British because this meant the destruction of British trade in the Far East and also possibility that China would open other ports to European trade.
Lin Tse –hsu – the imperial commissioner who prohibited and banned the Opium trade. He warned the British not to bring in any more Opium. He ordered 20,000 chests (133 lbs. per chest, total of 1.15 million klgs.) to be burned and destroyed.
OPIUM WAR (1840) – First Sino – British War; British soldiers attacked the south-eastern coast of China (Guangdong Province). The Chinese opened and offered negotiations but the hostilities continued and they soon found out that they were losing because European weapons were far superior than those of the Chinese. After 2 years of war the Chinese capitulated.
Treaty of Nanking (1842) – The Sino – British treaty that ended the 2 years Opium War. It was the first unequal treaty that China signed with a foreign aggressor. The signing of this treaty slowly meant that China had lost its rights as a sovereign nation.
TREATY OF NANKING
OPIUM WAR
Provisions of the Treaty Provisions of the Treaty of Nankingof Nanking1. China open five ports for European
trade: Canton, Amoy, Foochow, Ningbo and Shanghai.
2. Cesssion of Hongkong to Britain up to 1997.
3. The Chinese establish a fair and regular tariff on export and imports.
4. The termination of the Co-hong.5. Payment of an indemnity worth
$21 million silver taels.
SILVER TAEL
TAIPING REBELLION (1851) – TAIPING REBELLION (1851) – “Great Peace”“Great Peace”A peasant uprising headed by Hung Hsiu – Chuan to take over the Manchu Dynasty. It was put to stop and ended in 1865 after 14 years of fighting, by the Manchus led by Tseng Kuo –Fan and its foreign supporters. Although the peasants were defeated this aroused and strengthened the revolutionary will of the Chinese people to topple down the Manchu Imperial dynasty.
TAIPING REBELLIONTAIPING REBELLIONHung Hsui Chuan
◦-Village teacher◦-member of the Chinese Protestant
Christians◦-found support among the protestant
missionaries◦-had political ambitions to defeat the
Manchu and establish a new dynasty.
◦-defeated in 1865
TAIPING REBELLION
Tseng Kuo Fan and Li Hung-Chang - Manchu leaders who defeated the Taiping.
Frederick T. Ward- American◦-Ever Victorious Army.
Charles Gorge Gordon- British
RESULT: -The Taiping Uprising was
crushed but remnants of the defeated forces fled abroad and contributed to the agitation which in the next country overthrew the Manchu and set up the Republic.
BOXER REBELLION (1899)BOXER REBELLION (1899)An anti-foreign movement aimed at
eliminating the westerners and the Western influence in China.
Boxer or “Righteous Harmony Fists”, was the nickname given by the foreigners for the superb gymnastic exercise practiced by the Chinese.
Chinese X’tians who were adopting the foreign religion were also included in the attack. The Boxer were defeated by the foreigners because foreign legations started to send foreign troops from abroad to protect them. The Chinese were in no match to the artillery the troops of the foreigners.
BOXER REBELLIONBOXER REBELLIONSlogan: “Protect the Dynasty”Definition- An anti-foreign movement and was an
attempt to get rid of Western Influence in China.
Origin-Spontaneous popular opposition to
foreigners and their societies with religious features.
-To support the movement of anti-foreign officials (Manchu).
-follow the order of Empress Dowager Tzu Hsi (Haiao Chin) “Old Buddha”
BOXER REBELLION
Target- an order to KILL foreigners and Chinese Christians in Peking
Result◦-A minor event compared to China’s
experience in WWI and II◦- China emerged from the Boxer
experience with greatly enhanced debt, added humiliation and the position of a subject nation.
Sept. 7, 1901Sept. 7, 1901 – Boxer – Boxer settlement and the rebellion settlement and the rebellion ended.ended.1. An official apology to Germany for the
murder of her minister and the erection of a monument in his honor.
2. Suspension of the official examination for 5 years in towns where foreigners had been killed or ill-treated.
3. The payment of a large indemnity (450,000,000 silver taels; US $ 333, 900, 00) in 39 annual installments.
4. The improvement of the river channels leading to Tientsin and Shanghai.
5. The setting aside of a legation quarter in Peking to ensure their safety.
6. -punishment of officials involved the war.
7. -apology for the murder of the Japanese Chancellor
8. - Prohibition of the manufacture of arms for 2 years.
9. - Destruction of military forts.10. - The occupation of foreign powers
on certain strategic military forts.11. -Posting of the Chinese guard
and of laws to prevent anti-foreign activities.
Foreign Legations:Foreign Legations:1. Russia2. Germany 3. France4. Great Britain5. USA6. Japan7. Italy8. Belgium9. Austria10. Others
By the turn of the 20th c. (1900) the Ching dynasty was starting to feel its downfall and this was during the reign of the luckless and prisoner Emperor Kuang Hsu and the domineering Empress Dowager Tzu Hsi.
CHINA 1900CHINA 1900
Empress Dowager Empress Dowager in her late 60’s.Still vigorous and domineering.She never trusted the
Westerners.
Emperor Kuang HsuEmperor Kuang HsuWas not expected to be a leader of
any revolutionWas intelligent but had no direct
knowledge to the world outside his palace.
He was unskilled in administrationAs a politician, he was immatureHad been reared under the shadow
of the domineering and forceful Tzu Hsi
EMPEROR KUANG HSU
Yuan Shi KaiYuan Shi KaiWas an outstanding Manchu
GeneralWill become very important in
the following years to the founding of the Republic.
1908- Tzi Hsi and Kuang Hsu died within a few hours of each other.
YUAN SHI KAI
Hsuang Tung (Pu Yi)Hsuang Tung (Pu Yi)Succeeded the Emperor; the last
Ching Emperor.A pathetic figure, who was clearly
incompetent to save the dynasty.
Development in the last Development in the last years of the Ching Dynastyyears of the Ching DynastyIntermarriage of Manchu and Chinese
were permitted (1902).Graduated system of government schools
in which Western and Chinese subjects were taught.
A Ministry of Education was created.In 1905, the Civil Service Exams based
upon Chinese classics were abolishedPeking was still the center of contending
international jealousies and pressures.Government was financially hard pressed.The empire was engulfed with secret
revolutionary societies.
Reasons for the decline of Reasons for the decline of the Ching (Manchu) the Ching (Manchu) Dynasty:Dynasty:1. Administrative inefficiency2. Widespread corruption3. Debasement of the military4. Pressure of a rising population5. Financial stringency6. Intellectual irresponsibility7. Rebellions (domestic) by secret
societies8. Foreign aggressions9. Rise of nationalist reformers
Reasons for the rise of Reasons for the rise of Nationalist Republic:Nationalist Republic:
1. The long list of unequal treaties (Treaty of Nanking, Shimonoseki, Boxer Protocol, etc.)
2. The loss of China’s tributary states (Hong Kong, etc.)
3. Lack of vigor in domestic administration.
4. The urgent need from monarchial institutions to a Republican form of government in China.
Dr. Sun Yat – Sen (1866-Dr. Sun Yat – Sen (1866-1925)1925)
Was the originator and leader of China’s bourgeoisie democratic revolution.
A medical doctor by profession but spent his entire life in propagating revolutionary thought in China.
Known in China as the ff.“Father of the Chinese Revolution”“Patron Saint of the Nationalist Republic”“Founding Father of the Republic of China”
1905 – was elected President of the China Revolutionary League, an organization which aimed to overthrow the Ching Dynasty. For Sun Yat – Sen to achieve his dreams, he established the Three Principles of the People for the nationalistic movement to become more successful.
(San Min Chu I) The Three (San Min Chu I) The Three Principles of the PeoplePrinciples of the People(The Great Bright Way for (The Great Bright Way for China)China)1. NATIONALISM – Principle of Min-Tsu (People’s
Rule)A nationalistic revolution to overthrow the
Manchu Dynasty and imperial institutions. This is the restoration of a new China.
2. DEMOCRACY – Principle of Min-Chuan (People’s Authority)
A democratic revolution to establish a republic and popular sovereignty.
3. SOCIALISM – Principle of Min-Sheng (People’s Livelihood)
A social revolution to equalize land rights and prevent the ills of capitalism (equal landownership).
Comparison b/w SYS and JPRDr. SUN YAT-SEN
• Born in the 19thC. (1866)• Studied abroad and
graduated with honors (Hawaii)
• Finished medicine and became an MD (Surgeon)
• Wrote revolutionary thoughts while abroad
• Rich background
Dr. JOSE P. RIZAL
• 1861• Spain
• MD and practice in Germany (Opthalmology)
• Poems, essays against bad policies of Spain
• Ilustrado
Dr. SUN YAT-SEN
• Fought against their oppressors (Manchus)
• Famous for his written work (San Min Chu I)
• Became a Hero/ Patron Saint• More of a Pacifist (not
revolutionary)• Founded the Kuomintang
(KMT)• Stayed in the background as
leader and gave way to Yuan Shi Kai
Dr. JOSE P. RIZAL
• Spaniards
• Noli Me Tangere/ El Filibusterismo
• National Hero
• Used pen and tongue (not gun)
• Founded the La Liga Filipina
• Gave way to Bonifacio, Del Pilar and other patriots
Dr. SUN YAT-SEN
• Died of cancer in 1925 (59 years old)
• Numerous monuments, schools, roads, organizations and societies were named after him
• His teachings are still studied by the present generation
Dr. JOSE P. RIZAL
• Died of Firing squad in 1896 (35 years old)
• Numerous monuments, schools, roads, organizations and societies were named after him
• His teachings are still studied by the present generation
Double Ten Uprising (Oct. 10, 1911) – a revolution that started in Wu-chang which successfully overthrow the Manchu Dynasty.
Emperor Hsuan Tung (Henry Pu Yi) –
Last Manchu Emperor.
Yuan Shi Kai – protector of Pu Yi; Premier and Commander in chief of the army. Later he became a political opportunist and militarist and as a result of this China was engaged in civil wars among the warlords for 13 years until 1924.
THE BEGINNING OF THE THE BEGINNING OF THE REPUBLICREPUBLIC
October 10, 1911October 10, 1911(Wuchang)(Wuchang)The beginning of the Revolution
against the Manchu.A Republic was proclaimed, but
uprising and little fighting continued in other cities.
Chiang Kai ShekChiang Kai ShekBorn in 1897 in ChekiangStrongest figure in the Kuomintang.Continued SYS programsAcquired a military educationAn ardent admirer and trusted follower
of Sun Yat-SenStudied the Soviet system of leadership
but without being a communist.Waged a relentless war against the
communist.Was backed by the wealthy classDied in 1976
CHINA 1895- END of WWICHINA 1895- END of WWI
Defeated by Japan in 1895 (Sino- Jap war).Some of her strategic ports were seized
by western powers thru leaseholds.Forced to grant concessions to build
railways.Expelled the westerners but was into
forced war; helpless in the war against Russia and Japan to keep her territories.
The Manchu traditional government, the Confucian Monarchy, was swept out.
A Republic was proclaimed, resulting with the disintegration of the state, both national and local.
China was drawn into WWI.In education, Confucianism was
abolished and western subjects and methods were adopted.
Religiously, Confucianism weakened and Christianity made phenomenal gains.
Jan 1, 1912 – the Republic of China was founded and Sun Yat –Sen BECAME THE Provisional President of the Republic of China.
Feb 12, 1912 – Sun resigned as President under the pressures of Yuan Shi Kai. This he did to seek peaceful unification of the country. Different political organizations were reorganize together with other political groups into KUOMINTANG (National People’s Party, Nationalist Party).
KUOMINTANG – is an open political party with open membership with the purpose of implementing the foundation of the Three People’s Principles in the minds and lives of the people.
Summer, 1914 – 1919 – World War I started.
1914 – Japan decided to take over all German territories in the Pacific including Shantung Peninsula. With the inception of war in Europe, China realized herself surrounded with the enclaves of warlike countries within its borders. It formally asked that hostilities be kept out of its territories and waters. It also declared its “neutrality”. China requested the U.S.A. in obtaining from neutral countries their promise to respect their request.
August 1914 – Japan declared war with Germany for the simple reason that Germany wouldn’t withdraw her leased territory of Kiaochow in the province of Shantung. In moving against Kiaochow, Japan violated China’s neutrality by dispatching her attacking forces across the Chinese territory. Fortunately for Japan, he overcame the German resistance and captured the port of Kiaochow.
Jan. 1915 – Japan sent Yuan Shi Kai, a communiqué known as the “21 Demands”. Yuan Shi Kai accepted the 21 Demands and sent the documents to America for her to help China. During this time he had foreseen the establishment of a new Dynasty.
21 Demands – total surrender of Chinese sovereignty to Japan.
Provisions of 21 DemandsProvisions of 21 Demands:: (pp. 460-461)(pp. 460-461)
1. Transfer of Germany’s rights to Japan.2. No territory/islands should be leased to any power without
Japanese consent.3. Manchurian railways under Russian control be transferred
to Japanese control.4. Chinese iron mines be transferred to Japanese control.5. That China should accept political, military, and economic
advisers from Japan.
The acceptance of the Demands by Yuan Shi Kai resulted to divisions in China by having 2 governments:
1. North – Peking – Pro-Japanese under Yuan Shi Kai.2. South – Canton – Anti-Japanese under Revolutionary
League to form the Kuomintang under Sun Yat-Sen and Chiang Kai Shek.
Jan. 1919 – TREATY OF Jan. 1919 – TREATY OF VERSAILLESVERSAILLES After the conclusion of WW I, Britain, France, USA, Japan,
China, and other “victors” of the war held a peace conference in Versailles, France. During the conference the Chinese delegation demanded 3 things:
1. Termination of foreign countries special privileges in China.
2. Abolition of the 21 Demands.3. Return to China of Shantung Peninsula that was seized by
Japan.
But the peace conference turned down the demands of China and instead it resolved to transfer Germany’s special rights in Shantung to Japan.
In the following months, angry Chinese students and leaders demonstrated and protested this outrageous decision made in Versailles and this culminated with the so-called…..
MAY FOURTH MOVEMENTMAY FOURTH MOVEMENTThe first genuine mass movement in modern Chinese history. It was a national response to pressure the Chinese delegation to reject the signing of the Peace Treaty for the sake of China as a whole. It was a huge demonstration by thousands of students in Peking (and abroad) against the verdict of the Versailles Peace Conference. This was not only held by patriotic students but thousands of workers from China’s major provinces joined by calling strikes. This also led with the arrest of thousands of patriotic students and workers and a concerted boycott of Japanese goods.
RESULT:
Because the northern warlords were pressured by thousands of students and workers, they released the arrested students and workers, and refused to sign the Versailles Peace Treaty. The movement was a total Victory.
Importance of the Importance of the MovementMovement
1. Heightened the revolutionary movement.
2. Reinforced social and cultural reforms.3. Spread of Marxism with the working
class became the mainstream of the new culture movement.
4. It paved the way for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party.
5. It made possible the transformation of the Chinese revolution from the old-democratic to the new-democratic revolution.
The May 4th Movement had a profound impact to the Chinese working class. It made a model for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921. MARXISM from Russia became a model, too. Communist groups were established in some of the great provinces of China.
Basic task of the Chinese Basic task of the Chinese Communist PartyCommunist Party::
1. Eliminate civil strife2. Overthrow the warlords3. Establish domestic peace4. To cast off the oppression brought by
the imperialist so that the Chinese nation can become truly independent.
5. To unify China into a genuine Democratic Republic.
FACTORS THAT LED TO FACTORS THAT LED TO THE RISE OF COMMUNISM THE RISE OF COMMUNISM IN CHINAIN CHINA
1. Many Chinese intellectuals had lost faith in the West after the Versailles pronouncement in Shantung.
2. The rise of Socialism became more appealing to most people.
3. The intellectual and psychological appeal of Marxism to the Chinese were strengthened by the practical Soviet offer of friendship.
4. The belief that the liberation of the peasantry from the corruption of city life is the liberation of China.
5. The close ties of the CCP with the labor and agrarian organization.
1927 – 19351927 – 1935The Republican government was formally
established in Nanking (capital) and Chiang Kai Shek (CKS) became the President. He also reorganize the KMT.
Pres. CKS in his capacity of Commander-in- Chief once again led the revolutionary army to the North and this Northward expedition became a great success and the Northwest provinces fell quickly thus finally achieving the unification of China.
After the unification of the 2 governments, CKS prepared his army:1. for the future resistance movement against
Japanese aggression2. for future resistance against the Communist.
CKS never believed in Soviet sincerity in aiding China’s revolution against the Communist. He believed that the real intention of the Soviets was to seize the leadership position of the KMT for the CCP. He argued that an “alliance with Russia is an admission of Communism”.
The Communist perpetrated the land with acts of infiltration, secret attacks and destruction, and armed rebellions. CKS launched massive campaign of Encirclement and Extermination against the Communists.
THE LONG MARCH (1930 – 1931) – the Communist would often be defeated as a result of strong strategy of positional warfare, instead of following Mao’s test-proven guerilla warfare.
MUKDEN INCIDENT (Sept. MUKDEN INCIDENT (Sept. 18, 1931)18, 1931)The Japanese aggression of Manchuria which
sowed the seeds of World War II.It was a Japanese idea that “to conquer the
world, it is necessary to conquer China first, and to conquer China it is necessary to conquer Manchuria and Mongolia first”.
Originally Japan targeted to invade Manchuria in 1936 but instead made it in 1931 for the ff. reasons:1. China was deeply involved in domestic turmoil,
natural disaster, and civil strife after another.2. Costly campaign against the increasing
Communist threat.3. The western powers and the League of nations
were too powerless to intervene because they were hard hit by the depression and were involved too with domestic problems.
XIAN INCIDENT (Dec. 12 1936)The kidnap/arrest of Pres. CKS ordered by
his own Generals (Gen. Chang/Yang)
July 17, 1937 – China declared war with Japan.
◦Pres. CKS was determined that China would fight Japan to the bitter end
◦While the Nationalistic government was busy contending with the Japanese aggressions, the CCP grabbed the opportunity to begin an open rebellion and make themselves more powerful as an army.
Dec. 7, 1941 – the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brought the war to the Pacific.
1942 – the allied countries unanimously agreed that CKS should assume the position of Supreme Commander into the BIG 4 of the international community along with the US, Britain and USSR.
During this time the “allies” began to recognize that, China’s long and bitter fight against the Japanese was, actually a battle to maintain international justice and world peace. Shortly afterwards the US and Great Britain announced their intention to relinquish their extra-territorial and related rights in China and other countries soon followed this step and China’s “problems” were finally removed.
Nov. 1943 – CKS conferred with Pres. Roosevelt of US, PM Winston Churchill of Great Britain in Cairo, Egypt. These Cairo Conference ended with the so-called Cairo Declaration.
Provisions of the Cairo Declaration:1. Demanded for the first time the “unconditional
surrender” of Japan.2. The complete restoration of Chinese territories
lost to Japan. (also the return of Taiwan and Pescadores, liberation of Korea and the Phil. and independence of Vietnam)
3. The return of the Japanese and its possessions outside Japan proper. (Sakhalin and Kurile islands to Russia and some Japanese mandatories in the Pacific to the US)
Aug. 15, 1945 – Japan announced its formal surrender. The anti-Japanese resistance movement led by CKS finally resigned victoriously.
While China rejoiced over the end of the war and eagerly looked forward for a period of peace and reconstruction, there was still the deep concern over the unresolved communist problems. While the war still existed, Mao Tse-tung laid down from politics but was gathering strength for his sudden rise, and the CCP greatly expanded the scope of their rebellion.
senior members of the Kuomintang
CHUNGKING CONFERENCE (Aug. 30, 1945) – this was the formal meeting of CKS with the Communist delegation headed by Mao Tse-tung to discuss the total unification of China and an end to the Civil War. The conference lasted for 43 days but was a total failure and never produce and concrete results.
Dec. 25, 1947 – the Nationalistic government officially adopted a new constitution drafted by CKS.
April 19, 1948 – the First National Assembly adopted and elected CKS as China’s first President under the New Constitution.
Jan. 21, 1949 – CKS was forced to resign by the peace faction within His party. Vice Pres. Li Tsung Ren took over the government as acting President. In the ff. months Li Tsung Ren engaged negotiations with the CCP but failed, for Mao saw no reason to compromise with the KMT because victory was so close at hand.
April 23, 1949 – the CCP captured Nanking, the center of CKS’s rule, thus ending the Kuomintang regime for good.
July 1946 – June 1950 – the Communist destroyed and defeated 8 million more Kuomintang troops.
Oct. 1, 1949 – Mao Tse-tung proclaimed the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PROC). “A people’s democratic dictatorship, by the working class and based upon the alliance between workers and peasants”. Beijing became the capital of the new China. Mao was elected as Chairman of the Central People’s Government.
Dec. 8, 1949 – the Nationalist led by CKS fled from Chungking to Taiwan to restore the country. After the exile of CKS, the Communist conquest of Mainland China became complete and after 29 years (1921-49) of struggle, Mao rose to the pinnacle of power.
CAUSES OF THE CAUSES OF THE NATIONALIST DEFEATNATIONALIST DEFEAT::
1. The 8-year Japanese war which completely exhausted the government militarily, financially, and spiritually.
2. Deceptive military strength.3. Inflation and economic collapse.
(Inflation and financial mismanagement destroyed the livelihood of hundreds of millions of Chinese and totally discredited the government, so the people looked forward to a change of administration.)
4. Failure of American mediation and aid.
5. Retardation of social and economic reforms.6. Loss of public confidence and respect due to the ff.
a) Government irresponsibility which brought on rampant inflation
b) Officials returned as conquerors and treated the people with contempt.
c) Officials were more interested in taking over enemy properties for selfish purposes than for the welfare of the people.
d) Officials monopolized profitable commodities and enterprises in open competition with the people and publicly auctioned relief materials for personal gains.
What China’s What China’s OverpopulationOverpopulation can do? can do? The most overpopulated country in
the world today is China with over 1.3B people.
The phenomenal economic growth of China has created an upsurge in consumption and increased demand for energy- resulting in the construction of coalfired power plants to provide electricity for homes and thousands of factories built in many cities.
Experts say China consumes half of the worlds supply of coal and tops the list of nations in terms of Carbon dioxide emissions- exacerbating the problem of pollution coupled with environmental degradation and deletion of natural resources.
The Chinese government has declared that the Ministry of Environmental Protection as one of the world’s “most embarrassing” departments.
Life expectancy for the Chinese is lower by five-a-half (5 ½) years due to severe pollution.
In march 2013, thousands of ducks and pigs were found floating in a Shanghai river- a major water source for the 23 million residents of the city.
The animals died some kind of poisoning and the owners just dumped them in the river to save on burial expenses.
In July 2013, thousands of dead fish were found floating in a river in Guangxi due to discharge of toxic chemicals like cadmium and thallium from factories.
Environmental inspectors were meted jail terms for accepting bribes and failing to enforce environmental laws.
The depletion of China’s water and other resources is probably the reason why the Chinese are homing in other areas other than their own.
Air quality in getting worse, residents in big cities are advised to stay indoors because air pollution levels were 20 times higher that normal.
A third of China’s rivers are seriously polluted and that 27 out of 113 major cities have acceptable air quality standards.
China is now planning to impose new limits on the purchase of new cars in major cities to control traffic congestion and lessen air pollution levels.
Overpopulation is a major contribution to China’s pollution problem, with the new found economic growth and wealth increasing energy demand and consumption that seriously impact China’s environment and ecosystems, aggravated by the influx of the 600 million “emerging working class” population to the cities in search of jobs.
