Modern China review

March 2014

19.2 China limits European contact

• When was the Ming Dynasty?• 1368-1644. Hongwu drove out the Mongols.

19.2 China limits European contact

• What is “tribute”?• A payment by one country to another

to acknowledge its submission. Ming rulers expected other countries to do so.

19.2 China limits European contact

• Who was Zheng He?• A Chinese admiral who led seven voyages

beginning in 1405. The voyages ranged from Southeast Asia to eastern Africa, leading to much tribute and trade. But after the seventh voyage, in 1433, China withdrew into isolation.

19.2 China limits European contact

• In the 1500s, why did China not become highly industrialized?

• The idea of commerce offended China’s Confucian beliefs, and Chinese economic policies traditionally favored agriculture.

19.2 China limits European contact

• Who were the Manchus?• In 1644, the Manchus seized Beijing and

became the Qing Dynasty. They would rule for more than 260 years and expand China’s borders.

19.2 China limits European contact

• Which Europeans accepted China’s demand for tribute and kowtowing?

• The Dutch.

19.2 China limits European contact

• Which Europeans did not accept China’s demand for tribute and kowtowing?

• The British.

28.1 China resists outside influence

• Why was China able to resist offers from the West?

• It was largely self-sufficient.– Food– Mining– Silks

28.1 China resists outside influence

• What did the Europeans finally figure out the Chinese would buy in large quantities?

• Opium. Many Chinese became addicted.

28.1 China resists outside influence

• What was the Opium War?• When Britain refused to stop trading Opium,

the British and the Chinese went to war.The British gunboats routed China’s ships. The Treaty of Nanjing in 1842 gave Hong Kongto the British.

28.1 China resists outside influence

• What were “extraterritorial rights”?• Another treaty in 1844 gave U.S. and other

foreign citizens these rights, meaning they were not subject to Chinese law at several Chinese ports. Many Chinese resented this.

28.1 China resists outside influence

• What happened to China’s population in the 1800s?

• It grew greatly, and food production did not. Hunger was widespread, and opium addiction increased greatly.

28.1 China resists outside influence

• What was the Taiping Rebellion?• Hong Xiuquan organized a massive army

of peasants in the 1850s and took controlof Nanjing, in southeastern China. At least 20 million people died during this 10-year rebellion.

28.1 China resists outside influence

• What was a “sphere of influence”?• An area of China in which a foreign nation

controlled trade and investment.

28.1 China resists outside influence

• What was the Open Door Policy?• In 1899, the U.S. proposed that China be open

to merchants of all nations. This protected both U.S. trading rights in China, as well as helped keep China free from colonization.

28.1 China resists outside influence

• What was the Boxer Rebellion?• Poor peasants and workers resented the

special privileges given to foreigners. In 1900, they descended on Beijing but were quickly defeated by a multinational force. But a strong sense of nationalism had emerged in China.

30.3 Imperial China collapses

• What happened in 1911?• The Nationalist Party, led by Sun Yixian,

succeeded in overthrowing the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty.

30.3 Imperial China collapses

• What were Sun Yixian’s Three Principlesof the People?

• Nationalism – an end to foreign control• People’s rights – democracy• People’s livelihood – economic security for all

30.3 Imperial China collapses

• Why did China declare war on Germany?• It thought the Allies would return control

of Chinese territories that had previouslybelonged to Germany. However, underthe Treaty of Versailles, the Allied leadersgave the territories to Japan.

30.3 Imperial China collapses

• What happened in response to the Treaty of Versailles?

• The May Fourth Movement. • It was at this time that many

young Chinese intellectuals turned against Sun Yiaxian’s belief in Western democracy and toward Lenin’s brand of Soviet communism.

30.3 Imperial China collapses

• Who succeeded Sun Yixian as leaderof the Nationalists?

• Jiang Jieshi. Many of his followers were bankers and businesspeople. As his government became more corrupt,peasants turned toward the Communists.

30.3 Imperial China collapses

• How did civil war start?• In 1927, Nationalist troops and armed gangs

killed many Communists leaders. This began the civil war that would last until 1949.

30.3 Imperial China collapses

• Who was the leader of the Communists?• Mao Zedong

30.3 Imperial China collapses

• What was Mao’s Little Red Book?• A propaganda tool to show loyalty to Mao.

Chinese citizens were required to read, recite and carry it at all times.

30.3 Imperial China collapses

• What was the Long March?• During 1934-35, 100,000 Communist forces

fled from 700,000 Nationalist forces. The Communists went on a 6,000-mile journey with the Nationalists at their heels. Many died.

30.3 Imperial China collapses

• Who took advantage of the civil war?• The Japanese invaded. By 1938, they

controlled much of China. As a result,the Nationalists and Communists agreedto a truce in order to fight the Japanese.

33.2 Communists take power

• When did the civil war resume?• After World War II ended.

33.2 Communists take power

• When did Mao and the Communistsfinally take power?

• In 1949. Jiang and the Nationalistsretreated to the island of Taiwan.

33.2 Communists take power

• What did Mao do to farmland?• He seized the holdings of landlords,

killing many of them, and divided the landamong the peasants. Later, he forcedpeasants to join collectives and communes.

33.2 Communists take power

• What did Mao do to private businesses?• They were brought under government

ownership.

33.2 Communists take power

• Was Mao’s first five-year plan successful?• Yes. By 1957, China’s output of coal, cement,

steel and electricity had increased dramatically.

33.2 Communists take power

• Was Mao’s Great Leap Forward successful?• No. The economy went backwards, and many

people starved to death. The program was ended early in 1961, and Mao stepped back.

33.2 Communists take power

• Who were the Red Guards?• Millions of high school and college students

who responded to Mao’s call to “learn revolution by making revolution” in 1966.

33.2 Communists take power

• What was the Cultural Revolution?• A major uprising led by the Red Guards.

Its goal was to establish a society of peasants and workers in which all were equal.Chaos reigned, and in 1968 Mao brought in the army to restore order.

35.5 Reform and reaction

• What Chinese leader moved towarda closer relationship with the West?

• Premier Zhou Enlai, starting in 1971.China and the U.S. established diplomatic relations in 1979.

35.5 Reform and reaction

• What were the Four Modernizations?• After Mao and Zhou Enlai died, Deng Xiaoping

became the most powerful leader in China. He embraced the Four Modernizations,calling for progress in agriculture, industry, defense and science and technology. He put China on the road to economic improvement.

35.5 Reform and reaction

• What happened at Tiananmen Square.• In 1989, students demanded democracy.

Deng ordered a crackdown, and the assault killed hundreds and wounded thousands.