Modern scientific research and their practical application · 4. Ichinose G. A., Anderson J. G.,...

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Modern scientific research and their practical application

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Modern scientificresearchand their practical application. VolJ21303

CONTENTS J21303-001 AMPLITUDE MODULATION OF SEICHES DURING

ROTATION IN RECTANGULAR BASIN Anakhov P. V. Proprietorship, Kiev

J21303-002 IDENTIFICATION OF RESERVOIRS IN RESPECT OF EXCITATION OF EARTHQUAKES

Anakhov P. V. Proprietorship, Kiev

J21303-003 INCREASE OF ACCURACY OF WELL BOTTON POSITION DETERMINATION BY MINIMIZATION OF SEISMIC VIBRATION FINDING ERRORS

Zvetkov G. A., Kostitsyn V. I. Perm National Research Polytechnical University,Perm, Komsomolskiy st 29, 614990 Perm State National Research University, Perm, Bukireva, 15, 614990

J21303-004 MONITORING IRON OXIDE, CLAY MINERAL AND FERROUS MINERAL USING LANDSAT MULTISPECTRAL IMAGE

Trinh Le Hung Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam



J21303-001

UDC: 551.466.6

Anakhov P. V.

AMPLITUDE MODULATION OF SEICHES DURING ROTATION IN

RECTANGULAR BASIN

Proprietorship, Kiev

Theoretically examined possible changes of the amplitude of standing waves

(seiches) during rotation around amphidromic point.

Key words: amphidromic point, modulation, rotation of seiches.

Introduction. Article [1] represented rectangular model of lake Biwa (Japan),

which shows variation of the length of diagonal (trajectory of circulation of standing

wave) while rotating around the center (amphidromic point) (see Fig. 1). The aim of

this work is to study possible changes of the parameters of standing waves (seiches)

while rotating.

Fig. 1. Rotation of seiches of Lake Biwa: a – geographical map of the lake; b –

cotidal map on the rectangular model of the lake; c – law of variation of the



length of the lake [1]

Methodology and results. If the characteristic length scale of the lake (length L

or width W) exceeds the Rossby radius of deformation Ro, then the Coriolis

force transforms the end-to-end motion of seiches into rotating

amphidromic patterns [2].

Radius of deformation is calculated by the formula [3]:

/ CRo V f= , (1)

where V=λf – speed of seiches in the absence of rotation; λ – wave-

length (λ1∼2L); f – frequency of oscillation, which depends on the form of

lake, in the absence of rotation; fC=2Ωsinφ – Coriolis frequency [2];

Ω=72,921×10−6 rad/s – rotation rate of the Earth; φ=0°-90° – latitude.

Marian’s formula for calculating the frequency of seiches in

rectangular basin has the next form [4]:

2 2 2 2( / 2) / /ijf gD i L j W= + ; 0;i i= ; 0;j j= , (2)

where i, j – numbers of nodes and harmonics of the longitudinal and

transverse seiches, respectively; g=9,81 м/с2 – gravitational acceleration.

Most noted number of harmonics of longitudinal seiches had place on

lakes Baikal, Russia (L=636 km; 49,8W = km; 744D = m) [5] and

Trichonis, Greece (L=20 km; 4,85W = km; 40D = m) [6]. Harmonics of

transverse seiches in available literature does not mention (j=1).

Characteristics of lake Biwa are presented in [7]: L=50 km; 14W =

km; 41D = m; ϕ=35°20′N. Calculated frequencies of seiches are: f10=0,722

cph; f20=1,444 cph; f30=2,166 cph; f40=2,887 cph; f50=3,611 cph; f01=2,579

cph, were cph – Cycles-per-Hour.

So, in the case of the lake Biwa Coriolis frequency fC=84×10-6 rad/s

and radius of deformation Ro=238 km compared with the length L=50 km, URL: http://www.sworld.com.ua/e-journal/J21303.pdf Downloaded from SWorld. Terms of Use http://www.sworld.com.ua/index.php/ru/e-journal/about-journal/terms-of-use


indicating that the rotational motion of the Earth can cause rotation of the

seiches of lake. Note that in lake observed rotation of internal seiches [7].

In accordance with supposition [8], seiches, as some set of

fluctuations family, which tells on the instantaneous value of water level,

can be investigate only by methods of harmonic analysis.

Fig. 1 shows variation of the length of rectangular model of Lake

Biwa while rotating at a constant speed. Changes of the length, in

accordance with (2), shall cause changes of the frequency of oscillation.

Assume, that in the presence of rotation of longitudinal seiches generates

polychrome wave 1 (Fig. 2a), limited from below by changeable frequency

f10. Thus, in the presence of rotation of transverse seiches generates

polychrome wave 2 (Fig. 2a), with a 90° phase shift of longitudinal waves.

The range of frequencies represented by the shaded area. Appropriate

changes of amplitudes of modes are presented in Fig. 2b-d.



Fig. 2. Changes of amplitudes of seiches of Lake Biwa during rotation around

amphidromic point: a – frequency spectrum of seiches (excluding distortions of

cotidal line (Fig. 1a, 1b) and corresponding trajectory of wave propagation), b, c,

d – amplitude modulation of modes f10; f20; f30-f50 and f01, respectively (excluding

transient response of rise/fall time modulating function)

Conclusion. On example of a rectangular model of the basin shown possible

changes of parameters of seiches during rotation around amphidromical point.

References:

1. Anakhov P. V. Sweeping of the frequency of seiches // Collection of

proceedings SWorld. Materials of the International scientific-practical conference

"Perspective innovations in science, education, industry and transport '2012". – Iss. 2.

V. 3. – Odessa: KUPRYENKO, 2012. – 212-605. – Pp. 68-70.

2. Guilbaud C., Hollan E., Wahl B. et al. Eurolakes. D28: Internal seiche mixing

study. Work package No. 7. Integrated Water Resource Management for Important



Deep European Lakes and their Catchment Areas. – SOG, 2004. – 92 p.

3. Forcat F., Roget E., Figueroa M., S´anchez X. Earth rotation effects on the

internal wave field in a stratified small lake: Numerical simulations // Limnetica. –

2011. – Vol. 29, Iss. 2. – Pp. 27-42.

4. Ichinose G. A., Anderson J. G., Satake K., Schweickert R. A., Lahren M. M.

The potential hazard from tsunami and Seiche waves generated by large earthquakes

within Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada // Geophysical Research Lettters. – 2000. –

Vol. 27, No. 8. – pp. 1203-1206.

5. Solovyov V. N., Shostakovich V. B. Seiches of Lake Baikal // Proceedings of

Irkutsk magnetic and meteorological observatory. – 1926. – Iss. 1. – Pp. 58-64.

6. Zacharias I. Verification of seiching processes in a large and deep lake

(Trichonis, Greece) // Mediterranean Marine Science. – Vol. 1/1. – 2000. – Pp. 79-89.

7. Kanari S. The long-period internal waves in Lake Biwa // Limnology and

Oceanography. – 1975. – Vol. 20, Iss. 4. – Pp. 544-553.

8. Kurchatov I. V. Seiches in the Black and Azov seas / Kurchatov I. V. Selected

works. – Vol. 1. – Moscow: Nauka, 1982. - Pp . 382-391.

J21303-002

UDC: 504.058

Anakhov P. V.

IDENTIFICATION OF RESERVOIRS IN RESPECT OF EXCITATION OF

EARTHQUAKES

Proprietorship, Kiev

Identified factors, as a result of which the reservoirs and storages of liquid

wastes are recognized as potentially hazardous objects. Constructed graph of the

sequence of events in respect of excitation of earthquake.

Key words: earthquake, reservoir, tectonic fault.



Introduction. Reservoirs and tailings, sludge ponds, storages of liquid toxic and

radioactive wastes classified as objects of high ecology risk. Demonstration of their

hazardous interference on the environment is defined in particular by excitation of

earthquakes. According to the Regulation on certification of potentially hazardous

objects of Ukraine (from September 01, 2005, No. 970/11250), identifying sources

and factors, on which object declares as potentially hazardous, contains procedure of

identification.

Methodology and results. According to modern concepts, an earthquake is a

consequence of mechanical break of environment during a collision of two geological

units (slabs) with rough edges, due to their slow movement in opposite directions [1].

Shift of fragments of seismic-active tectonic fault can be caused by irritation of

the selected fragment by impact-explosive action or vibration action, injection of

fluid [2].

Filling of reservoir creates depressing zone, inside which new processes of

stimulation of tectonic faults are started: sinking of the Earth's crust due to the

loading; reducing friction in the fault planes due to diffusion of pore fluid;

accumulation of fatigue defects of faults due to microseismic vibrations [3].

Microseismic ground motions are represented by the superposition of different

wave fields, both in position and on the nature of seismic sources. Generally

discusses wide-band storm microseisms caused by sea waves; vibrations from falling

from spillway water; high-frequency microseisms caused by work of powerful

machines (turbines, pumps, etc.).

Moment of achievement of the level of shift in seismic-active fault segment is

determined by integral of total damage [4]:

( )0

1fN

ff

dNEN Nε

= =∆

∫ , (1)

where N – number of cycles of microseismic wave; Nf – number of cycles to

shift; ∆ε – amplitude of deformation.

Amplitude of deformation is depending on long-range action of microseisms.

Long-range action, in turn, depends on the attenuation, which is determined, firstly, URL: http://www.sworld.com.ua/e-journal/J21303.pdf Downloaded from SWorld. Terms of Use http://www.sworld.com.ua/index.php/ru/e-journal/about-journal/terms-of-use


the geometrical divergence and scattering of power, and secondly, the absorption of

seismic energy in the environment. Magnitude of the frequency-dependent absorption

A can be estimated by the formula [5]:

A=A0exp(–ht)cos2πνt, (2)

where A0 – energy of the wave at the source; h – damping factor; t – time; ν –

frequency.

In [6] proposed a model that explains the frequency dependence of attenuation

of microseisms as

S(ν)∼ν-m; 2≤m<2,5. (3)

Then the effective radius of influence for the group of randomly oriented

sources of microseismic noise with random initial phases [7]

Ref≈Qλ, (4)

where Q – Q factor of environment; λ – wavelength.

Defined features of depressing zone – firstly, conformity of geological

boundaries of zone to borders of geophysical processes, and secondly, conformity of

lifetime of zone to duration of processes (their life cycle). [8]

Description of geophysical processes of depressing zone of reservoir, which can

cause an irritation of seismic-active tectonic faults, summarized in Table 1.

Table 1

Description of geophysical processes of depressing zone of reservoir

Process Borders of process Life cycle of process

1. Sinking of the

Earth's crust [3]

Area of the crater of sinking

of the Earth's crust is greater

than the area of reservoir

Relaxation time, during which

initial stress in crust decreases in e

times, can be up to 30 years

2. Reducing

friction in the fault

planes [3]

As a result of drilling of

super-deep boreholes (Kola

– 12,261 m) watered rocks

were found throughout the

depth

Time t of distribute of ground water

in the geological environment can

be estimated as 2 / 4t r Kπ= , where

r – distance; K – hydraulic

diffusion coefficient



3. Accumulation of

fatigue defects of

faults

Effective radius of influence

of sources of microseismic

noise is determined by it's

frequency [5, 6]

Lifetime of reservoir

The sequence of events in respect of excitation of earthquake after filling the

reservoir presented in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Graph of the sequence of events in respect of excitation of earthquake: 1 –

filling the reservoir, 2 – sinking of the Earth's crust, 3 – reducing friction in the

fault planes, 4 – accumulation of fatigue defects of faults, 5 – shift of fragments

of faults, 6 – Earthquake

Conclusion. Studied geophysical processes of depressing zone of reservoir,

which can cause irritation of the seismic-active tectonic faults. Constructed graph of

the sequence of events in respect of excitation of earthquake after filling the

reservoir.

References:

1. Khachiyan E. E. On a simple method for determining the potential strain

energy stored in the earth before a large earthquake // Journal of Volcanology and

Seismology. – 2011. – Vol. 5, Iss. 4. – P. 286-297.

2. Pat. 2273035 RF, Int. Cl. G 01 V 9/00. Method for controlling shifts mode in

fragments of seismic-active tectonic fractures / Psakh’e S. G., Popov V. L., Shil’ko E.

V. et al.; publ. 27.03.2006, Bull. No. 9.

3. Anakhov P. V. Possibility of excitation of earthquake on April 26, 1986 near

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant by reservoir / Materiály IX mezinárodní vědecko-

praktická konference "Efektivní nástroje moderních věd – 2013". – Díl 37. – Praha:

Publish. House "Education and Science", 2013. – P. 75-81. URL: http://www.sworld.com.ua/e-journal/J21303.pdf Downloaded from SWorld. Terms of Use http://www.sworld.com.ua/index.php/ru/e-journal/about-journal/terms-of-use


4. Ostrovsky A. Possible cause of seasonal periodicity of some California

earthquakes // Doklady Akademii Nauk USSR. – 1990. – Vol. 313, No. 1. – P. 83-86.

5. Sheriff R. E., Geldart L. P. Exploration Seismology. In two volumes. Vol. 1. –

Cambridge University Press, 1982.

6. Lutikov A. I. To explanation of the frequency dependence of microseims

attenuation // Journal of Volcanology and Seismology. – 1990. – Iss. 6. – P. 104-108.

7. Lutikov A. I. Appraisal of effective radius of influence of endogenous sources

of microseismic noise // Journal of Volcanology and Seismology. – 1992. – Iss. 4. –

P. 111-115.

8. Anakhov P. V. Increment of depressing zone seismicity // Collection of

scientific papers Sworld. Proceedings of the international scientific-practical

conference "Scientific research and its practical application. Present status and

development '2012". – Iss. 3. Vol. 35. – Odessa: KUPRIENKO, 2012. – CIT: 312-

459. – P. 81-85.

J21303-003

UDC 550.832.4

Zvetkov G. A., Kostitsyn V. I.

INCREASE OF ACCURACY OF WELL BOTTON POSITION

DETERMINATION BY MINIMIZATION OF SEISMIC VIBRATION

FINDING ERRORS

Perm National Research Polytechnical University,

Perm, Komsomolskiy st 29, 614990

Perm State National Research University,

Perm, Bukireva, 15, 614990

In this paper we describe the use of the basis of the carried out researches at

the decision of seismic surveying tasks an attempt on advancement of methods and

means of excitation of elastic vibrations by the generator of seismic vibrations (GSV)



is made. The geometry of the real GSV differs from the ideal axially symmetric form

resulting in deviations of parameters of geometry of mass (deviations of the centre of

mass, main central axes of inertia), and is a consequence of the static and dynamic

disbalance. The character of forces and moments acting on the GSV, as a whole and

on separate units, depends on quality of the law of change of total force of resistance

of escapement and return of plunger; dynamic loads resulting in occurrence of

transverse waves at excitation of seismic vibrations deterioting the accuracy of

determination of well bottom position are formed. Application of the given technique

will allow to minimize transverse components of a seismic wave up to a level of

function of errors of balance and to increase the accuracy of well bottom

determination.

Key words: coordinates, accuracy, static and dynamic disbalance, longitudinal

and transverse wave

Introduction

Coordinates of attitude position of bottoms of cased and uncased wells are

determined on the basis of registration of time of distribution of acoustical signals

from points of their excitation on a daylight area from wellhead up to bottom.

One of directions of advancement of methods and means of seismic surveying is

a development of ways and means for ex-citation of elastic vibrations [1,2]. The

generated signal is usually propagated as a longitudinal wave. However, owing to

presence of deviations of geometrical and weight characteristics of a GSV an

excitation of transverse waves resulting in a drift of oscillatory acceleration vector at

the point of reception is possible. The purpose of the given work is consideration of

one of variants of decrease of transverse wave size.

The schematic diagram of the generator of seismic vibrations (GSV) of the

mortar-plunger type is shown in Fig. 1.



Fig. 1.Schematic diagram of a GSV: 1 – mortar, 2 – plunger, 3 – container,

4 – guide

Systems of coordinates connected with mortar and plunger of the generator of

seismic vibrations (GSV) are shown

Coordinate system of elements of GSV installation

XYOZ – coordinate system related to the mortar; бббб YZOX - base system of

coordinates of plunger; ηες бO - the connected base system of coordinates;

zух ∆∆∆ ,, - coordinates of centre of mass of the plunger in base system.

Theoretical researches

Vector of displacement of the centre of mass in the connected system of

coordinates:

( ) ( )( )ϕψ

ϕψ

yxzkzyjzxir

∆+∆−∆

+∆−∆+∆+∆=, (1)

where ϕ and ψ - angles of rotation of the connected system ηες бO relatively

to base system бббб YZOX .

Projection of gravity force mg on connected axes:

( ) mkm gjm giF −−−= ϕψ . (2)

At contact with the mortar the force of reaction is determined by rigidity



ZZYYÕXÆ CkCjCiF δ+δ+δ= . (3)

Considering (2) and (3) we derive equations of translational motion

ψ=δω+δβ+δ gxxx O XX22 , (4)

ϕ=δω+δβ+δ gyyy O YY22 , (5)

gzzz O ZZ =δω+δβ+δ 22 , (6)

where ZYX βββ ,, - damping factors for connected axes, mCX

O X =2ω ; m

CYO Y =2ω ;

mCZ

O Z =2ω .

Angular velocity of turn of the connected system of coordinates relative to the

base system can be presented as

Okji ++= ψϕω . (7)

Equation of angular movements takes the form:

∑=×ω+ MKd tKd

, (8)

where К – angular momentum:

( ) ω⋅= JK , (9)

( )

−−

−=

Z ZZ YX Z

Y ZY YX Y

X ZX YX X

JJJJJJJJJ

J (10)

∑M - vector of moments.

Projections of moments of forces on the connected axes:

ϕϕς ⋅−∆= Cym gM , (11)

ψψη ⋅−∆= Cxm gM , (12)

0=εM . (13)

Considering (8), (9), (10), (11),

(12), (13) we obtain



ymgJJdt

dJCdtdJ

YYXY

XYXX

∆=⋅+

−−⋅+

2ψϕψ

ψϕϕϕ

, (14)

xmgJJdtdJC

dtdJ

XYXX

XYYY

∆=⋅−

+−⋅+

2ψϕψ

ϕψψψ

, (15)

02 =⋅+

−−−

ψϕψ

ψϕ

YYXY

ZYXZ

JJdt

dJdtdJ

. (16)

Solving equations (4) – (6) we obtain:

[ ][ ] ψ

ωωββ

ωββδ

⋅+−−−

+−+−=

222

2

221

exp

exp

OXOXXXX

OXXXX

gtC

tCx(17)

[ ][ ] ϕ

ωωββ

ωββδ

⋅+−−−

+−+−=

222

2

221

exp

exp

OYOYYYY

OYYYY

gtC

tCy(18)

[ ][ ] 2

222

221

exp

exp

OZOZZZZ

OZZZZ

gtC

tCz

ωωββ

ωββδ

+−−−

+−+−=

(19)

where O XX ωβ > , O YY ωβ > , O ZZ ωβ > .

In expressions (17) – (19) the first two components become zero at t--> ∞.

Then:

ψ⋅ω

=δ 2O X

gx , (20)

ϕ⋅ω

=δ 2O Y

gy , (21)

2O Z

gzω

=δ . (22)

Equations of seismic waves in the coordinate system ηες бO will be reduced to

the following form:



−Φ=

∂∂

+∂∂

cxt

TtW

CxW

X

πςς 2c o s12

2

22

2

(23)

−

πΦ=

∂∂

+∂∂ ηη

cyt

Tc o s

tW

CyW

Y21

2

2

22

2

(24)

−

πΦ=

∂∂

+∂∂ εε

czt

Tc o s

tW

CzW

Z21

2

2

22

2

(25)

where Т – wave period, с – wave velocity.

The first term of function expansion into a Fourier series will be:

OXX Tx

xT

B2

s i n2

1

τππτ

⋅=Φ , (26)

OYY Ty

yT

B2

s i n2

1

τππτ

⋅=Φ , (27)

OZZ Tz

zT

B2

s i n2

1

τππτ

⋅=Φ , (28)

where:

∆= yJJgBB Y YX Y

O XXX ,,,,2 ϕωψ

, (29)

∆= xJJgBB X XX Y

O YYY ,,,,2 ψωϕ

, (30)

= 2

O ZZZ

gBBωψ

. (31)

Then equations of a wave for each of the connected axes take the form

−

=

cxt

T

Tx

xBAW OX

π

τππ

ςς

2sin

,,sin,2

(32)

−

=

cyt

T

Ty

yBAW OY

π

τππ

ηη

2sin

,,sin,2

(33)



−

=

czt

T

Tz

zBAW OZ

π

τππ

εε

2sin

,,sin,2

(34)

As a result we obtain components of transverse waves ης WW , , which determine

the unbalance of plunger. For attenuation of influence of transverse components of a

seismic wave a balancing [3, 4] is carried out (static and dynamic balancing).

In this case:

0=∆=∆=∆ zyx , 0=== Y ZX ZX Y JJJ and (J) take the form

( )

=

Z Z

Y Y

X X

JJ

JJ

000000

(35)

From (16) it is derived:

02 =ψY YJ , (36)

then 0=ψ . (37)

In so doing the equations (14), (15) take the following form:

0=⋅+ ϕϕϕC

d tdJ X X

, (38)

0=⋅+ ψψψC

d tdJY Y

. (39)

At the initial conditions:

000

00

=ψ=ϕ=ψ

=ϕ

====

tttt d t

dd td

, (40)

0=ϕ , (41)

0=ψ . (42)

With regard to (41), (42) the values (20), (21) take the form

0=σõ , 0=σy (43)

Then, considering (41), (42), (43), (35) we obtain for seismic wave components

(32), (33):



0≈ςW , (44)

0≈ηW . (45)

Consequently, a component of the seismic wave on axis Z remains

−

=

Czt

T

Tz

zgBAWOZ

ZZZ

π

τππ

ω

2sin

,,sin,2

2

. (46)

Thus, static and dynamic balancing of GSV units forming dynamic loads allows

to keep one component of a seismic wave (46). Transverse components may be

brought to a level of balancing error functions.

Conclusions

The given results of research have no absolute character, they should be

considered as an estimation of areas to which it is necessary to pay special attention

at designing, construction of GSV control circuits directed to the increase of accuracy

of determination of well bottom position coordinates.

Bibliography and references

1. Devyatkin V.D., Drozdov B.A., Ozhiganov I.A., Romanov M.N.

Improvement of land seismic survey equipment with application of AFZ.-

International seminar «Scientific and technical potential of the Western Ural in the

field of conversion of the military-industrial complex». The Russian Academy of

Science, Perm centre of science, 2001.- p. 143-146.

2. Lunev V.G., Potapov B.F., Rasstegaev A.V. Wave fields raised by pulse

engines of a high pressure//Geophysical methods of searches and survey of oil and

gas: Interuniversity collection of proceedings. - Perm: Perm State University, 1983. -

p. 112-115.

3. Tsvetkov G.A. The automated measurement computer complex for

determination of mass-inertial characteristics of space aircrafts// The 10th St.-



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J21303-004

UDC 528.854.2

Trinh Le Hung

MONITORING IRON OXIDE, CLAY MINERAL AND FERROUS

MINERAL USING LANDSAT MULTISPECTRAL IMAGE

Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam

Abstract

To evaluate the conventional methods for mapping iron oxide, clay and ferrous

mineral by using LANDSAT 7 ETM+ image in Thai Nguyen area is prime target of

our study. We used band ratio methods for determining the areas in rich and poor

mineral composite content. Resulting mineral composite index maps are summarized

in nine classes by using ‘natural breaks’ classification method in GIS.

Keywords: remote sensing, iron oxide, clay mineral, ferrous mineral, band

ratio.

I. INTRODUCTION

Mineral resource is one of the most important natural resources of each

country. Mineral is the source material for many industries, such as energy

production, building materials, metal, for agricultural, industrial sections...The



exploration of mineral composite is a complex and urgent problem in research and

monitoring natural resource. Traditional methods based on field surveys only solve

the problem on a small scale because of the high cost. Remote sensing technology

with advantages such as wide area coverage and short revisit interval has been used

effectively in the study of mining and exploration mineral.

Band rationing is a useful method of preprocessing satellite image, especially

in areas where topographic effects are important. Band rationing bases on dividing

the pixels in one band by the corresponding pixels in a second band. The reason for

this is twofold: one is that differences between the spectral reflectance curves of

surface types can be brought out. The second is that illumination and consequently

radiance may vary the ratio between an illuminated and a unilluminated areas of the

same surface type will be the same.

Today, band rationing method has been widely used in the spectral index

building (soil degradation index, leaf area index) for monitoring land cover, mineral;

analyzing pollution …This article indicates band ratio method for building spectral

indices and mapping distribution of iron oxide, clay mineral and ferrous mineral.

II. MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Study area

Thai Nguyen district is located in the northeast path of the Vietnam, of Pacific

mineral belt. The study area is delimited by latitudes 20020’N and 22025’N and

longitudes 105025’E and 106016’E, cover an area of approximately 3.562,82 km². The

average temperatures in the hottest and the coldest months are 28.9 °C in June and

15.2 °C in January. The lowest recorded is 13.7 °C. Total number of sunny hours in a

year is ranges between 1300 and 1750, which is equally distributed for months in a

year. The climate of Thai Nguyen has two distinct seasons: the rainy season from

May to October and dry season from October to May. The average rainfall per annum

lies in the range of 2000 to 2500 mm; it rains most in August and least in January.

Generally speaking, Thai Nguyen’s climate is favorable for developing agriculture

and forestry.



With its rich mineral resources and salubrious climate, the province offers

significant opportunities for industrial development for both domestic and foreign

investors.

To detecting and mapping iron oxide, clay and ferrous mineral we used

LANDSAT ETM+ satellite image on 08 November 2007. The Enhanced Thematic

Mapper (ETM+) on board LANDSAT-7 is a multi-spectral radiometric sensor that

records eight bands of data with varying spectral and spatial resolutions (30m spatial

resolution for red, green, blue, near infrared and two bands of medium infrared; 60m

for thermal infrared; and a 15m panchromatic band).

2.2 Methodology

The methodology has been based on the mineral composite (clay mineral,

ferrous mineral and iron oxide) and normalized difference vegetation indices NDVI,

which is calculated according to the following equation:

3434

BandBandBandBandNDVI

+−=

The role of NDVI is to mask dense plant areas. The band ration operation

could be able to transform the data without reducing the effects of such

environmental condition. In addition, ratio operation may also provide unique

information that is not available in any single band which is very useful for

disintegrating the surface materials. The band ratio image is known for enhancing of

spectral contrast among the bands considered in the ratio operation and has

successfully been used in mapping of alteration zone. From the theoretical knowledge

of mineral’s spectral properties, it is well recognized that the LANDSAT ETM+

bands ratios of 3/1, 5/7, 5/4 are analyzed for iron oxides, clay mineral and ferrous

mineral respectively.

LANDSAT ETM+ image – detected on 08 November 2007 is downloaded free

from the website www.glovis.usgs.gov in TIFF format. The mosaic image is

subsetted to the interested area of by using AOI vector that is created from the map of

Thai Nguyen province. Then, the radiometric enhancement is applied on the subset

mosaic image to remove effects of haze using interpreter tool of ERDAS IMAGINE URL: http://www.sworld.com.ua/e-journal/J21303.pdf Downloaded from SWorld. Terms of Use http://www.sworld.com.ua/index.php/ru/e-journal/about-journal/terms-of-use

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource

http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/IAS/handbook/handbook_htmls/chapter3/chapter3.html

http://www.glovis.usgs.gov/


9.2. Then, this image is used to create index maps of clay mineral, iron oxide and

ferrous mineral (fig. 1).

Table 1. Algorithms of employed indices

No. Indices Algorithms

1 Clay mineral Band5/band7

2 Iron oxide Band3/band1

3 Ferrous mineral Band5/band4

a) b)



c) d)

Figure 1: LANDSAT ETM+ image 08 – 11 – 2007 of study area in color composite

432 (a), iron oxide index (b), clay mineral index (c) and ferrous mineral index (d)

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Spatial distribution of clay mineral, iron oxide and ferrous mineral classes is

determined and given in figure 2 (a – c). Nine index classes ware interpreted to four

categories named: very race, race, medium, high – very high.



a) b)



c)

Figure 2: Clay mineral (a), iron oxide (b) and ferrous mineral (c) index

maps of Thai Nguyen district

According to the spatial distribution of iron oxide, the main part of the study

area (76.79%) is assessed in very race – race category, while the areas “medium”

category covered small portion (23.04%) of the total study area. The areas that

contain iron oxide in “medium – high – very high” category covered minor portion

(0.17%) of the study area (table 2).

Table 2: Class areas of iron oxide

Spatial distribution of clay mineral shows that more than half of the study area

(62.14%) participates in “race” category and this is ensued by “race – medium”

(37.86%) and no area is detected for “high – very high” categories(table 3).

Spatial distribution of ferrous mineral shows that the majority (72.13%) of the

study area is evaluated in “race” category. The area that contain ferrous mineral in

“medium” category covers 25.75% of the total study area and the area “medium –

high” categories covers very small part (2.11%) of the study area and no area is

detected for “very high” category (table 4).



Class Index values

Cover area

(km2)

% of the study area

Interpretation

Category % of the total district area

1 0-67 781.2 22.10 Very race – race 22.10

2 67-77 971.85 27.49

Race

54.69

3 77-87 541.51 15.32

4 87-97 420.04 11.88

5 97-107 361.06 10.21

Medium

23,04

6 107-116 249.42 7.06

7 116-126 149.23 4.22

8 126-146 54.73 1.55

9 146-255 6.14 0.17 Medium – high

– very high 0.17

Total 3535 100 100

Table 3: Class areas of clay mineral

Class Index values

Cover area

(km2)

% of the study area

Interpretation


1 0 – 19 58.39 1.65

Race

62.14

2 19-24 511.07 14.46

3 24-27 724.09 20.48

4 27-30 903.14 25.55

5 30-32 579.9 16.4

Race – medium

37.86

6 32-34 520 14.71

7 34-37 220.02 6.22

8 37-89 18.66 0.53

9 89 - 255 0.01 0 Medium – high

– very high

0

Total 3535 100 100

Table 4: Class areas of ferrous mineral



Class Index values

Cover area

(km2)

% of the study area

Interpretation


1 0 - 23 878.20 24.84

Race

72.13 2 23 - 27 1061.69 30.03

3 27 - 31 610.15 17.26

4 31 - 36 498.32 14.10

Medium

25.75 5 36 - 41 266.11 7.53

6 41 - 47 146.18 4.13

7 47 - 54 60.29 1.71 Medium –

High 2.11

8 54 - 135 14.24 0.4

9 135 -

255 0.01 0 Very high 0

Total 3535 100 100

IV. CONCLUSIONS

Spectral characteristic analysis of mineral shows that the multispectral image

LANDSAT with 30m - resolution can be used effectively for detecting and predicting

the density distribution of iron oxide, clay and ferrous mineral. The results which are

obtained in this study can be used to create distribution clay mineral, ferrous mineral,

iron oxide map and to serve mineral mining and exploration.

References

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Turkey by means of remote sensing (2012), Journal Earth System Science 118,

No. 6, pp. 701 – 710.

2. Md. Bodruddoza Mia, Yasuhiro Fujimitsu. Mapping hydrothermal altered

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volcano, Kyushu, Japan (2012), Journal Earth System Science 121, No. 4, pp.

1049 – 1057.



3. David M. Sherman. Electronic spectra of Fe3+ oxides and oxide hydroxides in

the near IR to near UV (1995), American Mineralogist, Vol. 70, pp. 1262 –

1269.

4. Estimation of soil properties by orbital and laboratory reflectance means and

its relation with soil classification (2009), The open Remote sensing journal,

Vol. 2, pp. 12 – 23.

5. Amro F. Alasta. Using remote sensing data to indentify iron composite in

central western Libya (2011), International conference on Emerging trends in

Computer and Image processing, Bangkok, pp. 56 – 61.


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