ISSN 2227-6920 Research Bulletin SWorld
Modern scientific research and their practical application
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Volume J21303 November 2013
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Modern scientificresearchand their practical application. VolJ21303
CONTENTS J21303-001 AMPLITUDE MODULATION OF SEICHES DURING
ROTATION IN RECTANGULAR BASIN Anakhov P. V. Proprietorship, Kiev
J21303-002 IDENTIFICATION OF RESERVOIRS IN RESPECT OF EXCITATION OF EARTHQUAKES
Anakhov P. V. Proprietorship, Kiev
J21303-003 INCREASE OF ACCURACY OF WELL BOTTON POSITION DETERMINATION BY MINIMIZATION OF SEISMIC VIBRATION FINDING ERRORS
Zvetkov G. A., Kostitsyn V. I. Perm National Research Polytechnical University,Perm, Komsomolskiy st 29, 614990 Perm State National Research University, Perm, Bukireva, 15, 614990
J21303-004 MONITORING IRON OXIDE, CLAY MINERAL AND FERROUS MINERAL USING LANDSAT MULTISPECTRAL IMAGE
Trinh Le Hung Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Modern scientificresearchand their practical application. VolJ21303
J21303-001
UDC: 551.466.6
Anakhov P. V.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION OF SEICHES DURING ROTATION IN
RECTANGULAR BASIN
Proprietorship, Kiev
Theoretically examined possible changes of the amplitude of standing waves
(seiches) during rotation around amphidromic point.
Key words: amphidromic point, modulation, rotation of seiches.
Introduction. Article [1] represented rectangular model of lake Biwa (Japan),
which shows variation of the length of diagonal (trajectory of circulation of standing
wave) while rotating around the center (amphidromic point) (see Fig. 1). The aim of
this work is to study possible changes of the parameters of standing waves (seiches)
while rotating.
Fig. 1. Rotation of seiches of Lake Biwa: a – geographical map of the lake; b –
cotidal map on the rectangular model of the lake; c – law of variation of the
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Modern scientificresearchand their practical application. VolJ21303
length of the lake [1]
Methodology and results. If the characteristic length scale of the lake (length L
or width W) exceeds the Rossby radius of deformation Ro, then the Coriolis
force transforms the end-to-end motion of seiches into rotating
amphidromic patterns [2].
Radius of deformation is calculated by the formula [3]:
/ CRo V f= , (1)
where V=λf – speed of seiches in the absence of rotation; λ – wave-
length (λ1∼2L); f – frequency of oscillation, which depends on the form of
lake, in the absence of rotation; fC=2Ωsinφ – Coriolis frequency [2];
Ω=72,921×10−6 rad/s – rotation rate of the Earth; φ=0°-90° – latitude.
Marian’s formula for calculating the frequency of seiches in
rectangular basin has the next form [4]:
2 2 2 2( / 2) / /ijf gD i L j W= + ; 0;i i= ; 0;j j= , (2)
where i, j – numbers of nodes and harmonics of the longitudinal and
transverse seiches, respectively; g=9,81 м/с2 – gravitational acceleration.
Most noted number of harmonics of longitudinal seiches had place on
lakes Baikal, Russia (L=636 km; 49,8W = km; 744D = m) [5] and
Trichonis, Greece (L=20 km; 4,85W = km; 40D = m) [6]. Harmonics of
transverse seiches in available literature does not mention (j=1).
Characteristics of lake Biwa are presented in [7]: L=50 km; 14W =
km; 41D = m; ϕ=35°20′N. Calculated frequencies of seiches are: f10=0,722
cph; f20=1,444 cph; f30=2,166 cph; f40=2,887 cph; f50=3,611 cph; f01=2,579
cph, were cph – Cycles-per-Hour.
So, in the case of the lake Biwa Coriolis frequency fC=84×10-6 rad/s
and radius of deformation Ro=238 km compared with the length L=50 km, URL: http://www.sworld.com.ua/e-journal/J21303.pdf Downloaded from SWorld. Terms of Use http://www.sworld.com.ua/index.php/ru/e-journal/about-journal/terms-of-use
Modern scientificresearchand their practical application. VolJ21303
indicating that the rotational motion of the Earth can cause rotation of the
seiches of lake. Note that in lake observed rotation of internal seiches [7].
In accordance with supposition [8], seiches, as some set of
fluctuations family, which tells on the instantaneous value of water level,
can be investigate only by methods of harmonic analysis.
Fig. 1 shows variation of the length of rectangular model of Lake
Biwa while rotating at a constant speed. Changes of the length, in
accordance with (2), shall cause changes of the frequency of oscillation.
Assume, that in the presence of rotation of longitudinal seiches generates
polychrome wave 1 (Fig. 2a), limited from below by changeable frequency
f10. Thus, in the presence of rotation of transverse seiches generates
polychrome wave 2 (Fig. 2a), with a 90° phase shift of longitudinal waves.
The range of frequencies represented by the shaded area. Appropriate
changes of amplitudes of modes are presented in Fig. 2b-d.
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Modern scientificresearchand their practical application. VolJ21303
Fig. 2. Changes of amplitudes of seiches of Lake Biwa during rotation around
amphidromic point: a – frequency spectrum of seiches (excluding distortions of
cotidal line (Fig. 1a, 1b) and corresponding trajectory of wave propagation), b, c,
d – amplitude modulation of modes f10; f20; f30-f50 and f01, respectively (excluding
transient response of rise/fall time modulating function)
Conclusion. On example of a rectangular model of the basin shown possible
changes of parameters of seiches during rotation around amphidromical point.
References:
1. Anakhov P. V. Sweeping of the frequency of seiches // Collection of
proceedings SWorld. Materials of the International scientific-practical conference
"Perspective innovations in science, education, industry and transport '2012". – Iss. 2.
V. 3. – Odessa: KUPRYENKO, 2012. – 212-605. – Pp. 68-70.
2. Guilbaud C., Hollan E., Wahl B. et al. Eurolakes. D28: Internal seiche mixing
study. Work package No. 7. Integrated Water Resource Management for Important
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Modern scientificresearchand their practical application. VolJ21303
Deep European Lakes and their Catchment Areas. – SOG, 2004. – 92 p.
3. Forcat F., Roget E., Figueroa M., S´anchez X. Earth rotation effects on the
internal wave field in a stratified small lake: Numerical simulations // Limnetica. –
2011. – Vol. 29, Iss. 2. – Pp. 27-42.
4. Ichinose G. A., Anderson J. G., Satake K., Schweickert R. A., Lahren M. M.
The potential hazard from tsunami and Seiche waves generated by large earthquakes
within Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada // Geophysical Research Lettters. – 2000. –
Vol. 27, No. 8. – pp. 1203-1206.
5. Solovyov V. N., Shostakovich V. B. Seiches of Lake Baikal // Proceedings of
Irkutsk magnetic and meteorological observatory. – 1926. – Iss. 1. – Pp. 58-64.
6. Zacharias I. Verification of seiching processes in a large and deep lake
(Trichonis, Greece) // Mediterranean Marine Science. – Vol. 1/1. – 2000. – Pp. 79-89.
7. Kanari S. The long-period internal waves in Lake Biwa // Limnology and
Oceanography. – 1975. – Vol. 20, Iss. 4. – Pp. 544-553.
8. Kurchatov I. V. Seiches in the Black and Azov seas / Kurchatov I. V. Selected
works. – Vol. 1. – Moscow: Nauka, 1982. - Pp . 382-391.
J21303-002
UDC: 504.058
Anakhov P. V.
IDENTIFICATION OF RESERVOIRS IN RESPECT OF EXCITATION OF
EARTHQUAKES
Proprietorship, Kiev
Identified factors, as a result of which the reservoirs and storages of liquid
wastes are recognized as potentially hazardous objects. Constructed graph of the
sequence of events in respect of excitation of earthquake.
Key words: earthquake, reservoir, tectonic fault.
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Modern scientificresearchand their practical application. VolJ21303
Introduction. Reservoirs and tailings, sludge ponds, storages of liquid toxic and
radioactive wastes classified as objects of high ecology risk. Demonstration of their
hazardous interference on the environment is defined in particular by excitation of
earthquakes. According to the Regulation on certification of potentially hazardous
objects of Ukraine (from September 01, 2005, No. 970/11250), identifying sources
and factors, on which object declares as potentially hazardous, contains procedure of
identification.
Methodology and results. According to modern concepts, an earthquake is a
consequence of mechanical break of environment during a collision of two geological
units (slabs) with rough edges, due to their slow movement in opposite directions [1].
Shift of fragments of seismic-active tectonic fault can be caused by irritation of
the selected fragment by impact-explosive action or vibration action, injection of
fluid [2].
Filling of reservoir creates depressing zone, inside which new processes of
stimulation of tectonic faults are started: sinking of the Earth's crust due to the
loading; reducing friction in the fault planes due to diffusion of pore fluid;
accumulation of fatigue defects of faults due to microseismic vibrations [3].
Microseismic ground motions are represented by the superposition of different
wave fields, both in position and on the nature of seismic sources. Generally
discusses wide-band storm microseisms caused by sea waves; vibrations from falling
from spillway water; high-frequency microseisms caused by work of powerful
machines (turbines, pumps, etc.).
Moment of achievement of the level of shift in seismic-active fault segment is
determined by integral of total damage [4]:
( )0
1fN
ff
dNEN Nε
= =∆
∫ , (1)
where N – number of cycles of microseismic wave; Nf – number of cycles to
shift; ∆ε – amplitude of deformation.
Amplitude of deformation is depending on long-range action of microseisms.
Long-range action, in turn, depends on the attenuation, which is determined, firstly, URL: http://www.sworld.com.ua/e-journal/J21303.pdf Downloaded from SWorld. Terms of Use http://www.sworld.com.ua/index.php/ru/e-journal/about-journal/terms-of-use
Modern scientificresearchand their practical application. VolJ21303
the geometrical divergence and scattering of power, and secondly, the absorption of
seismic energy in the environment. Magnitude of the frequency-dependent absorption
A can be estimated by the formula [5]:
A=A0exp(–ht)cos2πνt, (2)
where A0 – energy of the wave at the source; h – damping factor; t – time; ν –
frequency.
In [6] proposed a model that explains the frequency dependence of attenuation
of microseisms as
S(ν)∼ν-m; 2≤m<2,5. (3)
Then the effective radius of influence for the group of randomly oriented
sources of microseismic noise with random initial phases [7]
Ref≈Qλ, (4)
where Q – Q factor of environment; λ – wavelength.
Defined features of depressing zone – firstly, conformity of geological
boundaries of zone to borders of geophysical processes, and secondly, conformity of
lifetime of zone to duration of processes (their life cycle). [8]
Description of geophysical processes of depressing zone of reservoir, which can
cause an irritation of seismic-active tectonic faults, summarized in Table 1.
Table 1
Description of geophysical processes of depressing zone of reservoir
Process Borders of process Life cycle of process
1. Sinking of the
Earth's crust [3]
Area of the crater of sinking
of the Earth's crust is greater
than the area of reservoir
Relaxation time, during which
initial stress in crust decreases in e
times, can be up to 30 years
2. Reducing
friction in the fault
planes [3]
As a result of drilling of
super-deep boreholes (Kola
– 12,261 m) watered rocks
were found throughout the
depth
Time t of distribute of ground water
in the geological environment can
be estimated as 2 / 4t r Kπ= , where
r – distance; K – hydraulic
diffusion coefficient
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Modern scientificresearchand their practical application. VolJ21303
3. Accumulation of
fatigue defects of
faults
Effective radius of influence
of sources of microseismic
noise is determined by it's
frequency [5, 6]
Lifetime of reservoir
The sequence of events in respect of excitation of earthquake after filling the
reservoir presented in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Graph of the sequence of events in respect of excitation of earthquake: 1 –
filling the reservoir, 2 – sinking of the Earth's crust, 3 – reducing friction in the
fault planes, 4 – accumulation of fatigue defects of faults, 5 – shift of fragments
of faults, 6 – Earthquake
Conclusion. Studied geophysical processes of depressing zone of reservoir,
which can cause irritation of the seismic-active tectonic faults. Constructed graph of
the sequence of events in respect of excitation of earthquake after filling the
reservoir.
References:
1. Khachiyan E. E. On a simple method for determining the potential strain
energy stored in the earth before a large earthquake // Journal of Volcanology and
Seismology. – 2011. – Vol. 5, Iss. 4. – P. 286-297.
2. Pat. 2273035 RF, Int. Cl. G 01 V 9/00. Method for controlling shifts mode in
fragments of seismic-active tectonic fractures / Psakh’e S. G., Popov V. L., Shil’ko E.
V. et al.; publ. 27.03.2006, Bull. No. 9.
3. Anakhov P. V. Possibility of excitation of earthquake on April 26, 1986 near
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant by reservoir / Materiály IX mezinárodní vědecko-
praktická konference "Efektivní nástroje moderních věd – 2013". – Díl 37. – Praha:
Publish. House "Education and Science", 2013. – P. 75-81. URL: http://www.sworld.com.ua/e-journal/J21303.pdf Downloaded from SWorld. Terms of Use http://www.sworld.com.ua/index.php/ru/e-journal/about-journal/terms-of-use
Modern scientificresearchand their practical application. VolJ21303
4. Ostrovsky A. Possible cause of seasonal periodicity of some California
earthquakes // Doklady Akademii Nauk USSR. – 1990. – Vol. 313, No. 1. – P. 83-86.
5. Sheriff R. E., Geldart L. P. Exploration Seismology. In two volumes. Vol. 1. –
Cambridge University Press, 1982.
6. Lutikov A. I. To explanation of the frequency dependence of microseims
attenuation // Journal of Volcanology and Seismology. – 1990. – Iss. 6. – P. 104-108.
7. Lutikov A. I. Appraisal of effective radius of influence of endogenous sources
of microseismic noise // Journal of Volcanology and Seismology. – 1992. – Iss. 4. –
P. 111-115.
8. Anakhov P. V. Increment of depressing zone seismicity // Collection of
scientific papers Sworld. Proceedings of the international scientific-practical
conference "Scientific research and its practical application. Present status and
development '2012". – Iss. 3. Vol. 35. – Odessa: KUPRIENKO, 2012. – CIT: 312-
459. – P. 81-85.
J21303-003
UDC 550.832.4
Zvetkov G. A., Kostitsyn V. I.
INCREASE OF ACCURACY OF WELL BOTTON POSITION
DETERMINATION BY MINIMIZATION OF SEISMIC VIBRATION
FINDING ERRORS
Perm National Research Polytechnical University,
Perm, Komsomolskiy st 29, 614990
Perm State National Research University,
Perm, Bukireva, 15, 614990
In this paper we describe the use of the basis of the carried out researches at
the decision of seismic surveying tasks an attempt on advancement of methods and
means of excitation of elastic vibrations by the generator of seismic vibrations (GSV)
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Modern scientificresearchand their practical application. VolJ21303
is made. The geometry of the real GSV differs from the ideal axially symmetric form
resulting in deviations of parameters of geometry of mass (deviations of the centre of
mass, main central axes of inertia), and is a consequence of the static and dynamic
disbalance. The character of forces and moments acting on the GSV, as a whole and
on separate units, depends on quality of the law of change of total force of resistance
of escapement and return of plunger; dynamic loads resulting in occurrence of
transverse waves at excitation of seismic vibrations deterioting the accuracy of
determination of well bottom position are formed. Application of the given technique
will allow to minimize transverse components of a seismic wave up to a level of
function of errors of balance and to increase the accuracy of well bottom
determination.
Key words: coordinates, accuracy, static and dynamic disbalance, longitudinal
and transverse wave
Introduction
Coordinates of attitude position of bottoms of cased and uncased wells are
determined on the basis of registration of time of distribution of acoustical signals
from points of their excitation on a daylight area from wellhead up to bottom.
One of directions of advancement of methods and means of seismic surveying is
a development of ways and means for ex-citation of elastic vibrations [1,2]. The
generated signal is usually propagated as a longitudinal wave. However, owing to
presence of deviations of geometrical and weight characteristics of a GSV an
excitation of transverse waves resulting in a drift of oscillatory acceleration vector at
the point of reception is possible. The purpose of the given work is consideration of
one of variants of decrease of transverse wave size.
The schematic diagram of the generator of seismic vibrations (GSV) of the
mortar-plunger type is shown in Fig. 1.
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Fig. 1.Schematic diagram of a GSV: 1 – mortar, 2 – plunger, 3 – container,
4 – guide
Systems of coordinates connected with mortar and plunger of the generator of
seismic vibrations (GSV) are shown
Coordinate system of elements of GSV installation
XYOZ – coordinate system related to the mortar; бббб YZOX - base system of
coordinates of plunger; ηες бO - the connected base system of coordinates;
zух ∆∆∆ ,, - coordinates of centre of mass of the plunger in base system.
Theoretical researches
Vector of displacement of the centre of mass in the connected system of
coordinates:
( ) ( )( )ϕψ
ϕψ
yxzkzyjzxir
∆+∆−∆
+∆−∆+∆+∆=, (1)
where ϕ and ψ - angles of rotation of the connected system ηες бO relatively
to base system бббб YZOX .
Projection of gravity force mg on connected axes:
( ) mkm gjm giF −−−= ϕψ . (2)
At contact with the mortar the force of reaction is determined by rigidity
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ZZYYÕXÆ CkCjCiF δ+δ+δ= . (3)
Considering (2) and (3) we derive equations of translational motion
ψ=δω+δβ+δ gxxx O XX22 , (4)
ϕ=δω+δβ+δ gyyy O YY22 , (5)
gzzz O ZZ =δω+δβ+δ 22 , (6)
where ZYX βββ ,, - damping factors for connected axes, mCX
O X =2ω ; m
CYO Y =2ω ;
mCZ
O Z =2ω .
Angular velocity of turn of the connected system of coordinates relative to the
base system can be presented as
Okji ++= ψϕω . (7)
Equation of angular movements takes the form:
∑=×ω+ MKd tKd
, (8)
where К – angular momentum:
( ) ω⋅= JK , (9)
( )
−−
−=
Z ZZ YX Z
Y ZY YX Y
X ZX YX X
JJJJJJJJJ
J (10)
∑M - vector of moments.
Projections of moments of forces on the connected axes:
ϕϕς ⋅−∆= Cym gM , (11)
ψψη ⋅−∆= Cxm gM , (12)
0=εM . (13)
Considering (8), (9), (10), (11),
(12), (13) we obtain
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ymgJJdt
dJCdtdJ
YYXY
XYXX
∆=⋅+
−−⋅+
2ψϕψ
ψϕϕϕ
, (14)
xmgJJdtdJC
dtdJ
XYXX
XYYY
∆=⋅−
+−⋅+
2ψϕψ
ϕψψψ
, (15)
02 =⋅+
−−−
ψϕψ
ψϕ
YYXY
ZYXZ
JJdt
dJdtdJ
. (16)
Solving equations (4) – (6) we obtain:
[ ][ ] ψ
ωωββ
ωββδ
⋅+−−−
+−+−=
222
2
221
exp
exp
OXOXXXX
OXXXX
gtC
tCx(17)
[ ][ ] ϕ
ωωββ
ωββδ
⋅+−−−
+−+−=
222
2
221
exp
exp
OYOYYYY
OYYYY
gtC
tCy(18)
[ ][ ] 2
222
221
exp
exp
OZOZZZZ
OZZZZ
gtC
tCz
ωωββ
ωββδ
+−−−
+−+−=
(19)
where O XX ωβ > , O YY ωβ > , O ZZ ωβ > .
In expressions (17) – (19) the first two components become zero at t--> ∞.
Then:
ψ⋅ω
=δ 2O X
gx , (20)
ϕ⋅ω
=δ 2O Y
gy , (21)
2O Z
gzω
=δ . (22)
Equations of seismic waves in the coordinate system ηες бO will be reduced to
the following form:
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−Φ=
∂∂
+∂∂
cxt
TtW
CxW
X
πςς 2c o s12
2
22
2
(23)
−
πΦ=
∂∂
+∂∂ ηη
cyt
Tc o s
tW
CyW
Y21
2
2
22
2
(24)
−
πΦ=
∂∂
+∂∂ εε
czt
Tc o s
tW
CzW
Z21
2
2
22
2
(25)
where Т – wave period, с – wave velocity.
The first term of function expansion into a Fourier series will be:
OXX Tx
xT
B2
s i n2
1
τππτ
⋅=Φ , (26)
OYY Ty
yT
B2
s i n2
1
τππτ
⋅=Φ , (27)
OZZ Tz
zT
B2
s i n2
1
τππτ
⋅=Φ , (28)
where:
∆= yJJgBB Y YX Y
O XXX ,,,,2 ϕωψ
, (29)
∆= xJJgBB X XX Y
O YYY ,,,,2 ψωϕ
, (30)
= 2
O ZZZ
gBBωψ
. (31)
Then equations of a wave for each of the connected axes take the form
−
=
cxt
T
Tx
xBAW OX
π
τππ
ςς
2sin
,,sin,2
(32)
−
=
cyt
T
Ty
yBAW OY
π
τππ
ηη
2sin
,,sin,2
(33)
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−
=
czt
T
Tz
zBAW OZ
π
τππ
εε
2sin
,,sin,2
(34)
As a result we obtain components of transverse waves ης WW , , which determine
the unbalance of plunger. For attenuation of influence of transverse components of a
seismic wave a balancing [3, 4] is carried out (static and dynamic balancing).
In this case:
0=∆=∆=∆ zyx , 0=== Y ZX ZX Y JJJ and (J) take the form
( )
=
Z Z
Y Y
X X
JJ
JJ
000000
(35)
From (16) it is derived:
02 =ψY YJ , (36)
then 0=ψ . (37)
In so doing the equations (14), (15) take the following form:
0=⋅+ ϕϕϕC
d tdJ X X
, (38)
0=⋅+ ψψψC
d tdJY Y
. (39)
At the initial conditions:
000
00
=ψ=ϕ=ψ
=ϕ
====
tttt d t
dd td
, (40)
0=ϕ , (41)
0=ψ . (42)
With regard to (41), (42) the values (20), (21) take the form
0=σõ , 0=σy (43)
Then, considering (41), (42), (43), (35) we obtain for seismic wave components
(32), (33):
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0≈ςW , (44)
0≈ηW . (45)
Consequently, a component of the seismic wave on axis Z remains
−
=
Czt
T
Tz
zgBAWOZ
ZZZ
π
τππ
ω
2sin
,,sin,2
2
. (46)
Thus, static and dynamic balancing of GSV units forming dynamic loads allows
to keep one component of a seismic wave (46). Transverse components may be
brought to a level of balancing error functions.
Conclusions
The given results of research have no absolute character, they should be
considered as an estimation of areas to which it is necessary to pay special attention
at designing, construction of GSV control circuits directed to the increase of accuracy
of determination of well bottom position coordinates.
Bibliography and references
1. Devyatkin V.D., Drozdov B.A., Ozhiganov I.A., Romanov M.N.
Improvement of land seismic survey equipment with application of AFZ.-
International seminar «Scientific and technical potential of the Western Ural in the
field of conversion of the military-industrial complex». The Russian Academy of
Science, Perm centre of science, 2001.- p. 143-146.
2. Lunev V.G., Potapov B.F., Rasstegaev A.V. Wave fields raised by pulse
engines of a high pressure//Geophysical methods of searches and survey of oil and
gas: Interuniversity collection of proceedings. - Perm: Perm State University, 1983. -
p. 112-115.
3. Tsvetkov G.A. The automated measurement computer complex for
determination of mass-inertial characteristics of space aircrafts// The 10th St.-
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Modern scientificresearchand their practical application. VolJ21303
Petersburg international conference on integrated navigating systems. State Centre
of Science of the Russian Federation - TsNII «Elektropribor», 2003.- p. 247-249.
4. Tsvetkov G.A., Kaplun V.A., Pevzner Inertial characteristics of elements of
configuration of drilling tool bottoms in questions of stabilization, orientation of
precision construction of wells// Drilling of superdeep and deep parametrical wells. A
state of technology of drilling, complex researches and basic directions of increase of
efficiency. Proceedings of the All-Russia Conference. - Yaroslavl: Federal State
Unitary Enterprise NPTs «Nedra»,- 2001.- p. 193-198.
J21303-004
UDC 528.854.2
Trinh Le Hung
MONITORING IRON OXIDE, CLAY MINERAL AND FERROUS
MINERAL USING LANDSAT MULTISPECTRAL IMAGE
Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract
To evaluate the conventional methods for mapping iron oxide, clay and ferrous
mineral by using LANDSAT 7 ETM+ image in Thai Nguyen area is prime target of
our study. We used band ratio methods for determining the areas in rich and poor
mineral composite content. Resulting mineral composite index maps are summarized
in nine classes by using ‘natural breaks’ classification method in GIS.
Keywords: remote sensing, iron oxide, clay mineral, ferrous mineral, band
ratio.
I. INTRODUCTION
Mineral resource is one of the most important natural resources of each
country. Mineral is the source material for many industries, such as energy
production, building materials, metal, for agricultural, industrial sections...The
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Modern scientificresearchand their practical application. VolJ21303
exploration of mineral composite is a complex and urgent problem in research and
monitoring natural resource. Traditional methods based on field surveys only solve
the problem on a small scale because of the high cost. Remote sensing technology
with advantages such as wide area coverage and short revisit interval has been used
effectively in the study of mining and exploration mineral.
Band rationing is a useful method of preprocessing satellite image, especially
in areas where topographic effects are important. Band rationing bases on dividing
the pixels in one band by the corresponding pixels in a second band. The reason for
this is twofold: one is that differences between the spectral reflectance curves of
surface types can be brought out. The second is that illumination and consequently
radiance may vary the ratio between an illuminated and a unilluminated areas of the
same surface type will be the same.
Today, band rationing method has been widely used in the spectral index
building (soil degradation index, leaf area index) for monitoring land cover, mineral;
analyzing pollution …This article indicates band ratio method for building spectral
indices and mapping distribution of iron oxide, clay mineral and ferrous mineral.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Study area
Thai Nguyen district is located in the northeast path of the Vietnam, of Pacific
mineral belt. The study area is delimited by latitudes 20020’N and 22025’N and
longitudes 105025’E and 106016’E, cover an area of approximately 3.562,82 km². The
average temperatures in the hottest and the coldest months are 28.9 °C in June and
15.2 °C in January. The lowest recorded is 13.7 °C. Total number of sunny hours in a
year is ranges between 1300 and 1750, which is equally distributed for months in a
year. The climate of Thai Nguyen has two distinct seasons: the rainy season from
May to October and dry season from October to May. The average rainfall per annum
lies in the range of 2000 to 2500 mm; it rains most in August and least in January.
Generally speaking, Thai Nguyen’s climate is favorable for developing agriculture
and forestry.
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With its rich mineral resources and salubrious climate, the province offers
significant opportunities for industrial development for both domestic and foreign
investors.
To detecting and mapping iron oxide, clay and ferrous mineral we used
LANDSAT ETM+ satellite image on 08 November 2007. The Enhanced Thematic
Mapper (ETM+) on board LANDSAT-7 is a multi-spectral radiometric sensor that
records eight bands of data with varying spectral and spatial resolutions (30m spatial
resolution for red, green, blue, near infrared and two bands of medium infrared; 60m
for thermal infrared; and a 15m panchromatic band).
2.2 Methodology
The methodology has been based on the mineral composite (clay mineral,
ferrous mineral and iron oxide) and normalized difference vegetation indices NDVI,
which is calculated according to the following equation:
3434
BandBandBandBandNDVI
+−=
The role of NDVI is to mask dense plant areas. The band ration operation
could be able to transform the data without reducing the effects of such
environmental condition. In addition, ratio operation may also provide unique
information that is not available in any single band which is very useful for
disintegrating the surface materials. The band ratio image is known for enhancing of
spectral contrast among the bands considered in the ratio operation and has
successfully been used in mapping of alteration zone. From the theoretical knowledge
of mineral’s spectral properties, it is well recognized that the LANDSAT ETM+
bands ratios of 3/1, 5/7, 5/4 are analyzed for iron oxides, clay mineral and ferrous
mineral respectively.
LANDSAT ETM+ image – detected on 08 November 2007 is downloaded free
from the website www.glovis.usgs.gov in TIFF format. The mosaic image is
subsetted to the interested area of by using AOI vector that is created from the map of
Thai Nguyen province. Then, the radiometric enhancement is applied on the subset
mosaic image to remove effects of haze using interpreter tool of ERDAS IMAGINE URL: http://www.sworld.com.ua/e-journal/J21303.pdf Downloaded from SWorld. Terms of Use http://www.sworld.com.ua/index.php/ru/e-journal/about-journal/terms-of-use
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9.2. Then, this image is used to create index maps of clay mineral, iron oxide and
ferrous mineral (fig. 1).
Table 1. Algorithms of employed indices
No. Indices Algorithms
1 Clay mineral Band5/band7
2 Iron oxide Band3/band1
3 Ferrous mineral Band5/band4
a) b)
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c) d)
Figure 1: LANDSAT ETM+ image 08 – 11 – 2007 of study area in color composite
432 (a), iron oxide index (b), clay mineral index (c) and ferrous mineral index (d)
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Spatial distribution of clay mineral, iron oxide and ferrous mineral classes is
determined and given in figure 2 (a – c). Nine index classes ware interpreted to four
categories named: very race, race, medium, high – very high.
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a) b)
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c)
Figure 2: Clay mineral (a), iron oxide (b) and ferrous mineral (c) index
maps of Thai Nguyen district
According to the spatial distribution of iron oxide, the main part of the study
area (76.79%) is assessed in very race – race category, while the areas “medium”
category covered small portion (23.04%) of the total study area. The areas that
contain iron oxide in “medium – high – very high” category covered minor portion
(0.17%) of the study area (table 2).
Table 2: Class areas of iron oxide
Spatial distribution of clay mineral shows that more than half of the study area
(62.14%) participates in “race” category and this is ensued by “race – medium”
(37.86%) and no area is detected for “high – very high” categories(table 3).
Spatial distribution of ferrous mineral shows that the majority (72.13%) of the
study area is evaluated in “race” category. The area that contain ferrous mineral in
“medium” category covers 25.75% of the total study area and the area “medium –
high” categories covers very small part (2.11%) of the study area and no area is
detected for “very high” category (table 4).
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Class Index values
Cover area
(km2)
% of the study area
Interpretation
Category % of the total district area
1 0-67 781.2 22.10 Very race – race 22.10
2 67-77 971.85 27.49
Race
54.69
3 77-87 541.51 15.32
4 87-97 420.04 11.88
5 97-107 361.06 10.21
Medium
23,04
6 107-116 249.42 7.06
7 116-126 149.23 4.22
8 126-146 54.73 1.55
9 146-255 6.14 0.17 Medium – high
– very high 0.17
Total 3535 100 100
Table 3: Class areas of clay mineral
Class Index values
Cover area
(km2)
% of the study area
Interpretation
Category % of the total district area
1 0 – 19 58.39 1.65
Race
62.14
2 19-24 511.07 14.46
3 24-27 724.09 20.48
4 27-30 903.14 25.55
5 30-32 579.9 16.4
Race – medium
37.86
6 32-34 520 14.71
7 34-37 220.02 6.22
8 37-89 18.66 0.53
9 89 - 255 0.01 0 Medium – high
– very high
0
Total 3535 100 100
Table 4: Class areas of ferrous mineral
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Class Index values
Cover area
(km2)
% of the study area
Interpretation
Category % of the total district area
1 0 - 23 878.20 24.84
Race
72.13 2 23 - 27 1061.69 30.03
3 27 - 31 610.15 17.26
4 31 - 36 498.32 14.10
Medium
25.75 5 36 - 41 266.11 7.53
6 41 - 47 146.18 4.13
7 47 - 54 60.29 1.71 Medium –
High 2.11
8 54 - 135 14.24 0.4
9 135 -
255 0.01 0 Very high 0
Total 3535 100 100
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Spectral characteristic analysis of mineral shows that the multispectral image
LANDSAT with 30m - resolution can be used effectively for detecting and predicting
the density distribution of iron oxide, clay and ferrous mineral. The results which are
obtained in this study can be used to create distribution clay mineral, ferrous mineral,
iron oxide map and to serve mineral mining and exploration.
References
1. Hankan Mete Dogan. Mineral composite assessment of Kelkit River Basin in
Turkey by means of remote sensing (2012), Journal Earth System Science 118,
No. 6, pp. 701 – 710.
2. Md. Bodruddoza Mia, Yasuhiro Fujimitsu. Mapping hydrothermal altered
mineral composite using LANDSAT 7 ETM+ image in and around Kuju
volcano, Kyushu, Japan (2012), Journal Earth System Science 121, No. 4, pp.
1049 – 1057.
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Modern scientificresearchand their practical application. VolJ21303
3. David M. Sherman. Electronic spectra of Fe3+ oxides and oxide hydroxides in
the near IR to near UV (1995), American Mineralogist, Vol. 70, pp. 1262 –
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5. Amro F. Alasta. Using remote sensing data to indentify iron composite in
central western Libya (2011), International conference on Emerging trends in
Computer and Image processing, Bangkok, pp. 56 – 61.
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