[Module 4] Key issues and principles of sustainable MSWM

Basic training on Municipal Solid Waste Management for Urban Local Bodies – M4:Key issues and

principles of sustainable MSWM

[Module 4]Key issues and principles of sustainable MSWM



Module 4: Basics 2

Can it be framed around technology only?

For whom is the waste managed?

How can conflicting ideas and claims be dealt with

Who is responsible for planning the system and creating it?

Who operates it? Who maintains it? Who pays for it? Who uses it? Who owns it?

How do you manage a solid waste management system?

Nowadays we have to ask other important questions –

Which ones ?



Module 4: Basics 3

Planning

Management

Financing

Institutional framework

Compile a personal work plan

Prepare a report on the outcomes of the training

Using best practice examples to promote solutions

Inclusion of stakeholders

How do you manage a solid waste management system?



Module 4: Basics 4

Strategic planning of integrated MSWM

Strategic planning is a systematic process of

envisioning a desired future, and

translating this vision into broadly defined goals or objectives, and

a sequence of steps to achieve them.



Module 4: Basics 5

1. Mobilise the planning process

2. Define baseline

3. Establish strategic planning framework

4. Identify and evaluate options

5. Develop strategy

6. Prepare action plan

7. Implement the strategic plan

upda

te

stakeholder - consensus building

Integrate strategic aspects

Integrate functional elements

Strategic planning of integrated MSWM – the process

Stak

ehol

der

part

icip

atio

n

Technology options

Governance and institutional framework

Capacity building

Awareness generation & behavioural

change

Financial sustainability

Delegation / Regional approach



Module 4: Basics 6

Planning of integrated MSWM – Understand the context

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and Plan

(1) Framework & context

(2) Strategy for collection, storage and transportation

(3) Strategy for treatment and disposal

(4) Strategy for waste reduction

(5) Institutional and organizational setup

(6) Strategy for financing and cost recovery

(7) Strategy for building public awareness and education

Framework conditions

Local conditions

Local objectivesTechnical options

Implementation strategy

Content of the plan



Module 4: Basics

City Sanitation Task Force

Agencies directly

responsible Agencies

indirectly involved

Re-pres. from civil society /

communities

Eminent individuals

and practicione

rs

Repres. from

private sectorRepres. of

higher levels of

Govt.

NGOs working in relevant sectors

Repres. from

Unions

Repres. from formal

and informal

companies

Repres. from

educational and

cultural sector

Planning of integrated MSWM – City Sanitation Task Force as responsible bodyWho is involved?



Module 4: Basics

Planning of integrated MSWM – City Sanitation Task Force as responsible bodyResponsible for

Launching MSWM

Campaign

Generating

awareness

Approval of project

documents and reports

Approving the MSWM-

PlanField visits

to supervise progress

Communi-cation of progress

Overall guidance to implementing agency

Recommend

permanent respon-sibilities

City Sanitation Task Force

e.g. Municipal Corporation



Module 4: Extras 9

Exemplary planning issues

Waste quanti

fi-cation

Regional

apporach

Planning of

transfer

stations



Module 4: Extras 10

Quantification of waste

Why?

What?

How?

http://www.iswa2012.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/garbage-india.jpg

Input for assessment of required capacities and services

Amount of waste generated within the municipality (per type / per day / per year)

Spatial distribution of waste generated

Composition of waste generated

Rough estimation as per average waste production and composition as a function of city and ward size

Identification and location of generators of specific wastes or bulk waste (commerce, institutions, hotels, restaurants, etc.)

Application of specific methods as described in MoUD technical manuals



Module 4: Extras 11

Quantification of waste



Module 4: Extras 12

Regional approach

What Is Regionalization ?

• Regionalization refers to bundling of the waste disposal needs of several towns/cities and tackling the problem of all of them through creation of one regional facility

• A partnership between Urban Local Bodies



Module 4: Extras 13

Optimization of waste transfer – best practice example

Status quo• 70 square kilometres city

area;• 1000 tonnes of waste per

day;• landfill 40km east of the

city;• severe traffic congestions in

the city restricting the hours of collection.

• 125 trucks (plus standby vehicles),

• 125 drivers and • 500 loaders.• vehicle costs: 8,750,000 $• total staff: 625

Collection system requires:• 63 collection vehicles (plus standby

vehicles), • 63 drivers and • 250 loaders.

Transfer system requires: • 22 trucks, (plus standby vehicles),• 22 drivers and • 22 drivers’ assistants• vehicle costs: 6,230,000 $ • total staff: 379

Option 1:Large transfer station

Source: Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities, UN-Habitat (2010), page 90



Module 4: Extras 14

Optimization of waste transfer – best practice example

Each SRS requires collection system:• 12 handcarts and tricycles collect 8 tonnes per day within a 0.5km radius of the STS (one crew).• 8 three-wheelers (1.5-cubic-metre Tuctucs) collect 40 tonnes per day within a 1.5km radius (one crew).• 5 3-cubic-metre tipping trucks collect 40 tonnes per day within a 3km radius (two crews) (each of the

above vehicles will require backup vehicles to allow for breakdowns)

Transfer vehicles for 12 STS requires: • Transfer vehicles: 12 work two shifts with 24 drivers and 24 assistants.• Handcarts and tricycles: 12 X 12 = 144 with 144 loaders.• Three-wheelers: 12 X 8 = 96 with 96 unskilled driver/loaders.• Small tippers: 60 with 60 drivers and 60 loaders.• Total labour requirements: 84 drivers and 324 unskilled workers.

Total requirements• vehicle costs: 3,088,000 $• total staff: 372

Option 2:12 small transfer stations



Module 4: Extras 15

Regional approachMunicipality

ACollection

Municipality B

Collection

Municipality C

Collection

Municipality D

Collection

Joint Treatment

Facility

Joint DisposalFacility

Joint Transportation

Why?Treatment and

disposal exceed technical and financial capacities

No land availableEconomy of scalemore attractive for

private sectorFrameworkDelegation of responsibilityPartners ensure efficiency

jointlyReliable and sound cost

sharingSanctity of contracts

Organisational set-upLead by State GovernmentLead by AuthorityCompetitive biding of Private

PartnersEach ULB has responsibility for its

part



Module 4: Extras 16

Regional approach

Advantages

more efficient use of land

higher efficiency of costs



Module 4: Extras 17

Efficient use of land Figure showing landfill area (plan)

waste going to landfill is 20 tpd landfill is designed for 3 years

Waste going to landfill is 200 tpd landfill is designed for 3 years

3 Acrelocal landfill

11 Acreregional landfill

four times the area can dispose 10 times amount of waste !

Height of landfill up to bund is 1.5 m above bund is 3 m excavation depth is 1.1 m

Height of landfill up to bund is 1.5 m above bund is 15 m excavation depth is 1.1 m

local landfill

regional landfill



Module 4: Extras 18

Cost efficiency in INR per ton of waste

ConstructionSite development Equipment Operation and

maintenance

Rs. 39.83 / ton

20 tpd landfill is 4.3 times costlier

local landfill20 tpdregional landfill200 tpd


Rs. 4.06 / ton

cost efficiency

Rs. 135.00 / ton

Rs. 579.00 /ton Rs. 188.00 / ton

Rs. 25.34 / ton

20 tpd landfill is 7.4 times costlier Factors determining O & M cost :

• Number of equipments• Utilisation of equipments

• Manpower• Consumables

• Return of capital




Module 4: Basics 19

Management - General orientation / basic idea

The municipal authorities should make concerted efforts to inculcate among their officers and staff a sense of

pride in the work they do, and to motivate them to do their best to improve the

level of services in the city and the image of the municipal administration.



Module 4: Basics 20

• Who or what guides you?• How do you adapt your work to

changing conditions?• Do you evaluate the

achievements?• Do you communicate

achievements and needs to upper and lower levels?

Management key questions

• leadershipManagement principles / tools

Leadership involves• establishing a clear vision,• sharing that vision with others so that

they will follow willingly,• providing the information, knowledge

and methods to realize that vision, and • coordinating and balancing the

conflicting interests of all members and stakeholders.

• framework / rules of conduct • communication / information flow• follow-up• adjustment / intervention / decision• Capacity Development / Human

Resource Development

Discuss in group:



Module 4: Basics 21

Management - elements

The circular model of

managementLevels of

managementData

managementMonitoring and improvement

of performance



Module 4: Basics 22

Management tasks

Upper Management

Middle Management

Lower Management

strategy goals, policy decisions framework for MSWM overall annual planning overall monitoring formation city sanitation task force technical supervision, monitoring

operations guidance operations quality control operations supervision of strategy & plan

implementation specific annual planning responsibility for service contracts stakeholder management working counterpart city sanitation task

force implementation and supervision of day-

to-day operations / services guidance and human resource

development monitoring of contractors complaints redress maintenance infrastructure and

equipment reporting

Mayor, PresidentCommissioners,Chief Officers

Health Officers, Engineers

Sanitary inspectors and

supervisors

Is there something to be added?



Module 4: Basics 23

Management of Municipal Solid Waste

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://ww

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What is Management ?The Management Cycle

Citizens are responsible for Proper segregation of wastes at

source Avoid littering of streets; Delivery of wastes

Municipality is responsible for: Waste management from collection to

disposal Sensitization of citizens for 3R and overall

waste management;



Module 4: Basics 24

Information and data management

There is a common rule in management: ‘If you want to

manage, measure’!

Why?

(1) You have to know what is happening at any time(2) You need to recognize and address deficiencies(3) You need to have an idea on future requirements(4) You must be able to answer questions of stakeholders and

supervisors



Module 4: Basics 25

Information and data management - basics• clearly define data to be collected

regularlaly• define basic data to be collected in any

case• define add on data• define data formats

Data• standardized method• regular intervals• check reliability• follow-up and supervise

Collection• ensure accessibility• ensure standardized storage • ensure regular updating• consider IT solutions

Storage

• consider IT solutions• follow-up and superviseProcessing



Module 4: Extras 26

Management Information SystemGeneral

City Wards

Generation Storage Treatment

& disposalTransportWasteinfrastructure

Financial aspects

Staff positions

Management

Base line data

OperationCollection Storage

Special services

Bulk services

Environmental monitoring

Vehicle maintenance

Complaints

Cost recovery

Supervision

Treatment & disposal

Transport

Penalties Legal matters



Module 4: Basics 27

Monitoring and improvement of performance - Why SLBs are useful for ULBs?

o SLBs help to institutionalise performance management

o SLBs help ULBs to proof their performance as principal elected institution for city self-governance

o Benchmarking with other cities facilitates competitive environment for continuous improvement

o Performance data at sub-ULB level are useful for appropriate decisions

o Help local decision-makers identify gaps, plan and prioritise improvement measures

o Make it possible to link decision-making on financial allocations to service outcomes

o Provide framework that can underlie contracts/agreements with service providers

o Enhance accountability to customers for service delivery levels

o Enable identification and transfer of best practice



Module 4: Basics 28

Indicator Benchmark(1) Household level coverage of solid waste

management services 100%

(2) Efficiency of collection of municipal solid waste

100%

(3) Extent of segregation of municipal solid waste

100%

(4) Extent of municipal solid waste recovered

80%

(5) Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid waste

100%

(6) Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints

80%

(7) Extent of cost recovery in SWM services 100%(8) Efficiency in collection of SWM charges 90%

SLBs for MSWM



Module 4: Extras 29

Monitoring process



Module 4: Basics

Inclusion of stakeholders

Gender aspects of MSWMParticipation Participaton of

informal sector



Module 4: Basics

Inclusion of stakeholders – Why is it important?

(1) Solid waste management is a shared responsibility

(2) Participation creates ownership and means shared responsibility for the strategy and its joint undertaking

(3) Participants bring information for the strategy, ensuring that it is based on a common understanding of purpose, problems and solutions

(4) Participation is the most effective way of communicating information on which the strategy is based, its goals and tasks to be undertaken;

(5) Participation by stakeholder groups is critical for decision making. The result will be a realistic strategy with a broad base of knowledge, understanding and commitment from the groups involved



Module 4: Basics

Inclusion of stakeholders – Where and when is it important?

(1) Implementation of the 3R approach

(2) Segregation at source and (secondary) storage of biodegradable / non-biodegradable wastes, recyclables etc. at source

(3) Community storage facilities and collection form there in flats, multi-storied buildings, societies, commercial complexes, institutions, etc.

(4) Door-to-door collection or collection via community bins, collection of recyclables, HHW, etc.

(5) Stop of public littering

(6) Introduction of user charges / fees, understanding need to pay for services;

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7IwhuRXM-hI/UN-h-25BjgI/AAAAAAAB0XY/FXbI1neWl6U/s1600/SELF-SERVICE-BIN.jpg



Module 4: Basics 33

Stakeholder participation

Guiding principles

(1) Build confidence – take partners serious, ensure two way communication and collaboration, establish rules and respect norms, respect each other, don’t play games, respect other interests, and opinions

(2) Ensure to reach the community – ensure that all relevant stakeholders / actors are reached and included; make the project attractive; make added value visible; motivate reluctant parties to participate

(3) Involve stakeholders actively in problem identification and solution - involve partners in problem analysis, visioning, priority setting, solution identification, strategy development, implementation and monitoring; avoid the feeling of only being decoration

(4) Include stakeholders in implementation and success stories – make success in pilot projects visible to other areas, let the stakeholders participate in success stories

(5) Public Information, Education and Communication – ensure sufficient outreach and visibility, offer various measures to build the required awareness and capacities

https://kce.fgov.be/sites/default/files/imagecache/content_page_image_doublecolumn/R_174.jpg



Module 4: Extras

Extent of participation

Passive Only for incentives

Consultations

Functional participati

on

Interactive participati

on

Self Mobilizatio

n

•spectator •no own initiative

•participate only if there is some kind of gain

•engagement onlyon particular topic

•not proactive•answering questions

•proactive• functional engagement

•supportive efforts

•ability to influence decisions

•suggest / demand for alternate options

•willingness to contribute resources

•highly empowered to take up activities

•decision making



Module 4: Extras

Tools to organize and manage participation – stakeholder analysis1) stakeholder landscape2) analyse interests of

stakeholders:are they in line with the project or controversial ?

3) possible impacts of dissonances, differences in interests

4) develop strategy for management of stakeholders according to their role / influence, interest and potential conflicts

https://www.wbginvestmentclimate.org/toolkits/public-policy-toolkit/images/sample-stakeholder-matrix_1.JPG



Module 4: Extras

Tools to organize and manage participation – how to deal with conflicts?

Options to deal with conflicts:a) ignoreb) livec) find options to achieve win-win

situation

Avoid:a) naivetyb) neutral poses when you are notc) underestimating potential for

violenced) to be the do-goodere) to be the megaphone

http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQhLbwVzBwBK7oViaKQEHvGNcTP9W39SIHm53RnvZi013JYhMhO



Module 4: Extras

Tools to organize and manage participation - examples (1)

Group meeting After an opening presentation, the group is broken into smaller groups to discuss an issue or complete a specific task. Summaries of small group discussions and an open comment period may follow.

Focus group discussion

Small discussion group led by a facilitator who draws out in-depth stakeholder input on specific questions. Normally, several focus groups are held, and participants can be chosen randomly or to approximate a subset of the community.

Interview Face-to-face or telephone interaction with stakeholders conducted by the agency or by a third-party representative.

Field trip Trip to specific location organized so that participants can match their mental images to real, on-the-ground conditions. Participants may be asked to express their reactions verbally or in writing.



Module 4: Extras

Tools to organize and manage participation - examples (2)

Open house Event in which the public is invited to drop in at any time during an announced period. Event includes staffed booths or stations on specific topics and may precede a public meeting.

Public hearing Formal, single meeting where stakeholders present official statements and positions, and those ideas are recorded into a formal record for delivery to the agency.

Poll or survey Written or oral lists of questions to solicit community impressions about issues at a specific moment in time. Polls and surveys can be administered in person, or via the telephone or Internet.



Module 4: Basics 39

Gender aspects of MSWM

What are gender related key issues in MSWM?• Women and children are prime handlers of garbage in

households• Services and equipment are designed by men, with other

priorities in mind• Women and children are often more exposed to SW health

hazards than men• Women are key to improving SWM of family and community

(1)Women and men look at waste from different perspectives.

(2)Recycling and reusing of wastes have critical gender dimensions:a. on generation sideb. on recycling side



Module 4: Basics 40

Gender aspects of MSWMRoles and responsibilities of women in waste management of households

• Women decide what is useful and what is waste, and handle the waste• Women know the waste disposal places in their neighborhoods• The boundary between household and community is a gender

boundary: Waste collectors, as well as the city leadership, who are generally

male, tend not to understand the interests and needs of women in relation to the collection of household waste, e.g.: • They may complain when the waste is not set out properly, not taking

into account that the women often cannot really leave their homes to put it in its proper place;

• Times for waste collection may not have been set with any attention to the schedules and responsibilities of the women who will bring the waste to be collected.

• Containers which are appropriate for storage in the home may not be acceptable to the collectors, etc.

• Storage bins may not be easy to handle for women



Module 4: Basics 41

Gender aspects of MSWMWomen as workers in waste management

• Services and equipment are designed by men• Women workers are usually paid less• Women entrepreneurs and workers are underprivileged, their

access to credits is even worse than for men• Lack of interest, political will or weak sense of importance in

the community of decision makers to address issues of women workers in any cogent manner

http://www.cultureunplugged.com/play/3942/Full-Circle



Module 4: Basics 42

Participation of informal sector - Social business

A Social Businesso addresses a social objectiveo is a non-loss, non-dividend company o is distinct from a non-profit because the business seeks to

generate a modest profit o profit will be used to expand the company’s reach,

improve the product or service or to subsidize the social goal

collection, processing and

sale of recyclables

collection,processing and

sale of biodegradable

waste

collection,processing and

recycling of E-waste

door-to-door collection of

waste

can help to formalize informal activities improves social security

improves income can be a partner for the

ULB

requires entrepreneurs requires investment requires support

http://www.cultureunplugged.com/play/3942/Full-Circle



Module 4: Basics

Financing

Public Private PartnershipFinancing



Module 4: Basics 44

Financing – priotization and optimization of costs and incomePriority for obligatory services Define

minimum level of services

Check options for increase of

income Review level of existing

charges and fees

Encourage delegation

Review costs



Module 4: Basics 45

Financing - implementation

• government schemes and subisidies• international loans and funds• Municipal bonds, financing from own sources• PPP or other private financing• regional MSWM to reduce costs

Financing of investments

• introduction and collection of charges and fees• percentage of property tax• alternative income sources (products, carbon

credits …)• private investment in O&M, institutional finance,

loans

O&M and capital cost

recovery

• controlling of project costs• double entry accrual accounting system• track costs of service provision

Financial management



Module 4: Basics 46

Public Private Partnership

Private Partner

Public Partner

•makes an investment

• takes a risk•guarantees a

service in a specific quality and

quantity•expects revenue

•delegates a task•keeps ultimate responsibility

•supports approval process

•ensures payment •provides quality control and monitoring

private body provides a public service or project



Module 4: Basics 47

PPP - process



Module 4: Basics 48

PPP – Lessons learnt1) Importance of rigorous project preparation and capacity

building

2) Structuring focus on outcomes rather than inputs

3) Clarity on land availability and certainty of meeting concessioning authority’s obligations

4) Political commitment and policy continuity

5) Effective communication and engagement with a wider set of stakeholders

6) Need for well-defined transition process/duration

7) Commitments relating to waste quantity and quality



Module 4: Basics 49


1) Service providers entrusted with parts of MSWM are usually not directly accountable their clients

2) MSWM is usually under the responsibility of municipal departments not having the organisational and technical expertise to handle MSW

3) Performance and efficiency of workforce of the ULB entrusted with MSWM are often far from being satisfactory

Frequent weaknesses



Module 4: Basics 50


1) Authorities and service providers should be for the delivery of the services and sustainability of the MSWM

2) Professionalization of MSWM and its workers and of their technical and managerial capabilities

3) Transparent institutional framework with well-defined roles and responsibilities for each task

4) Authorities to facilitate the processes and to build proper institutions to handle SWM

Required improvements in framework



Module 4: Basics 51

Institutional frameworkMunicipality is responsible for

waste management from collection to disposalGoals Protection of

environmental quality and health conditions

Money for service quality – ULB is guardian of public money

Accountability for delivery and quality of servicesTransparent and well defined responsibilities for all

tasksAuthorities act as service providers to the public

Principles

Mechanisms Decentrali-zation

Delegation SupervisionProfessiona

li-zation•decision making close to executing actors

•division of town into zones

•clear line structure

• transfer of functions to external actors

•private sector / CBOs etc.

•capacity building to workers

•equipment•human resource development

•well educated staff

•day-to-day supervision of services

•data base•SLBs



Module 4: Basics 52

Institutional frameworkMunicipality is responsible for

waste management from collection to disposalGoals Protection of

environmental quality and health conditions

Money for service quality – ULB is guardian of public money

Accountability for delivery and quality of servicesTransparent and well defined responsibilities for all

tasksAuthorities act as service providers to the public

Principles

Mechanisms Decentrali-zation

Delegation SupervisionProfessiona

li-zation•decision making close to executing actors

•division of town into zones

•clear line structure

• transfer of functions to external actors

•private sector / CBOs etc.

•capacity building to workers

•equipment•human resource development

•well educated staff

•day-to-day supervision of services

•data base•SLBs



Module 4: Extras 53



Module 4: Activities 54

Group work on possible objectives for MSWM plan The next slide lists possible objectives for a MSWM plan. Reflect the relevance of these objectives for your municipality and formulate and reflect other desirable objectives for a MSWM plan

Select three or more of the objectives listed below or formulate other objectives.• increase in coverage of collection, • improvement in transportation, • improved management of specific waste classes, • waste reduction in general, • increase of recycling rate, • segregation of dry and wet waste, • establishment of procedures to prevent hazardous or untreated bio-

medical waste from entering municipal waste chain, • ensure scientific controlled disposal, • establishment of procedures to formalize role of informal sector,• achieve financial self-sufficiency,




Group work on possible objectives for MSWM plan (II)

Discuss the following list of questions for each objective selected (you can indicate specific situation in single towns):

• Specific relevance / urgency of the objective for the municipality• Data available to provide sound assessment of the situation? Op-tions

to improve the database• Stakeholders to be involved• Analyse realistic options given in your municipality to achieve the

objective. Which resources would be required to do so?• Discuss with your colleagues from other towns and compare the

situations in the towns represented in your work group.




Group work on SLBs in the home towns of the participants

SLBs are an important tool for improvement of MSWM. They require a broad database and regular updating of relevant data. Reflect the situation in the home towns of the participants and collect ideas for improvement of the database.

• Four working groups discuss 2 out of the 8 SLBs for MSWM each

• Each group answers the questions listed in the table on next slide

• Discuss with your colleagues from other towns and compare the situations in the towns represented in your work group.




Group work on SLBs in the home towns of the participants

SLB A SLB BSLB checked? Y/N Mode of data collection / calculation;If not checked regularly, which data would be available?

Reliability of data Options to improve reliability of data.

What would be required for improvement in terms of resources and working processes/ mechanisms?

Conclusions from discussion




Group work on using best practice examples to promote solutions in MSWM• Topics:

Construction of small transfer stations in / or close to housing areas Promotion of segregation of wet and dry waste and big items at source Delegation - engaging informal sector in collection, segregation and

composting Create your own project idea

• Develop a concept and find arguments to convince reluctant decision makers and stakeholders to accept the concept for implementation by answering the following questions: What are the benefits of the selected projects for MSWM? What are the concerns of stakeholders and decision makers you expect? How can / will you address these in your project? Who could support you in promoting the project?

• Discuss with your colleagues from other towns and analyse the obstacles and concerns in the different towns.




Compile a personal work plan - individual and group work• Individual work: Each participant compiles an individual plan for

improvement of his / her work within the next 3-6 months: What definite actions will you take within the next months to promote

integrated and sustainable MSWM in your municipality? Please consider actions under your direct responsibility, Keep in mind the reasons for non-compliance and options for

improvement as analyzed in the working groups during this training. Each participant takes the personal work plan with him / her as a

reminder and agrees with a partner to report on progress every 4 weeks within the next 3-6 months.

At the end of this period everybody reports to GIZ on the achievements.

• Group work: Each group compiles a summary presentation of the individual actions for presentation and discussion.




Prepare a report on the outcomes of the training

• Individual work: Each participant reflects the training course and prepares an individual report to his ULB considering the following leading questions: Which new insights and best practice knowledge have been provided

by the training? Which specific ideas and actions to improve the situation in your

home towns have been triggered by the course? Please do not only focus on technology, but also consider governance, participation, management, organisation, and monitoring etc.

What would you need to convince the decision makers in your ULB?

• Group work: Each group compiles a summary presentation of the individual analyses for presentation and discussion.



Module 4: Basics 61

Indo-German Environment Programme (IGEP)Deutsche Gesellschaft fürInternationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

Sustainable Urban HabitatB-5/2, First Floor, Safdurjung Encalve, New Delhi-110029, Tel: +91-11-49495300/01/02

Thank you very much

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[Module 4] Key issues and principles of sustainable MSWM

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