Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 2!
KEY&TERMS&FOR&CIRCULATION&AND&IMMUNITY&Term& Definition&&Circulatory!System! !Cardiovascular!System! !Cardiac!Output! !Coronary!Arteries! !Septum! !Atrium! !Ventricle! !Heart!Valves! !Diastole! !Systole! !Artery! !Vein! !Capillary! !Vena!Cavae! !Pulmonary!Artery! !Pulmonary!Vein! !Aorta! !Arteriole! !Venule! !Capillary!Bed! !Varicose!Vein! !Blood!Pressure! !Millimeters!of!Mercury!(mmHg)! !Systolic!Pressure! !Diastolic!Pressure! !Hypertension! !Plasma! !White!Blood!Cell! !
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 3!
Platelet! !Erythrocyte! !Biconcave! !Hemoglobin! !Oxyhemoglobin! !Leukocytes! !Protein! !Fibrinogen! !Fibrin! !Blood!clot! !Hemophilia! !Cardiovascular!Disease! !Traditional!Ecological!Knowledge! !Cholesterol! !Plaque! !Low!Density!Lipoprotein!(LDL)! !High!Density!Lipoprotein!(HDL)! !Atherosclerosis! !Coronary!Heart!Disease! !Angina! !Heart!Attack! !Stroke! !Essential!Fatty!Acid! !Aneurysm! !Septal!Defect! !Pathogen! !Antiseptic! !Protozoan! !Fungi! !
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 4!
Bacteria! !Antibiotic! !Virus! !Antiviral!Drug! !Antigen! !Macrophage! !TQcell! !Helper!TQcell! !BQcell! !Antibody! !Killer!TQcell! !MemoryQB!and!MemoryQT!Cells! !SuppressorQT!Cells! !Vaccination! !Inoculation! !Autoimmune!Disease! !
&&&&&
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 5!
Topic&1:&Circulation&and&Immunity&Lab&Measuring&the&Effect&of&Exercise&on&Heart&Rate&
(Applicable&Readings&pgs.&4R9)&!!
Background&Information&• Discuss!the!4!key!functions!of!the!circulatory!system!• Discuss!at!least!2!scientists!that!influenced!the!science!of!the!heart!(who!they!were,!what!they!did!and!
what!they!discovered)!• Define!cardiac!output!and!explain!how!to!calculate!it!
!Purpose&
• Measure!heart!rate!at!rest,!after!exercise!and!2!minutes!after!exercise!and!determine!the!effect!!Hypothesis&
• Create!an!“IF…&THEN…&BECAUSE…”!statement!predicting!the!effect!of!exercise!on!heart!rate!!Experimental&Design&
• Write!1Q3!sentences!describing!what!went!on!in!the!lab.!Include!your!results!in!this!area!as!well!(leave!space!for!it!so!you!can!come!back!and!include)!
• If!applicable,!draw!a!diagram!of!your!lab!set!up!in!this!area!!Variables&Controlled:*List!at!least!5!things!that!were!kept!the!same!in!your!lab!Manipulated:*List!the!1!or!2!things!you!changed!to!create!the!results!Responding:*What!you!are!trying!to!find!out!in!the!lab!(changed!results)!!Procedure&
• Using!a!watch,!clock!or!phone,!count!the!number!of!beats!in!fifteen!seconds!and!multiply!by!4!to!get!the!beats!per!minute.!It!is!best!to!measure!your!pulse!two!or!three!times!and!calculate!an!average!to!get!the!most!accurate!heart!rate!when!you!are!resting.!Record!this!number!as!your!resting!heartbeat!in!beats!per!minute!(BPM).!!
!1. Make!sure!you!are!seated!and!rested!before!beginning!the!activity.!Locate!your!pulse!by!using!your!
index!finger!and!your!middle!finger.!The!pulse!is!most!easily!found!by!pressing!these!2!fingers!against!the!inside!of!your!wrist!or!against!the!carotid!artery,!which!runs!up!your!neck!on!either!side!of!your!throat.!Each!beat!of!your!pulse!corresponds!to!a!beat!of!your!heart.!(Do!not!use!your!thumb)!
2. Choose!one!of!the!4!activities!listed!below,!and!write!down!the!activity!in!your!chart!provided.!Engage!in!4!minutes!of!this!activity.!At!the!instant!the!activity!ends,!take!your!pulse!again!and!record.!!
! Possible!activities!include:!!• Jumping!jacks!• Running!on!the!spot!!• High!knees!• Squats!with!textbook!press!
3. Continue!to!record!your!pulse!rate!every!minute!for!the!next!5!minutes!or!until!your!pulse!returns!to!its!resting!rate.!!
!Results&
• Record!your!results!in!a!table!similar!to!the!one!shown!below.!Make!sure!to!include!a!descriptive!title!!!&Subject&
Resting&Heart&Rate&(BPM)&
&Type&of&Exercise&
HR&Immediately&after&Exercise&
(BPM)&
HR&&1&min&after&
Exercise&(BPM)&
HR&&2&min&after&
Exercise&(BPM)&
HR&&3&min&after&
Exercise&(BPM)&
HR&&4&min&after&
Exercise&(BPM)&
HR&&5&min&after&
Exercise&(BPM)&
Kendra! 56! High!Knees! 72! 65! 58! 56! 56! 56!Joe! ! !
!! ! ! ! ! !
Kristina! ! !!
! ! ! ! ! !
Garry! ! !!
! ! ! ! ! !
Zach! ! !!
! ! ! ! ! !
!
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 6!
Analysis&of&Results&1. Compare!your!resting!heart!rate!with!the!rest!of!the!group.!Should!a!difference!between!members!
alarm!you?!2. List!some!factors!that!might!contribute!to!the!difference!in!resting!heart!rates!among!class!members!3. Describe!how!your!heart!rate!changed!during!exercising,!and!relate!how!it!was!altered!after!you!
stopped.!!4. How!long!did!it!take!for!your!heart!rate!to!returnto!its!resting!rate.!Compare!your!recovery!time!to!
others!in!the!group.!!5. Explain!why!it!is!necessary!for!each!class!member!to!perform!the!same!exercise!for!the!same!length!of!
time!6. Graph!the!changes!in!your!groups’!heart!rate.!Label!the!axis!appropriately.!!
!Conclusion&
• Create!a!sentence!describing!the!results!of!your!lab.!Start!with!the!phrase&“ACCORDING&TO&THE&EVIDENCE…&“&and!detail!what!occurred!as!a!result!of!your!manipulated!variable.!!Describe!whether!this!supported!or!did!not!support!your!hypothesis.!Mention!any!errors&that!may!have!influenced!your!lab!to!alter!your!results.!!
!Extension&
• Determine!an!appropriate!area!of!life!where!the!knowledge!of!the!impact!of!exercise!on!heart!rate!could!be!applied.!Analyze!this!in!depth.!!
!Error&Analysis&
• If!applicable,!calculate!the!%!Error!in!your!Lab!using!the!equation!below.!Appropriate!%error!is!within!30%!of!the!expected!value.!Explain!whether!your!error!was!within!the!appropriate!percentile.!!
&o %&error&=&theoretical&value&–&experimental&value&x&100%&
&& &&&&theoretical&value&!
• Mention!the!cause!of!error.!Common!sources!of!experimental!error!include:! !- conditions!(ex.!SATP)!not!controlled!- impure!reactants!or!products!- any!measurement!process!- incomplete!reaction!- judgment!of!color!- loss!of!solid!in!filtration!!- incomplete!drying!of!products!- manipulative!skill!
• Explain!detailed!changes!to!the!lab!in!order!to!minimize!the!error!or!a!next!step!to!the!lab!where!applicable.!!
&Sources&• Include!minimum!5!sources!in!MLA!format!in!your!work!and!list!at!the!end!(work!cited!section)!&Follow&Up&Questions&
1. A!female!science!30!student!has!a!resting!heart!rate!of!68BPM.!Determine!her!cardiac!output!in!litres!per!minute.!(assume!60mL/beat)!
2. Refer!to!question!#1.!How!much!blood!would!this!student’s!heart!pump!in!one!year!if!it!maintained!the!resting!heart!rate?!
3. The!average!human!has!approximately!5L!of!blood.!How!long!does!it!take!the!heart!to!pump!this!volume?!
4. If!a!male!raised!his!heart!rate!to!180BPM!through!intensive!exercise,!such!as!running!on!a!treadmill,!how!much!blood!would!his!heart!pump!per!minute?!Assume!that!the!stroke!volume!remains!at!70mL!per!beat.!!
!!
Please*complete*this*lab*for*________________________________________________*and*Print*it*out**or*share*with*Ms.*Mogck*([email protected])*All*calculations*should*be*hand*written*and*attached*to*the*lab*in*the*proper*order.**
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 7!
Topic&2:&The&Heart&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&6R12)&
!&&&&&&&!& &
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 8!
Aorta!!
Body!
Vena!Cava!
Right!Atrium!
AV!Valve!
Right!Ventricle!
Semilunar!Valve!
Pulmonary!Artery!
Lungs!
Pulmonary!Veins!
Left!Atrium!
AV!Valve!
Left!Ventricle!
Semilunar!Valve!
&&
&
&
&
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 9!
Heartbeat&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&13R14)&
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!
Atrium&and&Ventricle&RELAX& & Ventricles&contract&forcing&and&FILL&with&blood& & blood&OUT&of&the&heart&&AV&Valve&opens&due&to&& & & AV&Valve&slams&shut&due&to&low&pressure&& & & & high&pressure&&Semilunar&valve&slams&shut& & Semilunar&valve&forced&due&to&higher&pressure& & & open&due&to&the&blood&&outside&the&heart& & & & leaving&the&ventricle&&
**DUB**& & & & & & **LUB**
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 10!
Cardiac&Output!(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&8R9)&
!Cardiac!output!is!the!volume!of!blood!pumped!by!the!heart!in!one!minute,!which!is!equal!to!the!produce!of!stroke!volume!and!heart!rate.!!!The!greater!the!cardiac!output,!the!more!effectively!the!heart!pumps!blood!(meaning!the!healthier!the!heart!)!Average!stroke!volume!for!an!adult!male!is!70mL!per!beat.!The!average!stroke!volume!for!an!adult!female!is!60mL!per!beat.!!!!!
Cardiac&Output&=&Stroke&Volume&x&Heart&Rate&&&&Example&&A!typical!human!male!has!a!stroke!volume!of!70mL!per!beat!and!a!resting!heart!rate!of!72!beats!per!minute.!!!a.!Calculate!the!cardiac!output.!Express!your!answer!in!liters!per!minute.!!!
CO&=&SV&x&HR&CO&=&70mL/beat&x&72beats/min&x&1L/1000mL&=&5.04L/min&CO&=&5.04L/min&!!!!!b.!Calculate!the!volume!of!blood!that!would!be!pumped!in!ONE!DAY!based!upon!the!cardiac!output.!!!
#L&–&5.04L/min&x&24hours&x&60mins/hr&=&7257.6L&#L&=&7257.6L
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 11!
Aorta!!
Body!
Vena!Cava!
Right!Atrium!
AV!Valve!
Right!Ventricl
e!
Semilunar!Valve!
Pulmonary!
Artery!
Lungs!
Pulmonary!Veins!
Left!Atrium!
AV!Valve!
Left!Ventricl
e!
Semilunar!Valve!
Topic&2&Practice&Questions**!
1.!Beginning!from!the!vena!cava,!indicate!the!order!of!the!structures!that!blood!passes!through.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!2.!If!an!Olympic!athlete!has!an!increased!stroke!volume!of!100mL,!calculate!his!cardiac!output!at!rest!(50BPM),!with!light!exercise!(115BPM)!and!with!highQintensity!exercise!(180BPM).!Assume!the!stroke!volume!remains!constant.!!! !
Rest&&& & & Light&& & & Heavy&CO&=&100mL&x&50BPM& CO&=&100mL&x&115BPM& CO&=&100mL&x&180BPM&CO&=&5000mL/min& CO&=&11500mL/min& CO&=&18000mL/min&!!3.!Explain!why!you!expect!an!Olympic!athlete!to!have!a!lower!resting!heart!rate!than!a!person!with!an!inactive!lifestyle.!!&
The&athlete’s&heart&is&stronger&and&therefore&sends&more&blood&volume&to&the&body&on&each&beat,&working&more&effectively&!!4.!Compare!the!systole!and!diastole!portions!of!the!heart!cycle!!
Systole&=&contraction,&blood&out,&SL&open,&AV&shut,&LUB&&Diastole&=&relaxation,&filling&with&blood,&AV&open,&SL&shut,&DUB&!!5.!Describe!the!purpose!of!a!chest!strap!or!other!type!of!heart!rate!monitor!when!a!person!is!exercising.!
!
Detects&the&electrical&signal&of&the&heart&and&monitors&heart&rate&during&exercise.&
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 12!
Topic&3:&Blood&Vessels&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&20R24)&
!Complete!the!following!table:!!!Structure! Physical*Description* Purpose*of*the*Blood*Vessel*
&Aorta&&
&The&largest&artery&in&the&body,&carries&O2&rich&blood&to&the&body&
&O2&blood&to&the&body&
&
&Pulmonary&Artery&
&
&Vessel&that&brings&
deoxygenated&blood&to&the&lungs&
&CO2&blood&to&the&lungs&
&
&Vena&Cavae&
&
&Large&vessel&that&carries&O2&poor&blood&to&the&
heart&
&CO2&blood&to&the&heart&
&
&Pulmonary&
Vein&&
&Vessel&that&carries&O2&rich&blood&from&the&lungs&to&the&heart&
&O2&blood&to&the&heart&
&Artery&
&
&Thick&walled&vessel&that&carries&blood&away&from&
the&heart&
&Blood&out&of&heart&
&Vein&&
&Thin&walled&vessel&that&carries&blood&towards&
the&heart&
&Blood&into&heart&
&Capillary&
&
&Tiny&blood&vessels&that&assist&in&diffusion&due&to&
high&surface&area&
&Diffusion&
&
&Arteriole&
&
&Joins&arteries&to&capillary&beds&
&Blood&to&capillaries&
&Venuole&
&
&Joins&veins&to&capillary&
beds&
&Blood&from&capillaries&
&
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 13!
Major&Arteries&and&Veins&!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!
Diffusion&of&gases&&
O2&in&CO2&out&
Diffusion&of&nutrients&and&wastes&&
Nutrients&and&O2&in&&Waste&and&CO2&out&
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 14!
Structural&Difference&Between&Arteries&and&Veins&!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!
!!!
Thick&elastic&walls&to&withstand&blood&pressure&&As&arteries&branch,&they&get&smaller&and&lower&pressure&
Thin&walls&due&to&low&blood&pressure&&Veins&contain&1Rway&valves&to&stop&the&backflow&of&blood&&Pressure&is&assisted&by&skeletal&muscle&contractions&
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 15!
Vericose&Veins*!
Vericose&veins&are&caused&by&dysfunctional&valves&&Gravity&pulls&the&blood&backwards&and&the&vessel&weakens&and&twists&&Often×&people&who&are&on&their&feet&throughout&the&day&get&them:&teachers,&nurses,&waitresses&&A&fix&is&to&wear&compression&sock,&which&hold&the&vessels&tighter&in&the&muscles&
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 16!
Blood&Pressure&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&26R31)&
&The!normal!range!of!blood!pressure!for!adults!is!a!systolic!pressure!between!90!and!135mmHg!with!a!diastolic!pressure!between!50!and!90mmHg.!In!the!space!below,!write!the!minimum!and!maximum!average!blood!pressures:!!!
Minimum&90/50& & & Maximum&135/90&!!!!!!Blood!pressure!values!in!excess!of!140/90!are!considered!to!be!high!blood!pressure!or!hypertension.!!What!are!some!causes!of!high!blood!pressure?!Why!should!people!try!to!avoid!hypertension?!How!can!we!prevent!hypertension!in!our!lives?!(Loving&Heart&Activity)&&&
Stress,&lack&of&sleep,&lack&of&exercise,&high&cholesterol,&excessive&salt,&poor&eating&habits&&Fixes:&workout,&meditate,&diet,&medication,&lots&of&water&&&&&&&Measuring&Blood&Pressure:&&Read!page!30Q31!in!your!textbook.!In!groups!of!4,!perform!the!procedure!and!write!down!the!results!of!your!group!in!the!table!provided.!Predict!the!effect!of!exercise!on!your!blood!pressure.!!
&Group&Member& Resting&Blood&
Pressure&!!!
!!
!!!
!!
!!!
!!
!!!
!!
!!
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 17!
Topic&3&Practice&Problems!!1.!It!is!a!common!misconception!that!arteries!always!carry!oxygen!rich!blood!and!veins!always!carry!oxygen!poor!blood.!Explain!why!this!concept!is!not!true!in!the!case!of!pulmonary!circulation.!!!
Pulmonary&arteries&carry&deoxygenated&blood&to&the&lungs&to&become&oxygenated&&Pulmonary&veins&bring&red&blood&from&the&lungs&to&be&distributed&!!2.!A!capillary!is!a!microscopic!structure.!Its!walls!are!comprised!of!only!one!layer!of!very!thin!cells.!Explain!why!it!is!important!for!the!walls!of!capillaries!to!be!thin.!!!
Diffusion&needs&to&occur&and&it&is&easier&through&a&tiny&layer&of&cells&!!!!3.!Identify!some!factors!that!can!cause!a!person’s!blood!pressure!to!increase.!!!
Stress,&lack&of&sleep,&lack&of&exercise,&high&cholesterol,&excessive&salt,&poor&eating&habits&&!!!!4.!!Explain!why!it!is!more!dangerous!if!an!artery!–!rather!than!a!vein,!is!cut!in!an!accident.!!!
Arteries&have&high&pressure,&therefore&if&you&cut&an&artery&you&will&lose&blood&faster&and&your&body&will¬&receive&oxygen&required&for&life.&&!!!!!
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 18!
Topic&4:&Blood&and&Clotting&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&34R41)&
!You!have!been!given!an!envelope!containing!information!that!will!allow!you!to!complete!the!chart!below.!Write!the!applicable!information!into!your!chart!!!!
Component! AKA! Description! What!it!Does!for!Us!
!Plasma!!
(55%!of!blood)!!
&Pale&Yellow&Fluid&
&Water&(92%)&+&dissolved&gases&+&proteins&(7%&R&
fibrinogen,&serum&albumin&and&serum&globulin)&+&
sugars&+&vitamins&(0.1%)&+&minerals&(0.9%)&+&hormones&&
&Makes&our&blood&fluid&&Transports&nutrients&+&waste&
&
!Red!Blood!Cells!!
(44%!of!blood)!
&Erythrocytes&
&1.&No&nucleus&2.&Disk&shaped&cells&packed&with&about&280million&iron&containing&hemoglobin&3.&Life&span&of&120&days&&
&Specialized&for&oxygen&transport&&If&too&few&red&blood&cells&or&too&little&hemoglobin&anemia&occurs&
&!
White!Blood!Cells!
(less!than!1%!of!blood!but!double!when!responding!to!infection)!
&Leucocytes&
&1.&Contain&a&nucleus&however&appear&to&be&colorless&2.&Part&of&the&body’s&response&to&infection&
&Granulocytes&consist&of&neutrophils,&basophils&and&eosinophils&&Monocytes&become¯ophages&which&leave&the&bloodstream&to&patrol&Engulf&and&destroy&foreign&bodies&
&!
Platelets!!!!
&Clotters&
&1.&Fragments&of&cells&formed&from&the&breakdown&of&bone&marrow&2.&No&nucleus&&3.&Break&down&quickly&in&the&blood&&
&Play&a&key&role&in&clotting&to&plug&injury&
!
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 19!
! !
Substances&released&by&the&broken&blood&vessels&attract&PLATELETS&
Collecting&platelets&rupture&and&release&chemicals&that&produce&an&enzyme&called&THROMBOPLASTIN&
Thromboplastin&(in&the&presence&of&Ca2+)&reacts&with&PROTHROMBIN&to&create&THROMBIN&
Thrombin&is&an&enzyme&that&activates&the&blood&protein&FIBRINOGEN&(found&in&plasma)&to&become&FIBRIN&
Fibrin&creates&an&insoluble&net&trapping&escaping&blood&&
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 20!
Topic&4&Practice&Problems!!!Use!the!following!information!to!answer!questions!1Q2!!The*majority*of*blood*collected*at*a*blood*donation*clinic*is*not*left*as*whole*blood.*It*is*instead*separated*by*a*centrifuge*into*its*components*of*red*blood*cells,*plasma*and*platelets.*In*this*way,*your*single*donation*of*one*blood*unit*can*help*3*other*people.***1.!Burn!victims!suffer!a!significant!loss!of!skin!tissues!and!are!therefore!highly!susceptible!to!deadly!dehydration.!What!blood!component!best!addresses!this!problem?!!
Plasma&=&55%&of&blood,&liquid&portion&!!2.!A!cancer!patient!receiving!radiation!treatment!is!often!unable!to!produce!enough!of!a!key!blood!component!that!prevents!uncontrollable!internal!bleeding.!Identify!the!blood!component!give!to!this!patient!in!a!transfusion.!!!
Platelets&=&clotting&factor&!3.!List!the!four!components!of!blood!in!decreasing!order!of!their!relative!volume!in!whole!blood!(from!most!abundant!to!least)!!!
Plasma&=&55%&Red&blood&cells&=&44%&&White&blood&cells&=&1%&Platelets&=&fragments&!!4.!Carbon!monoxide!is!a!colorless,!odorless!gas!produced!during!the!combustion!of!fossil!fuels,!including!gasoline.!Carbon!monoxide!binds!to!the!hemoglobin!in!red!blood!cells!much!faster!and!more!strongly!than!does!oxygen.!Based!on!your!knowledge!of!the!role!of!red!blood!cells,!explain!why!exposure!to!carbon!monoxide!can!be!so!dangerous.!!!
If&carbon&monoxide&binds&to&the&hemoglobin,&the&RBC&will¬&be&able&to&bind&to&oxygen&and&deliver&it&to&tissues.&This&will&cause&internal&suffocation&and&death&of&tissues&!5.!Vampire!bats!and!leeches!are!both!parasites!that!feed!on!animal!blood.!After!they!use!their!sharp!teeth!to!cut!the!surface!of!the!animal’s!skin,!they!release!a!bloodQthinning!chemical!called!an!anticoagulant!that!not!only!stops!blood!from!clotting,!but!also!allows!greater!blood!flow!by!dilating!blood!vessels.!Explain!why!an!anticoagulant!might!be!useful!for!treating!circulatory!system!problems.!!!
Anticoagulats&stop&clots&from&forming.&If&a&person&is&at&risk&of&blood&clots&(heart&attack,&stroke)&due&to&plaque&buildup,&an&anticoagulant&may&be&used&to&stop&this.&
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 21!
Topic&5:&Heart&Health&Flyer&Assignment&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&42R53)&
!!
Cardiovascular!disease!is!one!of!many!disorders!that!affect!the!heart!and/or!the!blood!vessels.!The!purpose!of!this!project!is!to!allow!you!to!learn!about!different!types!of!cardiovascular!disorders,!the!student!research!!!What*do*you*need*to*do:**
• Create!a!pamphlet,!poster,!advertisement,!video!or!informational!speech!that!describes!in!detail!your!assigned!cardiovascular!disease!
• Add!your!information!to!the!google!docs!page,!so!that!everyone!has!the!information!needed!to!study!for!the!diploma!
• Present!your!information!in!a!quick!5!minute!presentation!!!Topic*Options:**
!Scurvy!
Atherosclerosis!and!Cholesterol!(Coronary!Heart!Disease)!
!
!Heart!Attack!
!Stroke!
!Cholesterol!(good!vs!bad)!
!Aneurysm!
!!
Septal!Defect!!
!Valvular!Heart!Disease!
!Atrial!Fibrillation!
!!
Anemia!!
!Edema!
Paroxysmal!Supraventricular!Tachycardia!(PSVT)!
!Porphyria!
!
!TIA!(Mini!Stroke)!
!WolffQParkinsonQWhite!Syndrome!
!Hemophilia!
!
!HIV!Q!AIDS!
!Leukemia!!
!
!Research*Requirements:**
• An!introduction!of!the!disorder!or!disease!(when!it!was!discovered!and!by!whom)*• Symptoms!of!the!disease*• Cause!of!the!disease!*• Prevention!of!the!disease*• Cures,!medication!and!common!treatment*• Prognosis!of!the!disease*• Sources!(in!MLA!format)*
*Visual*Requirements:**
• Minimum!3!pictures!• Visual!Title!of!the!Disease!itself!• Subtitles!to!separate!each!portion!of!your!research!
!Google*Docs*Requirement:*
• Complete!the!portion!of!the!chart!dealing!with!your!assigned!topic* !
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 22!
! 3&Complete&description&
includes&quality&information&&>Sci&30&Level&&
2&Valid&description&however&missing&1&or&2&major&points&<Sci&30&Level&
1&Description&is&
missing&information&and&is¬&complete&<Sci&20&Level&
0&The§ion&is¬&included&in&the&assignment&and/or&below&Science&10&level&
RESEARCH! ! ! ! !INTRODUCTION&of&the&disorder&or&disease&
(when&it&was&discovered&and&by&
whom)*
!3!!
!
!2!
!1!
!0!!!
&SYMPTOMS&
X2&
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&CAUSES&X3&
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&PREVENTION&
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&TREATMENT&
X2&
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&PROGNOSIS&
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VISUAL! ! ! ! !&
TITLE&!3!!
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&3&PICTURES&
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!2!
!1!
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&SUBTITLES&
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!2!
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!0!!!
ADDITIONAL!REQUIREMENTS!
! ! ! !
&GOOGLE&DOCS&&
X3&
!3!!
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!2!
!1!
!0!!!
&SOURCES&
X3&
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!0!!!
PRESENTATION!! ! ! ! !&
QUALITY&OF&INFORMATION&&
&
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!2!
!1!
!0!!!
&OVERALL&
PRESENTATION&&&
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!2!
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*
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 23!
Topic&5&Practice&Problems&!1.!!A!woman!with!a!family!history!of!heart!and!circulatory!problems!visits!her!doctor.!List!at!least!4!things!the!doctor!might!ask!about!the!patient’s!lifestyle,!and!describe!changes!the!doctor!might!suggest!to!reduce!the!risk!of!the!patient!developing!a!circulatory!disease.!!!
Do&you&exercise?&How&is&your&stress?&What&is&your&diet&like?&Do&you&have&family&history&of&heart&issues?&&&Changes&=&increase&exercise,&reduce&salt&and&fat,&increase&fibre&!!2.!Match!each!of!the!following!terms!with!a!description!of!its!circulatory!problem!
• Plaque! ! ! ! ! Heart!Attack!• Artherosclerosis! ! ! Stroke!• Angina!! ! ! ! Aneurysm!• Septal!defect!
!
&Angina&
!A!chest!pain!during!exertion!due!to!constricted!coronary!arteries!!
&Stroke&
&
A!death!of!brain!cells!due!to!a!blood!clot!in!an!artery!supplying!the!brain!with!blood!!
&Septal&Defect&
!A!hole!between!2!halves!of!the!heart!that!hasn’t!yet!closed!after!birth!!
&Artherosclerosis&
!A!hardening!of!he!arteries!due!to!a!buildup!of!plaque!in!the!vessel!!
&Plaque&
A!material!with!a!rough,!hard!surface!that!forms!on!the!inside!of!the!arteries!due!to!the!buildup!of!cholesterol!and!fatty!substances!!
&Heart&Attack&
!A!condition!that!is!caused!by!a!blockage!in!the!coronary!arteries!!
&Aneurysm&&
&
!A!weakened!budge!in!the!blood!vessel!that!could!rupture!!
!
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 24!
Topic&6:&The&Immune&System&*(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&55R59)&
*There!is!an!ongoing!battle!within!our!body!every!day!!Watch!the!video!carefully,!because!this!is!the!entire!topic!!
!
The&Bad&Guys:&Pathogens&*Pathogens!are!an!agent,!especially!a!virus!or!bacterium,!that!causes!disease.!Pathogens!are!usually!carried!by!vectors,!which!are!organisms!that!carry!pathogens!form!one!host!to!another.!!!Brainstorm:***What*are*some*major*pathogens*that*create*sickness*or*death*is*our*world?**
Ebola,&HIV,&STIs,&Cold,&Flu,&West&nile,&Mad&cow,&Food&poisoning&&******&
Mind&Map&It!&&Using!what!you!know,!quickly!list!5!diseases,!and!research!what!type!of!pathogen!they!are!and!how!to!get!rid!of!them!!!
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 25!
Microscopic&Pathogens&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&60R62)&!Using!your!textbook!or!the!internet,!complete!the!chart!below!(and!on!the!next!page):!!!
! Characteristics& Reproduction&and&Transport&
How&to&Kill&Them&
Examples& Pictures&
*Protozoans*
&&Single&Cell&&Contains&a&nucleus&&
&&Requires&a&host&to&reproduce&
&Difficult&to&kill&because&they&live&within&a&cell&
&&Malaria&
!
!!
*Fungi**
&&Cell&Wall&&No&photosynthesis&
&
&&Spores&
&&Fungicide&
Mold&&Mushrooms&&Athlete’s&foot&&Yeast&
!!
*Bacteria**
&Single&cell&with&cell&wall&and&cytoplasm&&No&nucleus&Spiral,&rod&or&cone&
&Exponential&Asexual&&&Flagellum&transport&
&Antibiotics&
&Toxins&make&you&sick&&Tuberculosis&&
Diarrhea&&!
*Viruses**
Tiny&particles&&Protein&coat&surrounding&genetic&material&&
Multiplies&in&a&cell&after&injecting&DNA&&Cell&becomes&a&virus&factory&
&Antiviral&
&HIV&&AIDS&
!
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 26!
Defense!!&Defense!!&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&64R65)&*The!body!has!various!ways!of!dealing!with!the!attack!of!pathogens.!Like!a!fence!around!your!house,!our!first!line!of!defense!stops!pathogens!from!actually!entering!our!body!!!!
The&Body’s&First&Line&of&Defense:&&&
&&
&Platelets&–&clots&close&up&injuries!
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 27!
Immune&Response**
There!are!10!different!types!of!cells!you!MUST!know!when!discussing!immune!response.!Prior!to!learning!the!immune!response,!define!the!following!words.!Leave!the!diagram!area!blank!for!now,!as!it!will!help!you!to!create!a!key!for!the!diagram!to!come!!!
Cell*Type* Definition* Diagram*(representation)*
&Antigen&
&
A&complex&molecule&on&the&surface&of&a&pathogen&that&triggers&an&immune&response&&
!
&Macrophage&
&
WBC&that&engulfs&dead&cells&or&presents&antigens&&&&
!
&T&Cell&&
WBC&from&the&thymus&that&destroys&invaders&and&coordinates&and&immune&response&
!
&Helper&T&Cell&
&
WBC&that&coodinates&actions&of&the&immune&response&and&sends&chemical&messages&&&
!
&B&Cell&
&
WBC&that&produces&antibodies&&&&
!
&Antibody&
&
Protein&made&by&B&cells&that&bind&to&a&specific&antigen&to&immobilize&a&cell&&&
!
&Killer&T&Cell&
&
WBC&that&releases&proteins&that&punch&holes&in&a&cell&membrane&&&&
!
&Memory&B&Cells&
&
WBC&that&stays&in&the&blood&to&prevent&future&infection&by&remembering&the&antibody&response&
!
&Memory&T&Cells&
&
WBC&that&stays&in&the&blood&to&prevent&future&infection&by&remembering&a&specific&antigen&&
!
&Suppressor&T&Cells&
&
A&WBC&that&sends&a&message&to&stop&the&immune&response&when&complete&&
!
&
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 28!
Immune&Response&–&remember&this&diagram&and&explanation!!!&&
1.&Pathogen&enters&the&body&
2.&WBC&patrol&and&recognize&foreign&antigens&&
3.&Macrophage&engulfs&pathogen&and&destroys.&If&they&cannot&destroy&it,&the¯ophage&presents&the&foreign&antigens&
4.&Helper&T&cells&recognize&antigens&and&sends&chemical&messages&for&help&
5.&B&cells&multiply&in&bone&marrow&and&produce&antibodies&
6.&Antibodies&fit&lock&and&key&to&antigens&and&immobilize&the&cell&to&be&killed&
7.&Killer&T&cells&destroy&cells&by&sending&proteins&to&punch&holes&in&the&cell&
8.&Macrophage&engulfs&dead&cell&&
9.&Memory&B&cells&keep&blueprint&of&the&antibody.&Memory&T&cells&keep&the&blue&print&of&the&antigen;&both&for&faster&immune&response&in&future&infection&
10.&Suppressor&T&cells&stop&the&immune&response&
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 29!
Topic&6&Practice&Problems&&!1.!!Create!a!table!to!compare!and!contrast!similarities!and!differences!between!bacteria!and!viruses.!Include!minimum!2!sims!and!2!diffs!in!your!answer.!!!
Similarities:&no&nucleus,&makes&you&sick&&Differences:&viruses&inject&DNA&into&cell,&&bacteria&multiply&exponentially&!2.!!Explain!how!the!following!problems!impair!the!body’s!ability!to!fight!against!disease!causing!organisms.!!a.!a!person!with!hemophilia!has!blood!that!does!not!clot!properly!!
Clots&may&cause&heart&attack&/&stroke&Open&wounds&allow&pathogens&in&!b.!the!skin!is!badly!damaged!so!that!tissues!are!exposed!!
Open&wounds&(barrier¬&present)&&!c.!someone!who!has!HIV!has!many!helper!TQcells!destroyed!by!the!virus!!
No&immune&response,&get&sick&and&die&!3.!Explain!why!Indigenous!populations!in!North!America,!Central!America!and!Australia!were!particularly!susceptible!to!the!smallpox!virus.!!!
The&aboriginal&population&had&never&encountered&anything&like&it&(antigens)&so&their&immune&system&is¬&prepared&to&combat&these&strong&pathogens&!4.!Samples!of!the!smallpox!virus!are!known!to!exist!today!in!only!a!couple!of!labs.!!a.!Describe!3!concerns!associated!with!keeping!stocks!of!pathogenic,!disease!causing!agents.!!!
Contagious&to&society&(dangerous)&Mutations&could&create&super&bug&or&something&very&bad&!b.!Describe!3!benefits!for!keeping!these!stocks.!!
&
Find&a&cure&Controlled&(safe)&&
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 30!
Topic&7:&Disorders&and&Treatments&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&66R69)&
&!
Vaccination&is!an!injection!that!exposes!the!body!to!the!antigens!from!a!disease!causing!pathogen!so!that!memory!cells!and!antibodies!can!be!made!to!provide!immunity.!Using!your!knowledge!of!the!immune!response,!predict!the!response!of!the!body!and!how!a!vaccine!actually!works.!!!
Inoculation&is!a!process!of!producing!immunity!by!introducing!antigens!of!an!infectious!agent!through!a!cut!in!the!skin.!For!example,!the!smallpox!disease!was!fended!off!using!cowpox!inoculation.!!
!!!
!
1.&Dead&or&harmless&form&of&pathogens&are&injected&&2.&The&immune&system&responds&producing&antibodies&&3.&Memory&cells&ensure&that&the&antigen&is&remembered&&4.&Future&infection&is&stopped&with&a&rapid&immune&response&
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 31!
Auto&Immune&Disease&is!a!disorder!in!which!the!immune!system!produces!antibodies!against!the!body’s!own!cell.!!!Auto!Immune!Diseases!are!more!common!in!women!than!in!men.!Using!your!online!resources,!Google!8!auto!immune!diseases!and!summarize!what!they!are:!!!
Disorder& Description&
Celiac!Disease!!!
Immune&system&attacks&intestinal&villi,&damages&people&who&do¬&absorb&nutrients&
Rheumatoid!Arthritis!!!
Immune&system&attacks&the&body’s&tissues&/&joints&
Diabetes!Mellitus!Type!I!
!
Immune&system&attacks&pancreas,&body&cannot&metabolize&sugars&
Multiple!Sclerosis!!
!
Immune&system&attacks&the&nervous&system,&causing&inflammation&
Lupus!!!
Immune&system&attacks&joints,&skin,&kidneys,&blood,&brain&and&heart&
Grave’s!Disease!!
Immune&system&attacks&thyroid&causing&goiter&and&tremors&and&metabolism&changes&
Psoriasis!!!!!
Immune&system&attacks&skin,&dead&skin&builds&up&on&the&body&
Crohn’s!Disease!!!
Immune&system&attacks&the&GI&tract,&directed&at&theµbial&particles&
!&
Allergies&are!caused!by!an!overactive!immune!response!to!otherwise!normal!antigens.!Examples!of!allergies!include!dust,!pollen!or!dairy!products!!!!
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 32!
Topic&7&Practice&Questions&&!
1.!Explain!how!an!autoimmune!disease!differs!from!an!infectious!disease.!!!
Autoimmune&is&an&immune&response&attacking&the&body’s&cells.&Infection&is&caused&byµscopic&pathogens&!2.!Explain!how!the!following!methods!can!be!used!to!assist!the!body’s!ability!to!fight!against!diseaseQcausing!organisms!a.!vaccinations!given!at!birth!!
Immune&response&will&be&faster&at&responding&to&infection&!b.!antibiotics!prescribed!when!you!have!an!infection!!
Antibiotics&kill&bacterial&pathogens&!c.!antiseptics!used!during!operations!!
Kill&pathogens&to&avoid&exposure&&
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 33!
Chapter&1&Review&(Applicable&Reading&pgs.&71R75)&
&!1.!Describe!3!ways!in!which!arteries!and!veins!differ.!!!
Arteries:&thick,&pump&blood&out,&high&pressure&&Veins:&thin,&pump&blood&in,&low&pressure&!!2.!List!the!4!main!components!of!blood.!Rank!these!components!by!their!relative!proportion!in!a!blood!sample!from!the!largest!proportion!to!the!smallest.!!!
Plasma&(55%):&liquid&&RBC&(44%):&erythrocytes&&WBC&(1%):&leukocytes&&Platelets:&pieces&of&cells&!!3.!Use!a!flow!chart!to!describe!the!clotting!process!!
Injury&" &Platelets&(encounter&rough&surface)&" &Thromboplastin&Ca2+&ions&" &Prothrombin&" &Thrombin&" &Fibrinogen&" &Fibrin&" &Clot&!!4.!Distinguish!between!a!heart!attack!and!a!stroke!!
Heart&attack&=&blockage&in&heart&causing&damage&due&to&loss&of&oxygen&&Stroke&=&blockage&in&brain&stopping&oxygen,&brain&cells&die&!!5.!Explain!how!a!vaccination!works!to!protect!the!body!from!pathogens!!
Vaccination&creates&memory&B&and&T&cells&from&an&immune&response&to&a&harmless&pathogen.&This&helps&your&body&to&stop&attacks&in&the&future&!!
Mogck&Science&30&(2015)& & KEY&
! 34!
OPTIONAL*REPLACEMENT*MAJOR*PROJECT**This*project*can*replace*a*lab/project/quiz*you*have*completed*
(and*handed*in)*if*it*results*in*an*improvement.**!
Option&1:&&Build!a!3D!model!of!the!heart,!representing!all!the!major!parts!listed!in!your!diagrams.!In!your!diagram,!include!pathway!(where!the!blood!heads!to!next)!as!well!as!whether!the!blood!is!oxygenated!or!nonQoxygenated.!!!Option&2:&&Create!a!colorful!and!attractive!comic!strip!with!a!series!of!six!to!eight!sequential!panels!that!explain!what!happens!to!Robbie!the!Red!Blood!Cell!as!he!moves!through!the!circulatory!system!from!the!vena!cavae!to!the!toe!and!back!again.!!!The!purpose!of!this!is!to!teach!a!person!of!about!a!grade!3!level!about!the!circulatory!system!which!they!have!never!learned!before!.!!