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Monday, September 12th Bell Work:Identify the “building blocks” in the structures below.
A
B
C
MacromolecMacromoleculesules
Organic Organic CompoundsCompounds
• CompoundsCompounds that contain CARBONCARBON are called organicorganic.– This is different from organic foods
in the grocery store.
Compounds that do not contain CARBON are called inorganic.
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
•MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organic moleculesorganic molecules.
•Bio-moleculesBio-molecules are the macromolecules of life
Carbon (C)Carbon (C)• CarbonCarbon has 4 outer 4 outer
electronselectrons
• CarbonCarbon can form covalent covalent bondsbonds with as many as 4 4 other atoms (elements).
• Usually with C, H, O or NC, H, O or N.
• Example:Example: CHCH44(methane)(methane)
MacromoleculesMacromolecules• Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules.
– Also called POLYMERSPOLYMERS. (poly = many)
• Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERSMONOMERS. (mono = one)
• 4 Major Macromolecules/Bio-molecules:4 Major Macromolecules/Bio-molecules:1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids2. Lipids3. Proteins3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
Video!
CarbohydratCarbohydrateses
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Small sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar large sugar
moleculesmolecules.• Made of Made of CarbonCarbon, , HydrogenHydrogen, and , and
OxygenOxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. in a 1:2:1 ratio.• Building Block:Building Block:
monosaccharidemonosaccharide
Types of CarbsTypes of CarbsA. monosaccharideA. monosaccharideB.B. disaccharidedisaccharideC.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonoMonosaccharide: saccharide: oneone sugar sugar
unitunitaka: simple sugarsaka: simple sugars
Examples:Examples: glucose (glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribosedeoxyribose
riboseribose
FructoseFructose
GalactoseGalactose
glucoseglucose
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesDiDisaccharide: saccharide: twotwo sugar units sugar units
Examples: Examples: – Sucrose (glucose + fructose)Sucrose (glucose + fructose)– Lactose (glucose + galactose)Lactose (glucose + galactose)– Maltose (glucose + glucose)Maltose (glucose + glucose)
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolyPolysaccharide: saccharide: manymany sugar units sugar units
Examples:Examples: starch (bread, starch (bread, potatoes)potatoes)
glycogen (beef glycogen (beef muscle)muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, cellulose (lettuce, corn)corn)
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
cellulosecellulose
Functions of Carbohydrates
Broken down as a Broken down as a source of source of energyenergy
Part of Part of cell cell structurestructure
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Starches:Starches: serves as plant serves as plant energyenergy storagestorage
(think potatoes)(think potatoes)– Glucose monomers joined together, Glucose monomers joined together,
branchedbranched
• Glycogen:Glycogen: serves as animal serves as animal energy storageenergy storage– Glucose monomers joined together, straightGlucose monomers joined together, straight
• Cellulose:Cellulose: structural componentstructural component in plants in plants – CannotCannot be broken down by humans be broken down by humans
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomer
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomermonomer
Video!
Tuesday, September 13th
Bell Work:1.The term “organic” refers to
a) Compounds that form multiple bondsb) Compounds that are healthy and contain no preservativesc) Compounds that contain carbond) Compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon
2.The four classes of macromolecules are made up of building blocks calleda) Polymersb) Monomersc) Carbon basesd) Carbohydrates
Tuesday, September 13th
3.Carbohydrates are made up of __________, ____________, and ____________ in a __:__:__ ratio.
4.Provide an example of a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide.
Review from Monday
Be ready to answer a question from Monday’s
worksheet about carbohydrates!
Vocabulary• Organic• Inorganic• Building block• Monomer• Polymer• Carbohydrate• Monosaccharide• Disaccharide• Polysaccharide
• Lipid• Fatty acid• Glycerol• Glyceride• Protein• Amino acid• Dipeptide• Polypeptide• Nucleic acid• Nucleotide
LipidsLipids
Lipid LabBrown Paper Bag Lab1.You and a partner will move around the
room to collect samples.2.For each food item you will smear a
sample on your brown paper bag.3.Leave your bag on the back counter
once you have finished collecting samples.
DO NOT EAT THE LAB SAMPLES!
LIPIDSBUILDING BLOCK:
FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL
ELEMENTS:C H O (NO RATIO but there will be more C’s and H’s)
FATTY ACID AND GLYCEROL
H
H-C----O
H-C----O
H-C----O
H
glycerol
fatty acid
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
LipidsLipids• General term for compounds which
are not soluble in waternot soluble in water. (non-polar)
• LIPIDS ARE SOLUBLE IN NONPOLAR SUBSTANCES----DO NOT DISSOLVE IN POLAR SUBSTANCES (ex: OIL/WATER)
• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic are soluble in hydrophobic solventssolvents. (phobic=fear, hydro=water)
Examples of LIPIDSExamples of LIPIDS1. Fats1. Fats2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids3. Oils3. Oils4. Waxes4. Waxes5. Steroid/ 5. Steroid/
HormonesHormones 6. 6. TriglyceridesTriglycerides
LipidsLipidsTriglycerides:Triglycerides:
ccomposed of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and 3 3 fatty acidsfatty acids.
H
H-C----O
H-C----O
H-C----O
H
glycerol
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
fatty acids
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2 -CH
2 -CH2 -CH
2 -CH3
=
LipidsLipidsSix functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:
1.1. Long term Long term energy storageenergy storage2.2. Protection against heat loss Protection against heat loss (insulation)(insulation)3.3. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss4.4. Chemical messengers Chemical messengers (hormones)(hormones)5.5. Major component of membranes Major component of membranes
(phospholipids)(phospholipids)
Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acids (carbon chains)fatty acids (carbon chains) you
may see on food labels:
1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) no double bonds (bad)
2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) double bonds (good)O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
saturatedsaturated
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 -CH
2 -CH2 -CH
2 -CH3
=
unsaturated
Solid fats!Solid fats!
Liquid oils!Liquid oils!
Video!
Lipid Lab•Check your smears and record
what each sample looks like.•Record your data on the
bottom of the lipid worksheet.
Wednesday, September 14th: Bell work1. Which of the following compounds represents an organic
molecule?a) C6H8O3
b) SO4
c) H2PO4
d) CuOH
2. What type of bonds hold carbon atoms to other atoms in regards to organic compounds?
a) Ionicb) Hydrogenc) Covalentd) Peptide
3. What elements make up carbohydrates and lipids?
Wednesday, September 14th: Bell Work4. The building blocks for lipids are ______________ &
_______________.a) Monosaccharides, Disaccharidesb) Fatty Acids, Glycerolc) Monomers, Polymersd) Saturated Fats, Unsaturated Fats
5. Lipids are _________ molecules that are not soluble in water.a) Nonpolarb) Polarc) Ionicd) Covalent
6. List 2 functions of lipids.
Wednesday, September 14th 1. Lipid Review (worksheet)2. Protein Notes3. Protein Lab Demo4. Protein Worksheet5. Quiz!
Reminders!• Thursday is LAST day for test re-takes!• Macromolecule test next THURSDAY!!• Collect scantrons from 1st test• 1st block: Smart Cards
ProteinsProteins
Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)
Basic building block= Basic building block= Amino AcidAmino Acid• There are There are 20 20 amino acids (your body amino acids (your body
makes 12 amino acids)makes 12 amino acids)
Made of Made of CarbonCarbon, , HydrogenHydrogen, , OxygenOxygen, , NitrogenNitrogen, and , and SulfurSulfur
Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)Amino AcidsAmino Acids
• Made of Made of carboncarbon bonded to a bonded to a carboxyl groupcarboxyl group (-), an (-), an amine groupamine group (+), a (+), a hydrogenhydrogen, and an , and an R-group.R-group.
• Variation between amino acids Variation between amino acids comes from different comes from different R-groupsR-groups..
• Amino Acids are linked together by Amino Acids are linked together by peptide bondspeptide bonds. .
Am
ine
Gro
up
Carb
oxyl
Gro
up
Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)
• Six functions and examples of proteins:Six functions and examples of proteins:1.1. Storage:Storage: albumin (egg albumin (egg white)white)2.2. Transport: Transport: hemoglobin (blood)hemoglobin (blood)3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory: hormoneshormones4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles5.5. Structural:Structural: membranes, hair, nailsmembranes, hair, nails6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions
Protein: Primary Structure
Amino acids bonded together by peptide peptide bonds (straight chains)bonds (straight chains)
aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)
Protein: Secondary Protein: Secondary StructureStructure
• 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary primary structurestructure into coilscoils and pleatspleats held together by hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds.
• Two examples:Two examples:
Alpha HelixAlpha Helix
Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds
Protein: Tertiary Protein: Tertiary StructureStructure
• Secondary structuresSecondary structures bentbent and foldedfolded into a more complex 3-D more complex 3-D arrangementarrangement of linked polypeptides
• Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, covalentBonds: H-bonds, ionic, covalent
Alpha HelixAlpha Helix
Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet
Protein: Quaternary Protein: Quaternary StructureStructure
•Composed of 2 or more “subunits”
•Example: enzymesenzymes
subunitssubunits
Thursday, September 15th Bell Work: Complete the following table.
Macromolecule Elements Building Block
Monosaccharide
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur
Lipid
Thursday, September 15th • Protein Review• Nucleic Acid Notes• Nucleic Acid Worksheet
– turn in completed packet: 5 pages!• McMush Lab Introduction
– If you have any zeros (0) you may NOT participate in the lab on Friday. This includes the macromolecule poster.
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2diPZOtty0
Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids
Nucleic Acids
Building Block: Nucleotides
ELEMENTS: C H O N P
Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:
phosphate groupphosphate groupsugar sugar
DNA: deoxyriboseDNA: deoxyriboseRNA: riboseRNA: ribose
nitrogenous basesnitrogenous bases
NucleotideNucleotide
OO=P-O O
PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup
NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base
CH2
O
C1C4
C3 C2
5
SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)
Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Two types:Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-(DNA- double helix) double helix)
**stores genetic **stores genetic information**information** b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single single strand) strand)
**builds proteins****builds proteins**
DNA - double helixDNA - double helix
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
23
4
5
5
3
3
5
P
P
PO
O
O
1
2 3
4
5
5
3
5
3
G C
T A