Monodon V/s Vannamei

DR. MANOJ M. SHARMA

MAYANK AQUACULTURE PRIVATE LIMITED.

SURAT, GUJARAT STATE, INDIA.

E-MAIL: MAPL.SHRIMP@GMAIL.COM

India fact file

• India is the one of largest shrimp producer/exporter in the

world.

• Monodon era 1985 to 2009.

• Vannamei era 2009 to 2018.

• Shrimp farming area approx. 150000 ha

• Shrimp production per ha +- 4500 kg/ha

• 80 percent shrimp farmers are below 5 ha culture area.

• 90 percent dependency on export market.

• Negligible domestic shrimp market and consumption

CHARACTERISTICS P. monodon L. vannamei

Growth rate Slow compared to L.

vannamei especially up to

20 grams.

This species grows as fast as

P. monodon (up to

3gm/week) up to 20 grams.

After that culture can be

done, but growth may be

slow.

Stocking density High stocking densities

may create problem that

require high control over

pond management practices

and high risk strategies.

L. vannamei is easier to

culture with high densities

typically 60-150 nos/mt2 (up

to 700 nos/mt2) than P.

monodon which can be

aggressive.

Salinity tolerant 5-45 ‰

(optimum 10-25‰)

0.5-35‰

(optimum 5-25‰)

Salient features of

P. Monodon v/s L. vannamei

CHARACTORISTICS P. monodon L. vannamei

Temperature tolerant In lower temperature it can

not be grown. Below 25OC

consumption will be slow

down.

Wide range from 15-35OC

(Best 23-30OC). Can grow

in lower water temperature.

Dietary protein

requirements

Require high protein (36-

42%). F.C.R. will be higher

compared to L. vannamei.

Require lower protein (20-

35 %). F.C.R. will be lower

compared to P. monodon.

Disease resistance Highly susceptible to

various viral diseases. This

species refractory to TSV

and IHHNV. SPF/SPR/SPT

varieties are not available in

market.

Highly susceptible TSV.

Carrier of IMNV and MSG.

Comparatively less

susceptible to WSSV. SPF

and SPR against TSV is

available in market

commercially. Survival rate

is higher compared to P.

monodon.

CHARACTORISTICS P. monodon L. vannamei

Domestication of brooders. More difficult Easy. Gonad develops in

captive condition.

Larval rearing in hatchery Less survival More survival compared to P.

monodon.

Post harvest characteristics Handling, transportation and

processing is easier than L.

vannamei. Meat yield is lower

(62%) compared to L.

vannamei.

Degrade quality if not care

properly. Meat yield is higher

(66-68%) compared to P.

monodon.

Marketing Good for bigger size Good for smaller size

Origin Local species in Asia L. vannamei is alien to Asia

and importation may cause

problems with import of new

virus and contamination of

local stocks.

EVOLUTION- CULTURE PRACTICES

Semi-Intensive Seed + Feed Med. + Water ex

Mod-Extensive

Seed + Feed Water ex

Traditional

Seed Water ex

Seed + Feed + Min. Prob. + Minimum/0 W.E.

Intensive

SCIENTIFIC CULTURE

Mod. extensive

Semi-intensive

Intensive INPUT &OUTPUT

WATER

MANAGEMENT

Feed & feeding

Soil & water quality

Health

E H

P

E H

P

D

Healthy

balance

Probiotics

P. monodon- Indian scenario

• Black tiger shrimp was the main stay of shrimp farming and it became

synonymous with the country name- Indian black tiger.

• P. monodon remained top favorite among all shrimp farmers of the country for

more than 25 years and totally dominated in shrimp exports in all sizes and count.

• Late nineties down fall started with on set of WSSV-white spot disease.

• Last 15 years the production almost became stagnant due to repeated disease

outbreaks and seed genesis.

• The shrimp production of the country revolved around 80 000 tons with the avg.

success rate not more than 50%.

• To support the sector and save shrimp farming vannamei was inn 2009.

Production trends v/s Success

- monodon

Year Total seed

Production

(in billion)

Total shrimp

production

(in tons)

% of success Remarks

2004 7.1 125000 70

2005 7.2 112000 60

2006 7.0 115700 59

2007 6.2 95000 57

2008 5.5 75000 50

Note: Calculated shrimp count @ 35-40 pcs/Kg

L. vannamei- Indian scenario

• Lead attraction of this species is SPF/SPR/HI seed and high production capacity.

• All the major departments such as ICAR, MPEDA, RGCA, CAA, NFDB and Dept. of Animal

Husbandry, Dairy and Fisheries etc. formulated stringent and transparent rules and

regulations for this highly promising species of shrimp.

•The national production increased to four folds within 4-5 years.

•In most places, harvesting was undertaken simultaneously leading to bulk production in

short periods. The lack of infrastructure capability in accommodating and processing such

massive quantities was soon evident.

• The sad part is that in black tiger farmers lost money due to failure in production and in

white leg shrimp they lost because of over production.

• Since the start of the vannamei era, all the ancillary sectors like hatcheries, feed mills, aqua

pharmaceuticals and chemical companies, processors and traders have done phenomenally

well.

MAPL

Vannamei bust hypothesis

• Seed demand would far exceed supply.

• Spurious seed.

• Over-adoption of vannamei farming.

• Absence of effective regulation.

• South-East Asian competition: can we survive it?

Did the purpose fulfill ??

The L. vannamei was introduced in country whether to support the failure of P. monodon farming by SPF seed.

Or

The L. vannamei was introduced in country to culture the vannamei as a separate species.

Production trends v/s Success

- vannamei

Year Total seed

Production

(in billion)

Total shrimp

production

(in tons)

% of

success

Remarks

2010 2.2 47 000 85

2011 4.5 83 000 74

2012 9.0 145 000 64

2013 18 247 000 55

2014 23 317 000 55

2015 32 353 000 44

2016 38 380 000 40

2017 60 650 000 40

2018 65 540000 35

Note: Calculated shrimp count @ 40 to 50 pcs/Kg

Major culture issues in 2018/19

o Less seed (PL) survival

o Slow growth- High FCR

o Abrupt bloom / water color / primary productivity

o Gill choke/ Brown gill/ Black gill

o Running mortality

o Body deformity (cramping, bamboo shrimp)

o White gut/ White faeces

o EHP

WSSV

Still major damager

Responsible Factors

Pond production v/s Pond carrying capacity.

Production area v/s Water source carrying capacity.

Disease Episode

DISEASE

PATHOGEN

ORGANIC LOAD

Organic load

Bloom crash

Shrimp feaces

Water source

Uneaten Feed

Blame game

• Seed quality- Brood stock, Hatchery practices, PL quality

• Feed quality- Company, Composition and Competition

• Probiotics and health products- Quality, unethical marketing

• Farm management- Biosecurity and farm protocol

• Technicians- knowledge, field experience, service ethics

Whether we were ready??

• Technology and Farming practice – P. monodon

• Farming set up – P. monodon

• Infrastructure – P. monodon

• Production capacity - P. monodon

(Seed, Feed, Medicines and Processing)

What farmers did!!

CAN WE SURVIVE

COMPETITION?

SHRIMP MARKET MODULE

EXPORT

90%

DOMESTIC

10%

COMPARISION OF COP BETWEEN

70–20 COUNTS/KG

Count

(Pcs/Kg)

COP/Kg (INR) FG Price

(INR)

17-18

GP/Kg

(INR)

17-18

ROI

(%)

17-18 Seed Feed Others Total

70 56 82 62 200 240-230 40-30 20-15

60 49 90 71 210 250-240 40-30 19-14

50 42 98 90 230 300-250 70-20 30-8.5

40 35 107 108 250 380-280 130-30 52-12

30 27 115 118 260 500-350 240-90 92-35

25 22 123 135 280 580-450 300-170 107-60

20 17 136 147 300 680-550 380-250 127-85

Note: Return on investment should be at least 40% for shrimp farmers.

Gujarat fact file

• Gujarat is the second largest shrimp producing state in India.

• Monodon era 1995 to 2009.

• Vannamei era 2009 to 2018.

• Gujarat emerged as one of the most productive and

sustainable shrimp farming state with 95% success.

• Gujarat USP was in bigger size shrimp production 30 - 45gms.

• Gujarat major production range was big size till 2016, but in

year 2017 the farmers suffered slow growth and major harvest

was in 25 gms. First glimpse of down trend.

• First half of 2018 , very bad start 85% of ponds affected with

WFD, EHP, RMS leading to crash harvest at 15 -20 grams

size .

• Farming fraternity in total shock!!!

Farming vannamei the Tiger way-

• Presently, India is producing 550 000 tones of cultured shrimp from brackish water

ponds with average count of 30 in case of black tiger shrimp, P. monodon and 40-60

in case of white leg shrimp, L. vannamei.

• In contiguity to this, the state of Gujarat (India) is contributing only 10% of the

country’s production but with more standard and bio-secured culture practice with

average count grade of 20/30 white leg shrimp adhering to BMP with all food safety

protocols.

• M/s Mayank Aquaculture Pvt. Ltd., which is one of the pioneering private

aquaculture companies in Gujarat (India) producing both black tiger shrimp as well as white leg shrimp with optimum stocking density and average production of 6.5

tones/ha/crop with average count grade of 20/30.

• In spite of fact that, the white shrimp had its own merits and demerits the shrimp farmers have gone for a major diversification from P. monodon to L. vannamei

MAPL –A Practical approach

• M/s Mayank Aquaculture Pvt. Ltd. has anticipated the future of high stocking

density culture of white leg shrimp on the same scale as black tiger shrimp devastation and started few experimental set up with various range of permissible stocking densities in year 2009.

• The outcome of the experiments were very encouraging, the stocking density of 15-20 pcs/mt2 and size of ABW 40-50 gms (20-30 count/Kg) was the most profitable as well as sustainable.

• Therefore, we decided to go all our farms “Vannamei the Tiger way” in year 2010/11.

• This is the hope of our team that our good work will bring a significant change

in coming years to motivate world shrimp farmers to adopt simple strategy for long term sustainability for vannamei farming.

CONT……..

COMPONENTS Year

2010

Year

2011

Year

2012

Year

2013

Year

2014

Year

2015

Year

2016

Year

2017

Year

2018

Total ponds (nos.) 04 08 20 44 56 56 56 84 100

WSA (ha.) 2.0 6.5 18.5 36 45.6 45.6 45.6 67.2 80

Avg. Stocking density

(pcs/mt2) 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25

Total harvest (Kg) 11 500 38 500 114 500 204 000 272 000 340 000 380 000 570000 680000

Production per unit

(Kg/ha) 5 750 5 923 6 189 5 666 5 965 7 456 8 330 8500 8500

Counts (pcs/Kg) 25-30 22-30 19-30 24-33 19-30 20-28 20-28 25-35 25-35

Survival Rate (%) 80.5 83% 77.4 85 86 83 80 80 80

FCR 1.4 1.43 1.48 1.41 1.44 1.40 1.36 1.3-1.5 1.3-1.5

PRODUCTION TREND OF VANNAMEI SHRIMP

IN M/s MAYANK AQUACULTURE PRIVATE LIMITED

Bigger is better -Advantages

• Single crop – low risk and efforts compare to two crops.

• Seed requirement is less- less disease risk.

• Profit margin is very high compare to small size.

• Better carrying capacity of the pond.

• Big demand in niche market.

• Easy with Nursery and multiphase culture system

MAPL

MAPL-1 SHRIMP FARM

Mayank Aquaculture Pvt. Ltd. shrimp farm

MAPL-2 SHRIMP FARM

Village road

Village

Sena creek

Other pvt. Shrimp farm

MAPL Mandroi farm

FEEDING MANAGEMENT - KEY FACTOR TO SUCCESS

• Feeding management is the paramount factor in

success of shrimp farming- 55-65% of COP.

• Wrong feeding is the mother of all problems in shrimp

ponds.

• Don’t feed vannamei the tiger way.

• In high stocking ponds (>40 pcs/mt2) percentage of feeding v/s

quantity of feeding with frequency of feeding plays a vital

role.

• Underfeeding is still manageable compare to overfeeding

problems and issues.

FEEDING MANAGEMENT - KEY FACTOR TO SUCCESS

Example: Feeding for 100 000 PL

Initial stocking : 100 000 PL

Survival : 80% during end of culture

No of shrimps : 80 000

Total feed during peak : 35 Kg (ABW: 15-20 gms).

Max. nos of feed pellet

consumed by single shrimp : 4-5

Total pellets required per feed : 320 000

Pellet per Kg of feed (grower/finisher) : 70 000 (@ 70 pellets/gm)

Feed per meal : Max. 5-6 Kg

Feeding frequency per day : should be 6 nos.

ABW

(gm)

FEEDING

RATE (%)

BIOMASS

(kg)

DAILY

FEED

(kg)

3.0 7.0 1000 70

4.0 6.0 1000 60

6.0 5.0 1000 50

8.0 4.0 1000 40

10.0 3.0 1000 30

12.0 2.8 1000 25

15.0 2.5 1000 20

18.0 2.2 1000 17

20.0 2.0 1000 16

30.0 1.5 1000 15

33.0 1.4 1000 14

40.0 1.3 1000 13

50.0 1.0 1000 12

DO NOT FEED VANNAMEI THE TIGER WAY!!

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

LV

BT

DO NOT FEED VANNAMEI THE TIGER WAY!!

The future is auto feeder.

Solar auto feeder

WHAT MATTERS “ORGANIC MATTER”

• Organic load is the major problem in shrimp ponds. Carrying

capacity of the pond is directly related to organic load.

• Feed input is the major source of organic load followed by algal

bloom.

• In modern day shrimp farming managing organic load is paramount factor through proper feed and water quality management.

• Uncontrolled or inefficient feeding regime may lead to heavy accumulation of organic matter inviting diseases especially Vibrio. Even heavy algal bloom and bloom crash further act as catalyst.

SLUDGE REMOVAL THEORY

- Is it working??

• Pond specific - May be working for pond with different techniques and methods of sludge removal.

• Creek – Is it safe for long term sustainability as sludge is the biggest contributor for organic load.

• For shrimp farming water intake and water exchange is a continuous process.

• Whether is it safe to remove the sludge into the same water source.

Recommendation:

There should be separate area for sludge bed and its treatment.

Proper care should be taken during disposing or recycling.

Perfect Disease Recipe

• High stocking density

• High salinity

• High organic load

• High water Temp.

White wash in shrimp farming

White Gut and White Feaces in summer

and

White spot in monsoon and winter

When carrying capacity

exceeds in shrimp farming

Eye Opener

o During post harvest analysis of MAPL farms in year 2016, we

were surprised to see and compare production data of our

own two sites with marked differences in production and

profitability.

o After detail study we have found that the only difference was

source of water. Rest all the protocols and farm inputs were

same.

o This has prompted us to carry out further studies on bigger

scale.

o Therefore, we selected four sites with different locations for

comparative studies.

Case Study in 2017

• Old Pond – Old Creek at village Saras, Olpad, Gujarat, India

• New Pond – Old Creek at village Mandroi, Olpad, Gujarat, India

• New Pond – New Creek (high saline) at village Kotda, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India

• New Pond – New Creek (low saline) at village Bhonang, Roha, Maharashtra

India

Trial criteria

CONSTANT VARIABLE

Seed Source of water

Stocking density

Feed

Probiotics & health products

Protocols

Results

TRIAL NO SITES DOC COUNT/KG SURVIVAL REMARKS

01 OPOC 140 36-40 62.5% Slow growth

high FCR 1.8

02 NPOC 133 33-37 75% Avg. growth &

surv. rate

03 NPNC- HS 155 40-45 90% Slow growth

good prodn.

04 NPNC- LS 105 38-40 95% Super growth

FCR 1.15

Conclusion

o The out come of the study was an eye opener, even for me as

a farmer.

o With the constant inputs and same farm management, it

rendered highly significant result showing production success

from 62.5% to 95% at different locations.

o The study clearly point out “what matters is organic matter”.

o The health of the shrimp is directly related to the source of

water.

o For the success of shrimp farming carrying capacity of pond

and source water plays a pivotal role.

Black will be Back ??

Doubtful in vannamei affected ponds

Definitely Yes in new area and new ponds

Fresh harvested shrimp of 16/20 counts

Fresh harvested shrimp of American white leg shrimp,

L. vannamei from MAPL shrimp pond

Fresh harvested white leg shrimp of 19/20

counts/Kg from MAPL shrimp pond

The wise thing for farmers….

Why to produce more and burn!

Rather produce less and Earn!!

Fresh harvested white leg shrimp of 19/20

counts/Kg from MAPL shrimp pond

MAPL MAPL

MAPL

Take away points ……

o Present top two countries in the world India and Ecuador are

practicing low stocking densities < 30 pcs/m2.

o Don’t get carried away with the success, keep faith in

sustainable shrimp farming practices.

o Intensification and sustainability don’t go together

o Learn from others failures , don’t repeat the same mistakes.

o Science and Technology alone cannot grow shrimp, don’t

under estimate the support from mother nature/ environment

o Always produce shrimp within a positive carrying capacity.

FINAL WORDS…..

We started shrimp farming with P. monodon and we have done with it.

Then we introduced L. vannamei and again we have done with it.

Now we can go back to P. monodon and try to bring back.

or

We can do the vannamei the tiger way………..

MAPL

Thank

you