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MONTE CARLO BASED ADAPTIVE EPID DOSE KERNEL ACCOUNTING FOR DIFFERENT FIELD SIZE RESPONSES OF IMAGERS
S. Wang, J. Gardner, J. Gordon
W. Li, L. Clews, P. Greer
J. Siebers3582 Med. Phys. 36(8), August 2009
GOALS
Investigate the field size responses of various EPIDs and the possible causes of variations.
Introduce an efficient MC-based kernel calculation method
Introduce a weighted fluence scoring method to improve the approximation of the energy dependence of EPID response
To illustrate imager specific kernel tuning for investigated EPIDs
METHOD AND MATERIALS
Two Varian EPIDs, the aS500 and aS1000 (with GdO2S:Tb screen layer)
aS500: 512x384 pixels, resolution 0.784x0.784mm2
aS1000: 1024x 768 pixels, doubles resolution ROI: 1x1 cm2 in the center of panel Total 5 imagers ( 2 aS1000, 3 aS500) from 3
institutes Field size (cm2): 5x5, 10x10, 15x15, 25x25,
detector responses are normalized to 10x10 cm2 for comparison
EPID CALIBRATION METHOD
o FF=flood field, obtained by irradiating EPID with the largest allowable field size
o DF=dark field, background electronics without any irradiation
o SDD=105cmo Dose: 100MU
€
I(x,y) = [Iraw (x,y) −DF(x,y)
FF(x,y) −DF(x,y)][FF(x,y) −DF(x,y)]mean
MC-BASED EPID MONOKERNEL
Monoenergetic photons on EPID A water slab layer is added to 25 layers of
product EPID to model downstream backscattering
Scoring in 1024x1024 matrix Energy deposition in scoring matrix
normalized to the total number of incident particles to obtain the response per particle
The monokernel is then validated against EPID MC results scored at 107cm (the location of the sensitive screen layer) w.r.t 4 different field sizes.
MC-BASED EPID ALL-IN-ONE KERNEL
The all-in-one kernel allows a tunable backscattering thickness
1 water slab ->25 1mm thick sub-layers Use LATCH to track and score at different
depth Energy deposited in the screen layer is
scored separately
€
K all−in−one (E,x,y) = {K EPID (E,x,y)K bs1(E,x,y),
...,K bsi(E,x,y),...}
EPID IMAGE PREDICTION ALGORITHM
Algorithm:
Φ is the energy differential particle fluence for the bin j; K is the imager specific monokernel at the middle of energy bin j, N is the total energy bins spanning the whole energy spectrum.
The convolution uses FFTW, C-bases FFT LINAC head and MLC simulated from BEAMnrc,
patient DOSXYZnrc (or VMC++), then particles fluence extracted at imager plane.
More bins at low energy due to the EPID response characters
€
I predicted (x,y) = (Kmono(E j ,x,y)⊗Φ j
j=1
N
∑ (x,y))
SCORING THE ENERGY FLUENCE The energy fluence in bin j
Where δis the impulse function, the M photons have weights w, the monokernel uses the central energy of the bin.
The weighted fluence
Where IE is the integrated energy To tune the imager-specific monokernel, least-
square method was used to minimize the difference between MC and measurement
€
Φ jparticle(x,y) = wi ∗δ(x − x i,y − y i)
i=1
M
∑
€
Φ jweighted (x,y) =
IE iIE j
∗wi ∗δ(x − x i,y − y i)i=1
M
∑
RESULTS
Calibration procedure is determined by matching measured and simulated 10x10 cm2 fields.
Quantitative results based on 1x1cm2 ROI with 0.784x0.784 mm2 pixel size.
Field size response of various EPIDs Monokernel All-in-one kernel Comparison between two fluence scoring
methods Imager-specific monokernel tuning
DISCUSSION
The downstream backscattering plays an important role on their dosimetric characteristics
The MC-based all-in-one kernel method allows adjusting the backscatter for specific imager, the number of included backscattering subkernel is tunable till MC matches measurement
More precisely, local kernels can be created with a different backscatter thickness as a function of location.
A weighted fluence scoring method improves the MC measurement agreement
The separation of incident fluence into different energy bins makes the kernels excellent candidates for patient EPID image prediction during treatment