Morphemes

Morpheme - “a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function” (Yule, 2010)

Examples: kain, drum, adto, cherry (ciris), kamalayan, donation (donatio), nagkakaintindihan, injury (injuria), panaginip, kasalukuyan, magdamag, talikod, hinanakit, panibago, kanluran, palagay, pamamagitan

Free and Bound Morphemes

Free – “Morphemes that can stand by themselves” (Yule, 2010)

dress, takbo, tulog

Bound – “Forms that cannot normally stand alone and are typically attached to another form” (Yule, 2010)

-ed, -um-, -in-, pinaka-

Lexical and Functional Morphemes

Lexical - “The set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs that we think of as the words that carry the “content” of the messages we convey” (Yule, 2010)

Ex. House, dream, green

Functional – “This set consists largely of the functional (grammatical) words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles andpronouns” (Yule, 2010).

his, -er, -um-, ka- - an

Grammatical Category

“A grammatical category is a set of syntactic features that

-express meanings from the same conceptual domain

-occur in contrast to each other, and

-are typically expressed in the same fashion”. (SIL, 2004)

verb, noun, adjective

Inflectional and Derivational Morphemes

Derivational – “We use these bound morphemes to makenew words or to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem” (Yule 2010)

Ex. -ness, -ful, -ish

Inflectional – “These are not used to produce new words in the language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word” (Yule 2010)

Ex. Possessive marker, plural marker, present/ past participle, tense, comparative

Classifying Morphemes

housing

palalampasin

magpalagayan

langay-langay

sasailalim

adunay

psychology

holiday

Set 1

fifth

kasagbutan

manner

indicate

bundle

gipaadto

ginapakaon

unhealthy

consider

Identifying Morphemes

liit - maliit

laki - malaki

pula - mapula

itim - maitim

taas - mataas

Example 1: Tagalog

maliit - maliliit

malaki – malalaki

mapula – mapupula

maitim – maiitim

mataas - matataas

Example 3: Tagalog

gubat - kagubatan

langit - kalangitan

bukid - kabukiran

bait - kabaitan

lungkot - kalungkutan

saya – kasiyahan

tamad – katamaran

ganda - kagandahan

Example 3: Samoan

Example 4: Zulu

Example 5: Tagalog

klase – kaklase

laban – kalaban

sama – kasama

tabi – katabi

Example 6: Ilocano

Example 5: Matigsalug

pamula ‘to plant’ → pinamula ‘plants’subba ‘to cook’ → sinubba ‘cooked food’dampil ‘to dry in sun’ → dinampil ‘grain that is drying’

Exercise 1: Ilocano

Identify the rule to linguistically mark resemblance

Exercise 2: Ilocano

Identify the rule to linguistically mark recent completion

Exercise 3: Matigsalug

dakel ne kayu ‘a big tree’

sabeka ne kayu ‘one tree’

dakel ne etew ‘a big person’

deisek ne kuddeʔ ‘a small horse’

sabeka ne etew ‘one person’

daruwa ne kuddeʔ ‘two horses’

Identify the morphemes for the following:

1 horse 2 one 3 person

4 two 5 small 6 big

7 tree

Exercise 4: Matigsalug

masakit ka gettek ku ‘My stomach is painful’dakel ka kuddeʔ ku ‘My horse is big’deisek ka baley nu ‘Your house is small’matumpis ka amey din ‘His/her father is generous’

dakel ka libru nu ‘Your book is big’

Identify the morphemes for the following:

1 his/her 2 your 3 my

4 father 5 stomach 6 generous

Exercise 5: Ayta Abenlen

maada ‘beautiful’ mangakandi ‘small (pl.)’maamot ‘hot’ madinat ‘dirty’mangatobag ‘brutal (pl.)’mangalake ‘big (pl.)’mabitil ‘hungry’ dinat ‘dirt’

How are adjectives formed?How are plural adjectives formed?

Allomorphs

Allomorphs

“The variant forms of a given morpheme” (Delahuntyand Garvey, 2010)

“if they contribute the same meaning to the constructions they are part of and if they are in complementary distribution (hence cannot contrast)” (Plank)

English Plural Morpheme

/Əz/ or /Iz/, /z/, and /s/

buses

twigs

cats

1. [әz] occurs on nouns ending in s, z, š,ž, č, j. (sibilants)(hissing sound)2. [s] occurs following all other voiceless sounds3. [z] occurs following all other voiced sounds

әz(Schwa z)

[s] [z]

bushes cats pens

jusdges tips dogs

buses books cars

English Past Tense Morpheme

[t] as in talk/talked[d] as in grabbed[әd] as in want/wanted

Word Formation Processes

New words enter a language in a variety of ways

A. Coinage

• the creation of new words without reference to the existingmorphological resources of the language, that is, solely out of the sounds of the language.

• Kodak, nylon, Xerox, Kleenex, Jell-O, Frigidaire

A. Onomatopoeia

• Words created to sound like the thing that they name.

English Japanese Cebuano Indonesian

Cock-a-doo Kokekokko tuktugauk Kukuruyuk

Meow Nya Miyaw Meong

Swedish Japanese Cebuano Turkish

vov-vov wan wan Aw -aw hauv hauv

1) Pee Cola - Ghana “very good Cola,”

2) Lumia – Spanish slang “prostitute”

3) Barf (detergent) – Iran “snow”

4) Fart Bar (soap) – Polish “lucky bar”

5) Siri – Georgian “cock”

B. Abbreviation, Clipping, and Acronym

• shortening of existing words to create other words, usually informal versions of the originals.

• Facsimile - fax

• Hamburger - burger

• CD-ROM

• Radar: radio detection and ranging

• Scuba: self-contained underwater breathing apparatus

C. Blending and Compounding

• involves taking two or more words, removing parts of each,and joining the residues together to create a new word whose form and meaning are taken from the source words

• Motor + hotel = Motel

• Breakfast + lunch = Brunch

• Wireless + Fidelity = Wi-Fi

Compounds

• seashore, fireplace, footwear, wristwatch

• Swedish

Fladdermus (bat) = Flappy Mouse

Bröstvårta (nipple) = breast wart

sköldpadda (turtle) = shield toad

D. Borrowing

• involves copying a word that originally belonged in one language into another language.

E. Changing the meaning of existing words• smart originally meant sharp, cutting or painful

• handsome merely meant easilyhandled (and was generally derogatory)

• bully originally meant darling or sweetheart

• sad meant full

• starve originally just mean to die

• deer once referred to any animal