Morphemes
Morpheme - “a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function” (Yule, 2010)
Examples: kain, drum, adto, cherry (ciris), kamalayan, donation (donatio), nagkakaintindihan, injury (injuria), panaginip, kasalukuyan, magdamag, talikod, hinanakit, panibago, kanluran, palagay, pamamagitan
Free and Bound Morphemes
Free – “Morphemes that can stand by themselves” (Yule, 2010)
dress, takbo, tulog
Bound – “Forms that cannot normally stand alone and are typically attached to another form” (Yule, 2010)
-ed, -um-, -in-, pinaka-
Lexical and Functional Morphemes
Lexical - “The set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs that we think of as the words that carry the “content” of the messages we convey” (Yule, 2010)
Ex. House, dream, green
Functional – “This set consists largely of the functional (grammatical) words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles andpronouns” (Yule, 2010).
his, -er, -um-, ka- - an
Grammatical Category
“A grammatical category is a set of syntactic features that
-express meanings from the same conceptual domain
-occur in contrast to each other, and
-are typically expressed in the same fashion”. (SIL, 2004)
verb, noun, adjective
Inflectional and Derivational Morphemes
Derivational – “We use these bound morphemes to makenew words or to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem” (Yule 2010)
Ex. -ness, -ful, -ish
Inflectional – “These are not used to produce new words in the language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word” (Yule 2010)
Ex. Possessive marker, plural marker, present/ past participle, tense, comparative
Classifying Morphemes
housing
palalampasin
magpalagayan
langay-langay
sasailalim
adunay
psychology
holiday
Set 1
fifth
kasagbutan
manner
indicate
bundle
gipaadto
ginapakaon
unhealthy
consider
Identifying Morphemes
liit - maliit
laki - malaki
pula - mapula
itim - maitim
taas - mataas
Example 1: Tagalog
maliit - maliliit
malaki – malalaki
mapula – mapupula
maitim – maiitim
mataas - matataas
Example 3: Tagalog
gubat - kagubatan
langit - kalangitan
bukid - kabukiran
bait - kabaitan
lungkot - kalungkutan
saya – kasiyahan
tamad – katamaran
ganda - kagandahan
Example 3: Samoan
Example 4: Zulu
Example 5: Tagalog
klase – kaklase
laban – kalaban
sama – kasama
tabi – katabi
Example 6: Ilocano
Example 5: Matigsalug
pamula ‘to plant’ → pinamula ‘plants’subba ‘to cook’ → sinubba ‘cooked food’dampil ‘to dry in sun’ → dinampil ‘grain that is drying’
Exercise 1: Ilocano
Identify the rule to linguistically mark resemblance
Exercise 2: Ilocano
Identify the rule to linguistically mark recent completion
Exercise 3: Matigsalug
dakel ne kayu ‘a big tree’
sabeka ne kayu ‘one tree’
dakel ne etew ‘a big person’
deisek ne kuddeʔ ‘a small horse’
sabeka ne etew ‘one person’
daruwa ne kuddeʔ ‘two horses’
Identify the morphemes for the following:
1 horse 2 one 3 person
4 two 5 small 6 big
7 tree
Exercise 4: Matigsalug
masakit ka gettek ku ‘My stomach is painful’dakel ka kuddeʔ ku ‘My horse is big’deisek ka baley nu ‘Your house is small’matumpis ka amey din ‘His/her father is generous’
dakel ka libru nu ‘Your book is big’
Identify the morphemes for the following:
1 his/her 2 your 3 my
4 father 5 stomach 6 generous
Exercise 5: Ayta Abenlen
maada ‘beautiful’ mangakandi ‘small (pl.)’maamot ‘hot’ madinat ‘dirty’mangatobag ‘brutal (pl.)’mangalake ‘big (pl.)’mabitil ‘hungry’ dinat ‘dirt’
How are adjectives formed?How are plural adjectives formed?
Allomorphs
Allomorphs
“The variant forms of a given morpheme” (Delahuntyand Garvey, 2010)
“if they contribute the same meaning to the constructions they are part of and if they are in complementary distribution (hence cannot contrast)” (Plank)
English Plural Morpheme
/Əz/ or /Iz/, /z/, and /s/
buses
twigs
cats
1. [әz] occurs on nouns ending in s, z, š,ž, č, j. (sibilants)(hissing sound)2. [s] occurs following all other voiceless sounds3. [z] occurs following all other voiced sounds
әz(Schwa z)
[s] [z]
bushes cats pens
jusdges tips dogs
buses books cars
English Past Tense Morpheme
[t] as in talk/talked[d] as in grabbed[әd] as in want/wanted
Word Formation Processes
New words enter a language in a variety of ways
A. Coinage
• the creation of new words without reference to the existingmorphological resources of the language, that is, solely out of the sounds of the language.
• Kodak, nylon, Xerox, Kleenex, Jell-O, Frigidaire
A. Onomatopoeia
• Words created to sound like the thing that they name.
English Japanese Cebuano Indonesian
Cock-a-doo Kokekokko tuktugauk Kukuruyuk
Meow Nya Miyaw Meong
Swedish Japanese Cebuano Turkish
vov-vov wan wan Aw -aw hauv hauv
1) Pee Cola - Ghana “very good Cola,”
2) Lumia – Spanish slang “prostitute”
3) Barf (detergent) – Iran “snow”
4) Fart Bar (soap) – Polish “lucky bar”
5) Siri – Georgian “cock”
B. Abbreviation, Clipping, and Acronym
• shortening of existing words to create other words, usually informal versions of the originals.
• Facsimile - fax
• Hamburger - burger
• CD-ROM
• Radar: radio detection and ranging
• Scuba: self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
C. Blending and Compounding
• involves taking two or more words, removing parts of each,and joining the residues together to create a new word whose form and meaning are taken from the source words
• Motor + hotel = Motel
• Breakfast + lunch = Brunch
• Wireless + Fidelity = Wi-Fi
Compounds
• seashore, fireplace, footwear, wristwatch
• Swedish
Fladdermus (bat) = Flappy Mouse
Bröstvårta (nipple) = breast wart
sköldpadda (turtle) = shield toad
D. Borrowing
• involves copying a word that originally belonged in one language into another language.
E. Changing the meaning of existing words• smart originally meant sharp, cutting or painful
• handsome merely meant easilyhandled (and was generally derogatory)
• bully originally meant darling or sweetheart
• sad meant full
• starve originally just mean to die
• deer once referred to any animal