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InghamCountyHealthSurveillanceBook2015
Mortality Section
InghamCountyHealthSurveillanceBook2015Mortality-3
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Introduction
Whenapersondies,deathdataiscompletedbyfuneraldirectors,attendingphysicians,med-icalexaminersandcoroners,thenreportedondeathcerti�icatesandcompiledbytheStateVitalSta-tisticssectionoftheMichiganDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.ThisreportisbasedonthedatacompiledbytheStateofMichigan.
ThissectionofthereportpresentsdataondeathpatternsinInghamCounty,Michiganandifavailable,datafromtheCityofLansingfortheyears2004to2014.InfantmortalityandAdultdeathdataareanalyzedandplottedintotablesandgraphsforsingleanda10yearstrend.Totalnumbers,deathrates,deathtrends,byselectedcharacteristicssuchasage,sex,raceandethnicoriginsarein-cluded,aswellascausesofdeath.Singleyeardataisfor2014andtrendsarefortheyears2004to2014.
Analyzingdeathdatahelpsinunderstandingthecausesofdeathandvariationsacrosspop-ulationgroupscandirectustobetteraddresssocialdeterminantsofhealthandallocateresourcesaccordingly.•OveralltheUnitedStateshasseenadropinage-adjusteddeathratesforallcausesofdeathsinbothmalesandfemalesfrom2004to2014.Maledeathratesdroppedby12%andfemaledeathratesdroppedby11%.(1).
DataSourceforthefollowingsection:
MichiganResidentDeathFiles2004-2015
MichiganResidentLinkedBirthandDeathFiles2004-2015
MichiganResidentBirthFiles2004-2015
InghamCountyHealthSurveillanceBook2015Mortality-4
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Infant Mortality
Infantmortalityisabasicmeasureofcommunityhealthandisde�inedasthedeathofaninfantbeforethe�irstbirthday.Ithasbeenamainconcernofpublichealthandwas�irstrecognizedin1912intheUnitedstatesbyes-tablishingtheFederalChildren'sBureau.Infantmortalityisusedalsoasacrudeindicatorforcommunityhealthstatusandothersocialdeterminantsofhealthsuchassocio-economiclevels,availabilityandqualityofhealthservices.
IndicatorExplanation
Infantmortalityratecomparesthetotalnumberofinfantswhodiebeforetheir�irstbirthdayinacertainyear,to1000livebirthsinfantsbornthatsameyearandinthesamegeographicarea.Infantmortalityisusedalsoasacrudeindicatorforcommunityhealthstatusandothersocialdeterminantsofhealthsuchassocio-economiclev-els, availability and quality of health services. This indicator is used for comparisons across geographic areas,populations and time periods. The compiled data is analyzedand used in needs assessments, allocation of re-sources,andtheimpactofpublichealthprogramstodecreaseinfantmortality.
KeyFindings
InMichiganinfantmortalitytrendshaveslightlydeclinedfrom7.6deathsper1000livebirthsin2004to6.8per1000in2014.
LansinginfantmortalityrateswerehigherthanMichiganandInghamCountyratesformostofthetimeperi-odbetween2004-2014peakingto10.4per1000birthsin2008andcomingtoalowof5.8per1000in2011.InghamcountyrateshavebeenconsistentlylowerthanMichiganratesformostofthistimebetween2005-2012;rates�luctuatedduringthatsametimeframewithalowest4.3inpeakin20138.6.
Morethantwicetheinfantdeathshappenintheneonataltime(�irst28daysoflife)comparedtopostneona-tal(after28daysto�irstbirthday)
In2014Michiganinfantmortalityrateper1000birthswasalmost3timeshigheramongBlackcomparedtoWhiteinfants,13.7comparedto5.3;thistrendgaphasbeengraduallynarrowingintheyearsfrom2004to2014.
Figure1.Annualinfantmortalityratebygeographicarea,
2015
Figure2.Infantmortalityratebyageatdeath,2013-2015
InghamCountyHealthSurveillanceBook2015Mortality-5
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Infant Mortality
Figure3.Infantmortalityratebyraceandgeography,
2013-15
Figure4.Three-YearMovingAverageInfantDeathRatesamongAllInfants,InghamCounty,MichiganResidents,2004-
2015
InghamCountyHealthSurveillanceBook2015Mortality-6
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Infant Mortality
Figure5.Three-YearMovingAverageInfantDeathRatesamongWhiteInfants,InghamCounty,MichiganResidents,2004-
2015
Figure6.Three-YearMovingAverageInfantDeathRatesamongAllInfants,InghamCounty,MichiganResidents,2004-2015
InghamCountyHealthSurveillanceBook2015Mortality-7
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Adult Mortality
Adultmortalityisthedeathsofpeopleage15yearsorolderbasedondeathcerti�icatesdatathatiscompiledbyde-mographicandmedicalcharacteristics.Thedataincludedinthefollowingsectionsprovideinformationonmortali-typatternsamongresidentsoftheUnitedStates,StateofMichigan,InghamCountyandLansingCity.
IndicatorExplanation
Adultmortalityindicatorsinthissectionincludesuchvariablesasage,sex,Hispanicorigin,race,stateofresidence,andcauseofdeath.Mortalitydatacanbeusedtomonitorandevaluatehealthstatusonthebasisofmortalitylevels,trendsandsegmentsofthepopulationwhomaybeatagreaterriskofdeathfromspeci�icdiseasesandinjuries.Ra-cialandethnicvariationsinmortalitypatternscanhelpunmaskcertainriskfactorsassociatedwithsubpopulationgroups.Ageadjusteddeathratesareusedinordertoneutralizetheeffectofhavingoneagegroup(seniorsforex-ample)dominatingonegeographicarea,thusleadingtomoreoveralldeaths,comparedtoanotherarea.
KeyFindings
Therewere2105totalnumberofdeathsinInghamcountyfortheyear2014.
ThenumbersofdeathsinInghamCountyhavebeenrisingslowlysince2004mostlyduetoanagingpopulation.Theageadjusteddeathratewhichaccountsfortheagingpopulationwas774.6downfrom818.9in2004.
Theageadjusteddeathratetrendhasslowlygonedownwardfrom2004to2014inMichiganandInghamCoun-ty.InghamcomparestoMichiganoveralltrendbutthecityofLansinghasaconsistentlyhigherandincreasedfrom904.35o954.2between2004and2014.
Signi�icanceandlimitations
Inthepastmortalitydatabasedondeathcerti�icateswastheonlywaytoassessthequalityofhealthcaredeliverysystems,butnotwithoutitslimitations.Citingcancer,healthattacksandcausesofaccidentswasmorecommonlynotedondeathcerti�icatesthanotherpotentialcausessuchasChroniclowerrespiratorydisease,diabetesandstroke,Thatcausessomedatalimitationsfromunder-reporting.
Recentdevelopmentinscienceandabilitytodevelopasystemforvitalsignsallowhealthprofessionalstodrawamoreaccuratefollowuponhealthprogress.Thisledtotherecommendationthattheperformanceofthehealthcaresystembemeasuredonthebasisoffourdomainsforaccesstohealthcare:
Table1.2014DeathnumbersandratesUnitedStates,Mich-
igan,InghamCountyandLansingCity
Geography Number Rate
UnitedStates 2,626,418 724.6
Michigan 93,526 781.6
InghamCounty 2,105 774.6
LansingCity 973 954.2
HealthyPeople
QualityCare
AffordableCare
EngagedPatients.
(2)htpps://www.scienti�icamerican.com/article/u-s-deaths-drop-for-leading-causes/
InghamCountyHealthSurveillanceBook2015Mortality-8
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Adult Mortality
Figure7.Trendsinage-adjusteddeathrates(2004-2014)Michigan,InghamCountyandLansingCity.
InghamCountyHealthSurveillanceBook2015Mortality-9
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Adult Mortality
LeadingCausesofDeath
AccordingtotheCenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention,since2005thedeathratehasdeclineforallleadingcausesofdeathexceptsuicide.TheFiveleadingcausesofdeathinInghamCountyin2015wereheartdiseases,followedbycancer,thenchroniclowerrespiratorydiseases(COPD),accidentsandstroke.
KeyFindingsontrends(2004-2014)
AlmosthalfofthedeathsinInghamCounty(45%)areassociationwithsomeformofcardio-vasculardiseaseleadingtoheartattacks.
Oneinevery�ivecausesofdeathcanbeattributedtoamalignantcauseofdeathorcancer.
Preventablecausesofinjuriesaccountedforalmostone�ifthofalldeathinInghamCountyin2014.
Chroniclowerrespiratorydiseasecauseofdeathwasreportedfor8%oftotalin2014.forage-adjusteddeathrates.
Oneintwentydeathwasreportedasstrokerelated.
Only2percentofthedeathwerereportedascommunicablediseasessuchasHIV,activetuberculosisandothers.
KeyFindingsontrends(2004-2014)forgenderandracialdisparitiestrends(2004-2014)
Theage-adjusteddeathratesforblackwerealmosttwiceasmuchaswhitesallthroughtheyears.
Theage-adjusteddeathrateswereconsistentlyhigherformalesthanfemales
KeyFindingsontrends(2004-2014)forLeadingCausesofDeath
Thetrendsforheartdisease,strokeandcancerrateshavegonedownwardinallgeographicareasincludingtheLansing.
ThetrendsfordiabetesrateswererelativelystableinInghamCountyandMichiganbutrisinginLansing
Ratesforchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease(COPD)alsoknowasChroniclowerrespiratorydisease,wasstableinMichiganbutthevariableinInghamCountyandLansing
Deathratesforunintendedinjurieshavedippedin2010inInghamCountybutfollowedtheStateofMichi-ganandCityofLansingupwardtrendssincethen
Deathratesfromintendedselfharm(suicide)havebeenslowlyincreasinginInghamCountyandMichigan;dataforLansingwasnotavailableforthatindicator
InghamCountyHealthSurveillanceBook2015Mortality-10
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Adult Mortality
Figure9.Trendindeathrateduetocancer(age-adjusteddeath)inMichigan,InghamCounty,andLansingCity,2004-2015
Figure8.Trendindeathrateduetoheartdisease(age-adjusteddeath)inMichigan,InghamCounty,andLansingCity,2004-2015
InghamCountyHealthSurveillanceBook2015Mortality-11
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Adult Mortality
Figure11.Trendindeathrateduetostrokes(age-adjusteddeath)inMichigan,InghamCounty,andLansingCity,2004-2015
Figure10.Trendindeathrateduetodiabetesage-adjusteddeath)inMichigan,InghamCounty,andLansingCity,2004-2015
InghamCountyHealthSurveillanceBook2015Mortality-12
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Adult Mortality
Figure12.TrendindeathrateduetoCOPD(age-adjusteddeath)inMichigan,InghamCounty,andLansingCity,2004-2015
Figure13.Trendindeathrateduetounintentionalinjury(age-adjusteddeath)inMichigan,InghamCounty,andLansingCity,2004-2015
InghamCountyHealthSurveillanceBook2015Mortality-13
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Adult Mortality
Figure14.Trendindeathrateduetointentionalself-harm/suicide(age-adjusteddeath)inMichigan,InghamCounty,andLansingCity,
2004-2015
Figure15.TrendindeathrateduetoAlzheimer’s(age-adjusteddeath)inMichigan,InghamCounty,andLansingCity,2004-2015