The purp , me assent ais of this paper
detachedly end objectively the history of the
t of
ut
Refuge and to correlate this m cant with the uetuaaions of its
wildlife potation. In doing this peru kl k l
of the area has
been combined with that gained from eonferenees with those new engaged
its msxsgesent and a study sacs in ehronolog eel order,
contained in the refuge files . Account Mot be taken of the fact that a
number of individuals have been employed on the refuge since its begin-
ins, and satinatos of wildlife and remarks concerning then. will reflect,
to nacre *xtent, the Personalities of these indtvidtwlss,
been mede to evaluate the iterial th r
e
I. OBJECTIVES OF REFUGE MCEENt .
A clear out statesant of the primary
gent of Soxubee is to be directed oanno
storrespond ft,q dating back to the establishment of the ref e, with
both the
.oral. and Centre1. of fiass indicates that the
objective
is to establish an upland m areaa for the purpose of d testing to
both pea and private inttires
hg.,;
d
gams Veda in this part of the Sit
numbers of t>pland gam are present, managed
allowed as a further dwonstration .,
is the Melogical Nanagess at F for the Re e, written by
S morel R. Lamb = nd the writer In November
ed, it was stated that prixeery menage erd, of
rooted towards door
turkey,
0fowl +pin never assume - primary
rtImportance,, but should be developed to the
nazi
carrying capacity .
ali,._, quirrels and for b"rers are
aidnrsd incidental species .
U. PAsM HISTCIRY OF AREA.
Considerable timbered land was al ign pres4at, but had bom cut
nweerous times and at time ,)f acquisition there was little that could
be considered sor bantable according to t* pric#6 an
prevail.i .
Land was divided into nn erous
under single ownership wore present, but in general IndividuAl farms
errand to )rage averaged about 50 aorss, The soil, w~.e -- and had
been farmed out, largely to a single crop,
a
valente
At the beginning of the os volt Act.niatrttion, wben an effort
was being wade to dopppulate s
giiml areas, the at
ion of the
resettlemeent admini strttion was drawn to the lane IyJAS
Tin* end Louisville, Mississippi.
out and was purchased in 1935 . This eon eis
acres and was to be meaageed #i+r pasture, timber
u
e.
Title was changed to
shorter afterwards to the Soil Cona ervas n
Work by these agencies included song
farm families, the building of roads and bridges, fir, tooere„ and
tel phess limes. S me pasture iisproveeerren
done and Ohoataw„ Patterson, and Bluff L--kes were
On Juno 14, 1940, the Executive her was ei
49,000 acre block as a wildlife reft e
Wildlife Service, with the Soil Coreer
custodian and a lease arrang t contemplated with the Lississi
State College. This arrangement continued r several rs
agreement was reached whereby the boundaries
Refuge assumed full control over its o
At percent it Is proposed that a 3 300 acre tract in the fatter;
LaIm vicinity be transferred to the Forestry S ool of
sieei
State College in return for a tract of similar sic*,
Jurisdiction lying between the leviles MUeton
public road bearing East from
III. MORIMON OF AREA.
The Rof*e, in its present Jbrm
exterior boundary. Ton thousa I
ship. It lies 18 miles South of StarkviLlee )€i s
Central part of the State. The town
of the southern border of the Refugee
boundary, and Brooksville star t south tern .
The sail is maw of the Lutkin series
e
chalk,# and Ao aerera fornaticn . It is insert
for agriculture.
The topography varies from
sea lovel ranging from approxi.et
.
occurs an the more rm. gad parts, but this is
considerable control work has been done,
h
so
a
pprc
ors of the ,
WKIa the
on a
F
ae
a as low as 6® below zero have been experiene
the growing season lone. Rainfall .
ually,
lard is woed1and and 25 per sent
vvrai z , The proportion of
tex .'toad
t, The principal cover
Black husk Oak +- Feet acs
loL2y, pins - hortlrtaf pins, and
d to r est acre LobIo3ly
k Hiekor -SPSAW Chestnut, oak
oaka Red G, Red gft - Rattan a s +oak-
tttoss d Hardwoods-cypress,
the met con berbaseovs types are bro tsedge
tar
th woes of the low leg fields
,Jots grass.
n
d4 a land ewtp arranpannt with the
monaern1ng Unds l
between etheda end will."a
n Lake vieioity, the rsf gee bonndatriss
refuge gereonnel ex5rdsi a ors da,
d
d
of t
p
,
e ottfo#aU7 atablishsda the joint
. , sac}e affective ssa, snt
zaorous houses still ronrined
houses families of squeters -were living
r slopes erosion was rappmV.
Thousands of head of liveasto* of every kind roamed the o at will
There was a4 huge annual burn,
fire-setting . Hunting was prohibited, but no rthelests occurred
throughout the year. Old houeo-sites presented a depressing s ear~ .
iith tangles of wire, old boards
Prior to the official establis
Biological Survey stationed Fred R .
His function was necessarily that o
the Soil Conservation Service, Ho made certain biological stigations
and helped lay the ground work fbr the eatabli . nt o the r
efuge
In June 1939 Saa l H, lamb was transferred to Nome.
the
Delta Refuge. Although restricted by
effort
toward effective refuge aanag+sasnt . A pate
three
vo rkere wore hired, and the fret of fecti .
poaching bestm. Official establishment in J 194 de for re
effective anagasent . PlantiMs wore wade in Bluff Lake,
and prote©timn intensified,
In 1941 the Refuge Staff was increased to include a so - labo
patrolman and a stark trolaan. Considerable soil ard ni tare funds
were slide available,
se enabled the kofn.7,o to awry
able amount of erosion control work, food a .. cover
repair. Old houeo-sites were *loaned
numerous stock pond das
repaired. During this year aquatic planting
Dea'Iar steeled an IDs ktcsa Creek,
s
type aeping dome
shunt of food strip was put
som control burning was cane .
bAU lb
of the refugep the bureau of
survey OrOW was ass
and reeds was started on surveying and permamoutly s
the Reft
The beginning of World `ar Il
tie work that had been begun . In e
and cover planting was done . Considerable r 'eage
breaks wWzs put in and cooperative farming begun an t
suitable land could be found . The boundary surveying
before the party had time to do more than
exterior boundary, and the war caused the termination of the subsiete e
work program .
In 1943 Mr. James Allen, orfginaU *I
der refuge manager, left to enter the army
was transferred to the nttaiatskeet Refuge and Lyle F . Seiko sent to
Noxubes to reepla ce hid .
A sale had been aonduoted riddin the re
of virtuali all the
abandoned buildings . A reclassification
*vented the
a
use had boon no
of food
ed with the Soil Conservation Service giving the Refuge u , control
over the land within its present boundaries, elgn a ting the land orig..
molly in the southern part of the refuge, and extending the Refuge
ward to include the Patterson lake area and land a tendin qMnd the
3tarkviile-Louisville Road . Mile this caused a drastic change
shape of the Refuge, it made little or no difference in
sags and
ehiminRted a part that was largely interspersed with private land .
In July 1944, lei o was transferred and J . R. Spencer temporarily
left in elarge . One patrolman had resigned and ano
place his. Protection seems to have lapsed . On August 15
Rucker, was eade Rsfurre Manager.
Rucker I .d .a tely instituted a vigorous pro .gram of
Sam doer and additional turkeys were released.
.
1.
Meanwhile ten years had ela
reversion tad grossed steadily .
skier, ash, *id other lour land species, sand the,
sl ds w
rapidly
returning to lakoLiy pine.
extensive prey .
o
was begun by Ituaker in an effort to postpone revs rsi
In 1946 ti*ber sales began
the r val of app - t y one.
thud of the tree in the better stands of
is now in progro
In the 6 years that have elapsed since the official establi-
t
cff the re a ,ur anjor poblns lave confronted its xuagownt, These
are r will
and malicious setting of Area,
ing, and interior holdings . Little can be don concerning Interior hh
ings by field personaol, and those
pssblerre. The trespass livestock sit ti
years, but it is eetimt .d t t the" are still be
eesscsefit
.
0
2,0QQ-3 000
cattle illopI17 ,using red lands, about IM has*„ am* otter
animas* Poaching has been brow t Wider oontr 1 to a far
gm Um forawally am the *AMA
graph on the following ;up shows the annual barn
r*seerds were lapt .
A. g,
,, The predominant tree s
ubs
and its ability to seed mad farsland is well men. Ock Urge, areas where
seed trees are sneers dirge and o
vets seed from reaching mineral soil, and on a
sitss where se*6.
lamps Oa'mt gam a foothold establishment le slow, i land at Scambe
in general is well within reach of seed tress ant oc sior.. tires e
pose the soil. Reversion has pr
ised with great rapidity r de r the"
it is oertaihly desirable to keep a portion of
for deer and turkey
gement .
peerativs fang can
do
than hold open a few hundred acres . If
eidental "cues and there is little eel" that can
not be economicaly possible, even with fire, to
acres in an open enough edition, the
gent - t be directed t
wards deer and turkey. Open lend is not essential, but it is eeirWs
fev the proper anagesrent of those species . Som definite
be worked out as to the awunt to be kept open a th
fioisnUy sloe. intervals and with fires hot enough to insure kill, of
woody grwth .
Under present =magement .13,p
45 s
and a 7,000 acre burn
believes %at it will be i aeoibe,
acreage this large and effedtively keep it from reverting. 004f
may rodas. Utter, contribute to fire protection,, and fines see legue us
growth, but reversion ie not stopped. It be slowed Or fire
resi t species way be favored
r
seeds ia.aorably .
It is believed that a better plan would be to do
sirabis open acreage before it is too late, to apportion WAS s O g.
th ub.ut the Refuge and too
This wig give an interspersion of
sever and vegetation, and hold land open for food
farming who n the opportunity offirs.
,
rel y
tc es or ratty*
H. jg Are . It 3s b Moved: that
u waterfowl refuge has always been discounted .
other waterfowl refuge in the States or w
Due to its limited water reas it *an
be classed as a waterfowl
refuge or aged as so oh, but it does afford protest n for a n
of thou eida of ducks each year and the numbers have inareasod steadily
Every effort shauM be tads to develop the a
utilize xubee a~ a ao ary waterfowl refuge .
The principal water feature is Bluff lake, an artificial un w
ment, varying from 900 to UM acres according, to waterlsvs s, There
is little fluctuation and sli water levels flood emsider.
sloe low titer land on the western
In addition to the lake there is the smaller
bert lake, Cowpin lake
f s sloughs Park s sl.
,
brake. There we also the Noxubee river 0 too, kf
Lynn Dry
s, Cypress, Jas, Tellow, and Talking Warrior or". ks.
y of them
are ir*4rait t t stre r, but they all furnish &%04*"the larger o ass are mwiah tood b y mallards
In the early spring in 1940, the writer s o
Cot
inapeat.d Bluff lake for desirable aqua
but blMeru rt could be found. In the fall of
1941A an tie plantings were made. Water shields, spotted pondvasd
long leaf pond weed, soft stem a, id
spike rash were used . It was also noted that
getetion was becoming establish" .ast ally.
eifclius., buraeel, wild ad I t, and smart 1004410
and were inar easing.
e
on lake al.
gestation . Nothing
At that time approve telly one
with flooded timber. This was
Spotted pondweed could be planted in
f the axes. of the la was
anything that could be considered waterfowl
.
At the present, Brae.nia and some pored ham filled the shelter
end arms of the lake . The flooded timber vdth the exeeption of -
cypress, is all dead and such of it is down. Tlrasen i and other aqua
have spread throughout the timbered area.
rah plantings of bulrush
and spike rush have spread along the shoreline, mid a oanaide ra .e
mount of natural food is available .
However, alligator wood and lotus
lake. These now cover a small area, but could in t spread over the
entire water ourfaae. Vigorous control should be begun before the sit.
uation
out of hand . Willows have be a established around all the
open shoreline of the lake and w:U1 prevent the further spree
sirable emsrgents . If labor and funds ar
available
eliminating this species should be organised,
shallow sites that should be producing spike rue
becomes available these should be dug out an over-p t
sirable specie . .
It Is doubtful if any further aquatic planting is necesssary, but
eneyargents could be planted along those parts of the shoreline where
they are not now established in o
istacnee of the lake itself is frequently threa en
it aeons iterative that the present dike be strengthen,
.pillwyr space provided .
Very little can be done with a
o
0 lake a
we
1
the stoakpwnds and furnish some food for wood ducks and mallard*
There is little opportunity for fareing for waterfowl use b
the fields near the siokerson and Do le arms
situated, and if it is possible to get these
should be given hit priori#r.
C.W
of Bluff lake has already been
toed supply has caused a steady tears
ring oaoh year. Graphs of January waterfowl eat tes and of the early
peaks as fob in quarterly reports a aay tre 0040 on the following -
These effectively tell th
show an increase of 1750% for the seven year
wee and increase of W W% for the sa period.
1. Gssaer , In 1442, eighteen pin e d goose were bro t to
Naxubes fsvrs Pea Iceland . These were shot by hunters on
adjoining the hake, or killed by predators
3 resin.
Geese have never used Bluff lake with any consist oy
tonal flocks of Blues and snows circle the lake or eve light for shortperiods and then leave . This
a fleck of 200 daeadas, blues and e ,
tune .
e
e e
Thnr* is little hope of ever evalopi g at lakes for goose us*
sin** its i rgins are largely wooded
.ss stock
leas sould be brought under control,* gr
bordering the Doyle an Dickereon are of the lake .
1. LMImn Prior to 0
Conservation Service atteeptad turkey sto
,
teation and these birds seem to have be pros t1y ki
Iamb assumed control, it was reported that a few turkee
anosatr7 were still present, In 1940 and
spent several days is an effort to deetor i n e whether or rAt those birds
were still present . No alas could be thund and there we" no recent
reports free local residents .
In the fall of 1941, lamb reported
No s were reported until the spring
September 3 turl*ys were brought in o as
without leaving the release point . In October 1943
in and ova of these immediatel died .
In the opring of 1944 Selko, estimated that 30 turkey, wow us ;
the refuge and in the fall Ruake r esti to d 4$ During the period
saber 29, 1944 to February 7, 1945, 18 more tur
Kentucky woodlands, Of this n
after release and 2 were in very poor
en
d. At the is
us
0
0
nd tion. This oweludeed the tur-
key stocking on Nozubse and gave a total of 20 birds
n to mve at
least survived initially. yolle
t
that there ware 65 turkeys on the refuge.
estimate to 75 acrd in the wring of 1946 it was
r t
that at least 100 were present .
In roviswieag the story of turkeys
there bas been a opeatular increase
population to insure gamA stocking if
protection can
ee it
apparent that
Undoubtedly there is saw admixture
ably always will be. Farsers an the
the oat*rior boundaries loop turkeys, arid a
can prevamt bids . The presmt birds are hardy
take oars of the*eelvve, and while pure sock
lieved that in a sitmtion like this it Is better to
than sons at all . It is not believed that any &Mor stocking will
be necessary.
gee far as maaagemert is aonoer ede the only won
the rage has made is that of protection &W resto*ing. Protection
will continue to be of primary impartsn aa,
Plans for future a nagement should include aoopora
*bore this is possible, and refe a ftrawd fce ttd
strategic locations where it is desired to
trate the ids and
a eoepperatar cannot be found . Holding a poroentago of area opencentral burning should be des
trespass stock sitetion is solved, migft
of aeetwo timber, both pine end hardwood should
ti] that predator control is necessary but stray dogs
The grsatsst single contribution to tuAwy e
:
elsin&tIa of the private interior holdings, or at least the e
troablessmra of these, With this done„ the trespass live4stoek e, dogs,
h:~m=m probbn will be autoentic
solved.
2. SH&U2 raw the refvge was first
b
of 1=4 were in a mere or less open edition, A hi en
burn carried
fire over mot of this land on a three or tour
brow edge and other grasses from beam too
e
and sass asturingp
0
after the
0
No figures are available but it iv prob ;-.ble that 3
or 4
*ere
pros" .,
These undoubtedl,_ increased 4th protecti .
control burning was done arA about 100 miles of fir
put in. Based on some ctual census work on
p le plots
sated in the fall of 1942 that there wars 7,
presort .
we are able to determine this is the is actual census work done and
other figures are pure estimat .s .
In the epr ng of 1943 Lamb reduced this figure to
narrative report covering the summer of 1944, Rucker estimates 10,C
a fUwe which seam. high . This vas reduced to about 3100 in the fail
of 1944, cad repeated the figure in the
given !br the summer and fail of 1945
Figures of this sort probably shops vs t
9
e
an fair numbers of quail on the refu e . Reversion has aealay re-
domed the open land by a number of thousands of acres
reflected 3n they gvwi l population . This rever
except en lands artifically t open by fire or other me
sent control burning program is aertaily of considerable benefit to
quails but it is merely slowin do
t stoppings,
woo4 growth .
It is obviously Jj"asible to manage
bee for q all with presort
gums s d persoimel. There will al ys be fair numbers ;pares in the
vicinity of cooperative farming, firebreaks, areas held open,
the present population is certain to decline .
e a
reason to regret this as private land on
i
e
e
continue
good quail shooting and it to doubtful if tee hurting on it a could
go care then pay a mall faction of tbo cost of sang ent.
2, Dves., yes are
The lack ofagrioulture prevent& #ei
ment as planned for Nozubes, little can be done it
titan to give them )rotection.
L. I ortaxit 12=W.- Binds .
i~
r~s wu
double-crested cormorants are present on Blur
and terns of several species are o
suitable habitat, but shore birds are occasionally fort wing
graatien periods. American and snowy egrets, bitterns
gent blue reran, am green herons all occur . wing
becoming numerous *
t
d
There leas been a nesting colony of grea
herons
and this may still be pres .
and american egrets, totaling about 50 nests in the fld
aft' '
the I& W. Bald eagles and ospreys can fr q sntlj
and eagles have been knven to nest there .
F,
t
P
1, 122""Aw ,114928~-
tims of the establishment of the refuge and have i reas rd =UI they
an
sbundant .
2, fts sa ~4inhs1
Mau ease
very hatted numbers* kink, always present, have increased until th q
are rear abuMant on Bluff lake and all major streams * Tars is 00 d*e
finite roe d of otter using the refuge,
watershed of the Noxuhes River $, and sign
otter, her been tbM on the refuge. They ,sill preb b
tinned protection, and any trapping program should exclude this
3 . Svatted andStrippedSkunk. Both are
increased somewhu t pith protection.
4, Red andy Fo ar Both sp of were co
at the time
the refuge was established. An epide
broiwa out in 1940-41, and notes in the
they became scarce until 1944 . Since that year
ed and now occur in ;fair numbers#
aurease and mbar possibly present a problem where turkey
g
t
eonaeroed.
5. Yildpat. Bobcats were rare
9
ore"ed and are ww fairly co h .
turkeys if they beocmae abundant .
6. pmy an# 'Fox$uirrIe Gray squirrels and the big fox
squirrels, var. to Scans ., have ahwa7s been
bas aavred them to increase until they are n
possible to told an$aul hunts for the" aai ,i s
be inadvisable at this time, since it would be d
deer and turkey population now an the ref s
e
. It u be
b
Sae
7.
F..1„M4f &t. .
furnished by the State of MMississaippi
on Lo$kfaaas Qreek. Prior to this rel e,
the State on streams on S .C.S, bend just South of the ref**. No fi#.o
secret are available but there aniaals have i t
sent in every strew of any rise on the refuo an
INA nearby. Some have made their
lodges an ooamen.
pro-
I
i
Beaver are protected b the State and
Is believed that at such time as the ref We ii,
that beaver are sufficiently numerous to be included
can be wade with the State to allow this .
should be trapped heavily,, as beaver in the IMm cc
dike.
Muskrats were present in lilted areaabers in bluff lake end in
son. of the larger strews and stockponda as early as 1 40
Increased and are now a n but not abundant . No houses I*VO
aand they live exclusively in bat* dene. There have already been Instances
of their burrming, in the Bluff lain dike. Ahen trapping permitted,
Bluff lake should be heavily trapiaed for a a a,a rats .
B. ,Rabbits. At the tiM of establishe
were common and rabbits were seldom seen,
bite became common . They are still mousy bit
no
f
d no
d eline of f
seems t
P
again an the increase and will far bably cause a reduation in the nether
of rabbits in the future .
9 .
r
No figures of anyany
the msbsre of a small aarnaaaeeeale present on the refuge, but PArrative reports
show that there had been a steady Increase a s indicated by tracks and
other signs . No special management has been dim tod toward these
lea, but protection has been given theca and it certain hat the ro e
am has a heavy population of fur bearers bbita# and
0 rat-ud rn gsmat might #ndtlude ANIMA al. bunts tar squirrels
wrwissi'to hold these befee doer and turkey have Increased to complete-
ly safe proportions . There isa th
and open *qadivol shooting sould increase the
tation to poach on
other "also .
l boe will never produeee fur to the ate*
n t as the muskrat
marshes of Loufisana, but a sizable catch of fauoe,
as well as some beaver and muskrat
trapping program will be difficult to administer . It say ve
worth less than the cost of administration, but could well be tried
Operlmsata~lly as soon as re
1
point bas been reached. Such a
value as a predator control masure,, bu
eat should be encouraged . In Bluff lake
muskrats should be heavily trapped as a mans of dike protection.
10. R!.Wj, before the
released by the State and 3,C.vo
established,
either p
poachers or were harraseod by dogs and driven off the ar
door were pesant . In the rei.xsteer a 1944,--45 0, the State redeseed 5 d
on the refuge, 3 budks and 2 does . Ac. further mleases have been de
In the stir and fall of 1945 and
trades were frequently seen aids in s ..ma instances - the
selves . It is estimated that there are no about 50 present on OR
refuge. These are not rrc.esarily inereases fm the 5 released but
are thought to be deer that drifted into the area from the sauthomst
part of
bee count This gives t refuge a residual stocking
which should be sufffioiert .
Anther releases are t
h
The refuge is no in splendid +aonditi for dear.
are sbvMaz t . Protection is nor* aeo
b
ful It paredation is a manses . Mamg nt sho
the eliwdnstices of the interior holdings sofa the rot**,
the most troublesome of these. This will solve the problem of troops"
0
b
h~3mans, dogs, and livestock,
Livestock, especially hogs, are detrimental
wild hogs living off the land will . kill and *at our fa
timber cutting arxl ccntrol bumming programs
dear. A percentage of the refuge should be kept open in
cooperative farming should be encouraged. Food patches should be placed
in strategic areas and artificial salt licks established to help keep the
deer off private land . If money mod labor are available the removal of
old wire fences an the filling in of old well
hazards .
33, . fka#- Fish are present in all suitable waters on the refuge,
tams fish include large -mouth bass,
game fish are represented by tarp, s
and others . Excellent fishing was to be hsk
mutt was made whereby the college
sits and retained the revenue . This
years until management wee transferr
d
he
t
S
us,
"a
0
u
issuance of f
Game and Fish Department - the present arrangement,,
the refuge are closed to fishing except Bluff Sa a and
"sums certain responsibility in mintaining grounds the dike
spillway,, In return for which they retain all re
While still fair, fishing in the lake has become progres
though the ysqrs . It is believed that this is due to an
ratio of game and non-game fish . There is heavy games
ospt for some trotlining for catfish
supervised netting would probably be beneficial in removing
a.
e e
.
Management of other Refuge
certain streams and ponds to pubs. 3
fore with deer and turkey.
the larger ponds ehich have no fish at the
those presort and subsequent restocking
only a tow large predatory
12. T„ 'bar. The Soil ana ation Service
same tibber
off the refuge prior to 1940, but no Umber cutting, had been &ne by tbo
Service until the spring of 1946. To this date one cattin unit has
been completed and approzi tely 1,#000# bdft. ed. Ono portable
mill is operating on the rot e .
Present plans call for lo, ing of pine only on all the "
timbered parts of the area, It Is esti mt ad that a total of 1,,000 000
5,00A„000 Met, can be rimed and that the esen
a
take approximately 3 years to complete . About one-third of the a
in oaah stand are taken and these are ma
Selectively b
stumps are laept low and the tree is
This actually amounts to little more than sa
detective ,# leaning, suppressed, and ove
should not nterially affect the composition of the forest a
prove the stand . Byr nitt1ng more light udh auttin
dew mum
.
The present deer and turkey
sereeunt of food and saver so vast Abe
ro
esent,
de the e
ee
nd
a
0
0
little effect. In times, populations, vo increased to s
tit tow and cover a e being fully utilized the sameament of the forest
will have a profound offset, Future plans should
II.
pulp wood from dine stanch of young
scattered blocks to bring in brush for deer use,
woods in the bottoms„ mid the Leaving of open stands of Umber an both
bottais and uplands tar turkey range . sacral )*rdw c s shod be
f9rvred over pines because of their great*
Timber will be one of the primary tea s of the
eat of
Noaeubes. Properly us d, it should net suffide returns through
years be offset the cost of refuge
lots for a splendid daaonstraticn of the joint swagown
tbrest gars .
SLUURT AND COMMAS*
In its early years the situation at
a was dished .
img&14 we could assume only partial w
such confusion end duplication in man
nt. Law s 'or
t
asst
datant. Squatters lived hogees
The losation at boundaries could oWy be approximated, and th
head of trespass livestock raaed at will. Cam was s and trapped
with i ittle regard for place or s*as ;
sareage each year . Rx"pt for quail and such mammals gsme was pro-
sent. There was doubt in the minds of all concerned whether - es
could ever be a refuge in fact .
The situation is still far a ideal but it is eertain that pro-
gress has boon made. Administration is
cei tered under the
ramps eat. The squatters are gene .
ecstroled and the annual burn grea
situation 3s still acme, but has certainly b
lationw have improved and poaching is far lose than over before .
tina
.
' se Imiproresente have been
Turksy a a ad dear, virtually zistent bsfc s, are noe promt. in
fair marbars. Beaver have boon stocked and have Increased prodigiously,
The initial popuL-tion of ell awwasU has
lake, once abet devoid of aquatic vegota
is ncAar good habitat and shelters a
sideral-Is
owl Certainly, the picture is bs ter than
The personnel of the retw a have so
ocansMsre ble handicap. Before the object
aahievd, these handloaps must be .
pletios of Use survey of the exterior boundaries
ing of th, boundaries of the interior holdings,
the pur4has
these, o r Itt least the vaarst of these
lirastoak and dog situation not be bro
a
,,or of
ae
Wd . Bluff
0
w
0
sets of the boundaries of the refuge be sade with 8.
State College. When these tags are done Mambo* *an take US
proper Plaos a
the better refuges of