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Blessed Teresa of Calcutta, M.C.

Mother Teresa at a pro-life meeting in 1986 in

Bonn, West Germany

Religion Roman Catholic

Order Sisters of Loreto

(1928–1948)

Missionaries of Charity

(1950–1997)

Personal

Nationality Indian

Born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu

26 August 1910

Skopje, Ottoman Empire

Died 5 September 1997 (aged 87)

Calcutta, West Bengal, India

Senior posting

Title Superior General

Period in office 1950–1997

Successor Sister Nirmala Joshi, M.C.

Blessed Teresa of Calcutta, M.C.

Mother TeresaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Blessed Teresa of Calcutta, M.C.,[1] commonlyknown as Mother Teresa (26 August 1910 – 5 September1997), was an Albanian born, Indian Roman CatholicReligious Sister.

Mother Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity, aRoman Catholic religious congregation, which in 2012consisted of over 4,500 sisters and is active in 133 countries.They run hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS,leprosy and tuberculosis; soup kitchens; children's and familycounseling programmes; orphanages; and schools. Membersof the order must adhere to the vows of chastity, poverty andobedience, and the fourth vow, to give "Wholehearted andFree service to the poorest of the poor".

Mother Teresa was the recipient of numerous honoursincluding the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize. In late 2003, she wasbeatified, the third step toward possible sainthood, giving herthe title "Blessed Teresa of Calcutta". A second miraclecredited to her intercession is required before she can be

recognised as a saint by the Catholic Church.[1] Admired andrespected by many, she has also been accused of failing toprovide medical care or painkillers, misusing charitablemoney, and maintaining positive relationships with

dictators.[2][3]

Contents

1 Early life

2 Missionaries of Charity

3 International charity

4 Declining health and death

5 Recognition and reception

5.1 In India

5.2 In the rest of the world

5.3 Criticism

6 Spiritual life7 Miracle and beatification

8 Legacy and depictions in popular culture

8.1 Commemoration

8.2 Film and literature

9 See also

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Bl. Mother Teresa Statue in St. Thomas Mount

Honored

in

Catholic Church

(Missionaries of Charity and India)

Beatified 19 October 2003, St. Peter's Basilica,

Vatican City, by Pope John Paul II

Major

shrine

Mother House of the Missionaries of

Charity, Calcutta (Kolkata), West

Bengal, India

Feast 5 September

Patronage World Youth Day

Memorial House of Mother Teresa, in

her native Skopje.

10 Notes

11 References

12 Further reading

13 External links

Early life

She was bornAnjezë GonxheBojaxhiu

(Albanian: [aˈɲɛs

ˈɡɔɲdʒa bɔja

ˈdʒiu]) (gonxhameaning "rosebud"or "little flower" inAlbanian) on 26August 1910. Sheconsidered 27August, the day

she was baptised, to be her "true birthday".[4] Her birthplacewas Skopje, now capital of the Republic of Macedonia, but

at the time part of the Ottoman Empire.[4][5]

She was the youngest of the children of Nikollë and Dranafile

Bojaxhiu (Bernai).[6] Her father, who was involved inAlbanian politics, died in 1919 when she was eight years

old.[4][7] After her father's death, her mother raised her as a

Roman Catholic. Her father, Nikollë Bojaxhiu was possibly from Prizren, Kosovo[a] while her mother was possibly

from a village near Đakovica, Kosovo.[8]

According to a biography by Joan Graff Clucas, in her early years Agnes was fascinated by stories of the lives ofmissionaries and their service in Bengal, and by age 12 was convinced that she should commit herself to a religious

life.[9] Her final resolution was taken on 15 August 1928, while praying at the shrine of the Black Madonna of

Letnice, where she often went on pilgrimage.[10]

She left home at age 18 to join the Sisters of Loreto as a missionary. She never again saw her mother or sister.[11]

Agnes initially went to the Loreto Abbey in Rathfarnham, Ireland, to learn English, the language the Sisters of

Loreto used to teach school children in India.[12] She arrived in India in 1929, and began her novitiate in Darjeeling,

near the Himalayan mountains,[13] where she learnt Bengali and taught at the St. Teresa’s School, a schoolhouse

close to her convent.[14] She took her first religious vows as a nun on 24 May 1931. At that time she chose to be

named after Thérèse de Lisieux, the patron saint of missionaries,[15][16] but because one nun in the convent had

already chosen that name, Agnes opted for the Spanish spelling Teresa.[17]

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Missionaries of charity with

the traditional sari.

She took her solemn vows on 14 May 1937, while serving as a teacher at the Loreto convent school in Entally,

eastern Calcutta.[4][18][19] Teresa served there for almost twenty years and in 1944 was appointed

headmistress.[20]

Although Teresa enjoyed teaching at the school, she was increasingly disturbed by the poverty surrounding her in

Calcutta (Kolkata).[21] The Bengal famine of 1943 brought misery and death to the city; and the outbreak of

Hindu/Muslim violence in August 1946 plunged the city into despair and horror.[22]

Missionaries of Charity

Main article: Missionaries of Charity

On 10 September 1946, Teresa experienced what she later described as "the callwithin the call" while travelling by train to the Loreto convent in Darjeeling fromCalcutta for her annual retreat. "I was to leave the convent and help the poorwhile living among them. It was an order. To fail would have been to break the

faith."[23] As one author later noted, "Though no one knew it at the time, Sister

Teresa had just become Mother Teresa".[24]

She began her missionary work with the poor in 1948, replacing her traditionalLoreto habit with a simple white cotton sari decorated with a blue border.Mother Teresa adopted Indian citizenship, spent a few months in Patna to receivea basic medical training in the Holy Family Hospital and then ventured out into

the slums.[25][26] Initially she started a school in Motijhil (Calcutta); soon she

started tending to the needs of the destitute and starving.[27] In the beginning of1949 she was joined in her effort by a group of young women and laid the

foundations to create a new religious community helping the "poorest among the poor" .

Her efforts quickly caught the attention of Indian officials, including the prime minister, who expressed his

appreciation.[28]

Teresa wrote in her diary that her first year was fraught with difficulties. She had no income and had to resort tobegging for food and supplies. Teresa experienced doubt, loneliness and the temptation to return to the comfort ofconvent life during these early months. She wrote in her diary:

Our Lord wants me to be a free nun covered with the poverty of the cross. Today I learned a goodlesson. The poverty of the poor must be so hard for them. While looking for a home I walked andwalked till my arms and legs ached. I thought how much they must ache in body and soul, looking for

a home, food and health. Then the comfort of Loreto [her former order] came to tempt me. 'You have

only to say the word and all that will be yours again,' the Tempter kept on saying ... Of free choice,

my God, and out of love for you, I desire to remain and do whatever be your Holy will in my regard. I

did not let a single tear come.[29]

Teresa received Vatican permission on 7 October 1950 to start the diocesan congregation that would become the

Missionaries of Charity.[30] Its mission was to care for, in her own words, "the hungry, the naked, the homeless, thecrippled, the blind, the lepers, all those people who feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society, peoplethat have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone."

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2005 Image of Mother Teresa's Home

for the Dying, Nirmal Hriday, in

Kolkata.

It began as a small order with 13 members in Calcutta; by 1997 it had grown to more than 4,000 sisters runningorphanages, AIDS hospices and charity centres worldwide, and caring for refugees, the blind, disabled, aged,

alcoholics, the poor and homeless, and victims of floods, epidemics, and famine.[31]

In 1952 Mother Teresa opened the first Home for the Dying in spacemade available by the city of Calcutta (Kolkata). With the help of Indianofficials she converted an abandoned Hindu temple into the KalighatHome for the Dying, a free hospice for the poor. She renamed it

Kalighat, the Home of the Pure Heart (Nirmal Hriday).[32] Those broughtto the home received medical attention and were afforded theopportunity to die with dignity, according to the rituals of their faith;Muslims were read the Quran, Hindus received water from the Ganges,

and Catholics received the Last Rites.[33] "A beautiful death," she said,"is for people who lived like animals to die like angels—loved and

wanted."[33]

Mother Teresa soon opened a home for those suffering from Hansen'sdisease, commonly known as leprosy, and called the hospice Shanti

Nagar (City of Peace).[34] The Missionaries of Charity also established several leprosy outreach clinics throughout

Calcutta, providing medication, bandages and food.[35]

As the Missionaries of Charity took in increasing numbers of lost children, Mother Teresa felt the need to create ahome for them. In 1955 she opened the Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, the Children's Home of the Immaculate Heart, as

a haven for orphans and homeless youth.[36]

The congregation soon began to attract both recruits and charitable donations, and by the 1960s had openedhospices, orphanages and leper houses all over India. Mother Teresa then expanded the order throughout the

globe. Its first house outside India opened in Venezuela in 1965 with five sisters.[37] Others followed in Rome,Tanzania, and Austria in 1968; during the 1970s the order opened houses and foundations in dozens of countries in

Asia, Africa, Europe and the United States.[38]

The Missionaries of Charity Brothers was founded in 1963, and a contemplative branch of the Sisters followed in1976. Lay Catholics and non-Catholics were enrolled in the Co-Workers of Mother Teresa, the Sick and SufferingCo-Workers, and the Lay Missionaries of Charity. In answer to the requests of many priests, in 1981 Mother

Teresa also began the Corpus Christi Movement for Priests,[39] and in 1984 founded with Fr. Joseph Langford the

Missionaries of Charity Fathers[40] to combine the vocational aims of the Missionaries of Charity with the resourcesof the ministerial priesthood. By 2007 the Missionaries of Charity numbered approximately 450 brothers and 5,000

sisters worldwide, operating 600 missions, schools and shelters in 120 countries.[41]

International charity

Mother Teresa said "By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my

calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus."[42]

In 1982, at the height of the Siege of Beirut, Mother Teresa rescued 37 children trapped in a front line hospital by

brokering a temporary cease-fire between the Israeli army and Palestinian guerrillas.[43] Accompanied by Red

Cross workers, she travelled through the war zone to the devastated hospital to evacuate the young patients.[44]

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When Eastern Europe experienced increased openness in the late 1980s, she expanded her efforts to Communistcountries that had previously rejected the Missionaries of Charity, embarking on dozens of projects. She wasundeterred by criticism about her firm stand against abortion and divorce stating, "No matter who says what, youshould accept it with a smile and do your own work." She visited the Soviet republic of Armenia following the 1988

Spitak earthquake,[45] and met with Nikolai Ryzhkov, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers.[46]

Mother Teresa travelled to assist and minister to the hungry in Ethiopia, radiation victims at Chernobyl, and

earthquake victims in Armenia.[47][48][49] In 1991, Mother Teresa returned for the first time to her homeland andopened a Missionaries of Charity Brothers home in Tirana, Albania.

By 1996, Mother Teresa was operating 517 missions in more than 100 countries.[50] Over the years, MotherTeresa's Missionaries of Charity grew from twelve to thousands serving the "poorest of the poor" in 450 centresaround the world. The first Missionaries of Charity home in the United States was established in the South Bronx,

New York; by 1984 the order operated 19 establishments throughout the country.[51] Mother Teresa was fluent in

five languages: Bengali,[52] Albanian, Serbo-Croatian, English, and Hindi.[53]

Declining health and death

Mother Teresa suffered a heart attack in Rome in 1983, while visiting Pope John Paul II. After a second attack in1989, she received an artificial pacemaker. In 1991, after a battle with pneumonia while in Mexico, she sufferedfurther heart problems. She offered to resign her position as head of the Missionaries of Charity, but the sisters ofthe order, in a secret ballot, voted for her to stay. Mother Teresa agreed to continue her work as head of the

order.[54]

In April 1996, Mother Teresa fell and broke her collar bone. In August she suffered from malaria and failure of theleft heart ventricle. She had heart surgery but it was clear that her health was declining. The Archbishop of Calcutta,Henry Sebastian D'Souza, said he ordered a priest to perform an exorcism on Mother Teresa with her permission

when she was first hospitalised with cardiac problems because he thought she may be under attack by the devil.[55]

On 13 March 1997, she stepped down from the head of Missionaries of Charity. She died on 5 September

1997.[56]

At the time of her death, Mother Teresa's Missionaries of Charity had over 4,000 sisters, and an associated

brotherhood of 300 members, operating 610 missions in 123 countries.[57] These included hospices and homes forpeople with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis, soup kitchens, children's and family counselling programs,personal helpers, orphanages, and schools. The Missionaries of Charity were also aided by Co-Workers, who

numbered over 1 million by the 1990s.[58]

Mother Teresa lay in repose in St Thomas, Kolkata for one week prior to her funeral, in September 1997. She was

granted a state funeral by the Indian government in gratitude for her services to the poor of all religions in India.[59]

Her death was mourned in both secular and religious communities. In tribute, Nawaz Sharif, the Prime Minister ofPakistan said that she was "a rare and unique individual who lived long for higher purposes. Her life-long devotionto the care of the poor, the sick, and the disadvantaged was one of the highest examples of service to our

humanity."[60] The former U.N. Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar said: "She is the United Nations. She is

peace in the world."[60]

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President Ronald Reagan presents

Mother Teresa with the Presidential

Medal of Freedom at a White House

ceremony, 1985

Recognition and reception

In India

Mother Teresa had first been recognised by the Indian government more than a third of a century earlier when shewas awarded the Padma Shri in 1962 and the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in

1969.[61] She continued to receive major Indian awards in subsequent years, including India's highest civilian

award, the Bharat Ratna, in 1980.[62] Her official biography was written by an Indian civil servant, Navin Chawla,

and published in 1992.[63]

On 28 August 2010, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of her birth, the government of India issued a special 5Rupee coin, being the sum she first arrived in India with. President Pratibha Patil said of Mother Teresa, "Clad in awhite sari with a blue border, she and the sisters of Missionaries of Charity became a symbol of hope to many – the

aged, the destitute, the unemployed, the diseased, the terminally ill, and those abandoned by their families.[64]

Indian views on Mother Teresa were not uniformly favourable. Her critic Aroup Chatterjee, who was born andraised in Calcutta but lived in London, reports that "she was not a significant entity in Calcutta in her lifetime".Chatterjee blames Mother Teresa for promoting a negative image of Calcutta, exaggerating the work done by her

Mission, and misusing the funds and privileges at her disposal.[65] Her presence and profile grated in parts of theIndian political world, as she often opposed the Hindu Right. The Bharatiya Janata Party clashed with her over theChristian Dalits, but praised her in death, sending a representative to her funeral. The Vishwa Hindu Parishad, onthe other hand, opposed the government's decision to grant her a state funeral. Its secretary Giriraj Kishore saidthat "her first duty was to the Church and social service was incidental" and accused her of favouring Christians and

conducting "secret baptisms" of the dying.[66][67] But, in its front page tribute, the Indian fortnightly Frontlinedismissed these charges as "patently false" and said that they had "made no impact on the public perception of herwork, especially in Calcutta". Although praising her "selfless caring", energy and bravery, the author of the tributewas critical of Mother Teresa's public campaigning against abortion and that she claimed to be non-political when

doing so.[68]

In the rest of the world

In 1962, Mother Teresa received the Philippines-based RamonMagsaysay Award for International Understanding, given for work inSouth or East Asia. The citation said that "the Board of Trusteesrecognizes her merciful cognizance of the abject poor of a foreign land, in

whose service she has led a new congregation".[69] By the early 1970s,Mother Teresa had become an international celebrity. Her fame can be in

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large part attributed to the 1969 documentary Something Beautiful for God, which was filmed by MalcolmMuggeridge and his 1971 book of the same title. Muggeridge was undergoing a spiritual journey of his own at the

time.[70] During the filming of the documentary, footage taken in poor lighting conditions, particularly the Home forthe Dying, was thought unlikely to be of usable quality by the crew. After returning from India, however, the footagewas found to be extremely well lit. Muggeridge claimed this was a miracle of "divine light" from Mother Teresa

herself.[71] Others in the crew thought it was due to a new type of ultra-sensitive Kodak film.[72] Muggeridge laterconverted to Catholicism.

Around this time, the Catholic world began to honour Mother Teresa publicly. In 1971, Paul VI awarded her thefirst Pope John XXIII Peace Prize, commending her for her work with the poor, display of Christian charity and

efforts for peace.[73] She later received the Pacem in Terris Award (1976).[74] Since her death, Mother Teresa hasprogressed rapidly along the steps towards sainthood, currently having reached the stage of having been beatified.

Mother Teresa was honoured by both governments and civilian organisations. She was appointed an honorary

Companion of the Order of Australia in 1982, "for service to the community of Australia and humanity at large."[75]

The United Kingdom and the United States each repeatedly granted awards, culminating in the Order of Merit in1983, and honorary citizenship of the United States received on 16 November 1996. Mother Teresa's Albanian

homeland granted her the Golden Honour of the Nation in 1994.[68] Her acceptance of this and another honourgranted by the Haitian government proved controversial. Mother Teresa attracted criticism from a number ofpeople for implicitly giving support to the Duvaliers and to corrupt businessmen such as Charles Keating and

Robert Maxwell. In Keating's case she wrote to the judge of his trial asking for clemency to be shown.[68][76]

Universities in both the West and in India granted her honorary degrees.[68] Other civilian awards include the

Balzan Prize for promoting humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples (1978),[77] and the Albert Schweitzer

International Prize (1975).[78]

In 1979, Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, "for work undertaken in the struggle to overcomepoverty and distress, which also constitutes a threat to peace." She refused the conventional ceremonial banquet

given to laureates, and asked that the $192,000 funds be given to the poor in India,[79] stating that earthly rewardswere important only if they helped her help the world's needy. When Mother Teresa received the prize, she wasasked, "What can we do to promote world peace?" She answered "Go home and love your family." Building onthis theme in her Nobel Lecture, she said: "Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the povertyof the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plateof rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feelsunwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society—that poverty is so hurtable [sic]and so much, and I find that very difficult." She also singled out abortion as 'the greatest destroyer of peace in the

world'.[80]

During her lifetime, Mother Teresa was named 18 times in the yearly Gallup's most admired man and woman pollas one of the ten women around the world that Americans admired most, finishing first several times in the 1980s

and 1990s.[81] In 1999, a poll of Americans ranked her first in Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the

20th Century.[82] In that survey, she out-polled all other volunteered answers by a wide margin, and was in first

place in all major demographic categories except the very young.[82][83]

Criticism

Main article: Criticism of Mother Teresa

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Towards the end of her life, Mother Teresa attracted some negative attention in the Western media. The journalistChristopher Hitchens was one of her most active critics. He was commissioned to co-write and narrate thedocumentary Hell's Angel about her for the British Channel 4 after Aroup Chatterjee encouraged the making of

such a programme, although Chatterjee was unhappy with the "sensationalist approach" of the final product.[65]

Hitchens expanded his criticism in a 1995 book, The Missionary Position.[84]

Chatterjee writes that while she was alive Mother Teresa and her official biographers refused to collaborate with hisown investigations and that she failed to defend herself against critical coverage in the Western press. He gives asexamples a report in The Guardian in Britain whose "stringent (and quite detailed) attack on conditions in her

orphanages ... [include] charges of gross neglect and physical and emotional abuse",[85] and another documentary

Mother Teresa: Time for Change? broadcast in several European countries.[65]

The German magazine Stern published a critical article on the first anniversary of Mother Teresa's death. Thisconcerned allegations regarding financial matters and the spending of donations. The medical press has also

published criticism of her, arising from very different outlooks and priorities on patients' needs.[76] Other critics

include Tariq Ali of the New Left Review and the Irish investigative journalist Donal MacIntyre.[84]

She has also been criticised for her view on suffering. She felt that suffering would bring people closer to Jesus.[2][3]

Sanal Edamaruku, President of Rationalist International, criticised the failure to give painkillers, writing that in herHomes for the Dying, one could "hear the screams of people having maggots tweezered from their open woundswithout pain relief. On principle, strong painkillers were not administered even in severe cases. According toMother Teresa's philosophy, it is 'the most beautiful gift for a person that he can participate in the sufferings of

Christ'."[86][87][88]

The quality of care offered to terminally ill patients in the Homes for the Dying has been criticised in the medicalpress. The Lancet and the British Medical Journal reported the reuse of hypodermic needles, poor livingconditions, including the use of cold baths for all patients, and an approach to illness and suffering that precluded the

use of many elements of modern medical care, such as systematic diagnosis.[76] Dr. Robin Fox, editor of TheLancet, described the medical care as "haphazard", as volunteers without medical knowledge had to makedecisions about patient care, because of the lack of doctors. He observed that her order did not distinguishbetween curable and incurable patients, so that people who could otherwise survive would be at risk of dying frominfections and lack of treatment. Dr. Fox makes it a point to contrast the term "hospice", on the one hand, with whathe calls "Mother Teresa's Care for the Dying" on the other hand; noting that, while hospice emphasises minimisingsuffering with professional medical care and attention to expressed needs and wishes of the patient, her approach

does not.[89]

Colette Livermore, a former Missionary of Charity, describes her reasons for leaving the order in her book HopeEndures: Leaving Mother Teresa, Losing Faith, and Searching for Meaning. Livermore found what she calledMother Teresa's "theology of suffering" to be flawed, despite being a good and courageous person. Though MotherTeresa instructed her followers on the importance of spreading the Gospel through actions rather than theologicallessons, Livermore could not reconcile this with some of the practices of the organization. Examples she givesinclude unnecessarily refusing to help the needy when they approached the sisters at the wrong time according tothe prescribed schedule, discouraging sisters from seeking medical training to deal with the illnesses theyencountered (with the justification that God empowers the weak and ignorant), and imposition of "unjust"punishments, such as being transferred away from friends. Livermore says that the Missionaries of Charity"infantilized" its sisters by prohibiting the reading of secular books and newspapers, and emphasizing obedience

over independent thinking and problem-solving.[90]

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Plaque dedicated to Mother Teresa,

Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech

Republic.

Hitchens and Stern have said Mother Teresa did not focus donated money on alleviating poverty or improving the

conditions of her hospices, but on opening new convents and increasing missionary work.[91] Mother Teresaaccepted donations from the autocratic and corrupt Duvalier family in Haiti and openly praised them. She accepted$1.25 million from Charles Keating, involved in the fraud and corruption scheme known as the Keating Fivescandal. The Deputy District Attorney for Los Angeles, Paul Turley, wrote to Mother Teresa asking her to returnthe donated money to the people Keating had stolen from, one of whom was "a poor carpenter". The donated

money was not accounted for, and Turley did not receive a reply.[92]

Spiritual life

Analyzing her deeds and achievements, John Paul II asked: "Where did Mother Teresa find the strength andperseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent

contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart."[93] Privately, Mother Teresa experienced doubtsand struggles over her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years until the end of her life, during which "she felt nopresence of God whatsoever", "neither in her heart or in the eucharist" as put by her postulator Rev. Brian

Kolodiejchuk.[94] Mother Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith:

Where is my faith? Even deep down ... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness ... If there be God

—please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptinessthat those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul ... How painful is this unknown

pain—I have no Faith. Repulsed, empty, no faith, no love, no zeal, ... What do I labor for? If there be

no God, there can be no soul. If there be no soul then, Jesus, You also are not true.[95]

With reference to the above words, the Rev. Brian Kolodiejchuk, herpostulator (the official responsible for gathering the evidence for hersanctification) said he thought that some might misinterpret her meaning,but her faith that God was working through her remained undiminished,and that while she pined for the lost sentiment of closeness with God, she

did not question his existence.[96] and that she may have experiencedsomething similar to what is believed of Jesus Christ when crucified whowas heard to say "Eli Eli lama sabachthani?" which is translated to "MyGod, My God, why have you forsaken me?" Brian Kolodiejchuk, drewcomparisons to the 16th century mystic St. John of the Cross, who

coined the term the "dark night of the soul".[70] Many other saints hadsimilar experiences of spiritual dryness, or what Catholics believe to bespiritual tests ("passive purifications"), such as Mother Teresa'snamesake, St. Therese of Lisieux, who called it a "night of

nothingness."[96] Contrary to the mistaken belief by some that the doubtsshe expressed would be an impediment to canonisation, just the opposite

is true; it is very consistent with the experience of canonised mystics.[96]

Mother Teresa described, after ten years of doubt, a short period of renewed faith. At the time of the death ofPope Pius XII in the fall of 1958, praying for him at a requiem mass, she said she had been relieved of "the longdarkness: that strange suffering." However, five weeks later, she described returning to her difficulties in

believing.[97]

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Mother Teresa wrote many letters to her confessors and superiors over a 66-year period. She had asked that her

letters be destroyed, concerned that "people will think more of me—less of Jesus."[70][98] However, despite this

request, the correspondences have been compiled in Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light (Doubleday).[70][99] Inone publicly released letter to a spiritual confidant, the Rev. Michael van der Peet, she wrote, "Jesus has a veryspecial love for you. [But] as for me, the silence and the emptiness is so great, that I look and do not see,—Listenand do not hear—the tongue moves [in prayer] but does not speak ... I want you to pray for me—that I let Himhave [a] free hand."

Many news outlets have referred to Mother Teresa's writings as an indication of a "crisis of faith."[100] ChristopherHitchens wrote: "So, which is the more striking: that the faithful should bravely confront the fact that one of theirheroines all but lost her own faith, or that the Church should have gone on deploying, as an icon of favorable

publicity, a confused old lady who it knew had for all practical purposes ceased to believe?"[97]

In his first encyclical Deus Caritas Est, Benedict XVI mentioned Teresa of Calcutta three times and he also usedher life to clarify one of his main points of the encyclical. "In the example of Blessed Teresa of Calcutta we have aclear illustration of the fact that time devoted to God in prayer not only does not detract from effective and loving

service to our neighbour but is in fact the inexhaustible source of that service."[101] Mother Teresa specified that "It

is only by mental prayer and spiritual reading that we can cultivate the gift of prayer."[102]

Although there was no direct connection between Mother Teresa's order and the Franciscan orders, she was

known as a great admirer of St. Francis of Assisi.[103] Accordingly, her influence and life show influences ofFranciscan spirituality. The Sisters of Charity recite the peace prayer of St. Francis every morning during

thanksgiving after Communion and many of the vows and emphasis of her ministry are similar.[103] St. Francisemphasised poverty, chastity, obedience and submission to Christ. He also devoted much of his own life to serviceof the poor, especially lepers in the area where he lived.

Miracle and beatification

After Mother Teresa's death in 1997, the Holy See began the process of beatification, the third step towardpossible canonisation. This process requires the documentation of a miracle performed from the intercession of

Mother Teresa.[104]

In 2002, the Vatican recognised as a miracle the healing of a tumor in the abdomen of an Indian woman, MonicaBesra, after the application of a locket containing Mother Teresa's picture. Besra said that a beam of light emanatedfrom the picture, curing the cancerous tumor. Critics—including some of Besra's medical staff and, initially, Besra's

husband—said that conventional medical treatment had eradicated the tumor.[105] Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, who toldThe New York Times he had treated Besra, said that the cyst was not cancer at all but a cyst caused by

tuberculosis. He said, "It was not a miracle.... She took medicines for nine months to one year."[106] According to

Besra's husband, "My wife was cured by the doctors and not by any miracle."[107]

An opposing perspective of the claim is that Besra's medical records contain sonograms, prescriptions, andphysicians' notes that could prove whether the cure was a miracle or not. Besra has claimed that Sister Betta of theMissionaries of Charity is holding them. The publication has received a "no comments" statement from Sister Betta.The officials at the Balurghat Hospital where Besra was seeking medical treatment have claimed that they are being

pressured by the Catholic order to declare the cure a miracle.[107]

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Tirana International Airport Nënë

Tereza.

German stamp commemorating the

100th year from her birth (2010),

having her quote : » Poverty was not

created by God. It is we who have

caused it, you and I through our

egotism.«

In the process of examining Teresa's suitability for beatification and canonisation, the Roman Curia (the Vatican)pored over a great deal of documentation of published and unpublished criticism of her life and work. Vaticanofficials say Hitchens's allegations have been investigated by the agency charged with such matters, theCongregation for the Causes of Saints, and they found no obstacle to Mother Teresa's beatification. Because of the

attacks she has received, some Catholic writers have called her a sign of contradiction.[108] The beatification of

Mother Teresa took place on 19 October 2003, thereby bestowing on her the title "Blessed."[109] A secondmiracle is required for her to proceed to canonisation.

Legacy and depictions in popular culture

Commemoration

Main article: Commemorations of Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa inspired a variety of commemorations. She has beenmemorialised through museums, been named patroness of variouschurches, and had various structures and roads named after her, includingAlbania's international airport. Mother Teresa Day (Dita e NënëTerezës) on 19 October is a public holiday in Albania. In 2009 theMemorial House of Mother Teresa was opened in her hometownSkopje, in the Republic of Macedonia. The cathedral of Pristina, inKosovo, currently under construction, was dedicated in her honour aswell.

Mother Teresa Women's University,[110] Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, hasbeen established in 1984 as a public university by government of TamilNadu, India.

Mother Theresa Post Graduate and Research Institute of Health

Sciences,[111] Pondicherry has been established in 1999 by Governmentof Puducherry, India.

Various tributes have been published in Indian newspapers andmagazines written by her biographer, Navin

Chawla.[112][113][114][115][116][117][118]

Indian Railways introduced a new train, "Mother Express", named after

Mother Teresa, on 26 August 2010 to mark her birth centenary.[119]

The Tamil Nadu State government organised centenary celebrations ofMother Teresa on 4 December 2010 in Chennai, headed by Tamil Nadu

chief minister M Karunanidhi.[120][121]

Film and literature

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Mother Teresa is the subject of the 1969 documentary film and 1972 book Something Beautiful for God, a 1997Art Film Festival award winning film starring Geraldine Chaplin called Mother Teresa: In the Name of God'sPoor, a 2003 Italian miniseries titled Mother Teresa of Calcutta, (which was re-released in 2007 and received aCAMIE award,) and was portrayed by Megan Fox in a satirical film-within-a-film in the 2007 movie How to Lose

Friends and Alienate People.[122] Hitchens' 1994 documentary about her, Hell's Angel, claims that she urged the

poor to accept their fate, while the rich are portrayed as being favoured by God.[123][124]

See also

List of female Nobel laureates

Notes

a. ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Serbia and the self-proclaimed Republic ofKosovo. The latter declared independence on 17 February 2008, but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its ownsovereign territory. Kosovo's independence has been recognised by 103 out of 193 United Nations member states.

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116. ^ "In the shadow of a saint " (http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/10/04/stories/2003100401101000.htm).Hinduonnet.com. 4 October 2003. Retrieved 24 August 2010.

117. ^ Navin Chawla (11 April 2008). "Mission Possible"(http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Mission+possible/1/6961.html). Indiatoday.digitaltoday.in. Retrieved 24 August2010.

118. ^ "Mother Teresa and the joy of giving" (http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/26/stories/2008082655280900.htm).Chennai, India: Hindu.com. 26 August 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2011.

119. ^ ""Mother Express" to be launched on Aug 26" (http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/mother-express-to-be-launched-on-aug-26/194494.html). IBN Live. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2010.

120. ^ "Centre could have done more for Mother Teresa: Karunanidhi" (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-04/india/28234679_1_hand-pulled-rickshaws-m-karunanidhi). The Times of India. 4 December 2010.

121. ^ "Centenary Celebrations of Mother Teresa" (http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article166821.ece). TheNew Indian Express. 5 December 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2011.

122. ^ "Megan Fox Mother Teresa Pictures" (http://www.popcrunch.com/megan-fox-mother-teresa-pictures-how-to-lose-friends-and-alienate-people/). Pop Crunch. 9 August 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2011.

123. ^ "Mother Teresa Dies" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/news/09/0905/teresa.shtml). BBC.

124. ^ "Seeker of Souls" (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,138292,00.html?iid=chix-sphere). Time.24 June 2001. Retrieved 4 May 2010.

Further reading

Alpion, Gezim. Mother Teresa: Saint or Celebrity?. London: Routledge Press, 2007. ISBN 0-415-39247-0Benenate, Becky and Joseph Durepos (eds). Mother Teresa: No Greater Love (Fine Communications, 2000) ISBN1-56731-401-5Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001). "Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism"(http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/09/04/mother.theresa.exorcism/index.html). CNN.comWorld. Retrieved 23 October 2006.Chatterjee, Aroup. Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict (Meteor Books, 2003). ISBN 81-88248-00-2, introductionand first three chapters of fourteen (without pictures) (http://www.meteorbooks.com/index.html). Criticalexamination of Agnes Bojaxhiu's life and work.Chawla, Navin. Mother Teresa. Rockport, Mass: Element Books, 1996. ISBN 1-85230-911-3Chawla, Navin. Mother Teresa: The Authorized Biography, Diane Pub Co. (March 1992), ISBN 978-0-7567-5548-5.Chawla, Navin. The miracle of faith, article in the Hindu dated 25 August 2007 " The miracle of faith"(http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/25/stories/2007082554761400.htm)Chawla, Navin. Touch the Poor... – article in India Today dated 15 September 1997 " Touch the Poor..."(http://india-today.com/itoday/15091997/navin.html)Chawla, Navin. The path to Sainthood, article in The Hindu dated Saturday, 4 October 2003 " The path toSainthood " (http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/10/04/stories/2003100401101000.htm)Chawla, Navin. In the shadow of a saint, article in The Indian Express dated September, 05, 2007 " In the shadowof a saint " (http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/10/04/stories/2003100401101000.htm)Chawla, Navin. Mother Teresa and the joy of giving, article in The Hindu dated 26 August 2008 " Mother Teresaand the joy of giving" (http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/26/stories/2008082655280900.htm)Clucas, Joan. Mother Teresa. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. ISBN 1-55546-855-1Dwivedi, Brijal. Mother Teresa: Woman of the CenturyGreene, Meg. Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004. ISBN 0-313-32771-8Hitchens, Christopher. The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice. London: Verso, 1996.ISBN 1-85984-054-X

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ISBN 1-85984-054-XLe Joly, Edward. Mother Teresa of Calcutta. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1983. ISBN 0-06-065217-9.Muggeridge, Malcolm. Something Beautiful for God. ISBN 0-06-066043-0.Muntaykkal, T.T. Blessed Mother Teresa: Her Journey to Your Heart. ISBN 1-903650-61-5. ISBN 0-7648-1110-X. "Book Review"(http://web.archive.org/web/20060209154430/http://www.fish.co.uk/culture/books/1203/051203_mother_theresa.htm). Archived from the original (http://www.fish.co.uk/culture/books/1203/051203_mother_theresa.htm) on 9February 2006..Scott, David. A Revolution of Love: The Meaning of Mother Teresa. Chicago: Loyola Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8294-2031-2.Sebba, Anne. Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image. New York: Doubleday, 1997. ISBN 0-385-48952-8.Slavicek, Louise. Mother Teresa. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0-7910-9433-2.Spink, Kathryn. Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. ISBN 0-06-250825-3Teresa, Mother et al., Mother Teresa: In My Own Words. Gramercy Books, 1997. ISBN 0-517-20169-0.Teresa, Mother & Kolodiejchuk, Brian, Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light, New York: Doubleday, 2007. ISBN 0-385-52037-9.Williams, Paul. Mother Teresa. Indianapolis: Alpha Books, 2002. ISBN 0-02-864278-3.Wüllenweber, Walter. "Nehmen ist seliger denn geben. Mutter Teresa—wo sind ihre Millionen?" Stern (illustratedGerman weekly), 10 September 1998. English translation. (http://members.lycos.co.uk/bajuu/)Navin Chawla. Mother Teresa: The Authorized Biography. Diane Pub Co. (March 1992). ISBN 978-0-7567-5548-5. First published by Sinclair-Stevenson, U.K. (1992), since translated into 14 languages in India and abroad. Indianlanguage editions include Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada. The foreign languageeditions include French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, Polish, Japanese, and Thai. In both Indian and foreignlanguages, there have been multiple editions. The bulk of royalty income goes to charity.Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, OSB. Prayertimes with Mother Teresa: A New Adventure in Prayer, Doubleday,1989. ISBN 978-0-385-26231-6.Brian Kolodiejchuk (ed.). Mother Teresa: Come be My Light, Doubleday, 2007, ISBN 978-0-385-52037-9.Raghu Rai and Navin Chawla. Faith and Compassion: The Life and Work of Mother Teresa. Element Books Ltd.(December 1996). ISBN 978-1-85230-912-1. Translated also into Dutch and Spanish.Vimla Mehta & Veerendra Raj Mehta, ‘’Mother Teresa Inspiring Incidents’’, Publications division, Ministry ofI&B, Govt. of India, 2004, ISBN 81-230-1167-9.

External links

Mother Teresa of Calcutta Center, India – Official Site (http://www.motherteresa.org/)Missionaries of Charity Brothers (Active Branch) (http://www.mcbrothers.org/)Mother Teresa and her patron saint, St. Therese of Lisieux (http://thereseoflisieux.org/)

Mother Teresa Memorial Page (http://www.ewtn.com/motherteresa/)Mother Teresa Gallery (http://motherteresa.ru/gallery)

Mother Teresa Women`s University, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India – Official site(http://www.motherteresawomenuniv.ac.in/)

Nobel Laureate Biography (Nobel Foundation)(http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1979/teresa-bio.html)The TIME 100: The Most Important People of the Century – Mother Teresa

(http://www.time.com/time/time100/heroes/profile/teresa01.html)Mother Teresa (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/t/teresa_mother/index.html)

collected news and commentary at The New York TimesMissionaries of Charity Fathers (MC Fathers / MC Priests) – Official Website: Biography of Mother Teresa

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(http://mcpriests.com/02_bio.htm)

Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith (TIME.com)

(http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html)Speech at National Prayer Breakfast, Washington, D.C. 3 February 1994(http://www.priestsforlife.org/brochures/mtspeech.html)

Peggy Noonan, "Still, Small Voice," Crisis, 1 February 1998 (http://www.peggynoonan.com/article.php?article=31) (account of the National Prayer Breakfast speech)

Mother Teresa (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0609336/) at the Internet Movie DatabaseMissionaries of Charity Active and Contemplative Sisters with U.S. contact information (CMSWR member

page) (http://www.cmswr.org/member_communities/MC.htm)India to give Mother Teresa state funeral(http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9709/06/teresa.mourning/index.html?iref=newssearch), CNN

"Mother Teresa, John Paul II, and the Fast-Track Saints"(http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2007/10/22/4727/) by Michael Parenti, CommonDreams.org, 22

October 2007Christopher Hitchens' article: "Mommie Dearest" (http://www.slate.com/id/2090083) in Slate, 20 October

2003Appearances (http://www.c-spanvideo.org/teresa) on C-SPANMother Teresa (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0609336/) at the Internet Movie Database

Works by or about Mother Teresa (http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-144708) in libraries (WorldCatcatalog)

Catholic Church titles

New creationSuperior General of the Missionaries of

Charity1950–1997

Succeeded by

Sister Nirmala Joshi, M.C.

Awards

Preceded by

Genevieve CaulfieldRamon Magsaysay Award

1962

Succeeded by

Peace Corps

New awardTempleton Prize

1973

Succeeded by

Frère Roger

Preceded by

Anwar El Sadat, Menachem

Begin

Nobel Peace Prize1979

Succeeded by

Adolfo Pérez Esquivel

Preceded by

K. KamarajBharat Ratna

1980

Succeeded by

Vinoba Bhave

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mother_Teresa&oldid=570063721"

Categories: 1910 births 1997 deaths People from Skopje Yugoslav emigrants to India

Female Roman Catholic missionaries Albanian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns

Anti-poverty advocates Christian missionaries in India Indian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns

Founders of Roman Catholic religious communities Grand Order of Queen Jelena recipients

Honorary Companions of the Order of Australia Honorary Members of the Order of Merit Humanitarians

Indian Nobel laureates Mother Teresa Nobel Peace Prize laureates People from Darjeeling

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Roman Catholic Church in India Templeton Prize laureates Women Nobel laureates

Congressional Gold Medal recipients Disease-related deaths in India Burials in Calcutta

Albanian beatified people Indian beatified people Folk saints

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