MOTIVATION MOTIVATION

MOTIVATIONMOTIVATION

The psychological feature that The psychological feature that arouses an organism to action arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior.and direction to behavior.

MotivationMotivation is the set of reasons that is the set of reasons that determines one to engage in a determines one to engage in a particular behavior. particular behavior.

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy Theory:Theory:

Maslow saw human needs in the Maslow saw human needs in the form of a hierarchy, ascending from form of a hierarchy, ascending from the lowest to the highest, and he the lowest to the highest, and he concluded that when one set of concluded that when one set of needs is satisfied, this kind of need needs is satisfied, this kind of need ceases to be a motivator. ceases to be a motivator.

TYPES OF MOTIVESTYPES OF MOTIVES

BIOLOGICAL MOTIVESBIOLOGICAL MOTIVES1.1. OxygenOxygen2.2. HungerHunger3.3. ThirstThirst4.4. SexSex5.5. Avoidance of PainAvoidance of Pain6.6. Temperature regulationTemperature regulation7.7. Bladder tensionBladder tension8.8. FatigueFatigue

1.1. OxygenOxygen::

oxygen is the most basic need of oxygen is the most basic need of every living being without it no one every living being without it no one can survive.can survive.

Homeostasis: biological “thermostats”homeostasis is a process by which internal body mechanisms sense biological imbalances and stimulate action to restore the proper balancesOr The body tendency to maintain an equilibrium or balancehomeostatic controls exist for hunger, thirst, body temperature, electrolyte levels, etc.we will discuss hunger and thirst motives in detail next.

2. 2. HungerHunger:: Role of stomach cues Role of stomach cues Role of the brain Role of the brain Eating Disorders Eating Disorders

      1. Obesity 1. Obesity

      2. Anorexia Nervosa 2. Anorexia Nervosa

      3. Bulimia 3. Bulimia

ObesityObesity         Eating large Eating large

quantities of food on a quantities of food on a regular basic regular basic

            1. Hypersensitive to 1. Hypersensitive to external cues external cues

            2. Physiological 2. Physiological characteristics characteristics

              a. Higher set-point a. Higher set-point

              b. Lower metabolism b. Lower metabolism

      

Anorexia nervosaAnorexia nervosa         Self-starvation and Self-starvation and

dramatic weight loss - dramatic weight loss - 25% of normal body 25% of normal body weight weight

        4 - 30% starve 4 - 30% starve themselves to death! 70% themselves to death! 70% recover and maintain recover and maintain normal body weight normal body weight

        90% are young females 90% are young females Causes:Causes:         Fear of being fat Fear of being fat

BulimiaBulimia         Eating quantities of Eating quantities of

food and then food and then eliminating it by self-eliminating it by self-induced vomiting or induced vomiting or strong laxatives strong laxatives

        99% are female, a 99% are female, a majority are college majority are college students students

        Do maintain a Do maintain a "normal" body weight - "normal" body weight - are in "control" .are in "control" .

3. 3. ThirstThirst:: Thirst is the regulation of Thirst is the regulation of

fluid intakefluid intake Biological regulation of Biological regulation of

thirstthirst– a “drink” and a “stop a “drink” and a “stop

drinking” center are drinking” center are located in different located in different sections of the sections of the hypothalamushypothalamus

– homeostatic homeostatic measurements of blood measurements of blood volume regulate thirst; as volume regulate thirst; as blood volume decreases a blood volume decreases a hormone called hormone called angiotensin is released by angiotensin is released by the kidneys; hypthalamic the kidneys; hypthalamic detection causes thirstdetection causes thirst

4. 4. Sex MotiveSex Motive::

The biological need for sex is an The biological need for sex is an unusual physical motive in that it unusual physical motive in that it is not essential to any one is not essential to any one individual member of the species. individual member of the species. Thus, you as an individual can Thus, you as an individual can survive an entire lifetime without survive an entire lifetime without once satisfying this need.once satisfying this need. Procreation is necessary for the Procreation is necessary for the survival of the human race. survival of the human race.

5. 5. Avoidance from pain:Avoidance from pain:

Every one wants to get rid of pain.Every one wants to get rid of pain.

6. 6. Temperature regulation:Temperature regulation:

This is obtained through the use of This is obtained through the use of clothing, location, and the building of clothing, location, and the building of protecting structures. protecting structures.

7. 7. Bowl and Bladder tension:Bowl and Bladder tension:

All organisms create waste products All organisms create waste products via the processes of living. Much via the processes of living. Much waste comes from food. The rest is waste comes from food. The rest is produced by movement, growth, and produced by movement, growth, and other functions of living. If this waste other functions of living. If this waste remained in living things, it would remained in living things, it would soon cause illness and death. Thus soon cause illness and death. Thus living things must have a way to living things must have a way to dispose of waste matter. dispose of waste matter.

Social motivesSocial motives

Need for achievement:Need for achievement:

Refers to an individual's desire for Refers to an individual's desire for significant accomplishment, mastering of significant accomplishment, mastering of skills, control, or high standards. skills, control, or high standards.

The need for success in competitive The need for success in competitive situationssituations– fear of failurefear of failure

failure to try because of fear you might not succeedfailure to try because of fear you might not succeed

– fear of successfear of success snatching defeat out of the mouth of victory because snatching defeat out of the mouth of victory because

of fear of successof fear of success

Need for affiliation:Need for affiliation:

The The Need for AffiliationNeed for Affiliation ( (N-AffilN-Affil) is ) is a term that was popularized by a term that was popularized by David McClellandDavid McClelland and describes a and describes a person's need to feel a sense of person's need to feel a sense of involvement and 'belonging' within a involvement and 'belonging' within a social group. Every one wants to social group. Every one wants to have friends.have friends.

Need for power:Need for power:

People who exhibit power tendencies People who exhibit power tendencies are thought to be most satisfied by are thought to be most satisfied by seeing their environment move in a seeing their environment move in a certain direction, due to their certain direction, due to their involvements. As an example of the involvements. As an example of the need for personal power, most need for personal power, most corporate leaders seek high level corporate leaders seek high level positions so as to control the positions so as to control the direction in which their company is direction in which their company is moving. moving.

Intrinsic motivationIntrinsic motivation is stimulated by is stimulated by the inherent nature of the activity the inherent nature of the activity itself; by the process itself and with itself; by the process itself and with no external rewardsno external rewards

Extrinsic motivationExtrinsic motivation is stimulated not is stimulated not by the process itself but by what can by the process itself but by what can be gotten from doing the activity, be gotten from doing the activity, e.g., a reward or recognition or other e.g., a reward or recognition or other gaingain

Intrinsic and Extrinsic MotivationIntrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation