Motivation as an Instruments of Performance in Edo State Civil Service by Ajayi Adeola

8/11/2019 Motivation as an Instruments of Performance in Edo State Civil Service by Ajayi Adeola

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MOTIVATION AS AN INSTRUMENTS OF PERFORMANCE IN EDO STATE CIVIL SERVICEAjayi Adeola

International Journal of Resear! "IJR# Vol$%& Issue$'& August ()%* ISSN 2348-6848

Motivation as an Instruments of

Performance in Edo State Civil Service

Ajayi AdeolaDepartment of Public Administration

Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife,Osun State,Nigeria

ABSTRACT

The study examined motivation as an

instrument of performance Edo State Civil

Service. It also identified the motivational

strategies that exist in Edo State Civil Service.

In addition, the degree of implementation of

these motivational strategies in Edo State

Civil Service was examined as well as the

effectiveness of the identified motivational

strategies on the productivity of the Civil

Servants in Edo State.

The study used both primary

provision of working tools are motivational

mechanisms adopted by the Edo State Civil

Service towards increase in employees

productivity.

The finding of the study revealed that

!ob satisfaction level of staffs of Edo State

civil Service is affected or determined by a

number of factors which include wages and

salary, pension and gratuity, promotion work

environment and the work condition. The

study also revealed that the Edo State Civil

Service motivational strategies like prompt

payment of salary and granting of housing

and car loans are poorly implemented. The

study posits that the morale and initiatives ofthe Edo State Civil Servants is dampened due

to the improper implementation of these

motivational strategies which may not at all

times be disconnected from politics of

favoritism and nepotism.

The study concluded that employers

should be able to help employees see that

the organi"ation can help them satisfy their

needs and utili"e their potentials to

contribute to the achievement of the

organi"ational goal. #orkers are affected by

different needs at different times$ this means

that individual worker is motivated

differently. %lso, those human needs could

be interdependent and overlapping. The

government should Endeavour to integrate

goals of the organi"ation with those of its

employees and continue to adopt the

supportive management techni&ue.

Keywords: Moti+ation as an

Instru,ents& E-o State Ci+il Ser+ie&

Pu.li A-,inistration& ,oti+ational

strategies& /ro-uti+it0 of t!e Ci+il

Ser+ants


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CHAPTER ONE

ITERAT!RE RE"IE#

1$1 I%&rod'(&)o%

Ci+il Ser+ie arrange,ents !a+e

e,erge- as i,/ortant institution 1!i!

interfaes .et1een t!e state an- itsiti2ens3 Tra-itionall0 t!ese 1ere

,onolit!i& entrali2e-& /o1erful

strutures 1it! i,,ense /o1er o+er t!e

,anage,ent of t!e affairs of a nation&

an- often not +er0 res/onsi+e to t!e

!anging nee-s of go+ernane an- /u.li

,anage,ent3 4o1e+er& in reent ti,es&

,an0 go+ern,ents !a+e reali2e- t!e

i,/ortane of greater effiien0 ".ot!

eono,i an- funtional# in t!e -eli+er0

of ser+ies to t!eir iti2ens3 T!us&

go+ern,ents in -ifferent /arts of t!e

1orl- !a+e initiate- large$sale refor, in

t!eir i+il ser+ies to a!ie+e greater

effiien0& effeti+eness an-

res/onsi+eness "De5raff& ())6#3

A lot of resear!es !as .een -one

in t!e area of ,oti+ation in relation to

t!e area of organi2ational ,anage,ent3

Resear!ers an- aut!ors agree t!at

,oti+ation is +er0 ruial to t!e issue of

/ro-uti+it0 .ut t!e0 -iffer 1it! regar-

to t!e t!ings t!at ,oti+ate3

Vroo, "%78*# sees ,oti+ation as a

/roess go+erning !oies ,a-e .0

/ersons or lo1er organis,s a,ong

alternati+e for,s of +oluntar0 ati+it03

T!is i,/lies t!at ,oti+ation /ro/els an

in-i+i-ual to /refer one 9o. to anot!er3

So,e resear!ers assu,e- t!at

+aria.les su! as a,ount of re1ar- are

,oti+ational +aria.les t!at -iretl0

influene t!e strengt! of inenti+e

,oti+ation3

T!e effeti+e /erfor,ane of a

i+il ser+ie -e/en-s on soun-

reruit,ent& seletion an- retention

/raties3 Lo1 ,orale& !ig! turno+er&

e:tre,e i+il ser+ie 1ages .ills an- /oor

ser+ie ;ualit0 are en-e,i to

go+ern,ent a-,inistrations t!at fail toattrat& retain an- ,oti+ate !ig! ;ualit0

i+il ser+ants "Nun.erg& %77


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A lose re+ie1 of all t!eories of

!u,an ,oti+ation re+eal a o,,on

-ri+ing /rini/le t!at /eo/le -o 1!at

t!e0 are re1ar-e- for -oing3 In general&

t!e t!eories on ,oti+ation an .e

lassifie- as> e,/lo0ee nee-s ,oti+ation

t!roug! goal$setting& e,/lo0ee

re1ar-?inenti+es an- reinfore,ent3

1$2 T*e Co%(e+& o, o&)./&)o%

T!e 1or- ,oti+ation 1as -eri+e-

fro, t!e Latin 1or- @,ou+eree

,eaning to ,o+e3 It i,/lies t!at

,oti+ation is !o1 .e!a+iour get starte-&

energi2e-& sustaine-& -irete-& sto//e-

anot!er =in- of su.9eti+e reations

/resent in t!e organis, 1!ile all t!ese

are going on3

Moti+ation is @t!e set of /roesses

t!at -eter,ine t!e !oies /eo/le ,a=e

a.out t!eir .e!a+iours3 Moti+ation is an

a.strat ter,3 It i,/arts inenti+es t!at

re;uire a res/onse on /art of so,eone

else to a!ie+e a -efine- goal3 In

.usiness& ,oti+ation is s0non0,ous 1it!

salariesB ,one0 is a ,eans for

ao,,o-ating t!e eono,i nee-s of

1or=ers3 Moti+ation ,eans an inner

1!oleso,e -esire to e:ert effort 1it!out

t!e e:ternal sti,ulus of ,one03

Moti+ating is t!e a.ilit0 of in-otrinating

t!e /ersonnel 1it! a unit0 of /ur/ose

an- ,aintaining a ontinuing&

!ar,onious relations!i/ a,ong all

/eo/le3 It is a fore 1!i! enourages

an- /ro,otes a 1illingness of e+er0

e,/lo0ee to oo/erate 1it! e+er0

,e,.er of t!e tea,3 To ,aintain is to

reate an- /er/etuate t!e li,ate 1!i!

.rings !ar,on0 an- e;uili.riu, into t!e

entire 1or= grou/ for t!e .enefit of all

1!o are in+ol+e- t!e o,/an0 as a

1!ole "S!in.a Sin.a& %7''#3 Sineeffeti+e ,oti+ation o,es fro, 1it!in&

.0 ,oti+ating ot!ers& t!e ,anager an

-o ,ore t!an reate /ro/er on-itions

t!at ause /eo/le to -o t!eir 1or=

1illingl03

Moti+ating is t!e 1or= ,anagers

/erfor, to ins/ire& enourage an- i,/el

/eo/le to ta=e ation3 To ,oti+ate t!e

e,/lo0ee& t!e e,/lo0ee ,ust .e

rea!e-B to rea! !i, t!ere ,ust .e a

o,/lete un-erstan-ing of t!e

o,/le:it0 in !is ,a=e$u/ "Sta9=o+i

Lut!ans "())6#3 Moti+ation efforts ,ust

.e -irete- to1ar-s i,/ro+ing o,/an0

o/erations3 To .e effeti+e& !o1e+er&

t!e0 ,ust also .e -esigne- to s!o1.enefits to t!e e,/lo0ee3 In fat&

,oti+ation an .est .e ao,/lis!e-

1!en 1or=ers are a.le to ,erge t!eir

/ersonal a,.itions 1it! t!ose of t!e

o,/an03 Aor-ing to S=inner& 3F3

"%787#& ,oti+ation is -efine- t!us& @t!e


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1illingness to e:ert !ig! le+el of effort to

tea! Organi2ational goals& on-itione-

.0 t!e efforts a.ilit0 to satisf0 so,e

in-i+i-ual nee-3 Daint0& Lingar-& an-

Loose,ore "())(#& -efine ,oti+ation as

a set of in-e/en-ent an- -e/en-ant

relations!i/s t!at e:/lains t!e -iretion&

a,/litu-e an- /ersistene of an

in-i+i-uals .e!a+iour !ol-ing onstant

t!e effets of a/titu-e& s=ills&

un-erstan-ing of a tas= an- t!eonstraints o/erating in t!e 1or=

en+iron,ent3 Dei R0an "%7G -elining /ro-uti+it0B !ig!

e,/lo0ee turno+erB inreasing nu,.er

of grie+anesB !ig!er ini-ene of

a.senteeis, an- tar-inessB inreasingnu,.er of -efeti+e /ro-utsB !ig!er

nu,.er of ai-ents or a !ig!er le+el of

1aste ,aterials an- sra/ "Fas!o0in&

())*#3 A ,oti+ate- e,/lo0ee is a lo0al

e,/lo0ee an- to .e lo0al i,/lies t!at t!e

e,/lo0ee su//orts t!e ations an-

o.9eti+es of t!e fir,3 Vroo, "%78*#

-efine- ,oti+ation as a /roess

go+erning !oie ,a-e .0 /ersons or

lo1er organis, a,ong alternati+e for,s

of +oluntar0 ati+ities3

Moti+ation as a one/t attrate-

/s0!ologists attention in %76)s&

,oti+ation in onte,/orar0 /s0!olog0

eno,/asses t!ree ,ain issues3 T!ese

inlu-e -ri+e& goal or /ur/ose /leasure

an- /ain of nature of re$enforer3 T!e

first atte,/ts to e:/lain 1!at ati+ate

,an to ation an- 1!0 !e engages in

so,e ati+ities at ertain ti,es3 T!e

seon- assert t!at t!e .e!a+iour of ,an

ten-s to .e -irete- to1ar-s a /artiular

en- or goalB it see=s to -iso+er !o1 to

,a=e .e!a+iour to .e goal -irete- an-

1!et!er t!is goal -iretion an .e

o.9eti+el0 -esri.e- or ,easure-3 T!e

t!ir- +ie1 t!e nature of re$enforer an-

t!e /ro/erties t!at aount for /ositi+e

reinfore,ent "/leasure# in ertain

e+ents an- negati+e reinfore,ent "/ain#

in ot!er ,en ten- to re/eat at+ioties

t!at lea- to /ositi+e onse;uenes

"re1ar-# an- sto/ -oing 1!at lea-s tonegati+e onse;uenes /unis!,ent

"N1a!u=1u& ())G#3

Moti+ation is a o,/le: one/t

1i-el0 use- in e+er0 ,a9or fiel- of

en-ea+our su! as in-ustr0& o,,ere&

/olitis& an- religion an- so on3 4ene& it


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!as .een -efine- -ifferentl0 .0 +arious

in-ustrial an- .e!a+ioural /s0!ologists

as ea! tries to e,/!asi2e t!e as/et of

t!e one/t t!at a//eal to !i,3 All t!ese

-efinitions s!o1 t!at ,oti+ation is a

fator t!at triggers ation an- energises

an- -irets su! ation to1ar-s a goal3

T!ese -esri/tions an- -efinitions of

,oti+ation /roess 1!i! ,anagers

s!oul- ta=e ogni2ane of t!e effeti+e

la.our ,anage,ent3 T!ese inlu-e=no1ing>

"a# H!at energises !u,an

.e!a+iour

".# 4o1 t!is .e!a+iour is -irete-

or !annele- an- !o1 t!e

.e!a+iour an .e sustaine-&

"N1a!u=1u& i.i-#3

Si,ilarl0& oont2 an- ODonnel& "%7G)#

-istinguis!e- .et1een ,oti+ation an-

satisfation3 4e sai- t!at ,oti+ation

i,/lies a -ri+e to1ar-s outo,e 1!ile

satisfation in+ol+es outo,e alrea-0

e:/eriene-3 4e e:/lains furt!er t!at

,oti+ation refers to t!e -ri+e an- effort

to satisf0 a 1ant or a goal 1!ile

satisfation refers to t!e o,,it,ente:/eriene- 1!en a 1ant is satisfie-3

Fro, 1!at !as .een sai- so far& it is lear

t!at ,oti+ation is an i,/ortant tool for

a!ie+ing organi2ation o.9eti+es3 In +ie1

of t!is& a nu,.er of t!eories !a+e .een

/ro/oun-e- to !el/ ,anagers !a+e a

.etter un-erstan-ing of t!e su.9et3

So,e of t!e t!eories /ro+i-e t!e .asis

for t!e -esign of re1ar- s0ste,s 1!i! in

turn are ,eans .0 1!i! an organi2ation

atte,/t to influene an- ontrol t!e

.e!a+iour of its ,e,.ers3

Moti+ation an .e referre- to as

t!ose 1is!es& -esires& an- -ri+es et t!at

sti,ulate an- ati+ate ,an to -o ertain

t!ings3 Man is sai- to .e ,oti+ate- if !is

latent energ0 is -irete- to1ar-s ertain

goal3 It is also a /erei+e- re1ar- or

inenti+e t!at s!ar/ens t!e -ri+e to

satisf0 nee-s3 H!0 ,an .e!a+es in a

/artiular ,anner -e/en-s on !is nee-s3

Man is +er0 rational& !e -oes an0t!ing

onl0 to satisf0 !is nee-s an- at a

/artiular /oint of ti,e !e -oes t!at

ati+it0 1!i! satisfies !is ,ost

i,/ortant nee-3 A ,an is ,oti+ate- to

-o t!ose t!ings 1!i! satisf0 !is nee-s3

T!e ,anage,ent is intereste- in getting

t!e ati+ities of 1or=ers -i+erte- in t!e

fulfill,ent of t!ose t!ings 1!i! are

!el/ful in t!e attain,ent of t!e goal of

t!e organi2ation3

Moti+ation to1ar-s .etter

/erfor,ane -e/en-s on t!e satisfation

of nee-s for res/onsi.ilit0& a!ie+e,ent&

reognition an- gro1t!3 Nee-s are felt&

an- t!eir intensit0 +aries fro, one

/erson to anot!er an- fro, ti,e to ti,e&

an- so -oes t!e e:tent to 1!i! t!e0 are


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,oti+ate-3 e!a+iour is learne- an-

re1ar- enourages e+en .etter

/erfor,ane& t!us& reinforing -esire-

.e!a+iour3 It is 1!at one -oes not !a+e

t!at one 1ants& one 1or=s to a!ie+e

t!at 1!i! one nee-s3 4ene& if 1e =no1

1!at /eo/le nee- an- 1ant& t!en 1e

=no1 1!at t!e0 1ill 1or= for& an- li=e

1or=ing for& an- so 1or= 1ell to a!ie+e3

Attaining goals lea- to feelings of

self$res/et& strengt! an- onfi-ene3

Fe1 /eo/le are a.le to ontinue a

/attern of a!ie+e,ent an- suess

1it!out t!e a--e- enourage,ent

/ro+i-e- .0 ot!ers reogni2ing t!eir

a!ie+e,ents3 Continue- failure an-

frustration an- -efeat an result in

feelings of ina-e;ua0 an- a 1it!-ra1al

for, o,/etiti+e situations3 Persistent

la= of re1ar-s lea-s to a +ie1 of soiet0

as .eing !ostile an- unre1ar-ing

"Da+i-,ann& ())%#3

T!ere are ,an0 t!eories of

,oti+ation t!at e,/lo0ers an use to

i,/ro+e t!eir un-erstan-ing of 1!0

/eo/le .e!a+e as t!e0 -o3 None /ro+i-es

a uni+ersall0 ae/te- e:/lanation of

!u,an .e!a+iour3 Peo/le are far too

o,/le:3 T!e t1o ,ost -isusse- grou/s

of t!eories are ontent t!eories an-

/roess t!eories3 Content t!eories are

onerne- 1it! i-entif0ing 1!at is 1it!in

an in-i+i-ual or t!e 1or= en+iron,ent

t!at energi2es an- sustains .e!a+iour3

On t!e ot!er !an-& /roess t!eories tr0

to e:/lain an- -esri.e t!e /roess of

!o1 .e!a+iour is energi2e-& -irete-&

sustaine-& an- finall0 sto//e-3 4o1e+er

for t!e ontent t!eories& Maslo1

4ierar!0 of Nee-s& 4er.ergs t1o$fator

t!eor0& an- MClellan-s A!ie+e,ent

Moti+ation t!eor0 s!all .e e:a,ine-3

H!ile for t!e /roess t!eories& t!e Carrot

an- t!e Sti=& E:/etan0 t!eor0"Vroo,#& an- M5regor t!eor0 K an-

s!all .e e:a,ine-3

1$2$1 /sows H)er/r(*y o, Needs

A.ra!a, Maslo1 1as a

/s0!ologist& 1!o -e+elo/e- t!eor0 of

!u,an ,oti+ation& an- lassifie- !u,an

nee-s into fi+e ategories in a

!ierar!ial ,anner& t!at is ,o+e,ent

fro, one to anot!er after a nee- !as

.een satisfie-3

Maslo1s nee- !ierar!0 t!eor0

!as en9o0e- 1i-es/rea- ae/tane&

sine it 1as intro-ue- aroun- %7*63 4is

t!eor0 of ,oti+ation stresses t1o

fun-a,ental /re,ises>

i3 Man is a 1anting ani,al 1!ose

nee-s -e/en- on 1!at !e

alrea-0 !as onl0 nee-s not 0et

satisfie- an influene


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.e!a+iour3 In ot!er 1or-s& a

satisfie- nee- is not a

,oti+ator3

ii3 Mans nee-s are arrange- in a

!ierar!0 of i,/ortane3 One

one nee- is satisfie-& anot!er

e,erges an- -e,an-s

satisfation3

Maslo1 !0/ot!esi2e- fi+e le+els of

nee-s3 T!ese nee-s are>

1$2$1$1 P*ys)oo)(/ Needs

T!is ategor0 onsists of t!e

!u,an .o-0s /ri,ar0 nee-s& su! as

foo-& 1ater& an- se:3 As Maslo1 states @a

/erson 1!o is la=ing foo-& safet0& lo+e

an- estee, /ro.a.l0 1oul- !unger for

foo- ,ore strongl0 t!an for an0t!ing

else3

1$2$1$2 S/,e&y Needs

H!en /!0siologial nee-s are

a-e;uatel0 ,et& t!e ne:t !ig!er le+el

assu,es i,/ortane3 Safet0 nee-s

inlu-e /rotetion for, /!0sial !ar,& ill

!ealt!& eono,i -isaster& an- t!eune:/ete-3

1$2$1$3 So()/ Needs

T!ese nee-s are relate- to soial

nature of /eo/le an- t!eir nee- for

o,/anions!i/3 4ere& t!e !ierar!0

-e/arts fro, t!e /!0sial or ;uasi$

/!0sial nee-s of t!e t1o /re+ious le+els3

Non$satisfation of t!is le+el ,a0 affet

t!e ,ental !ealt! of t!e in-i+i-ual3

1$2$1$4 Es&ee Needs

T!e nee- for .ot! a1areness of

i,/ortane to ot!ers "self$estee,# an-

atual estee, fro, ot!ers is inlu-e-3

Satisfation of t!ese nee-s lea- to feeling

of self$onfi-ene an- /restige3

1$2$1$ Se,- A(&'/)5/&)o%

Needs

Maslo1 -efines t!ese nee-s as

t!e @-esire to .eo,e ,ore an- ,ore

1!at one is to .eo,e e+er0t!ing one is

a/a.le of .eo,ing3 T!is ,eans t!at t!e

in-i+i-ual 1ill reali2e full0 t!e/otentialities of talents an- a/a.ilities3

T!e nee- !ierar!0 t!eor0 is

1i-el0 ae/te- an- referre- to .0

/ratising e,/lo0ers& alt!oug!& it -oes

not /ro+i-e a o,/lete un-erstan-ing of

!u,an ,oti+ation or t!e ,eans to

,oti+ate /eo/le3 T!e !ierar!0 is eas0 to

o,/re!en-& as a great -eal of o,,onsense +ali-it0& an- /oint out so,e of t!e

fators t!at ,oti+ate /eo/le3


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(3%> Soure> N1a!u=1u& %7GG

Maslo1s Nee- 4ierar!0

1$2$2 Herers T*eory o, o&)./&)o%

In t!e late %7


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Fro, t!e inter+ie1s& 4er2.erg 1ent on

to -e+elo/ !is t!eor0 t!at t!ere are t1o

-i,ensions to 9o. satisfation>

,oti+ation an- !0giene3 40giene issues&

aor-ing to 4er2.erg& an not ,oti+ate

e,/lo0ees .ut an ,ini,i2e

-issatisfation& if !an-le- /ro/erl03 In

ot!er 1or-s& t!e0 an onl0 -issatisf0 if

t!e0 are a.sent or ,is!an-le-3 40giene

to/is inlu-e o,/an0 /oliies&

su/er+ision& salar0& inter/ersonalrelations an- 1or=ing on-itions3 T!e0

are issues relate- to t!e e,/lo0ees

en+iron,ent "N1a!u=1u& %7GG#3

Moti+ators& on t!e ot!er !an-&

reate satisfation .0 fulfilling

in-i+i-uals nee-s for /ersonal gro1t!3

T!e0 are issues su! as a!ie+e,ent&

reognition& 1or= itself& res/onsi.ilit0

an- a-+ane,ent3 One !0giene areas

are a--resse-& sai- 4er2.erg& ,oti+ators

1ill /ro,ote 9o. satisfation an-

enourage /ro-ution3 Alt!oug! !0giene

issues are not t!e soure of satisfation&

t!ese issues ,ust .e -ealt 1it! first to

reate an en+iron,ent in 1!i!

e,/lo0ees satisfation an- ,oti+ationare e+en /ossi.le3

1$2$2$1 Co+/%y /%d

Ad)%)s&r/&).e Po)()es

An organi2ations /oli0 an .e a

great soure of frustration for

e,/lo0ees& if t!e /oliies are unlear or

unneessar03 Printe- o/ies of t!e

o,/an0s /oliies an- /roe-ures

s!oul- .e ,a-e aessi.le to all

,e,.ers of staff3 If t!ere is not a 1ritten

,anual& reate one& soliiting staff in/ut

along t!e 1a03 If t!ere is one& onsi-er

u/-ating it3

1$2$2$2 S'+er.)s)o%

To -erease -issatisfation in t!is

area& 0ou ,ust .egin .0 ,a=ing 1ise

-eisions 1!en 0ou a//oint so,eone to

t!e role of su/er+isor3 e a1are t!at

goo- e,/lo0ees -o not ,a=e goo-

su/er+isors3 T!e role of su/er+isor is

e:tre,el0 -iffiult3 It re;uires lea-ers!i/

s=ills an- t!e a.ilit0 to treat all

e,/lo0ees fairl03 Su/er+isors s!oul- .etaug!t to use /ositi+e fee-.a=

1!ene+er /ossi.le an- s!oul- esta.lis! a

set ,eans of e,/lo0ee e+aluation an-

fee-.a= so t!at no one feels single- out3

1$2$2$3 S//ry

T!e ol- a-age @0ou get 1!at 0ou

/a0 for ten-s to .e true 1!en it o,es

to staff ,e,.ers3 Salar0 is not a

,oti+ator for e,/lo0ees& .ut t!e0 -o not

1ant to .e /ai- fairl03 If in-i+i-uals

.elie+e t!e0 are not o,/ensate- 1ell&

t!e0 1ill .e un!a//0 1or=ing for 0ou3

Ma=e sure t!ere is a lear /oli0 relate-

to salaries& raises an- .onuses3


10/43

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1$2$2$4 I%&er+erso%/

Re/&)o%s

Part of t!e satisfation of .eing

e,/lo0e- is t!e soial ontat it .rings&

so allo1 e,/lo0ees a reasona.le a,ount

of ti,e for soiali2ation3 T!is 1ill !el/

t!e, -e+elo/ a sense of tea, 1or=3 Att!e sa,e ti,e& ina//ro/riate .e!a+iour&

offensi+e o,,ents an- ru-eness

s!oul- .e rea=e- -o1n on3 If an

in-i+i-ual ontinues to .e -isru/ti+e&

ta=e are of t!e situation& /er!a/s .0

-is,issing !i, or !er fro, t!e /ratie3

1$2$2$ #or)% Co%d)&)o%s

T!e en+iron,ent in 1!i! /eo/le

1or= !as a tre,en-ous effet on t!eir

le+el of /ri-e for t!e,sel+es an- for t!e

1or= t!e0 are -oing3 Do e+er0t!ing 0ou

an to =ee/ 0our e;ui/,ent an- failities

u/ to -ate3 E+en a nie !air an ,a=e a

1orl- of -ifferene to an in-i+i-uals

/s0!e3 Also& if /ossi.le& a+oi-

o+erro1-ing an- allo1 ea! e,/lo0ee!is or !er o1n /ersonal s/ae& 1!et!er it

is -es=& or e+en a -ra1er3

1$2$26 #or I&se,

H!at is ,ost i,/ortant to e,/lo0ee

,oti+ation is !el/ing in-i+i-uals .elie+e

t!at t!e 1or= t!e0 are -oing is i,/ortant

an- t!at t!eir tas=s are ,eaningful3

E,/!asi2e t!at t!eir ontri.utions to t!e

/raties result in /ositi+e outo,es an-

goo- !ealt! are for 0our /atients3 S!are

stories of suess a.out !o1 an

e,/lo0ees ation ,a-e a real -ifferene

in t!e life of a /atient& or in ,a=ing a

/roess .etter3 ou ,a0 fin- ertaintas=s t!at are trul0 unneessar0 an- an

.e eli,inate- or strea,line-& resulting in

greater effiien0 an- satisfation3

1$2$27 A(*)e.ee%&

One /re,ise in!erent in

4er2.ergs t!eor0 is t!at ,ost in-i+i-uals

sinerel0 1ant to -o a goo- 9o.3 To !el/

t!e,& ,a=e sure 0ou !a+e /lae- t!e,

in /ositions t!at use t!eir talents an- are

not set u/ for failure3 Set lear&

a!ie+a.le goals an- stan-ar-s for ea!

/osition& an- ,a=e sure e,/lo0ees =no1

1!at t!ose goals an- stan-ar-s are

in-i+i-uals s!oul- also reei+e regular&ti,el0 fee-.a= on !o1 t!e0 are -oing

an- s!oul- feel t!e0 are .eing

a-e;uatel0 !allenge- in t!eir 9o.s3 Do

not o+erloa- in-i+i-uals 1it! !allenges

t!at are too -iffiult or i,/ossi.le& as it

an .e /aral02ing3


11/43

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1$2$2$8 Re(o%)&)o%

In-i+i-uals at all le+els of t!e

organi2ation 1ant to .e reogni2e- for

t!eir a!ie+e,ents on t!e 9o.3 T!eir

suesses -o not !a+e to .e ,onu,ental

.efore t!e0 -eser+e reognition& .ut 0ou

/raise s!oul- .e sinere3 If 0ou notie

e,/lo0ees -oing so,et!ing 1ell& ta=e

t!e ti,e to a=no1le-ge t!eir goo- 1or=

i,,e-iatel0& /u.lil0 t!an= t!e, for

!an-ling a situation /artiularl0 1ell3

Hrite a =in- note of /raise& or gi+e t!e,

a .onus if a//ro/riate3 A for,al

reognition /rogra, oul- .eesta.lis!e- su! as @e,/lo0ee of t!e

,ont!3

1$2$2$9 Res+o%s)))&y

E,/lo0ees 1ill .e ,ore ,oti+ate- to -o

t!eir 9o.s 1ell if t!e0 !a+e o1ners!i/ of

t!eir 1or=3 T!is re;uires gi+ing

e,/lo0ees enoug! free-o, an- /o1er

to arr0 out t!eir tas=s so t!at t!e0 feel

t!e0 @o1n t!e result3 As in-i+i-uals

,ature in t!eir 9o.s& /ro+i-e

o//ortunities for a--e- res/onsi.ilit03

e areful& !o1e+er& t!at 0ou -o not

si,/l0 a-- ,ore 1or=& instea-& fin- 1a0s

to a-- !allenging an- ,eaningful 1or=&

/er!a/s gi+ing t!e e,/lo0ee greater

free-o, an- aut!orit0 as 1ell3

1$2$2$10 Ad./%(ee%&

Re1ar- lo0alt0 an- /erfor,ane 1it!

a-+ane,ent3 If 0ou -o not !a+e an o/en

/osition to 1!i! to /ro,ote a +alua.lee,/lo0ee& onsi-er gi+ing !i, or !er a

ne1 title t!at reflets t!e le+el of 1or= !e

or s!e !as a!ie+e-3 H!en feasi.le&

su//ort e,/lo0ees .0 allo1ing t!e, to

/ursue furt!er e-uation& 1!i! 1ill

,a=e t!e, ,ore +alua.le to 0our

/ratie an- ,ore fulfille- /rofessionall0

"S0/ta=& Marslan- an- Ul,er& ())(#3

1$2$3 /.)d (Ce/%d T*eory o,

o&)./&)o%

Da+i- MClellan- ontri.ute- to t!e

un-erstan-ing of ,oti+ation .0

i-entif0ing t!ree t0/es of .asi

,oti+ating nee-s3 4e lassifie- t!e, as

t!e nee- for /o1er "n?PHR#& nee- for

affiliation "n?AFF#& an- nee- for

a!ie+e,ent "n?AC4#3

1$2$3$1 Need ,or Power


12/43

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MClellan- anot!er resear!ers !a+e

foun- t!at /eo/le 1it! a !ig! nee- for

/o1er !a+e a great onern for

e:erising influene an- ontrol3 Su!

in-i+i-uals generall0 are see=ing

/ositions of lea-ers!i/B t!e0 are

fre;uentl0 goo- on+ersationalists&

t!oug! often argu,entati+eB t!e0 are

foreful& outs/o=en& !ar-$!ea-e-& an-

-e,an-ingB an- t!e0 en9o0 tea!ing an-

/u.li s/ea=ing3

1$2$3$2 Need ,or A,,))/&)o%

Peo/le 1it! a !ig! nee- for

affiliation usuall0 -eri+e /leasure fro,

.eing lo+e- an- ten- to a+oi- t!e /ain of

.eing re9ete- .0 a soial grou/3 As

in-i+i-uals& t!e0 are li=el0 to .e

onerne- 1it! ,aintaining /leasant

soial relations!i/s& to en9o0 a sense of

inti,a0 an- un-erstan-ing& to .e rea-0

to onsole an- !el/ ot!ers in trou.le& an-

to en9o0 frien-l0 interation 1it! ot!ers3

1$2$3$3 Need ,orA(*)e.ee%&

Peo/le 1it! a !ig! nee- for

a!ie+e,ent !a+e an intense -esire for

suess an- an e;uall0 intense fear of

failure3 T!e0 1ant to .e !allenge-& an-

t!e0 set ,o-eratel0 -iffiult ".ut not

i,/ossi.le# goals for t!e,sel+es3 T!e0

ta=er a realisti a//roa! to ris=B t!e0 are

not li=el0 to .e ga,.lers .ut& rat!er

/refer to anal02e an- assess /ro.le,s&

assu,e /ersonal res/onsi.ilit0 for

getting t!e 9o. -one& an- li=e s/eifi an-

/ro,/t fee-.a= on !o1 t!e0 are -oing3

T!e0 ten- to .e restless& li=e to 1or= long

!ours& -o not 1orr0 un-ul0 a.out failure

if it -oes our& an- ten- to li=e to run

t!eir o1n s!o1s3

1$2$4 T*e C/rro& /%d &*e S&)(

T!is ,eta/!or relates to t!e use

of re1ar-s an- /enalties in or-er to

in-ue .e!a+iour3 It o,es fro, t!e ol-

stor0 t!at to ,a=e a -on=e0 ,o+e& one

,ust /ut a arrot in front of !i, or 9a.

!i, 1it! a sti= fro, .e!in-& t!oug!

lea-ing t!eories of ,oti+ation an-

,oti+ators sel-o, ,a=e referene to t!e

arrot an- t!e sti=3

@Re1ar- an- Punis!,ent are still

onsi-ere- strong ,oti+ators3 At t!e

sa,e ti,e& in all t!eories of ,oti+ation&

t!e in-ue,ents of so,e =in-s of

@arrots are reogni2e-3 Often& t!e

@arrot is ,one0 in t!e for, of /a0 or

.onuses3 E+en t!oug!& ,one0 is not t!e

onl0 ,oti+ating fore& it !as .een an- 1ill

ontinue to .e an i,/ortant one3 T!e

/ro.le, 1it! @arrot is t!at too often


13/43

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e+er0one gets a arrot& regar-less of

/erfor,ane& t!roug! su! /raties as

salar0 inreases& an- /ro,otion .0

seniorit0& auto,ati @,erit inreases&

an- e:euti+e .onuses not .ase- on

in-i+i-ual ,anager /erfor,ane3

T!e @Sti= in t!e for, of fear

fear of loss of 9o.& loss of ino,e&

re-ution of .onus& -e,otion& or so,e

ot!er /enalt0 !as .een an- ontinues

to .e a strong ,oti+ator3 T!roug!

a-9u-ge- not to .e t!e .est3 It often gi+es

rise to -efensi+e or retaliator0 .e!a+iour&

su! as Union Organi2ation& /oor$;ualit0

1or=& e:euti+e in-ifferene& failure of as

,anager to ta=er an0 ris=s in -eision

,a=ing& or e+en -is!onest03 ut fear of

/enalt0 an not .e o+erloo=e-3 T!e

/o1er an- /osition of ,anagers to gi+e

or 1it!!ol- re1ar-s or i,/ose /enalties

of +arious =in-s& gi+es t!e, an a.ilit0 to

ontrol& to a +er0 great e:tent& t!e

eono,i an- soial 1ell$.eing of t!eir

su.or-inates3

1$2$ "roos E+e(&/%(y T*eory o,o&)./&)o%

T!e E:/etan0 t!eor0 aor-ing

to Vitor Vroo, !ol-s t!at /eo/le 1ill .e

,oti+ate- to -o t!ings to rea! a goal if

t!e0 .elie+e in t!e 1ort! of t!at goal an-

if t!e0 an see t!at t!e0 -o 1ill !el/ t!e,

in a!ie+ing it3

Vroo,s t!eor0 /ostulates t!at

/eo/les ,oti+ation to1ar-s -oing

an0t!ing 1ill .e -eter,ine- .0 t!e +alue

t!e0 /lae on t!e outo,e of t!eir effort

"1!et!er /ositi+e or negati+e# ,ulti/lie-

.0 t!e onfi-ene t!e0 !a+e t!at t!eir

efforts 1ill ,ateriall0 ai- in a!ie+ing a

goal3 In ot!er 1or-s& Vroo, ,a=es t!e

/oint t!at ,oti+ation is a /ro-ut of t!e

antii/ate- 1ort! t!at an in-i+i-ual

/laes on a goal an- t!e !anes !e or

s!e sees of a!ie+ing t!at goal3

Vroo,s t!eor0 is state- t!us>

Fore Valene : E:/etan0

H!en FORCE is t!e strengt! of a/ersons ,oti+ation& VALENCE is t!e

strengt! of an in-i+i-uals /referene for

an outo,e& an- EKPECTANC is t!e

/ro.a.ilit0 t!at a /artiular ation 1ill

lea- to a -esire- outo,e3 H!en a

/erson is in-ifferent a.out a!ie+ing a

ertain goal& a +alene of 2ero oursB

t!ere is a negati+e +alene 1!en t!e

/erson 1oul- rat!er not a!ie+e t!e

goal3 T!e result of eit!er 1oul- .e& of

ourse& no ,oti+ation3 Li=e1ise& a /erson

1oul- !a+e no ,oti+ation to a!ie+e a

goal if t!e e:/etan0 1ere 2ero or

negati+e3 T!e fore e:erte- to -o

so,et!ing 1ill -e/en- on .ot! +alene


14/43

P a g e | 632



an- e:/etan03 Moreo+er& a ,oti+e to

ao,/lis! so,e ation ,ig!t .e

-eter,ine- .0 a -esire to ao,/lis!

so,e t!ing else3 For e:a,/le& a /erson

,ig!t .e 1illing to 1or= !ar- to get out a

/ro-ut for a +alene in t!e for, of /a03

Or a ,anager ,ig!t .e 1illing to 1or=

!ar- to a!ie+e o,/an0 goals in

,ar=eting or /ro-ution for a /ro,otion

or /a0 +alene3

1$2$6 (;reors T*eory < /%d T*eory

=

M5regor /osite- t!at ,anaging ,ust

start 1it! t!e .asi ;uestion of !o1

,anagers see t!e,sel+es in relation to

ot!ers3 T!is +ie1/oint re;uires so,e

t!oug!t on t!e /ere/tion of !u,an

nature3 4ene& T!eor0 K an- T!eor0 are

t1o sets of assu,/tions a.out t!e nature

of /eo/le3

T!eor0 K Assu,/tions are as follo1sB

%3 T!at !u,an .eings are

in!erentl0 la20& -isli=es 1or=&

an- 1ill a+oi- it if t!e0 an3(3 T!at /eo/le ,ust .e oere-&

ontrolle-& -irete- an-

t!reatene- 1it! /unis!,ent

to get t!e, /ut fort! re;uire-

effort for t!e a!ie+e,ent of

Organi2ational o.9eti+es3

63 T!at /eo/le /refer to .e

-irete-& 1is! to a+oi-

res/onsi.ilit0& !a+e little

interest or 1or=& an- 0et 1ant

seurit0 of 9o. a.o+e all3

T!eor0 Assu,/tions are as follo1s>

%3 T!e e:/en-iture of /!0sial

an- ,ental effort at 1or= is as

natural as /la0 or rest3

(3 Peo/le 1ill e:erise self$

-iretion an- self$ontrol in

t!e ser+ie of o.9eti+es to

1!i! t!e0 are sta=e!ol-ers

an- o,,itte-3

63 T!e -egree of o,,it,ent to

o.9eti+es is in /ro/ortion to

t!e si2e of t!e re1ar-s

assoiate- 1it! t!eir

a!ie+e,ent3

*3 A+erage !u,an .eings learn&

un-er /ro/er on-itions& not

onl0 to ae/t res/onsi.ilit0

.ut also to see= it3


15/43

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t!e a+erage !u,an .eing are

onl0 /artiall0 utili2e-3

1$3 T*e Co%(e+& o, Prod'(&).)&y

T!e 1or- @/ro-uti+it0 ,a0

soun- li=e @/ro-ution& .ut t!ere is a

signifiant -ifferene .et1een t!e t1o3

@Pro-ution refers to t!e total +olu,e

of goo-s an- ser+ies /ro-ue-B it

fouses on !o1 ,u! is /ro-ue-3

@Pro-uti+it0& on t!e ot!er !an-& ta=es

t!ings a ste/ furt!er .0 relating out/ut to

t!e ;uantit0 of resoures or in/uts use-

to /ro-ue t!e,3 @Pro-uti+it0 is

.asiall0 onerne- 1it! !o1 effiientl0

a ertain out/ut of goo-s an- ser+ies is

/ro-ue- an- t!e +alue reate- .0 t!e

/ro-ution /roess3

In ot!er 1or-s& if a /ro-ut oul-

.e ,a-e at t!e lo1est /ossi.le ost 1it!

a !ig! ;ualit0& an- oul- .e sol-

o,/etiti+el0 in t!e ,ar=et /lae at a

goo- /rie& t!en its /ro-uti+it0 1oul- .e

onsi-ere- +er0 goo-3

Pro-uti+it0 one/t an .e e:/resse-

1it! t!is si,/le e;uation>

Pro-uti+it0 Out/ut

In/ut

As t!e e;uation s!o1s& t!e

o.9eti+e of /ro-uti+it0 is to ,a:i,i2e

out/ut an- ,ini,i2e in/ut3 T!e one/t

of /ro-uti+it0& !o1e+er& !as e+ol+e-

o+er t!e 0ears to re/resent ,ore t!an an

effiien0 ratio3 For ost an- ;uantit0

issues& its /eo/le !as e:/an-e- to

e,.rae soial onerns& su! as 9o.

reation an- seurit0& /o+ert0 alle+iation&

i,/ro+e,ent in t!e ;ualit0 of life&

resoure onser+ation an-en+iron,ental /rotetion3

T!is o,/re!ensi+e a//roa! to

/ro-uti+it0 ,eans t!at 1!en a

or/oration i,/le,ents a /ro-uti+it0

i,/ro+e,ent /rogra,,e its effet 1ill

e:ten- .e0on- t!e organi2ation3 T!e0

1ill also !a+e i,/at on t!e ountr0 an-

its /eo/le "Managers& %776#3

An organi2ation is /ro-uti+e if it

a!ie+es its goals an- -oes so .0

transferring in/uts to out/uts at t!e

lo1est ost3 As su!& /ro-uti+it0 i,/lies

a onern for .ot! effeti+eness an-

effiien03

Effeti+eness ,eans a!ie+e,entof goals 1!ile effiien0 is t!e ratio of

effeti+e out/ut to t!e in/ut re;uire- to

a!ie+e it3 A .usiness fir, is effeti+e

1!en it attains its sales or ,ar=et s!are

goals& .ut its /ro-uti+it0 also -e/en-s

on a!ie+ing t!ose goals effiientl03


16/43

P a g e | 634



1$3$1 I+or&/%(e o, Prod'(&).)&y

At t!e or/orate le+el&

/ro-uti+it0 ,a=es it /ossi.le to /ro-ue

su/erior ;ualit0 an- !ig!$+alue goo-s

an- ser+ies at t!e lo1est /ossi.le ost3

T!is gi+es an organi2ation a o,/etiti+e

e-ge in selling its /ro-uts an- ser+ies3

Hit! goo- sales& t!e o,/an0s

/rofita.ilit0 i,/ro+es& 1!i! allo1s it to

-o ,an0 t!ings su! as>

i3 E:/an- its o/erations& an- t!us

reate e,/lo0,ent an-

o//ortunities for e,/lo0ees to

a-+aneB

ii3 In+est in a-+ane- te!nolog0 an-

s0ste,s t!at 1ill furt!er en!ane

its /ro-uti+it0B

iii3 Pa0 e,/lo0ees .etter 1ages an-

/ro+i-e t!e, a .etter 1or=ing

en+iron,ent& t!us raising t!eir

1or= ,oraleB

i+3 Contri.ute ,ore to t!e soiet0 .0

/a0ing a !ig!er ;uantu, of

or/orate ta:& an- su//orting

,ore soial auses "Managers&

I.i-#3

T!ere are four ,a9or grou/s of

interating fators t!at -eter,ine

/ro-uti+it0 at t!e or/orate le+el3 T!ese

grou/s are Cor/orate Strateg0 an-

O.9eti+es& Organi2ation an- S0ste,s&

4u,an Resoure De+elo/,ent an-

Organi2ational Cli,ate an-

Cultural?In-ustrial Relations!i/s3 At t!e

national le+el& as ,ore o,/anies see=

to i,/ro+e /ro-uti+it0 an-

o,/etiti+eness& t!e0 reate ne1 9o.san- generate greater state re+enues3

T!is in turn& inreases t!e ountr0s

1ealt!3 T!e 5o+ern,ent an t!en -o

,ore for t!e /eo/le an- t!e eono,03

For e:a,/le& it an u/gra-e

infrastruture& lean u/ t!e en+iron,ent&

/ro+i-e ,ore an- .etter soial ser+ies

an- gi+e 1elfare are to /oor& -isa.le an-ot!ers3 For in-i+i-uals& or/orate

/ro-uti+it0 gains an- .etter .usiness

/erfor,ane ,eans 9o. seurit0&

a-+ane,ent o//ortunities& .etter

1ages& greater soial ,o.ilit0& an-

e+entuall0& a .etter ;ualit0 of life

"Managers& i.i-#3

1$3$2 >/(&ors A,,e(&)% Prod'(&).)&y

As i-entifie- .0 +arious aut!ors&

t!ere are ertain fators t!at affet t!e

/ro-uti+it0 of 1or=ers in an

organi2ation3 So,e of t!ese fators are>


17/43

P a g e | 63



1$3$2$1 Cor+or/&e S&r/&ey

/%d O?e(&).es

T!e First ,a9or fator is

esta.lis!ing or/orate strateg0 an-

o.9eti+e t!at are in !ar,on0 1it!

/re+ailing .usiness li,ate3 Custo,er

satisfation is not onl0 a onern of

/ro-ut -e+elo/,ent or retail /eo/le3 It

,ust .e a foal /oint of t!e entire

o,/an0& t!e entire or/orate s0ste,

an- 1or= /roess ,ust .e organi2e-

aroun- it3

Te!nolog0 an- inno+ation are

t1o ot!er =e0 ontri.utors to inrease

/ro-uti+it03 A o,/an0 an- its staff

,ust .e rea-0 to 1elo,e t!e, 1it!

o/en ar,s& e+en if it ,eans so,e /ainful

a-9ust,ents o+er t!e s!ort ter,3 T!esea-9ust,ents ,a0 .e in t!e for, of lo1er

/rofita.ilit0& reorgani2ation /ossi.l0

resulting in la0$offs& san- !anges in 9o.

funtions3 T!e reent a-+ent an-

tre,en-ous i,/at of infor,ation

te!nolog0 on organi2ations an- /eo/le

is a goo- e:a,/le of 1!at te!nolog0 an

-o& an- te!nolog0 !as to .e

ontinuousl0 u/-ate- to =ee/ in ste/

1it! uneasing -e+elo/,ents3

Inno+ation is also a ontinual /roess3 A

o,/an0 nee-s a strategies /lan to -eal

1it! .ot! te!nolog0 an- inno+ation

"Ogunsola& ())'>G)#3

1$3$2$2 Or/%)5/&)o% /%d

Sys&es

T!e ,anage,ent organi2ation

an- t!e /ro-ution s0ste, of an

enter/rise also !a+e an i,/at on

/ro-uti+it03 T!e ,anage,ent

organi2ation s!oul- .e fle:i.le& learn an-

non$.ureaurati3 It s!oul- .e a.le to

res/on- ;ui=l0 an- -0na,iall0 to

!anges in t!e -e,an- of onsu,ers& as

1ell as in t!e ,aro soio$eono,i

en+iron,ent3 T!is is ritial if an

organi2ation is to sustain its +ia.ilit0 an-

gro1t!3

T!e /ro-ution s0ste, ,ust .e

effiient an- effeti+e to /ro-ue ;ualit0

an- ost o,/etiti+e /ro-uts3 T!ere

s!oul-& t!erefore& .e a onstant +igilane

against unneessar0 1or= /roesses&

o+ersto=ing of /arts anot!er

in+entories& e:essi+el0 rigi- 1or=

assign,ents& use of su.stan-ar-,aterials& a,ong ot!ers3 Hor= s!oul- .e

-one to s/eifiations an- o,/lete- on

s!e-ule so t!at goo-s an- ser+ies an

.e -eli+ere- to t!e usto,ers on ti,e

an- 1it! t!e ;ualit0 t!e0 e:/et3 T!e

o.9eti+e is to offer !ig!$+alue /ro-uers


18/43

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an- ser+ies in ter,s of ;ualit0& ost&

/riing an- ti,e3

1$3$2$3 H'/% Reso'r(e

/%/ee%&

It is uni+ersall0 a=no1le-ge- t!at

!u,an resoures of an organi2ation is a

=e0 fator& if not t!e ,ost i,/ortant& in

/ro-uti+it0 i,/ro+e,ent3 T!is is true-es/ite t!e a+aila.ilit0 of te!nolog0 an-

.etter e;ui/,ent3 Ulti,atel0& e+er0t!ing

nee-s t!e !u,an tou!3 T!e a/a.ilities

of t!e !u,an resoures of an

organi2ation !a+e to .e ontinuousl0

u/gra-e-3 T!is is usuall0 -oe t!roug!

onsistent s=ill -e+elo/,ent an-

retraining& greater aess to infor,ation&

an- en!ane,ent of t!e range an- -e/t!

of t!eir =no1le-ge .ase t!roug!

ontinuing e-uation3 Essentiall0& it is a

,atter of e;ui//ing t!e 1or=fore to -o

its 1or= 1ell3

ringing out t!e .est in ea!

e,/lo0ee is of +ital i,/ortane3 T!is !as

to .e -one onsiousl0 an- in a sustaine-

,anner3 E,/lo0ees to-a0 1ant

!allenging 1or= an- to .e in+ol+e- in

t!e /lanning an- organi2ation of t!eir

1or=3 T!e0 are also loo=ing for attrati+e

re,uneration& fair e+aluation an-

reognition of t!eir /erfor,ane& a

o,forta.le 1or= en+iron,ent&

-e+elo/,ent an- a-+ane,ent

o//ortunities& an- a goo- 1elfare

s0ste,3 If an enter/rise an attrat an-

retain t!e .est /eo/le& an- ,oti+ate

t!e,& t!en its /ro-uti+it0 1ill .e greatl0

en!ane-3

H!en an enter/rise gi+es its

e,/lo0ees a sense of self$1ort! .0

treating t!e, rig!t& t!e0 1ill -e+elo/ a

strong atta!,ent to t!eir 1or= an- feel

t!at t!e0 are integral to or/oration3

T!e0 1ill 1ant to -o t!eir .est in t!eir

1or=& ta=e /ri-e in 1!at t!e0 -o& an-

1illingl0 /artii/ate in 1or=

i,/ro+e,ent ati+ities3 A ,oti+ate-

1or=fore is a /o1er to re=on 1it!

"Ogunsola& i.i-#3

1$3$2$4 Or/%)5/&)o%

C)/&e /%d C'&'re

T!e /eo/le 1it!in enter/rise are

tra-itionall0 -i+i-e- into grou/s3 T!ese

grou/s an .e -efine- in +arious 1a0s>

t!e e,/lo0er an- e,/lo0ees& or t!e

,anaging an- t!e ,anage- an- lastl0&

,anage,ent an- la.our3 T!is -i+i-e !as

le- to stress .et1een t!e t1o /arties&

1!i! in so,e ases& !a+e a-+ersel0

un-er,ine t!e /erfor,ane of t!e

or/oration3 For an0 /ro-uti+it0

/rogra,,e 1it!in an enter/rise to .e

effeti+e& t!is -i+ision !as to .e totall0


19/43

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o+ero,e& if not totall0 erase-3 La.our

an- ,anage,ent i,/ro+e /ro-uti+it03

La.our an- ,anage,ent !a+e

so,e .asi -ifferene in outloo= an-

e:/etations 1!i! 1ill !a+e to .e

o+ero,e if t!e /ursuit of !ig!er

/ro-uti+it0 is to .e suessful3 T!is

oul- .e a!ie+e- t!roug! fostering a

!ar,onious relations!i/ .ase on trust

an- oo/eration3 A =e0 strateg0 for an

enter/riser to un-erta=e is t!e

esta.lis!,ent of a la.our$,anage,ent

9ointB onsultati+e foru, to failitate t!e

e:!ange of o/inion an- i-eas /ertinent

to /ro-uti+it0 gro1t! an- -e+elo/,ent3

T!e so/e of su.9ets for -isussion oul-

range fro, ,anagerial relate- issues li=e

o/erational /lanning an- ,anage,ent

to onerns on t!e s!o/ floor li=e

e,/lo0ee training /oliies an- t!e

1or=ing en+iron,ent3

Finall0& an enter/rise !as to

/ro,ote an- .uil- a or/orate ulture of

tea,1or=& 1or= e:ellene an-

inno+ation to /ro+i-e t!e -ri+e for

/ro-uti+it0 i,/ro+e,ent /rogra,,e3

T!ese +alues !a+e to /er+a-e t!e

organi2ationB e+er0one !as to su.sri.e

to t!e, an- ,anifest t!e, in t!eir 1or=3

T!ere !as to .e a !ange in t!e ,in- set

of t!e /eo/le as /ara-ig, s!ift in t!e

1a0 t!e0 1or= .efore en-uring

/ro-uti+it0 gro1t! an ta=e /lae

"Ogunsola& i.i-#3

%$4 I%(e%&).es

No one 1or=s for free& nor s!oul-

t!e03 H!ile /ursuing ,one0 .ase- on

negati+e ,oti+es an lea to a /oorer

/s0!ologial 1ell$.eing& t!is is not t!e

sa,e as /ursuing ,one0 to /ro+i-e

seurit0 an- o,fort for oneself an-

fa,il03 O.+iousl0& e,/lo0ees 1ant to

earn fair 1ages an- salaries& an-

e,/lo0ers 1ant t!eir 1or=ers to feel t!at

is 1!at t!e0 are getting3 To t!at en-& it is

logial t!at e,/lo0ees an- e,/lo0ers

ali=e +ie1 ,one0 as t!e fun-a,ental

inenti+e for satisfator0 9o.

/erfor,ane3

T!e use of ,onetar0 or ot!er

finanial inenti+es in t!e lassi @1or=

/erfor,ane /ara-ig, is .ase-

/ri,aril0 on reinfore,ent t!eor03

Reinfore,ent t!eor0 %< fouses on t!e

relations!i/ .et1een a target .e!a+iour

"e3g3& 1or= /erfor,ane# an- its

onse;uenes "e3g3& /a0#& an- it is

/re,ise- on t!e /rini/les an-te!ni;ues of organi2ational .e!a+iour

,o-ifiation3 Organi2ational .e!a+iour

,o-ifiation is a fra,e1or= 1it!in 1!i!

e,/lo0ee .e!a+iours are i-entifie-&

,easure- an- anal02e- in ter,s of t!eir

funtional onse;uenes "i3e3 e:isting


20/43

P a g e | 638



reinfore,ents# an- 1!ere an

inter+ention is -e+elo/e- using

/rini/les of reinfore,ent3

In a ,u! /u.lii2e- stu-0& 5u/ta

an- !er olleagues anal02e- t!irt0$nine

stu-ies on-ute- o+er four -ea-es an-

foun- t!at ol-$!ar- as! ,oti+ates

1or=ers 1!et!er t!eir 9o.s are e:iting

or ,un-ane& in la.s an- real$1orl-

settings ali=e3 ut t!e resear! tea,

a=no1le-ges t!at ,one0 is not t!e onl0

t!ing t!at onerns e,/lo0ees noting

t!at .e0on- a ertain /oint !ig!er

salaries 1ill ,a=e e,/lo0ees !a//ier&

.ut it 1ill not @.u0 .etter /erfor,ane3

Still& 5u/ta 1arns t!at e,/lo0ers 1!o

-ole out s,all ,erit raises less t!an '

of .ase /a0 ,a0 -o ,ore !ar, t!an

goo-3 Aor-ing to !er& s,all raises an

atuall0 .e -0sfuntional in ter,s of

,oti+ation .eause e,/lo0ees .eo,e

irritate- t!at t!eir !ar- 1or= 0iel-e- so

little3 eause of t!is& s!e a-+ises

e,/lo0ers 1!o ,ust gi+e s,all raises to

.e areful a.out lin=ing t!e, to result

an- to .e sru/ulous a.out .eing fair3

Still& t!e resear! .0 5u/tas tea,

is 9ust one stu-0 fro, a 1ealt! of fin-ings

t!at an a//ear inonsistent3 T!ese

a//arent inonsistenies reflet& in /art&

i,/ortant nuanes a.out t!e

relations!i/ .et1een ,onetar0

inenti+es an- 9o. /erfor,ane3 For

e:a,/le& t!e .roa- literature on 9o.

/erfor,ane eno,/asses finanial

inenti+es t!at a--ress .ot! individual

an- group/erfor,ane an- /ro-uti+it03

Furt!er,ore& ,onetar0 inenti+es an

e:ten- .e0on- t!e ,ere raises -isusse-

.0 5u/tas tea, to inlu-e in-i+i-ual an-

s,all$grou/ re1ar-s& ,erit /a0& /a0$for$

/erfor,ane& +aria.le /a0 /lans& or

grou/ .onus /lans as 1ell as /rofit$

s!aring an- gain$s!aring inenti+e /lans3

Perr0 an- !is olleagues anal02e-

t!is -i+erse literature in an outstan-ing

re+ie1 an- ulle- t1o general

/ro/ositions rele+ant to .est /raties in

t!e ser+ie in-ustr0> finanial inenti+es

,o-eratel0 to signifiantl0 i,/ro+e tas=

/erfor,ane& .ut t!eir effeti+eness are

-e/en-ent u/on organi2ational

on-itions3

Differenes in institutional

arrange,ents ontri.ute to t!e

feasi.ilit0 an- effeti+eness of +arious

,onetar0 inenti+es& as -o -ifferenes in

e,/lo0ees /referenes for s/eifi

inenti+es3 T!erefore& o,/anies are

1ise to stu-0 t!ese issues .efore

i,/le,enting !anges to e:isting

inenti+e /lans3 T!is is es/eiall0

/ertinent for ser+ie organi2ations&

1!ere finanial reinfore,ents ten- to

/ro-ue a stronger effet on tas=

/erfor,ane t!an non$finanial re1ar-s


21/43

P a g e | 639



use- alone3 E+en stronger results are

seen 1it! a o,/osite a//roa!3 For

e:a,/le& one ,eta$anal0sis of '( fiel-

foun- t!at ,onetar0 inenti+es

i,/ro+e- tas= /erfor,ane .0 (6&

soial reognition i,/ro+e- tas=

/erfor,ane .0 ' an- fee-.a= eliite-

a %)) i,/ro+e,ent3 Si,ultaneousl0

o,.ining all t!ree t0/es of

reinfore,ents i,/ro+e- /erfor,ane

.0 *


22/43

P a g e | 640



9o.& so t!at t!ere is a -iret an-

i,,e-iate onnetion .et1een 1or=

an- re1ar-3

T!e /o1er of inenti+es is

i,,ense an- /er+asi+e& 1!i! is all t!e

,ore reason t!e0 re;uire areful

,anage,ent "Men2ie an- Hillia,s&

%776#3 4ea/ "%7G'# !as su,,ari2e- a list

of t!ese a-+antages an- -isa-+antages

assoiate- 1it! finanial inenti+es3

Man0 onstrution o,/anies !a+e

alrea-0 onsi-ere- t!at t!ere an .e

a-+antages an- -isa-+antages of

-e+elo/ing an inenti+e /rogra,3 A stu-0

.0 San-ers an- T!o,/son "%777#

s!o1e- t!at t!ose o,/anies t!at =ee/

t!eir /rogra, si,/le 1it! t!e ,ain

o.9eti+e of t!e /rogra, in ,in- "to

.enefit t!e /ro9et in referene to ost&

s!e-ule& usto,er ser+ie& en+iron,ent

an- ;ualit0# are also -ee,e- suess of

an0 inenti+e /rogra,3

Inenti+es are usuall0 -efine- as

tangi.le re1ar-s t!at are gi+en to t!ose

1!o /erfor, at a gi+en le+el3 Su!

re1ar-s ,a0 .e a+aila.le to 1or=ers&

su/er+isors& or to/ ,anagers3 H!et!er

t!e inenti+e is lin=e- -iretl0 to su!

ite,s as safet0& ;ualit0 or a.senteeis,&

t!e re1ar- follo1s suessful

/erfor,ane "Men2ie an- Hillia,s&

%776#3 Man0 o,/anies feel t!at /o=et

,one0 is no longer a goo- ,oti+ator3

Ot!ers onten- t!at s,all re1ar-s su!

as toasters an- .len-ers to not ,oti+ate3

Man0 o,/anies t!erefore offer /rofit

s!aring /lansB or o,/anies !a+e

a.an-one- ,onetar0 re1ar-s an-

instea- offer la+is! tri/s to su! /laes as

Euro/e an- so,e Cari..ean Islan-s3

eause of t!e e:/ense& t!ese /rogra,s

re;uire areful ,onitoring3 So,e

o,/anies ,erel0 re1ar- goo-

/ro-uers 1it! an e:tra -a0 off 1it! /a03Ot!er onerns re1ar- to/ /erfor,ers

1it! .etter 1or=ing on-itions3 Sine

inenti+e /rogra,s ai, to inrease

1or=ers /erfor,ane le+els& t!e

,easure use- to -ei-e if a re1ar- !as

.een earne- s!oul- .e arefull0 set3 T!e

/erfor,ane le+el ,ust .e attaina.le or

1or=ers 1ill not tea! t!e goal3 T!at fatun-ersores t!e usefulness of !a+ing

1or=ers t!e,sel+es ontri.ute t!eir

a.out 1!at onstitutes a reasona.le

le+el of /erfor,ane3 An inenti+e

s!e,e ,a0 also fail if t!e ,easure of

suess ignores ;ualit0 or safet03 An

o.+ious /ro.le, e:ists 1!en an

inenti+e is a//lie- to 1or= t!at is

,a!ine /ae-3 Inenti+es s!oul- .e

learl0 lin=e- to /erfor,ane& .ut not all

inenti+es an .e learl0 tie- to o.9eti+e

riteria3 So,e inenti+e re1ar-s are

issue- on t!e .asis of a su.9eti+e

assess,ent .0 a su/er+isor on t!e ,erit

of /artiular 1or=ers3 T!is ,et!o-& in


23/43

P a g e | 641



/artiular& ,a0 ause onflits .et1een

1or=ers& es/eiall0 t!ose 1!o -o not 1in

re1ar-s3

1$ Per,or/%(e

Des/ite -e+elo/,ent in t!e

/ro9et ,anage,ent te!nolog0 1or=ers

are still t!e =e0 /la0ers in t!e /ro9ets3

T!e0 -eter,ine t!e suess or t!e failureof a /ro9etB t!e0 -efine /ro9et goal&

t!e0 /lan& organi2e& -iret& oor-inate

an- ,onitor /ro9et ati+ities3 T!e0 also

,eet /ro9et goals an- o.9eti+es .0

suing inter/ersonal an- organi2ational

s=ills su! as o,,uniation& -elegation&

-eision$,a=ing an- negotiation

"+onne -u Plessis& ())6#3 S!e a--s @In

/ro9et en+iron,ents& /eo/le an .e

+ie1e- as ontri.uting /ro.le,s an-

onstraints or /ro+i-ing solution an-

o//ortunities& an- onlu-es t!at

!u,an resoure ,anage,ent is a +ital

o,/onent of a /ro9et3 T!e e,/!asis is

on t!e 1or=fore an- !o1 t!e0 an .e

,anage- an- lea- to inrease in t!eir

o+erall effiien0 an- effeti+eness asin-i+i-uals& as /ro9et tea,s an- as t!e

,e,.ers of t!e organi2ation3 It is

i,/ortant t!erefore& t!at t!e rig!t

/eo/le enter t!e /ro9et at t!e rig!t

ti,e& 1!i! t!e0 are organi2e- an-

,oti+ate- as in-i+i-uals an- 1or= as a

tea, to -eli+er aor-ing to t!e /ro9et

goals an- t!erefore reogni2e- an-

re1ar-e- for t!eir a!ie+e,ents3 S!e

!as t!e follo1ing -efinition of

/erfor,ane>

Commitment' A /ersons a.ilit0 to

o,/lete a 9o. suessfull03

Caliber' It is a ter, use- to -esri.e t!e

/ersonal ;ualities an- a.ilit0 a /erson

.rings to t!e 9o.3 T!ese are t!e ;ualities

of s=ill t!at ena.les a /ersons tas=& an-

gi+e !i, t!e a/ait0 to o/e 1it! t!e

-e,an-s of t!e 9o.3 A /ersons le+el of

ali.er is assoiate- 1it! t!eir in,ates

a.ilit0 an- t!e a,ount of training an-

e:/eriene t!e0 !a+e a;uire-3

T!erefore& /erfor,ane of an

in-i+i-ual -e/en-s on !is 1illingness an-

-ri+e to o,/lete t!e tas=& 1!i! is !is

o,,it,ent3 Unli=e ali.er&

o,,it,ent is not a fi:e- o,,o-it0B it

,a0 !ange ;uite fre;uentl0 in res/onse&

to on-itions an- situations t!e

in-i+i-ual enounters3

(erformance ) *unction +Caliber x

Commitment

T!e ,anager ,ust use an a//ro/riate

st0le of lea-ers!i/ to ontrol t!e 1or=ing

en+iron,ent in su! a ,anner t!at t!e

1or=fore 1ill .e o,,itte- to -o t!e


24/43

P a g e | 642



tas= an- so ,oti+ate t!e,sel+es to

a!ie+e t!e o.9eti+es of t!e /ro9et3

1$6 Poss)e #/ys &o I+ro.e

worers Prod'(&).)&y

E,/lo0ees ,oti+ation& 1!i! is

t!e ,ain /ro.le,& an ta=e ,an0 for,s3

T!us& an0 /ro-uti+it0 i,/ro+e,ent

/rogra,,es in Nigeria s!oul- inlu-e&a,ong ot!er t!ings& t!e re/lae,ent of

ineffeti+e an- o.solete te!nologies&

re/lae,ent of e;ui/,ent in /oor

on-itionsB esta.lis!,ent of goo-

1or=ing on-itions "goo- /a0,ent

s0ste, an- inenti+es& 9o. satisfation&

goo- retire,ent /a=ages#& an- t!e

/ro+ision of a//ro/riate te!nial

,an/o1er an- instrutions "Di=e& ())


25/43

P a g e | 643



t!e 1or=ers an- t!e lea-ers3 4o1e+er& it

is essential to e,/!asi2e t!at t!e a.o+e

/resri/tions 1oul- 1or= .etter un-er a

+ia.le -e,orati /olitial /roess "Di=e&

())


26/43

P a g e | 644



1as one of t!ese rare ge,s3 4o1e+er& as

,ore an- ,ore Nigerians a;uire-

suffiient e-uation& an- as /ressure 1as

,ounte- on t!e olonial aut!orities .0

Nigerians elites for gra-ual in-igeni2ation

of t!e ser+ie& t!e nu,.er of Nigerians

a//ointe- into @Euro/eans /osts

inrease- 1it! ti,e an- 1it!

-e+elo/,ents in t!e /olitial sene3 Allan

urns in !is -istory of igeria reor-s

t!at a Nigerian 1as on t!e .en! of t!eountr0s Su/re,e Court as a Ju-ge .0

%7*G3 T!e @Afrian or @Nati+e staff on

t!e ot!er !an- onsiste- /re-o,inantl0

of Nigerians anot!er Hest Afrians

a//ointe- into t!e @9unior ser+ie as

ler=s an- artisans& .ot! s=ille- an-

uns=ille-3

T!e senior ser+ie onsiste- of

offiers in t!e a-,inistrati+e an-

/roessional lasses& ,e,.er 1!i!

entere- t!e ser+ie usuall0 on an initial

salar0 of si: !un-re- /oun-s sterling /er

annu,3 Hit! goo- on-ut& satisfator0

/erfor,ane an- un.le,is!e- ser+ie&

t!e senior i+il ser+ant& .0 annual salar0

inre,ent& rea!e- an annual salar0 ofeig!t !un-re- an- si:t0 /oun-s sterling

in !is nint! 0ear3 S!oul- .e fail to ;ualif0

for /ro,otion 1it!in t!is /erio-& !e

1oul- ontinue to ,ar= ti,e on t!is

salar0 .ar3

H!ile t!e Junior Ser+ie on t!e

ot!er !an- 1as staffe- /re-o,inantl0

1it! @Afrian or @Nati+e /ersonnel&

,ost of 1!o, 1ere Nigerians or

in-igenes of ot!er ritis! Hest Afrian

Colonies su! as Sierra$Leone an- t!e

5ol- Coast "5!ana#3 T!ese @nati+e staffs

1ere e,/lo0e- ,ainl0 as ler=s an-

artisans on /er,anent .asis as uns=ille-

la.ourer on -ail0 or te,/orar0

a//oint,ents3 T!e salaries of t!e JuniorCi+il Ser+ants in t!e lerial a-re range-

for, t1ent0 four to t!ree !un-re-

/oun-s sterling /er annu,& 1!ile

artisans an- la.ourers earne- salaries

ranging fro, t1el+e to to1 !un-re-

/oun-s sterling /er annu,3

1$7$1 T*e A///&)o% o, &*e

Nor&*er% /%d So'&*er% Pro&e(&or/&e

efore %7))& Nigeria !a- t!ree

se/arate an- -istint olonial

a-,inistrations& ea! 1it! its o1n .o-0

of la1s& regulations an- 5eneral Or-ers3

T!e Niger Territories 1ere ontrolle- .0

t!e Ro0al Niger Co,/an0B t!e NigerCoast Protetorate 1as un-er t!e ontrol

of t!e ritis! Foreign Offie 1!ile t!e

Colonial Offie !a- res/onsi.ilit0 for t!e

a-,inistration of t!e Lagos Cro1n

Colon0 an- Protetorate3


27/43

P a g e | 64



Hit! t!e a,alga,ation of t!e

Sout!ern an- Nort!ern Nigeria in %7%*&

t!e e:isting -i+ergene in /oli0& la1s&

5eneral Or-ers et 1ere re,o+e- to a

+er0 large e:tent3 0 %7%'& t!e se/arate

5eneral Or-ers& Finanial Instrutions

anot!er a-,inistrati+e gui-elines

!it!erto in fore in t!e t1o /arts of t!e

ountr0 !a- .een re+ise-& unifie- an-

,a-e a//lia.le to all of Nigeria3 A

si,/le 1ee=l0 ga2ette 1it! a su//le,entre/lae- /re+ious se/arate /u.liations3

T!us& t!e fat t!at to-a0& t!e +arious i+il

ser+ies in t!e ountr0 s!are to a large

e:tent& o,,on a-,inistrati+e ulture&

+alues& on+entions& tra-itions an-

regulations -ate .a= to t!e

a,alga,ation of Nigeria3

During t!is /erio-& t!e ser+ie& as

.riefl0 ,entione- 1as funtionall0

organi2e- into -e/art,ents su! as

E-uation& Agriulture an- Hor=s3 Ea!

-e/art,ent 1as !ea-e- .0 t!e ,ost

senior /rofessional offier 1it! t!e title

of -iretor3 T!ere 1ere no Per,anent

Seretaries an- no Ministers sine t!ere

1ere no Ministries3 Hit! t!e %7%*a,alga,ation& t!e -iretors .ea,e e:$

offiio ,e,.ers of t!e Legislati+e

Counil3 In t!is a/ait0& t!e0 1ere

res/onsi.le for /oli0 ,atters in t!eir

+arious -e/art,ents an- !ene ate- as

C!ief A-+isers to t!e Colonial

5o+ern,ent on all ,atters relating to

t!eir -e/art,ents3 T!e0 ans1ere-

;uestions an- -efen-e- t!eir

-e/art,ents in t!e Legislati+e Counil3

1$7$2 E+/%s)o% /%d I%d)e%)5/&)o%

Furt!er /olitial an-

onstitutional -e+elo/,ents ,o+e- t!e

ountr0 to1ar-s regionalis, 1it! t!eintro-ution of t!e Ri!ar-s

Constitution in %7*83 Nigeria .ea,e a

full fe-eration onsisting of t!e Eastern&

Hestern an- Nort!ern Regions an- t!e

Fe-eral Territor0 of Lagos3 0 %7


28/43

P a g e | 646



in t!e ountr0 to fi+e3 After1ar-s& t!e

/artitioning of Nigeria into t1el+e States

on ('t! Ma0& %78' .0 -eree no %* of

%78' as /ro,ulgate- .0 t!e Su/re,e

Militar0 Counil un-er Lt3 Col a=u.u

5o1on onse;uent u/on t!e %'%(&)o%s o, C).) Ser.)(e )%

N)er)/

T!e s/eifi -a0 to -a0

res/onsi.ilities of t!e Nigerian i+il

ser+ie inlu-e& a,ong ot!ers t!e

follo1ing>

i3 Assisting go+ern,ent in

t!e for,ulation an-

i,/le,entation of

/u.li /oliies an-

/rogra,,es3

ii3 Data olletion& storage

an- in/ut to /u.li

/oli0 for,ulation .0

go+ern,ent3

iii3 Pro+ision of ontinuit0

in /u.li /oli0

for,ulation an-

i,/le,entation on

.ot! s!ort an- long

ter, .ases for t!e goo-

of t!e nation

irres/eti+e of t!e

/olitial /art0 or set of

,ilitar0 offiers in

/o1er3

i+3 Maintenane an-

o/eration of effiientan- effeti+e

a-,inistrati+e

,a!iner0 for t!e -a0

to -a0 -is!arge of

go+ern,ent funtions3

+3 Pre/aration an-

i,/le,entation of t!e

annualesti,ates?.u-get of

t!e go+ern,ent3

+i3 Colletion of

go+ern,ent re+enue

an- ontrol of

go+ern,ent

e:/en-iture to ensure

t!e 9u-iious

a//liation of /u.li

fun-s3

+ii3 Maintenane an-

o/eration of effiient

an- effeti+e /ersonnel

,anage,ent s0ste,


29/43

P a g e | 647



o+ering all /ersonnel

in go+ern,ent ser+ie3

+iii3

Assisting go+ern,ent in

t!e /ro,otion of

national unit0 an-

integration3

1$9 Ide%&),)(/&)o% o, ;/+ )%

K%owede

Se+eral 1or=s !a+e un-ou.te-l0

.een arrie- out on e,/lo0ees

,oti+ation an- /ro-uti+it0& in t!is

regar-& .ot! foreign an- loal s!olars

li=e Vitor Vroo, %78*& De5raaff ())6&

Nu,.erg %77


30/43

P a g e | 648



,anagers 1!o su/er+ise t!e

ati+ities of t!e 9unior staff3

T!e0 inlu-e !ig!er e:euti+e

offiers& et3

iii3 Junior Staff> T!ese are t!e

9unior a-re staff of t!e

,inistries3 In t!is ategor0 of

t!e 9unior a-re are t0/ists&

lerial assistants& ,essengers&

et3

A ross$setional sur+e0 -esign1as utili2e- in or-er to ensure t!at t!e

sa,/le 1as re/resentati+e of t!e

/o/ulation in ter,s of su! ritial

fators as gen-er& -e/art,ents an-

status3 One !un-re- an- fift0 one

-ifferent ategories of /eo/le in t!e

State Ci+il Ser+ie 1ere selete-3

2$3 Rese/r(* es)%

T!e resear! -esign in+ol+e- t!e

a-,inistration of ;uestionnaires an- t!e

on-ut of /ersonal inter+ie1 1it! t!e

+arious ategories of staff in E-o State

Ci+il Ser+ie 1!ere neessar03 T!e

resear! 1as -esigne- to>

o.tain -etaile- infor,ation

t!at 1ill i-entif0 t!e

,oti+ational strategies t!at

e:ist in E-o State Ci+il Ser+ieB

i-entif0 t!e +arious -egree of

i,/le,entation of t!ese

,oti+ational strategies in E-o

State Ci+il Ser+ieB

e:a,ine t!e effeti+eness of

t!e i-entifie- ,oti+ational

strategies on t!e /ro-uti+it0

of t!e i+il ser+ants in E-o

State an-B

reo,,en- 1a0s of i,/ro+ing

t!e /ro-uti+it0 of E-o State

Ci+il Ser+ie t!roug! t!e

i,/le,entation of -ifferent

,oti+ational inenti+es for

-ifferent ategories of staff3

2$4 S/+)% Pro(ed're

T!e /roe-ure a-o/te- for

sa,/ling in t!is .oo= is /ur/osi+e

ran-o, sa,/ling3 Pur/osi+e ran-o,sa,/ling te!ni;ue 1as a//lie- a,ong

t!e senior& ,i--le an- 9unior a-re of

staff t!at ,a-e u/ E-o State Ci+il Ser+ie3

One !un-re- an- eig!t0 ;uestionnaires

1ere a-,inistere-& !o1e+er one

!un-re- an- fift0 one ;uestionnaires

1ere returne-3 T!us& t!e sa,/le

/o/ulation use- for t!is stu-0 is one

!un-re- an- fift0 one 1!i! re/resents

a.out ten /erent "%)# of t!e total

/o/ulation of one t!ousan- eig!t

!un-re- an- t1ent0 eig!t3 Pur/osi+e

sa,/ling ,et!o- 1as use- for

on+enienes sa=e an- -ue to t!e


31/43

P a g e | 649



li,itation of ti,e a+aila.le for t!e

o,/letion of t!e resear! 1or=3

2$ e/s'ree%& o, "/r)/es

T!e t1o +aria.les in t!is resear!

1or= are> Moti+ation an- E,/lo0ees

Pro-uti+it03 Moti+ation is t!e

In-e/en-ent Varia.le3 It is t!e inner

-ri+e& 9o0 or satisfation t!at ,a=ese,/lo0ee 1or= !ar-& at ti,es e:tra !ar-

to1ar-s t!e ao,/lis!,ent of

organi2ational goals3 E,/lo0ees 1ill to

a!ie+e t!e organi2ational goals an-

targets inreases 1!en !e or s!e -eri+es

so,e satisfation on t!e 9o.3

In ot!er 1or-s& e,/lo0ees

/ro-uti+it0 is -e/en-ent on t!e le+el of,oti+ation reei+e- fro, 1it!in an-

aroun- t!e 1or= en+iron,ent3 T!ese

,oti+ations 1!i! affet t!e generalit0

of t!e Hor=ers?E,/lo0ees life translate

to !is?!er /erfor,ane at 1or=$

Pro-uti+it03

E,/lo0ees Pro-uti+it0 in t!is

resear! 1or= t!erefore is t!e-e/en-ent +aria.le3 It oul- .e affete-

/ositi+el0 or negati+el03 It affets

/ositi+el0& if it ,eets t!e -e,an- of t!e

e,/lo0ees& an- affet negati+el0 1!en it

fails to a--ress t!e nee- of t!e

e,/lo0ees3

2$6 Rese/r(* I%s&r'e%&

T1o .asi resear! instru,ents of

/ri,ar0 -ata olletion e,/lo0e- in

or-er to o.tain t!e -esire- infor,ation is

t!e a-,inistration of ;uestionnaires3

T!e ;uestionnaires 1ere -rafte-

in su! a ,anner so as to o.tain t!e

-esire- infor,ation fro, t!e +ariousategories of res/on-ents .ase- on t!eir

o1n +ie1s as regar-s t!e su.9et ,atter3

In or-er to aug,ent t!e infor,ation

o.taine- fro, /ri,ar0 -ata& seon-ar0

-ata te!ni;ue 1as also onsulte-3 T!e

seon-ar0 -ata soures onsulte-

inlu-e 9ournals& te:t.oo=s& 1e.site

,aterials& ne1s/a/ers an- ,aga2ines3

2$7 /&/ Coe(&)o%

Pri,ar0 an- seon-ar0 -ata 1ere

use- as ,et!o-s of in+estigation3 T!e

/ri,ar0 -ata 1!i! 1as ,ainl0 t!e use of

;uestionnaire 1as -istri.ute- to .ot!

senior an- 9unior staff of t!e +arious

,inisters3 Pur/osi+e sa,/ling ,et!o-

1as use- ,ainl0 use- for aa-e,i

/ur/ose3


32/43

P a g e | 60



2$7$1 Pr)/ry So'r(es

T!e ,a9or soure of /ri,ar0 -ata is;uestionnaire3

2$7$2 Se(o%d/ry So'r(es

T!e seon-ar0 soures inlu-e

/u.liations su! as 9ournals&ne1s/a/ers& ,aga2ines& internet

soures& te:t.oo=s an- offiial ga2ettes3

2$8 Re)/))&y o, Rese/r(*

I%s&r'e%&

T!e relia.ilit0 of t!e resear!

instru,ent 1as ensure- .0 inlu-ing allt!e essential fators of ,oti+ation an-

/ro-uti+it0 in t!e rating sale an- rating

t!e ite,s in si,/le Englis! language3 3

2$9 e&*od o, /&/ A%/ys)s

T!e -ata anal0sis of t!is .oo=

,a-e use of t!e -esri/ti+e ,et!o-3 For

-esri/ti+e ,et!o-& t!e -ata 1ere

anal0se- 1it! t!e use of /erentage for

ea! ite, on t!e ;uestionnaire

CHAPTER >O!R

PRESENTATION INTERPRETATION AN

ANA=SIS O> ATA

3$1 I%&rod'(&)o%

T!is !a/ter fouses on t!e

/resentation& anal0sis an- inter/retation

of t!e infor,ation ollete- fro, t!e

/o/ulation of stu-0 1!i! !a+e .earing

1it! t!e o.9eti+es of t!e .oo=3 It also

-isusses t!e fin-ings fro, t!e

infor,ation eliite- fro, t!e sa,/le

/o/ulation3

T!e !a/ter re+eals t!e res/onses

of %


33/43

P a g e | 61



4$2$1 >re'e%(y )s&r)'&)o% o,

Res+o%de%&s y Se

T!e -esri/tion of t!e

res/on-ents .0 se: as o.ser+e- in Ta.le*3% s!o1s t!at 8re'e%(y )s&r)'&)o% o,

Res+o%de%&s y Ae

Ae >re'e%(y Per(e%&

()$(7 %' %%3(8

6)$67 ') *8368

*)$*7


34/43

P a g e | 62



lassifie- into single& ,arrie-& -i+ore-

an- 1i-o1e- an- t!is is !ig!lig!te- in

Ta.le % .elo13

T/e 3$3 >re'e%(y )s&r)'&)o% o,

Res+o%de%&s y /r)&/ S&/&'s

/r)&/

s&/&'s

>re'e%(y Per(e%&

Marrie- %)G '%3re'e%(y Per(e%&

Pri,ar0

S!ool

Certifiate

( %36(

SSCE?HASC %< 7376

4ND?3S G%


35/43

P a g e | 63



,oti+ating staff in E-o State Ci+il Ser+ie&

t!e in+estigation re+eale- t!e follo1ing&

fro, t!e %


36/43

P a g e | 64



T/e 3$ >re'e%(y )s&r)'&)o% o, e(*/%)ss ,or o&)./&)% S&/,, )% Edo S&/&e

C).) Ser.)(e

Un-ei-e- Disagree Strongl0

-isagree

Agree Strongl0

agree

Fre; Fre;3 Fre; Fre;3 Fre; Mean Ran=

%3 Pro+ision of 1or=ing tools

to en!ane /ro-uti+it0

*' 6%3%6 8' **36' %G %%37( %( '37< ' *38* 63G7 6r-

(3 I,/ro+e- re,uneration %* 73(' < 636% 8 637' *8 6)3*8 G) Fiel- Sur+e0& Jul0 "())7#

3$4 >/(&ors &*/& /,,e(& s&/,, ?o

s/&)s,/(&)o% )% Edo S&/&e C).)

Ser.)(e

T!e first fator to .e onsi-ere- is

Q1ages an- salar0& of 1!i! all t!e

res/on-ents agree- it is a fator3 For,

ta.le *3* .elo1& it an .e o.ser+e- t!at

6(3*


37/43

P a g e | 6



1it! /erentage -istri.ution of %63( Mart!ouse Press Lt-3

Daint0& A3& Lingar-& 43& Loose,oore& 43

"())(#3 -uman 0esource

/anagement in Construction

(ro!ects1Strategic and

2perational %pproaches. Lon-on>

S/oon /ress3

Dei& E3L3 R0an& R3M3 "%7G Plenu, Press3

Fas!o0in& T3 "%7G)#3 Industrial 0elations in

igeria. Lon-on> Long,an 5rou/

Lt-3

4er2.erg& F3 "%7 Hile03

oont2& 43 an- ODonnel& C3 "%7G)#3

/anagement3 Ne1 or=> M5ra1

4ill International In3

Logot!esis& N3 "%77(#3 #orkers

(articipation and Self

/anagement in 3eveloping

Countries. oul-er& Colora-o>

Hest+ie1 Press& In3

Maen2ie& S3 an- Hillia,s& M3 "%776#

2rgani"ational 4ehaviour and

-uman 3ecision (rocesses. N3J>

Prentie$4all& In3

Maslo1& A3 "%7 4ar/er

Ro13

MClellan-& D3 "%7 A//leton$

Centur0 Crafts3

M5regor& D3 "%78)#3 The -uman Side of

Enterprise.Ne1 or=> M5ra1 4illPu.liations3

Mil=o+ui!& 53T3 an- 5lue=& H3F3 "%7G

Afriana$Fe/ Pu.lis!ers Lt-3


43/43


S!in.a& 53 Sin.a& P3 "%7''#3 Industrial

0elations and 6abour 6egislation.

Ne1 Del!i> O:for- an- I4

Pu.lis!ing Co,/an03

Sis=& 43 Hillia,s& C3 "%7G%#3

/anagement and 2rgani"ation.

*t! E-ition& Cininnati> Sout!

Hestern Pu.lis!ing Co,/an03

S=inner& 3F3 "%787#3 Contingencies of

reinforcement. Ne1 or=>

A//leton$ Centur0$Crofts3

Vi9a0araga+an& 3 "())*#3 %gricultural

%dministration in India. Ne1

Del!i> Cone/t Pu.lis!ing

Co,/an0.

Vroo,& A3 "%78*#3 #ork and /otivation.

Ne1 or=> Jo!n Hile0 an- Sons3

o'r%/s

C!an& H3& a=a& A3& ())'3 (roductivity

improvements' understand the

workforce perceptions of

productivity first. Vol3 68"*#

//3 one/tual

.a=groun-& ,eta$anal0sis& an-

test of alternati+e ,o-els3

(ersonnel (sychology,

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Motivation as an Instruments of Performance in Edo State Civil Service by Ajayi Adeola

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