Motivation Theories
by Prof. Pradip Kumar Ghosh 1
Definition
Motivation
can be broadly defined as the forces acting on orwithin a person that cause the arousal, direction, andpersistence of goal-directed, voluntary effort.
Motivation theory is thus concerned with theprocesses that explain why and how human behavioris activated.
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Various Motivation Theories
• MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
• ALDERFER'S E-R-G THEORY.
• MOTIVATOR-HYGIENE THEORY
• MCCLELLAND'S LEARNED NEEDS THEORY.
by Prof. Pradip Kumar Ghosh 3
MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
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•Physiological needs,
•Security needs,
•Belongingness needs,
•Esteem needs,
•Self-actualization need
According to the implications of the hierarchy, individuals must have their lower level
needs met by, for example, safe working conditions, adequate pay to take care of one's
self and one's family, and job security before they will be motivated by increased job
responsibilities, status, and challenging work assignments.
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ALDERFER'S E-R-G THEORY
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• Existence – Physiological & Safely
• Relatedness – Belongingness and Esteem needs
• Growth – Self Actualization
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MOTIVATOR-HYGIENE THEORY
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•Lower Level Needs (Hygienic factors )
•Higher Level Needs ( Motivators )
The implication for managers of the motivator-hygiene theory is that meeting employees lower-
level needs by improving pay, benefits, safety, and other job-contextual factors will prevent
employees from becoming actively dissatisfied but will not motivate them to exert additional
effort toward better performance. To motivate workers, according to the theory, managers must
focus on changing the intrinsic nature and content of jobs themselves by "enriching" them to
increase employees' autonomy and their opportunities to take on additional responsibility, gain
recognition, and develop their skills and careers.
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MCCLELLAND'S LEARNED NEEDS THEORY.( Most Important)
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• Need for Affiliation ( n-Aff)
• Need for Power ( n-Pow)
• Need for Achievement ( n-Ach)
n-Aff
The need for affiliation is a desire to establish social relationships with others.
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n-Pow
The need for power reflects a desireto control one's environment andinfluence others.
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n-Ach
The need for achievement is a desire to take responsibility, set challenging goals, and obtain performance feedback.
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Managers should attempt to develop an understanding of whether and to what degree their employees
have one or more of these needs, and the extent to which their jobs can be structured to satisfy them.
Achievers
According to McClelland and David Winter (Motivating Economic Achievement), the following features accompany high level of achievement motivation• Moderate risk propensity;
• Undertaking innovative and engaging tasks;
• Internal locus of control and responsibility for own decisions and behaviors;
• Need for precise goal setting.
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Sources – n-Ach
Parental encouragement for independence
Praise and rewards for success
Association of achievement with positive feelings
Association of achievement with one's own competence and effort, not luck
A desire to be effective or challenged
Intrapersonal Strength
Desirability
Feasibility
Goal Setting Abilities
by Prof. Pradip Kumar Ghosh 12