M+P – consulting engineers Müller-BBM group Acoustics Noise and vibration control Air quality Air...

M+P – consulting engineersMüller-BBM groupAcousticsNoise and vibration control Air quality

Air Quality alongside motorways 1712091

Air Quality alongside motorwaysPart 1

Gijsjan van Blokland PhD, Sr. Consultant M+PLotje van Ooststroom, Rijkswaterstaat (IPL)


Content

1. Air quality and health2. Air quality in the Netherlands3. Air quality and legislation4. Source description and propagation process5. Measurements procedures6. Measures 7. Future developments


1952

2009


air polluting elements emitted by road traffic

Simple gasses: NOx =(NO+NO2);

Complex molecules: VOS en PAK’sParticles: PM10-2,5, PM2,5, PM1


health effects air pollution

▪ Lung diseases COPD

▪ Asthma and bronchitis

▪ Heart and vascular diseases


Health effect defined in Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY)

DALY is the number of lost healthy life years in the Netherlands population.

It represents the weighted sum of:▪ the number of affected persons▪ the severity of the disease▪ the amount of lost healthy life years


0102030405060708090

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

'schoon''vies'

% in leven

Bereikte leeftijd


8

DALY´s related to environmental pollution

1

10

100

1000

10000

10000019

80

2000

2010

1980

2000

2020

1980

2000

2020

1980

2000

2020

1980

2000

2020

1980

2000

2010

1990

2000

1980

2000

2020

PM10long-term

Noise Radon UV Trafficaccidents

PM10short-term

Ozoneshort-term

Indoordampness

(log

) D

AL

Ys

per

mil

lion

peo

ple


Content



Remote sensing of NOX concentration in W-Europe.


NOX and PM10 in NL in 2008


Yearly averaged PM10 concentration 1992 - 2007

M+P – consulting engineersMüller-BBM groupAcousticsNoise and vibration control Air quality



bron: Milieubalans, PBL, 2008

Example of NO2 pattern in city

Origin of contributions to local air pollution


Content



Limit values in European Directive

Maximum annual

average

Maximum days

exceeding limit value

Maximum hours

exceeding limit

value

NO2 40 µg/m3 Max 18 hours/year

200 µg/m3

PM10 40 µg/m3 Max 35 days/year

>50 µg/m3


Limits have to be enforced in 2010

100% achievement of limits not possible. Therefore enforcement not possible.

Derogation procedure in the EU: - delayed enforcement of the limit values until 2015- combined effect of measures defined in a national

coordinated air quality program (NSL) will satisfy limit values in 2015.

- small worsening allowed (3%) in order not to block essential improvements in the road network of housing construction.


Content



bron: CE, Bron van inspiratie, 2005


Exhaust emission

Tyres + brakes + road surfaces

Background

Deposition

Res

uspe

nsio

n

Transport t

o

boundary laye

r

Sources and local propagation of PM10


NO2

Background

Exhaust emission

NO and O3 NO2 Behind barrier

Transport to boundary layer

Sources and local propagation of NOX


Vehicle specific emission is very complex

example of NOX emission of three EURO 3 vehicles

as a function of engine speed and engine load


NOX emission of HDV as a function of speed, EURO 0 EURO 5

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 20 40 60 80

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Average cycle speed [km/h]

[g/k

m]

PRE EURO 1EURO 1

EURO 2

EURO 3

EURO 4

EURO 5

NOx

Source: Pischinger et al, Update of the emission functions for heavy duty vehicles in the handbookEmission factors road traffic, Bericht nr. Pi-55/01 d.d. 30.4.2002 Graz University of Technology


PM10 emission of average HDV as a function of speed, EURO 0EURO 5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Average cycle speed [km/h]

[g/k

m]

PRE EURO 1EURO 1EURO 2EURO 3EURO 4EURO 5

PM

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

[g/k

m]


Introduction of EURO classes


-exhaust

-tyre

-brake

-clutchroad surface emission

cumulation: road surface wear / brakes / tyres / salt / clay

direct emission

background

indirect emission

meteo influence

Re-suspension

deposition

Emission and local propagation of PM10


Frame work of immission determination

backgroundnpropagatiosourcereceptor CPEC .

where:

Creceptor = concentration at immission point

Esource = emission in g/km

Ppropagation = dilution, deposition and conversion associated with propagation

Cbackground = background concentration

sourcesofnumber

iilocalisourcesource PEE

__

1,, .

backgroundnpropagatiosourcereceptor CPEC .

where:

Creceptor = concentration at immission point

Esource = emission in g/km

Ppropagation = dilution, deposition and conversion associated with propagation

Cbackground = background concentration


Propagation is basically dilution by turbulent mixing

Dilution described by Gaussian plumeconcentration in plume is given by exp(-x2), width of

Gaussian bell curve increases with distance


Correct formulation, concentration of point source or line source at given distance x.

Top: point source with emission Q,

bottom: line source with source strength/m q


Plume geometry is not always straightforward, meteo is very important!


bron: Palmgren, 2003

Also local geometry is very important


Additional complicating factor:main contribution to NO2 comes from conversion from NO+O3 NO2 , reaction with limited speed


Total emission of a traffic stream (NOX or PM10)

E: total emission

N: number of vehicles/24h

fM: fraction of medium heavy vehicles

fZ: fraction of heavy vehicles

EL: emission of a light vehicle

EM: emission of a medium heavy vehicle

EZ: emission of a heavy vehicle


Concentration at receiver

E: emission per m length of road

dW: length of road section number of vehicles/24h

RB: distance from source to receiver

σZ: vertical spreading coefficient

z: height of receiver position

C: correction for effect of surface roughness

U: wind speed

n: number of wind sections


Simplified propagation calculation model (CAR)


Emission factors for road vehicles

IA; city-congested, IB: city-normal, IC: city-through road,

II: regional road, III: highway


Blk 2006. Jaargemiddelde concentratie. Weg: 28 hm: 42,7

Aantal voertuigen 58837/etmaal; Fractie vracht: 13,9%NO2 achtergrond: 19,6 µg/m³ PM10 achtergrond: 23,1 µg/m³

Gecorrigeerd voor zeezout: 4 µg/m³

NO2 PM10 PM10 Dagnorm lim. dagnorm

Afstand tot w egrand [m]1.0009008007006005004003002001000-100-200-300-400-500-600-700-800-900-1.000

Con

cen

trat

ie N

O2

[µg/

m³]

37,5

37

36,5

36

35,5

35

34,5

34

33,5

33

32,5

32

31,5

31

30,5

30

29,5

29

28,5

28

27,5

27

26,5

26

25,5

25

24,5

24

23,5

23

22,5

22

21,5

21

20,5

20

19,5

Conc

entratie PM

10 [µg/m³]

27,8

27,7

27,6

27,5

27,4

27,3

27,2

27,1

27

26,9

26,8

26,7

26,6

26,5

26,4

26,3

26,2

26,1

26

25,9

25,8

25,7

25,6

25,5

25,4

25,3

25,2

25,1

25

24,9

24,8

24,7

24,6

24,5

24,4

24,3

24,2

24,1

24

23,9

23,8

23,7

23,6

23,5

Dage

n PM

10>50

100

95

90

85

80

75

70

65

60

55

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Concentration calculation as function of distance from road.

NOX concentration

PM10 concentration

Date post:	26-Dec-2015
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