Mr. Benagh ESSM – Summer FISH
2014-2015
ESSM – Summer FISH Biology Agenda’s
Monday, Aug. 11th 2014Macromoluecles - Power Lecture 10-15”
- Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis - Digestive System (polymers to monomers) - Homework
Tuesday, Aug. 12th 2014Enzymes
- Power Lecture 10-15”
- Toothpickase Enzyme Lab - Homework
Wednesday, Aug. 13th 2014Nucleic Acid - Power Lecture 10-15”
- Strawberries DNA Extractions - Homework
Thursday, Aug. 14th 2014Photosynthesis - Power Lecture 10-15”
- Photosynthesis Leaf Hole Punch Lab - Homework
The synthesis and breakdown of polymers
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrate Types
• Hexose = 6 carbons Glucose –cell energy Fructose - honey Galactose – milk
• Pentose = 5 carbons Ribose - RNA Deoxyribose - DNA
1. SIMPLE SUGARSMonosaccharides - one sugar molecule
Linear and ring forms of glucose
Sucrose (sugar)Glucose + Fructose
Lactose (milk)Glucose + Galactose
Maltose (grains)Glucose + Glucose
Carbohydrate Types
2. SIMPLE SUGARSDisaccharides - two sugar molecule
How are disaccharides made?
Dehydration synthesis:
Examples of disaccharide synthesis
POLYSACCHARIDES:Long chains of monosaccharides
EXAMPLESStarch (amylose)GlycogenFiber (cellulose)Chitin
Carbohydrate Types
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
Starch
• Long-term energy storage of glucose for plants (roots, seeds)
• < 500,000 glucoses
Glycogen
Short term storagepolysaccharide for animals
• ~300g stored carbo in body• 72g liver (glycogen)• 245g muscle (glycogen)• 10g blood (glucose)
ChitinString of modified glucose
Structural component of:Insects, Arthropods, fungi
Cellulose•Polymer of glucose•Structural material in plants - Fiber
•Cellulose
•Starch
•Monomers linked together differently than in starch•Why indigestible?
Starch verses Cellulose
• Glucose linked differently • Cellulose is not recognized by our digestive enzymes• Some organisms (microbes) in the guts of cows and
termites do make enzymes that can digest cellulose
LIPIDS
Three Major Groups of Lipids
• Oils, Fats, and Waxes
• Phospholipids
• Steroids (Cholesterol, Estrogen, Testosterone, etc…)
Similarities of Fats and Oils• All contain C, H, and O
• Usually no ring structures
• Made up of fatty acid subunits (long chain of carbons and hydrogen with a carboxyl end)
Triglycerides
• Fats and Oils have 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol (condensation)
Unsaturated
Polyunsaturated
Saturated
Types of Fatty acids
Phospholipids
Steroids
• Four fused rings of carbon
• steroid hormones: estrogen, testosterone
• cholesterol: vital component of cell membranes
Cholesterol
•Body will make if not enough in diet•Part of lipid membrane around cells•Helps stabilize, strengthen membrane
The structure of a phospholipid
Protein
Types of Proteins
Structural
Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies
Contractile
Receptor
Transport
Storage
See Table 5.1
ProteinsSubunit = amino acid
1. Amino group 3. Carboxyl group2. R group
Amino acids have three parts:
Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar
Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged
Linking Amino AcidsDehydration synthesis: forms a covalent bond – A Peptide Bond
Creates a polypeptide
Figure 5.16 Making a polypeptide chain
How are proteins able to do so many things?
20 different kinds amino acids - different R-groups
Non-polar Polar Charged
O-
Proteins Fold into Active ShapeProtein function depends on shape
Four Levels of Structure:
Primary 1°Secondary 2°Tertiary 3°Quaternary 4°
Primary (1°) StructureSequence of amino acids in polypeptide
Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein
Secondary (2°) StructureFolds in part of amino acid chain: Hydrogen bonds
b- pleated sheet a-helix
Tertiary (3°) Structure3D Packing of Polypeptides: More hydrogen bonds
Figure 5.22 Examples of interactions contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein
Interactions between 2+ polypeptides
Quaternary (4°) Structure
Shape is critical for protein interactions
EXAMPLE:
Hemoglobin•4 Polypeptides•Binds Iron•Oxygen transport
Nucleic Acid
• Nucleic acids include RNA and DNA
• Polymers made up of repeating monomers called nucleotides.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• 5-Carbon Sugar (Pentose): RNA ribose, DNA deoxyribose
• Phosphate Group
• Nitrogen-containing base
NUCLEOTIDES3 Main Components:
Nucleotides: Important Energy Storage Molecules
• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): acts like cell’s battery, providing energy for most activities.
RNA and DNA
SIMILARITIES:• 5-carbon sugar• Phosphate group
DIFFERENCES:• Nucleotides
– DNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine– RNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
• Sugar– DNA: Deoxyribose– RNA: Ribose
Nucleic Acid Synthesis
• Nucleotides joined by dehydration synthesis
• Covalent bond forms between PHOSPHATE GROUP and SUGAR
Structure of DNA
Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids
Figure 5.30 The DNA double helix and its replication
Figure 5.28 DNA RNA protein: a diagrammatic overview of information flow in a cell
Enzymes
The structure and hydrolysis of ATP
The ATP cycle
Energy changes in exergonic and endergonic reactions
Enzymes and Shape
Active Site
Induced fit: “Handshake” between substrate and enzyme
Activation Energy
Activation Energy
Net Energy Released
Enzymes•Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts)•Lower activation energy for a reaction
• S = Substrates (reactants) enter reaction.• P = Product (what you get at the end) result• E = Enzymes mediate specific steps
sucrasesucrose + H2O glucose + fructose
E + S ES E + P
Enzyme reactions can be simplified as:
The catalytic cycle of an enzyme
4 Things that Affect Enzyme Activity
1. Substrate concentration
2. Enzyme concentration
3. pH
4. TemperatureShape of enzyme(Protein denatured)
Environmental factors affecting enzyme activity
Enzyme Regulation
• Enzymes can be turned on and off
• Regulated by other molecules in the cell
• Examples: – Allosteric regulation– Feedback inhibition– Inhibitors
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis happens in the Chloroplast
• Parts of a Chloroplast
– Thylakoid
– Grana• Stack of Thylakoids
– Stroma• Liquid inside Chloroplast
The electromagnetic spectrum
Why are leaves green?
Determining an absorption spectrum