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Climate change and peasantagriculture: agroecological
adaptive responsesMiguel A Altieri
University of California, BerkeleySociedad Cientifica LatinoAmericana de Agroecologia
(SOCLA)
www.agroeco.org/socla
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The planet confronts 3
interrealted crisis
Economic-financial crisis Energy Crisis Ecological Crisis (climate change
represents only one dimension)
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System
undersatnding
Problem? Linear thinking..
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Root Causes of food
insecurity and hungerFood system controlled by a group of
multinational corporations
Grain Merchants and retailers (ADM,Cargill, Bunge)
Seed and biotechnology Companies(Monsanto, Syngenta, Dupont)
Supermarkets (Walmart, Carrefour)ADM, Cargill, Bunge- control 80% of grain;
Monsanto 1/5 seeds
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Average food prices
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Profits of food multinationals
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Producers
Consumers
Food
Empires
By-pass
Peasant
markets
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Climate change
The IPCC warns that warming by 2100 will be worsethan previously expected with a probabletemperature rise of 1.8 to 4 degrees C and a possiblerise of up to 6.4 degrees C.
Hazards include increased flooding in low-lyingareas, greater frequency and severity of droughts insemi-arid areas, and excessive heat conditions allwhich can limit crop growth and yields.
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Impacts on small farmers
Most climate change models predict that damages willbe shared mainly by small farmers, and particularlyrainfed agriculturalists in the Third World. where yieldscould be reduced by 50 percent by 2020.
Agricultural production is projected to be severelycompromised especially in drylands. About 70% ofAfricans depend directly on dry and sub- humid lands fortheir daily livelihoods.
Overall reduction of 10% in maize production to 2055equivalent to losses of $2 billion per year, affectingprincipally 40 million poor livestock keepers in mixed
systems of Latin America and 130 million in sub-SaharanAfrica.
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Existing models give
approximations
Most models predicting a decrease in food security indeveloping countries assume scenarios of severe climatechange and very little capacity for farm-level adaptation tochanges.
Existing models at best provide a broad-brush approximationof expected effects and hide the enormous variability ininternal adapting strategies among rural communities.
Many farmers cope and even prepare for climate change,minimizing crop failure through diversification, soil and watermanagement techniques
This points at the need to re-evaluate indigenous technology asa key source of information on adaptive capacity centered onthe selective, experimental and resilient capabilities of farmersin dealing with climatic change.
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The agricultural challenge for thenext decades
Food production must increasesubstantially and sustainably but using thesame arable land base, with lesspetroleum, less water and nitrogen, withina scenario of climate change, social unrestand financila crisis.
This challenge cannot be met with the
existing industrial agricultural modeland its biotechnological derivations
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Features of an agriculture for thefuture
De-coupled from fossil fuel dependence Agroecosystems of low environmental
impact, nature friendly
Resilient to climate change and othershocks
Multifunctional ( ecosystem, social, culturaland economic services)
Foundation of local food systems
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Low external inputs,high recylcling rates,
crop livestockintegration
High
Eficiency
High inputs, industrialmonocultures
Low
Low external inputs,diversified with lowlevels of integration
Medium-Low
Specialized systems withlow external inputs
Medium
Agroecosystem Diversity
Pro
ductivity
Alta
Baja
Baja
Alta
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Resilient practices used by
traditional farmers
Complex and integrated land use systems use of drought tolerant local varieties Mixed cropping Agroforestry Wild plant gathering and opportunitic
weeding
water harvesting, soil conservation,reforestation and a series of other traditionaltechniques.
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Key features of diverse
traditional farming systems Traditional farmers have developed farming systems
adapted to the local conditions enabling farmers togenerate sustained yields meeting their subsistenceneeds, despite marginal land endowments, climaticvariability and low use of external inputs
Part of this performance is linked to the high levels ofagrobiodiversity exhibited by traditional agroecosystemswhich in turn positively influences agroecosystemfunction
Diversification is therefore an important farm strategy formanaging production risk in small farming systems.
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Levels of Diversity
Genetic Diversity: the variety andvariability of animals, plants andmicroorganisms that are used for foodproduction and agriculture
Species diversity: the diversity of crop/animal and species that supportproduction (soil biota, pollinators,predators, parasitoids, etc)
Ecosystem diversity: the diversity of thelandscape matrix surroundingagroecosystems
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AGRICULTURE + HORTICULTURE
FISHING
DOMESTIC
ANIMALS
SILVICULTURE
BEE-KEEPING
HUNTING
GATHERING
USEFUL PRODUCTIVE BIODIVERSITY
YUCATEC MAYAHOUSEHOLD
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Weeds (quelites) as food crop
. San Bartolo del Llano, Ixtlahuaca,
Mxico. Quelites.
74 quelite species all useful. Used as food, fodder,medicinals, etc. 4.5 kg quelite/family/month. One hectare of milpa produces
1,5 t/ha of quelite andrepresents 25% of the totalvalue of maize ( approx 200dollars).
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Edible insects
Ramos y Pino(1989). More than 70
edible speciesin Mxico (8orders, 28families).
More than 27species ofchapulines .
The greatmajortiy arecollected
the magueyworms arecollected=incipientdomestication?
Escamoles (Liometopum spp.)
Gusanos de maguey blanco (Aegiale hesperiaris)
y rojo (comadia redtenbacheri)
Hormiga chicatana (Atta spp.)
Chapulines
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In Yuanyuang terraced region therewas a totally different picture.
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Traditional Landscape arrangement in agriculturalwatershed.
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Andenes : 122, 882 ha- Papa dulce- Oca, Olluco, Mashua- Tarwi
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Restos Camellones: 102, 442 has.Recuperados: 4, 720 has
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Stability of polycultures
Polycultures exhibit greater yield stabilityand less productivity declines during adrought than in the case of monocultures.
Studies on the effect of drought on enhancedyields with polycultures by manipulatingwater stress on intercrops of sorghum andpeanut , millet and peanut, and sorghum andmillet, showed that all the intercropsoveryielded consistently at low levels ofmoisture availability (
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Los maces indgenas
de Mxico
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Grfica de distribucin de algunos tipos
de maz segn altura y precipitacin
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Maiz de cajete
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Agroecological definition ofresiliency
Resiliency is the propensity of a system tomaintain its organizational structure andproductivity after a perturbation. Thisperturbation or shock can consist of frequentstressful events, cumulative or unpredictable.
Resiliency exhibits two properties: resistance toshock and capcity to recover after the shock.
A resilient agroecosystem is able to still producefood after suffering the effects of a storm,hurricane or drought, or given a sudden increasein the cost of petroleum or external inputscarcity.
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Diversity and resiliency
Agricultural diversification can enhance theresiliency of agroecosystems y protectproduction capacity in various ways, includingprotection of crops against extreme weatehr
effects and fluctuations in temperature andprecipitation
Agroecologically managed systems possess anadvantage asa they possess characteristics of
vegetational complexity linked to the resilientcapacity of theses systems to climate change
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Evidence I ( Huracan Mitch-CentralAmerica)
In Central America, diverse farms with soilconservation practices ( mulch, living or deadbarriers, terraces, etc) resisted more the imapctof hurricane Mitch in 1998 than farms managed
under monoculture (Holt-Gimenez 2002). Although damage was significant throughout,
agroecologically managed farms conservedmore soil and vegetational cover, suffered less
erosion, mud-slides and economic
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Evidencia II ( Huracan Ike-Cuba)
Areas under industrial monoculturesuffered more damage and exhibited lessrecovery than diversified farms.
After the hurricane average loss indiversified farms was about 50%compared to 90-100% in monocultures
Productive recovery was about 80 -90%,and was noticeable 40 days after thehurricane
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% de dano incial a fincas por el Huracan
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pIke (2008) la coopertaiva Rafael Zaroza enSancti Spritus,Cuba, escala 1 bajo, 3alto, ) segun grado de integracionagroecologica ( 1 baja, 3 alta).
% estimado de recuperacion de fincas a
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plos 60, 120 y 180 dias despues deHuracan Ike (2008) en CCS RafaelZaroza Sancti Spritus segun nivel deintegracion agroecologica ( 1 bajo, 3 alto)comparada con el promedio de lacooperativa entera.
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Cultivos de cobertura
Centeno (Secale cereale) - 80 kg.ha-1 Veza (Vicia sativa)- 60 kg.ha-1 Rabano forrajero (Raphanus sativus) - 15
kg.ha-1
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Soil water storage under varioussoil covers
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Contribucin porcentual de la agricultura campesina a
la produccin nacional total en diversos rubros
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Agroecological strategies
Animal
integration
Green
manures
Organic
amendments
Rotations
Polycultur
es
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Fernanditos Farm
Coco
Pltano
Remolacha
Malanga
Col
Frijol
Zanahoria
Boniato
Maz
Tomate
Papa
Pimiento
Papaya
Cebolla
Porcino
LER 1.76
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Area (ha)
Energy (GJ/ha/ao)
Proten (kg/ha)/ao People fed by produced energy(Pers/ha/ao)
People fed by produced protein
(Pers/ha/ao)
40
90
318
21
12.5
Energy efficiency output/input 11.2
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Finca Del Medio Jos A. Casimiro
Sancti Spritus
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Area (ha)
Energy (GJ/ha/ao)
Proten (kg/ha)/ao People fed by produced energy(Pers/ha/ao)
People fed by produced protein
(Pers/ha/ao)
10
50.6
867
11
34
Energy efficiency 30
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Agroecological principles underlying productivity,
sustainablity and viability of agroecoystems
1. Spatial and temporal genetic and species diversity at farm
and landcape level
2.Crop and animal integration
3. Biologically active soils and high biomass recyling rates
4. Optimization of the use of space (Agroecological design)
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Casi 300 estudios comparativos de agricultura orgnica/agroecolgica yagricultura convencional
1: org.=conven. < l: conven. mayor que org. >1: org. mayor que conven.
Food Sovereignty
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Peoples right to
healthy and culturallyappropriate food
produced throughecologically sound
and sustainable
methods, and their
right to define theirown food andagriculture systems.
Food Sovereignty
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Land reformAccess to land, water
seeds
Agroecological strategies
State supportMarkets. Credit, extensionResearch, etc.Social movements
The pillars of food sovereignity
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AGROECOLOGY
Ecology
Anthropology
Etnoecology
Sociology
Basicagricultural
sciences
Ecological
economics
Biological Control
Traditional
Farmers
knowledge
Principles
Specific technological
forms
Participatory
research in
farmers fields
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AGROECOLOGY
FOOD SOVEREIGNITY
ENERGY SOVEREIGNITY TECHNOLOGICAL
SOVEREIGNITY
RESILIENCY