Name: ________________________________________ Due Date: ________________

Earth Science

Minerals & Rocks Classwork Journal

Sheet NamePage

#Com-pleted

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Earth Chemistry SectionEarth Chemistry Notes 20Periodic Table 21 InfoElements, Molecules and Compounds 1Chemistry of Minerals 2Minerals Section Minerals Notes 22Mineral Descriptions 23Mineral Unscramble 3Treasures in the Earth 4 – 5Lab – Identifying Common Minerals 6 – 9Problem Solving 10Rocks SectionRocks & the Rock Cycle Notes 24 – 25Rock Descriptions 26 InfoThe Rockford Files 11 E.C.Rock Review Worksheet 12 – 13Rock Cycle Practice 14“Other” SectionMinerals & Rocks Review Graphics 29 – 30 InfoUnit Study Guide & Concept Check 31 – 32 InfoAssessments SectionMinerals QuizSOL Study Card #3Unit TestUnit Test Review (Do Now, pg. 27 – 28)

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6

Unit Homework D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6

Unit Classwork D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6

Daily Learning Log (pg. 15 – 17) D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6

Unit Grade

Table of Contents

Match each picture to its appropriate description using one choice from Column 1 and one choice from Column 2.

Column 1 Column 2a. pure element g. KClb. pure compound h. N2c. mixture of two elements i. Fed. mixture of a compound and an element j. Al + Cue. mixture of two compounds k. CO + Auf. a molecule l. CO2 + CO

Using the formulas in Column 2, identify the formulas in the pictures below.

________________ _________________ __________________

________________ _________________ __________________

Now you try it. State if it is an element, a molecule or a compound.

A) Ca B) NaCl C) H2O D) H2

E) O2 F) CaBr2 G) N2 H) Li2O

I) NH3 J) NaNO3 K) S8 L) Li

Elements, Molecules and Compounds

Give the symbol or name for each of the following elements._______________ 1. Si _______________ 6. Potassium_______________ 2. Fe _______________ 7. Silver_______________ 3. C _______________ 8. Nickel_______________ 4. Pb _______________ 9. Manganese_______________ 5. Sn _______________ 10. Calcium

Label each of the following as element or compound:_______________ 11. Gold (Au) _______________ 14. Halite (NaCl)_______________ 12. Sand (SiO2) _______________ 15. Sulfur (S)_______________ 13. Galena (PbS) _______________ 16. Water (H2O)

State whether each is a mineral or non-mineral and explain why:17. Diamond ___________________________________________________________________18. Quartz ____________________________________________________________________19. Oak Table __________________________________________________________________20. Sand ______________________________________________________________________21-50. Complete the following table:

Element Symbol Atomic#

Mass#

# Electron

s

#Protons

#Neutrons

Hydrogen

Helium

Oxygen

Lithium

Sodium

The Chemistry of Minerals

Periodic Table

Directions: In each of the following statements, a word has been scrambled. Use your notes from class and unscramble the word.

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

1. Minerals containing silicon, oxygen and one or more other elements are called scatesili.

2. A naturally occurring, inorganic solid is a raleinm.

3. The property of a mineral that shows the color of its powder is called skeart.

4. The property of a mineral that shows how it reflects light is called strule.

5. The property of a mineral that causes it to break in a smooth, flat plane is aceglave.

6. The German scientist Friedrich Mohs developed a scale to measure the shrandes of minerals.

7. The property of a mineral that causes it to break with rough or jagged edges is tracrufe.

8. Valuable, rare and beautiful minerals, called megs, are often used in jewerly.

9. Hot, melted rock beneath the surface of Earth is called gamma.

10. A calstry is a solid with repeating arrangement of atoms.

11. A crystal system depends upon the way the moats line up.

12. A mineral may be composed of more than one metelen.

13. The most common silicate mineral is zrutqa.

14. An example of a tainev melnete is platinum.

15. Asbestos is a mineral that threatened to harm the riventnomen.

Mineral Unscramble

Earth’s crust is loaded with minerals – some of them common, some of them very rare. Even those that don’t cost hundreds or thousands of dollars in the gem variety are valuable and useful. All minerals are natural, inorganic solids that have interesting crystalline structures. Each mineral is a specific combination of elements. Minerals are usually identified by certain physical properties such as hardness, streak, luster, mass, form, cleavage, feel, smell and taste.

Below is a mineral hardness scale and two tables that contain physical properties of common minerals, all of which can be used to answer the questions on the following page.

Physical Properties of Some Common MineralsMetallic Luster

Mineral Color Streak Hardness Crystals Breakagegraphite black to gray black to gray 1 – 2 hexagonal scalessilver silvery, white light gray to silver 2.5 cubic hacklygalena gray gray to black 2.5 cubic perfect, cubicgold pale golden yellow yellow 2.5 – 3 cubic hacklycopper copper red copper red 3 cubic hacklychromite black or brown brown to black 5.5 cubic irregularmagnetite black black 6 cubic conchoidalpyrite light brassy yellow greenish black 6.5 cubic uneven

Non-Metallic LusterMineral Color Streak Hardness Crystals Breakage

talc white, greenish white 1 monoclinic in 1 directionbauxite gray, red, brown, white gray 1 – 3 -- --gypsum colorless, gray, white white 2 monoclinic basal cleavagesulfur yellow yellow to white 2 orthorhombic conchoidalmuscovite white, gray, yellow,

rose, greencolorless 2.5 monoclinic basal cleavage

halite colorless, red, white, blue

colorless 2.5 cubic cubic

calcite colorless, white colorless, white 3 hexagonal in 3 directionsdolomite colorless, white, ink,

green, graywhite 3.5 – 4 hexagonal in 3 directions

fluorite colorless, white, blue, green, red, yellow,

purple

colorless 4 cubic cleavage

hornblende green to black gray to white 5 – 6 monoclinic in 2 directionsfeldspar gray, green, white colorless 6 monoclinic 2 planesquartz colorless, colors colorless 7 hexagonal conchoidalgarnet yellow-red, green, black colorless 7.5 cubic conchoidaltopaz white, pink, yellow,

blue, colorlesscolorless 8 orthorhombic basal

corundum colorless, blue, brown colorless 9 hexagonal fracture

Hardness ScaleHardnes

sCharacteristics Example Hardnes

sCharacteristics Example

1 soft, greasy, flakes on fingernails talc 6 can be scratched by a steel file orthoclase

2 can be scratched by fingernail gypsum 7 scratches a steel file quartz

3 can be cut easily with a knife or nail, or scratched by a penny

calcite 8 scratches quartz topaz

4 can be scratched easily by a knife fluorite 9 scratches anything lower on the scale

corundum

5 can be scratched by a knife with difficulty

apatite 10 scratches anything lower on the scale

diamond

Treasures in the Earth Resource Sheet

# Question Answer1 If you have found a mineral that scratches quartz, could it be gypsum?

2 If you have found a pale yellow, shiny nugget that leaves a greenish-black streak and cannot be scratched by fluorite, could it be gold?

3 If you have a whitish-gray stone with a nonmetallic luster that leaves a colorless streak that can be scratched by a steel file by not by a knife, what do you have?

4 If you found a sample of a red mineral that leaves a gray streak, that can be scratched with a fingernail and with a penny and can be easily cut with a knife, what is it?

5 If you are holding a very soft mineral that leaves a black grease on your fingers, that leaves a black streak and has a shiny luster, what do you have?

6 If you have a metallic, gray mineral that leaves a gray streak, has crystals that appear cubic, breaks with a clean cleavage and scratches gypsum, is it graphite?

7 If you have a pile of white, nonmetallic stones that leave a white streak and can be scratched with a fingernail, what are those stones?

8 If you have some yellow stones that leave a yellow streak, can be scratched with a fingernail and does not have a metallic luster, what could they be?

9 If you have a pale white stone that has hexagonal crystals, leaves a white streak and can be scratched by a knife but not by a fingernail, could it be dolomite?

10 If you have a mineral that feels soapy, leaves a white powdery residue on your hands, is very soft and flakes off, what have you found?

11 If you have a colorless chunk that breaks apart into cubes, has no luster, is soft enough to be scratched by fluorite and when wet, begins to dissolve, what do you have?

12 If you find a colorless chunk of mineral that cannot be scratched by calcite, has no shine to it and seems to break apart in many directions, what have you found?

13 If you have found a large amount of a mineral that has various colors, some is nearly clear, appears to have hexagonal crystals and is hard enough to scratch a steel file, what have you found?

14 If you have found a deep red mineral that looks like a gem, leaves a colorless streak and is harder than quartz, could it be a garnet?

15 If you have a brown mineral that leaves a brown streak, fractures irregularly, can be scratched by a steel file but not a knife and has a nonmetallic luster, what mineral might it be?

16 If you have found a whitish mineral that glows when you put it under ultraviolet light, leaves a colorless streak and cannot be scratched with a penny but can be scratched with a knife, what might it be?

17 If you have been given a gem to examine that is blue, has a colorless streak, doesn’t scratch anything you can find but does scratch quartz, what might it be?

18 If you have found a mineral that is coppery-red, can be scratched by fluorite and has a metallic luster, is this possibly copper?

19 If you have a mineral that leaves a black streak, has a metallic luster and cannot be scratched by a fingernail, knife or a penny, is it galena?

20 If you have a yellow gem that you think is topaz, will it scratch a steel file?

21 If you have a shiny, silvery-white mineral that leaves a light gray streak

Treasures in the Earth Worksheet

and is hard enough to scratch calcite, could it be silver?22 If you have a green, nonmetallic mineral that leaves a colorless streak,

can be scratched by a penny but not easily scratched by a fingernail, could it be muscovite?

Background InformationScientists have identified more than 2000 different kinds of minerals. However, most minerals are very rare. Over 95 percent of the Earth’s crust is made of rocks that are composed of about a dozen minerals. These common minerals are called rock-forming minerals. While minerals can vary a great deal in their chemical makeup and the forms in which they are found, most common minerals can be identified by observing a few of their basic properties.

In this investigation you will observe the physical properties of some common rock-forming minerals and use these properties to identify the minerals. To do so, you will have to test for the physical properties described below.

SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALSHardness is the resistance of a mineral to scratching. A mineral will scratch any other substance less hard than itself.

Table of Hardness of Common ItemsItem Approxima

te Hardness

Comments

Fingernail 2.5 This means a fingernail will scratch the mineral.Copper Penny 3.0 This means nothing softer than a penny will scratch the mineral.Steel Nail 5.5 This means nothing softer than a steel nail will scratch the

mineral.Glass 6.0 This means the mineral will scratch the glass.

Streak is the color of a fine powder of a mineral. Rubbing a mineral against a piece of dull tile, or streak plate, will generate enough powder to enable you to determine its streak.

Cleavage is the quality of a mineral that causes it to split, leaving smooth, flat surfaces. When a mineral does not split to leave smooth, flat surfaces, the break is called a fracture. You can easily observe whether a mineral shows cleavage or fracture.

Minerals have a characteristic crystal shape. A crystal is a solid that has flat surfaces, or faces, arranged in a definite shape. There are six crystal systems, or categories of crystal shapes: cubic, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, tetragonal and triclinic. Most minerals belong to only one crystal system. A few, however, belong to more than one system. Serpentine crystals, for example, may be monoclinic, orthorhombic or hexagonal. Although the crystals in each system share certain basic mathematical characteristics, they may appear quite different from one another. Consider three minerals whose crystals belong to the cubic system: halite, diamond and garnet. Halite crystals, which are shaped like cubes, have six square faces. Diamond crystals have eight triangular faces. Garnet crystals have twelve faces, each of which have five sides.

Luster is the way a mineral reflects light. Minerals may be described as having metallic luster or nonmetallic luster. Metallic luster is the shine associated with a freshly polished metal surface. Nonmetallic luster may be described by terms such as glassy, brilliant or greasy.

Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance. Density can be estimated by determining a sample’s heft, or how heavy it seems for its size. Samples that seem heavy for their size are described as dense, while samples that seem light for their size are described as not very dense.

Some minerals have special properties that can be used to identify them. For example, a few minerals are magnetic and will be attracted to a magnet.

ProblemHow can the physical properties of minerals be used to identify them?

Materials (per group)Set of common mineral samplesMagnetPiece of dull tile (streak plate)Hardness kit containing a copper penny, a steel nail and a piece of glass (scratch plate)

Procedure

Laboratory – Identifying Common Minerals

Carefully test and observe each mineral sample to determine its physical characteristics. Use the summary of mineral physical properties in the Mineral Identification Key on the next page. Enter your observations in the appropriate space in the Data Table.

Characteristics Description Mineral

Met

allic

Lus

ter

black, green-black or dark green streak

black; strongly magnetic; hardness – 6 magnetite

lead-pencil black; smudges fingers; hardness – 1 to 2 graphite

brass yellow; cubic crystals; hardness – 6 to 6.5 pyrite

brass yellow, may be tarnished purple; hardness 3.5 to 4

chalcopyrite

shiny gray; very heavy; cubic cleavage; hardness – 2.5 galena

brown, reddish brown or white streak

yellow-brown to dark brown, may be almost black; hardness – 5 to 5.5

limonite

yellow-brown; streak white to pale yellow; resinous luster; hardness – 5 to 5.5

sphalerite

reddish to silvery color; red to brown streak; hardness 5.5 to 6.5

hematite

Nonm

etal

lic, l

ight

col

ored

will

scra

tch

glas

s

cleavage white to light gray; streak white; 2 cleavage planes at right angles; hardness – 6

feldspar

no cleavage

glassy luster; crystals are 6-sided when present; hardness – 7; shell-like fracture

quartz

does

not

scra

tch

glas

s

glass luster; shades of green and yellow; hardness – 6.5 to 7

olivine

colorless to light yellow; hardness – 2 to 2.5; conchoidal fracture

sulfur

cleavage colorless to white; salty taste; cubic cleavage; hardness – 2.5

halite

white or yellow to colorless; hardness – 3; double image is seen when crystal is placed on printed page, fizzes w/ HCl

calcite

colorless in thin films, yellow, red, green and brown in thicker pieces; white streak; cleaves in flat sheets in one direction forming large flexible plates; hardness – 2.5

muscovite mica

green to white or gray; feels soapy; hardness - 1 talc

white, yellow, purple or green; 8-sided cleavage; hardness – 4

fluorite

Nonm

etal

lic, d

ark

colo

red

scra

tche

s gla

ss

cleavage black; cleavage with 2 planes at 90o angles; hardness – 5 to 6

augite

black; cleavage with 2 planes at 60o angles; hardness – 5 to 6

hornblende

no cleavage

gray, brown, blue-gray, pink, white, red; 6-sided crystals; hardness – 9

corundum

reddish brown; fracture resembles poor cleavage; brittle; hardness – 6.5 to 7.5

garnet

does

not

sc

ratc

h gl

ass cleavage brown to black; hardness 2.5 to 3 biotite mica

shades of green; hardness – 2 to 2.5 chlorite

no cleavage

green, brown, blue or purple; shell-like fracture; hardness - 5

apatite

Mineral Identification Key

Dat

a Ta

ble

Min

eral

N

ame

Oth

er

obse

rved

pr

oper

ties

Har

dnes

s (c

heck

one

)

>

6.0

2.5

– 6.

0<

2.

5

Show

s: (

chec

k on

e) Frac

tur

eCl

eava

ge

Lust

er (

chec

k on

e)N

on-

met

alli

c

Met

allic

Stre

akCo

lor

Min

era

l N

umbe

r 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Do

n’t f

orge

t to

answ

er th

e qu

estio

ns o

n th

e ba

ck o

f th

is la

b.

After completing the mineral identifications, please answer the following questions in complete sentences.# Question Answer1 What color is biotite mica? List 2

other properties that are useful in identifying biotite mica.

Color –

Other property #1 –

Other property #2 – 2 How can you distinguish between

muscovite mica and biotite mica?3 Describe the reaction that took

place when HCl was dropped on the calcite sample.

4 Why is streak a poor property to test when trying to distinguish between the minerals calcite, halite, talc, feldspar and quartz?

5 Name at least one property which was not tested in this activity that can be used to identify minerals.

Describe any difficulties you had in the mineral identification. Be specific. If you record no difficulties, I will assume you are completely clear on how the identification works. If there were no difficulties, I expect an “A”.

Laboratory – Identifying Common Minerals

A Gem of a PuzzleImagine the following situation. Hearing that you have gotten pretty good at identifying minerals, a wealthy (& rather eccentric) gem dealer has challenged you to identify three beautifully cut gems. If you can correctly identify the gems, you get to keep them.

As you can see in the accompanying figure, the gem dealer has presented you with the three gems, a table of information, and five vials containing thick, rather smelly liquids.

Gem Density (g/cm3)

beryl 2.7corundum 4cubic zirconia 5.7diamond 3.52quartz 2.65 A B C D Etopaz 3.56 2.65 2.71 3.06 3.52 4.00zircon 4.7

Applying Concepts

1. Describe the procedure you plan to use to identify the gems.

2. What results would you expect to obtain for sapphire (corundum)? For quartz?

3. Suppose that one of the gems sinks slowly in solution C, floats on the top of solution E, and stays at

whatever depth you put it in solution D. What mineral is this gem made of?

4. Explain how you can tell the difference between cubic zirconia and zircon using only the materials

available to you. (It can be done!)

Problem Solving

Each year, Professor Rockford offers his Geology 101 students the opportunity to earn extra credit by bringing samples of oxide, silicate and sulfide minerals to class. Over the years, many students have attempted this task, but it takes more than garden-variety quartz to earn the professor’s bonus. This spring, Bebe and four other students each brought a different oxide (brookite, goethite, magnetite, rutile or spinel), a different silicate (albite, benitoite, leucite, prehnite or rhodonite) and a different sulfide (argentite, bornite, chalcocite, millerite or pyrite) to class. Not only did the five students get the extra credit, but they rocked the professor’s world! From the information provided, determine the oxide, silicate and sulfide samples each student brought to class.

1. Marnie brought magnetite, but not benitoite.

2. Rosetta isn’t the student who brought both goethite and pyrite.

3. One student brought both rutile and leucite, but not millerite.

4. Landon brought both rhodonite and argentite, but not brookite.

5. Axel brought both prehnite and chalcocite.

Oxide Silicate Sulfide

Broo

kite

Goet

hite

Mag

netit

e Rujti

le

Spin

el

Albi

te

Beni

toite

Leuc

ite

Preh

inite

Rhod

onit

e Arge

ntite

Born

ite

Chal

cocit

e Mille

rite

Pyrit

e

Stud

ent

Axel

Bebe

Landon

Marnie

Rosetta

Sulfi

de

ArgentiteBornite

ChalcociteMillerite

Pyrite

Silic

ate

Albite

BenitoiteLeucite

Prehnite

Rhodonite

The Rockford Files – Logic Puzzle

The Rock Cycle1. What is the parent material for all rocks?

2. If minerals in a sedimentary rock melt and then cool, they can form what type of rock?

3. What type of rock will be formed from a sedimentary rock that comes under extreme pressure and heat but does not melt? Explain your answer.

4. If an igneous rock weathers and erodes into fragments, the fragments can form what type of rock?

5. Does every rock go through the complete cycle each time around? Explain.

6. Explain how metamorphic rock can change into either of the other two types of rocks in the rock cycle?

Write each word in the box under the correct heading. Use each word only once.

Processes in the rock cycle Types of Rocks7. _______________ _______________ _______________ (This rock requires 2 processes.)8. _______________ _______________ _______________ (This rock requires 2 processes.)9. _______________ _______________

_______________ _______________ _______________ (This rock requires 4 processes.)Igneous Rock10. What do we call rocks formed from molten Earth material?

11. When magma cools below the Earth’s surface it forms __________ -grained, ______________ igneous rocks.

12. Suppose you found an igneous rock with fine-grained texture. Would the magma that formed the rock have cooled slowly or quickly? Explain.

13. When lava cools it forms ________________ - grained, __________________ igneous rocks.

14. Minerals of extrusive rocks are so small that a _______________________ is needed for identification.

15. Rocks from the _______________ (basaltic/granitic) family are dark in color, dense and low in silica.

16. Rocks from the _______________ (basaltic/granitic) family are light in color and high in silicon and oxygen content.

weathering igneous hardening cooling erosionsedimentary compaction cementation pressure heatingmetamorphic

Rock Review Worksheet

17. Shown one photograph of a sample of pumice and one of obsidian, how could you distinguish between the two rocks?

Use the information about igneous rocks A-D to classify each one as intrusive or extrusive and basaltic or granitic. Fill in the chart with A, B, C, or D.

*Rock A: dark-colored, coarse grains *Rock B: large crystals, high % of Si and O*Rock C: fine-grained texture, light color *Rock D: from Volcanic areas, no visible crystals

Extrusive Intrusive

Basaltic 18. ____________________ 19. ___________________

Granitic 20. ____________________ 21. ___________________

Sedimentary Rocks22. What are sediments?

23. What two ways are sedimentary rocks formed?

24. Describe the difference between conglomerates and sandstones.

25. Name the two main types of sedimentary rocks.

26. Name the two types of sedimentary rocks limestone can be classified under and explain why.

Metamorphic Rock27. What is regional metamorphism? How is it similar and different to contact metamorphism?

28. Compare and contrast foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rock.

Complete the chart using information in your notes.Type of Rock Can change into Metamorphic RockSedimentary Shale __________________ Sandstone __________________Igneous Granite __________________Metamorphic Slate __________________

Identify each rock as igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary.1. Sandstone ______________________ 2. Granite_______________________3. Rock Salt ______________________ 4. Obsidian _______________________5. Gneiss ______________________ 6. Slate _______________________7. Limestone ______________________ 8. Coal _______________________

Directions: Using your notes where you filled in the boxes of the Rock Cycle, answer the questions below. INCLUDE THE PROCESSES INVOLVED FOR EACH ANSWER!!!!!!# Question Answer (Include the processes involved)1. Describe two ways in which an

igneous rock can become a metamorphic rock.

2. Describe two ways in which a metamorphic rock can become an igneous rock.

3. How does an igneous rock become magma?

4. How does magma become an igneous rock?

5. How can metamorphic rock become a sedimentary rock?

6. Describe two ways in which a sedimentary rock can become an igneous rock.

7. How do sediments become sedimentary rock?

8. How does a sedimentary rock become a metamorphic rock?

9. How does an igneous rock become sediments?

10. Can magma become sedimentary rock directly? If so, how? If not, how can magma eventually become sedimentary rock?

Rock Cycle Practice

Day 1 Date: SOL: Do Now: Homework turned in?: ____Y, ____N Prepared?: ____Y, ____NAim:

What I worked on today:

What I learned today:

Teacher Feedback Section:Homework Grade: Do Now Completed? Need to stay after? Y NClasswork Completed? Progress: On Track Behind Behavior: Comments:

Day 2 Date: SOL: Do Now: Homework turned in: ____Y, ____N Prepared: ____Y, ____NAim:

What I worked on today:

What I learned today:

Teacher Feedback Section:Homework Grade: Do Now Completed? Need to stay after? Y NClasswork Completed? Progress: On Track Behind Behavior:

Daily Learning Log InformationFor each day of the unit, completely fill out the boxes. If you were absent, I will write ABSENT in large letters in the “What I worked on today” section.

Comments:

Day 3 Date: SOL: Do Now: Homework turned in?: ____Y, ____N Prepared?: ____Y, ____NAim:

What I worked on today:

What I learned today:

Teacher Feedback Section:Homework Grade: Do Now Completed? Need to stay after? Y NClasswork Completed? Progress: On Track Behind Behavior: Comments:

Day 4 Date: SOL: Do Now: Homework turned in: ____Y, ____N Prepared: ____Y, ____NAim:

What I worked on today:

What I learned today:

Teacher Feedback Section:Homework Grade: Do Now Completed? Need to stay after? Y NClasswork Completed? Progress: On Track Behind Behavior:

Daily Learning Log InformationFor each day of the unit, completely fill out the boxes. If you were absent, I will write ABSENT in large letters in the “What I worked on today” section.

Comments:

Day 5 Date: SOL: Do Now: Homework turned in?: ____Y, ____N Prepared?: ____Y, ____NAim:

What I worked on today:

What I learned today:

Teacher Feedback Section:Homework Grade: Do Now Completed? Need to stay after? Y NClasswork Completed? Progress: On Track Behind Behavior: Comments:

Day 6 Date: SOL: Do Now: Homework turned in: ____Y, ____N Prepared: ____Y, ____NAim:

What I worked on today:

What I learned today:

Teacher Feedback Section:Homework Grade: Do Now Completed? Need to stay after? Y NClasswork Completed? Progress: On Track Behind Behavior:

Daily Learning Log InformationFor each day of the unit, completely fill out the boxes. If you were absent, I will write ABSENT in large letters in the “What I worked on today” section.

Comments:

Unit SOL Study Card Instructions

There is 1 Study Card to be completed for this unit. All Study Cards will be kept in your folder in preparation for the SOL that will be taken near the end of this semester. The completion of each study card counts as a classwork grade in the unit. Each card must be completed to the teacher’s satisfaction. The card must contain all of the criteria mentioned below at a minimum.

Card #3: Minerals and Rocks Minerals – the characteristics of minerals Minerals – tests used to identify minerals Minerals – key mineral examples Minerals – the Mohs scale Minerals – major groups Minerals – any other key vocabulary Rock Cycle – DRAW IT!!!!! Include the processes and any steps in between Rocks – list the 3 types of rocks, how they are formed, where they are likely to be

found, the sub-types of each, identify some key rocks for each group (it’s easiest to set this up as a chart)

Set a goal and work toward it. Complete the information below.

My goal for this unit is to earn a ______. This means I will complete all pages in this journal on my own and to the best of my ability. Additionally, it means I will complete the unit homework, all quizzes, the daily “Do Now’s”, the Daily Learning Log and the test.

In order to achieve this goal, I commit to do the following:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

I promise to complete the work totally on my own and without the assistance of anyone other than a teacher in the room. I understand that other students in this class may be repeating this course and need to learn just as much as I do. The ultimate goal is to pass the SOL on my own.

____________________________________________________ ___________________ (Signature) (Date)

Name: ________________________________________ Due Date: ________________

Mineralsand Rocks

Review InfoThis portion may be removed ONLY at the end

of the unit and ONLY at the teacher’s instruction.

What is Mass? - amount of ______________ in an object.What is Matter? – anything that takes up ________________ and has mass.What is matter made up of? Made up of ________________. ______ elements occur naturally in the earth. Elements ____________ be broken down into simpler forms by ordinary means.

Why? - Because each element consists of only one basic kind of ________________.What’s an atom? the smallest ______ of an element and has all properties of that element.Some main Earth elements to learn: O _____________, Si ____________, Al _________________,

Fe _______ , Ca ______________, C _____________, H __________________Atomic Structure The atom is composed of ___________ subatomic parts: __________________ (negative charge),

_________________ (postitive charge) and ____________________ (no charge or neutral)Atoms are distinguished from other atoms by number of _______________.Lithium has ____ protons, no other atom has ____ protons but lithium.Scientists call this marker the ________________________The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the atom is called the ______________ ________.Subtract atomic # from __________ to find out # _____________ in atom.# Protons = # ______________

Matter exists in _____ states ____________ - definite size & shape ____________ - definite volume, no definite shape ____________ - no definite volume or shapeMatter is described as… ________________ - Only ONE of an atom ________________ - More than one of the same atom ________________ - Mixture of different elements or moleculesMixtures Material that contains ________ or more substances that are not chemically combined Can be separated into parts by _____________ means.

Example: _____________________ _______

Practice:# Name Formul

aPicture # Name Formul

aPicture

1 Hematite Fe2O3 6 Alexandrite

BeAl2O4

2 Kyanite Al2SiO5 7 Calcite CaCO3

3 Mercury Hg 8 Halite (Salt)

NaCl

4 Quartz SiO2 9 Aluminum

Al

5 Ruby Al2O3 10

Fluorite CaF2

Earth Chemistry Notes

Periodic Table

What is a mineral?A mineral must be all of the following:

____________________ occurring Inorganic ___________________ (not living) Definite ______________________ Definite ______________________ (what it’s

made of)What is a crystal? A ___________________ is a solid in which the

atoms are arranged in __________________ patterns

How do minerals form? 3 ways: _______________________ of melted rock (magma) _______________________ of liquid _______________________ solutionsMineral Composition ________________________ (Si & O) ________________________ (C & O)Elements in Earth’s Crust (copy pie chart and data from slide)

Mineral Identification _______________ – the first property you notice –

this is usually the 1st step in identification, but the least useful

_______________ – the way light reflects from a minerals surface – 2 types

___________________ – shiny __________________________ – glassy, brilliant,

greasy, oily, waxy, silky, or pearly ________________ – the color of the

________________ left when a mineral is rubbed against a hard rough surface (usually unglazed porcelain)

______________________ – is a mineral’s resistance to being scratched - Moh’s Scale of Hardness

Scale ranges from ____ to _____ _____ is softest & _____ is hardest Factoid – What is the hardest substance on

Earth?? __________________ ______________ _______________ – comparing

density of a mineral to the density of water ________________ – mineral breaks along smooth

surface ________________ – mineral breaks unevenly

(jagged) __________ __________ – some minerals give off

CO2 (carbon dioxide) when acid is added.Mineral Usage ________________ – mineral resource mined for a

profit ________________ – mineral that is beautiful,

rare, and valuable ________________ – elements that have metallic

luster have… _____________________ – the ability of a

mineral to be hammered without breaking _____________________ – the ability to be

pulled and stretched without breaking _____________________ – the ability to conduct

heat or electricity

Minerals Notes

BE SURE YOU KNOW THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FOLLOWING MINERALS: Fill in the table and learn these well. This information can be obtained using this journal and/or your textbook.

Color Hardness Streak Luster Breakagebauxite

calcite

diamond

feldspar

galena

graphite

halite

hematite

mica(biotite and muscovite)

pyrite

quartz

sulfur

talc

Mineral Descriptions

I. Characteristics

A. ______________

B. Formed in __________________

C. Usually a mixture of _______________

D. Can have _______________ ______________

E. Identification is based on _______________ ________________ and ________________

II. Rock Types

A. _______________ – formed from cooling and hardening of _________________ or _____________

1. __________________ - formed from _____________

a. fine or glassy texture, ______________ crystals

b. examples: obsidian, pumice, basalt

2. __________________ - formed from ______________

a. coarse texture, _______________ crystals

b. example: granite, quartz

B. ____________________ – formed from _____________________ and ___________________ of

sediments, usually in water – 2 types

1. __________________ – made up of bits and pieces of rock or organic matter, Example –

conglomerate, sandstone, shale

2. __________________ – made from minerals dissolved in H2O (chemical) or made up of once

living

things (organic), Example – limestone, gypsum, rock salt

C. ________________________ - formed when existing rocks are changed by _____________,

___________________ or _________________ ________________ - 2 types

1. __________________ - visible ____________________ of different minerals (example: gneiss)

2. __________________ - no visible ___________________ (example: marble)

Rocks and the Rock Cycle Notes

III. Coal Type/Facts

A. _____________________ – Organic material, not yet a rock

B. _____________________ - soft, low heat output, fast burning

C. _____________________ - most abundant (Va. Resource)

D. _____________________ - hard, high heat output, slow burning

Copy the Coal Formation table here:

IV. Processes that form RocksA. meltingB. weathering - the breaking down of rock by physical and chemical meansC. compaction and cementationD. cooling and hardeningE. heat and pressure

V. The Rock Cycle – A continuous process in which rocks change from one type to another.

Key to the Rock Cycle Chart:

Label the Rock Cycle and identify the processes that are required for each phase here:

Rock Type

Process of formation

Intermediate Material

Group

Sub-group

Rock Description

IGN

EOU

S

Intru

sive

Granite composed mostly of quartz and feldspar and sometimes biotite or hornblende; usually light-colored; an coarse-grained, slow-cooling intrusive rock

Basalt a dark intrusive rock rich in iron and magnesium minerals and feldspar; the ocean floor is composed mostly of basalt; generally cools slowly forming large crystals

Extru

sive Obsidian volcanic glass, usually black, cools so quickly, it doesn’t

form crystals; a fine-grained, fast-cooling, extrusive rockPumice a natural volcanic glass with many holes, cools so quickly

no visible crystals form, may float in water; a fine-grained, fast-cooling extrusive rock

SED

IMEN

TARY Clas

tic

Sandstone distinct grains of sand cemented either poorly or tightly cemented together; fine-grained; white, reddish, or brown, rock will usually scratch glass; usually made of small quartz particles, can be formed in deserts, beaches, or riverbeds

Shale microscopic grains of compacted mud; sometimes gets muddy when wet and rubbed; usually gray, but can be black, green, tan, or red; rock can usually be scratched by fingernail; formed when clay particles are deposited when water stops moving; can sometimes be split into flat pieces

Conglomerate

formed when rounded river rocks or pebbles are cemented together by river sand and mud; usually will scratch glass; rocks are rounded by the wearing away of the edges by running water causing the pebbles to hit each other

Non-

clast

ic Limestone consists mostly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3); it is the combined equivalent of mud, sand and/or shell fragments; very abundant

Gypsum rock composed mostly of the mineral gypsum; forms in thick, extensive beds and is frequently associated with halite

MET

AMO

RPH

IC

Folia

ted

Gneiss coarse textured rock, made from granite (an igneous rock) dark and lights minerals arranged in alternating bands of light and dark color

Slate fine (microscopic) textured rock; formed from shale (sedimentary rock) or from clay; used to make flagstones for patios or walkways, used to be used for chalkboards

Schist a medium to coarse textured rock; formed from slate (a metamorphic rock), basalt or granite (igneous rocks); the minerals are visible to the unaided eye, and tend to overlap; mica (biotite or Muscovite) are visible

N on

Marble fine- to coarse-grained rock, formed primarily from limestone (a sedimentary rock); carbonate

Rock Descriptions

-fo

lia ted Quartzite a medium textured rock; formed from sandstone (a

sedimentary rock); can be pink or light brown, depending on the color of the original sandstone

Use as many resources (including textbooks, dictionaries, atlases, your agenda book and your notes) in the classroom as necessary to clearly, completely and correctly answer the questions. Put the answer in the space provided.# Question Answer1 What is the difference between metallic

and non-metallic luster?

INCLUDE EXAMPLES IN YOUR ANSWER2 What is the difference between streak

and hardness?

INCLUDE EXAMPLES IN YOUR ANSWER3 What is the difference between cleavage

and fracture?

INCLUDE EXAMPLES IN YOUR ANSWER4 What is the difference between lava and

magma?

5 What type of rock is extrusive or intrusive and what is the difference between the two?

INCLUDE EXAMPLES IN YOUR ANSWER6 What type of rock is foliated or non-

foliated and what is the difference between the two?

INCLUDE EXAMPLES IN YOUR ANSWER7 What is type of rock is clastic or non-

clastic and what is the difference between the two?

INCLUDE EXAMPLES IN YOUR ANSWER8 Describe the difference between organic

and inorganic.

INCLUDE EXAMPLES IN YOUR ANSWER

9 Coal questions…Name the 4 stages of coal.

Stage Rock? SED or MET

Unit Test Review – Minerals and Rocks

Which one (or more) is not considered a rock?Which one (or more) is sedimentary (SED)?Which one (or more) is metamorphic (MET)?

________________________ ___________ __________________________________ ___________ __________________________________ ___________ __________________________________ ___________ __________

10

Identify the 3 types of rocks and how they are formed.

1-

2-

3-

11

Identify the missing components of the rock cycle shown at right.

A – ___________________________________

B – ___________________________________

C – ___________________________________

D – ___________________________________

12

What does the word composition mean?

13

What does the word solidification mean?

14

Identify and describe what this picture is. Include in your description how it is formed. There are several examples in the front of the room. Examine them if you are uncertain what this picture is showing.

15

Thinking about igneous rocks, what does the prefix ‘ig’ mean?

16

What does the prefix ‘lithos’ mean?

Minerals and Rocks Review Graphics

Clasticor

Non-clastic

Foliatedor

Non-foliated

Intrusiveor

Extrusive

What is at each lettered location? Name the rock or material.

A.

B.

C.

D.

These are the facts you should know…:

A mineral is found in nature, inorganic, solid, with a definite chemical composition and structure. Mineral properties depend on their atomic structure. Minerals may be identified by their physical properties such as hardness, color, luster, and streak. Most rocks are made of one or more minerals. Some major rock-forming minerals are quartz, feldspar, calcite, and mica. Ore minerals include pyrite, magnetite, hematite, galena, graphite, and sulfur. The major elements found in Earth’s crust are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, and iron. The most abundant group of minerals is the silicates, which contain silicon and oxygen. Igneous rocks are classified by composition and texture. Igneous Rocks are produced by the cooling of magma (cooled below Earth’s surface) or lava (cooled above Earth’s surface). Fast cooling = Extrusive - Texture includes small, fine-grained mineral grains, glassy, air holes present. (pumice, basalt, obsidian) Slow cooling = Intrusive- Texture includes coarse or large mineral grains. (granite) Metamorphic formed by heat and pressure or chemical action. Metamorphic include foliated (banded) and non-foliated. Foliated rocks have bands of different minerals. Examples are slate, schist, gneiss. Non-foliated rocks have little or no banding and are relatively homogenous throughout and include marble and quartzite. Limestone morphs into marble.   Sandstone morphs into quartzite. Sedimentary rocks form from rock fragments, organic material, or chemical precipitation. Sedimentary are found in flat layers or strata. Fossils are found in these layers. Sedimentary subclasses include clastic, organic, and chemical. Limestone is formed both chemically and organically. Clastic rocks are made of fragments- conglomerate, sandstone, and shale. Non-clastic sedimentary rocks include limestone and rock salt. Coal formation from softest to hardest- Peat, Lignite, Bituminous, Anthracite. Non-renewable resources are renewed very slowly or not at all. Non-renewable resources include coal, oil, and minerals. In Virginia, major rock and mineral resources include coal for energy, gravel and crushed stone for road construction, and limestone for making concrete. Nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rocks. Interpret the rock cycle diagram. Classify the following rock types as igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary: pumice, obsidian, basalt, granite, sandstone, conglomerate, shale, limestone, slate, schist, gneiss, marble, and quartzite.

When finished with this unit, you should be able to…:

Determine if a substance is a mineral based upon the given characteristics. Identify the following minerals based on their specific chemical and physical properties (color, hardness, streak, color, luster, and breakage): quartz, feldspar, mica, calcite, bauxite, hematite, galena, halite, graphite, pyrite, sulfur, diamond and talc and know their commercial use(s). List ways that minerals are important to human wealth and welfare. Classify rocks into the three major groups by the processes that formed them. Explain the rock cycle diagram and identify the processes by which all rocks are formed and how materials are recycled through time. Identify the following rocks on the basis of mineral content and texture: Igneous – pumice, obsidian, basalt, granite; Sedimentary – sandstone, conglomerate, shale, limestone, gypsum; Metamorphic – slate, schist, gneiss, marble, quartzite. Distinguish between a rock and a mineral. Discuss why minerals and rocks are nonrenewable resources and are limited. Observe evidence of ancient, often extinct life preserved in sedimentary rock.

Study Guide – Minerals and Rocks

Concept Checks

Review the list of terms below. For each one, determine how well you understand the term or the concept that it represents after having completed the review questions on the previous pages.If you understand it thoroughly, place a check () in the space next to it. If you have heard of it but are less certain about it, place a plus (+) in the space next to it. If you’ve never heard of it or simply can’t seem to understand it, place an ‘o’ in the space next to it. Let the ‘o’ items help focus your studying.

/+/o Concept mineral color hardness streak luster cleavage fracture rock cycle igneous extrusive intrusive sedimentary clastic non-clastic metamorphic foliated non-foliated sediment weathering/erosion cementation/compaction heat/pressure