Ms. Clarke

APUSH

Ms. Clarke

APUSH

Key QuestionsKey Questions

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

Reconstruction: A Failed Revolution

Thesis StatementDuring Reconstruction, the federal government

missed a unique opportunity to radically restructure southern society along more

egalitarian lines. While conditions for African-Americans began to improve during

Reconstruction, many of their gains were quickly erased during the “Jim Crow” period

that followed.

Presidential Reconstruction

Presidential ReconstructionLincoln

10% Plan… 90% could refuse loyalty oath

Johnson

No loyalty oath required

Opposed helping former slaves

Both

•Wanted to go easy on the South… heal the wounds of the war as fast as possible.

•Supported the 13th Amendment… Ended slavery everywhere

•Liberally issued pardons to former Confederates

•Believed Southern states had NOT actually left the Union… therefore Reconstruction was primarily a military endeavor, and should be under the control of the executive branch.

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan 10% Plan

* Proclamation of Amnestyand Reconstruction(December 8, 1863)

* Did not consult with Congress regarding Reconstruction

* Wanted to replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South

* Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers

* When 10% of the voting population in 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR.

Proposal:

Wade Davis Bill (1864)

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the

number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).

Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.

Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congr.Henry

W. Davis(R-MD)

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

“Iron-Clad” Oath.

“State Suicide” Theory.

“Conquered Provinces” Position.

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

PocketPocketVetoVeto

PocketPocketVetoVeto

President Andrew JohnsonPresident Andrew Johnson Jacksonian

Democrat.

Anti-Aristocrat.

White Supremacist.

Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union.

Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)

In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

EFFECTS?

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.

2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.

3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

Growing Northern Alarm!Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state

constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.

Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODES BLACK CODES

Radical Reconstruction

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern

Congressional delegates.

Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.

February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!

The Balance of Power in Congress

The Balance of Power in Congress

StateWhite Citizens

Freedmen

SC 291,000 411,000

Miss 353,000 436,000

Louis 357,000 350,000

GA 591,000 465,000

AL 596,000 437,000

VA 719,000 533,000

NC 631,000 331,000

The 1866 Bi-ElectionThe 1866 Bi-Election

Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”

A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.

Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan.

Republicanswon a 3-1majority in bothhouses andgained controlof everynorthern state.

Radical Plan for ReadmissionRadical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories were

subject to military supervision.

Required new state constitutions, includingblack suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

Radical Reconstruction

•Harsh, punishing philosophy toward the South

•Wanted more help for former slaves

•50% Loyalty Oath

•Wanted to strictly exclude former Confederates from political office

•Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 (5 Military Districts)

•Believed that southern states had committed “state suicide” and had to re-apply for statehood (therefore Reconstruction should be in the hands of the legislative branch).

Thaddeus Stevens

Charles Sumner

Federal Intervention through laws

• Reconstruction Acts

• Johnson’s Impeachment

• The Civil War Amendment

Reconstruction Acts of 1867Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Military Reconstruction Act

Command of the Army Act

Tenure of Office Act

Military Reconstruction ActMilitary Reconstruction Act

The Tenure of Office ActThe Tenure of Office Act

Edwin Stanton

The Senate must approve any presidential dismissal of a cabinet official or general of the army.

Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government.

Question of the constitutionality of this law.

President Johnson’s Impeachment

President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.

Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial

11 week trial.

Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

14th Amendment14th Amendment Ratified in July, 1868.

* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.

* Insure against neo-Confederate political power.

* Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.

Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

The Failure of Federal Enforcement

The Failure of Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871

[also known as the KKK Act].

“The Lost Cause.”

The rise of the“Bourbons.”

Redeemers (prewarDems. and UnionWhigs).

The Civil Rights Act of 1875The Civil Rights Act of 1875

Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public conveyances andpublic places.

Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.

Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.

No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!

Help for Freedman

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

Help for Freedmen Freedmen’s Bureau... Help w/ schools, labor

contracts, etc. Civil Rights Act of 1866… Granted African-

Americans citizenship & all rights of citizens 14th Amendment... Citizenship for African-

Americans, “Equal Treatment under the Law 15th Amendment: Right to vote can't be

denied by race Klan Acts (Force Acts) of 1870 & 1871…

Gave military authority to target the KKK… forced it to be more secretive

BUT… No land redistribution

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

Freedmen’s Bureau SchoolFreedmen’s Bureau School

Freedom Schools

Thousands of African-Americans (young and old) flocked to schools created by the Freedmen’s Bureau and by Republican state governments.

Republican Government in the South

Republican Governments in the South Freedmen: Freed slaves

“Carpetbaggers:” Northern migrants who moved South to help freedmen, or exploit economic & political opportunities

“Scalawags:” White southern Republicans

How well did they do?... Probably no better or worse than Democratic governments.

Racist Political Cartoon Depicted Republican Governments in the South

Black & White Political ParticipationBlack & White Political Participation

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Black Senate & House Delegates

Black Senate & House Delegates

Colored Rulein a

Reconstructed State ?

Colored Rulein a

Reconstructed State ?

Blacks in Southern Politics

Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans.

Most white southerners were unprepared to give Blacks political power.

Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.

The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.